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Visual Acuity Diagnostic Procedures in OPHTHALMOLOGY Diagnostic Procedures in OPHTHALMOLOGY SECOND EDITION HV Nema Former Professor and Head Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Nitin Nema MS Dip NB Assistant Professor Department of Ophthalmology Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India ® JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD New Delhi • Ahmedabad • Bengaluru • Chennai • Hyderabad Kochi • Kolkata • Lucknow • Mumbai • Nagpur • St Louis (USA) Published by Jitendar P Vij Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Corporate Office 4838/24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110 002, India, +91-11-43574357 (30 lines) Registered Office B-3 EMCA House, 23/23B Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India Phones: +91-11-23272143, +91-11-23272703, +91-11-23282021, +91-11-23245672, Rel: +91-11-32558559 Fax: +91-11-23276490, +91-11-23245683 e-mail: [email protected], Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com Branches • 2/B, Akruti Society, Jodhpur Gam Road Satellite Ahmedabad 380 015 Phones: +91-79-26926233, Rel: +91-79-32988717 Fax: +91-79-26927094 e-mail: [email protected] • 202 Batavia Chambers, 8 Kumara Krupa Road, Kumara Park East Bengaluru 560 001 Phones: +91-80-22285971, +91-80-22382956, +91-80-22372664 Rel: +91-80-32714073, Fax: +91-80-22281761 e-mail: [email protected] • 282 IIIrd Floor, Khaleel Shirazi Estate, Fountain Plaza, Pantheon Road Chennai 600 008 Phones: +91-44-28193265, +91-44-28194897, Rel: +91-44-32972089 Fax: +91-44-28193231 e-mail: [email protected] • 4-2-1067/1-3, 1st Floor, Balaji Building, Ramkote Cross Road Hyderabad 500 095 Phones: +91-40-66610020, +91-40-24758498, Rel:+91-40-32940929 Fax:+91-40-24758499 e-mail: [email protected] • No. 41/3098, B & B1, Kuruvi Building, St. Vincent Road Kochi 682 018, Kerala Phones: +91-484-4036109, +91-484-2395739, +91-484-2395740 e-mail: [email protected] • 1-A Indian Mirror Street, Wellington Square Kolkata 700 013 Phones: +91-33-22651926, +91-33-22276404, +91-33-22276415 Rel: +91-33-32901926, Fax: +91-33-22656075, e-mail: [email protected] • Lekhraj Market III, B-2, Sector-4, Faizabad Road, Indira Nagar Lucknow 226 016 Phones: +91-522-3040553, +91-522-3040554 e-mail: [email protected] • 106 Amit Industrial Estate, 61 Dr SS Rao Road, Near MGM Hospital, Parel Mumbai 400012 Phones: +91-22-24124863, +91-22-24104532, Rel: +91-22-32926896 Fax: +91-22-24160828 e-mail: [email protected] • “KAMALPUSHPA” 38, Reshimbag, Opp. Mohota Science College, Umred Road Nagpur 440 009 (MS) Phone: Rel: +91-712-3245220, Fax: +91-712-2704275 e-mail: [email protected] USA Office 1745, Pheasant Run Drive, Maryland Heights (Missouri), MO 63043, USA, Ph: 001-636-6279734 e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology © 2009, HV Nema, Nitin Nema All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the editors and the publisher. This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by contributors is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and editors will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only. First Edition: 2002 Second Edition: 2009 ISBN 978-81-8448-595-0 Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit Printed at Replika Press Contributors Jorge L Alió MD, PhD Surbhit Chaudhary MS Director, Vissum Ex-Fellow Institute of Ophthalmology of Alicante Sankara Nethralaya Alicante, Spain Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Sonal Ambatkar DNB Glaucoma Service Taraprasad Das MS Aravind Eye Hospital Director Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India LV Prasad Eye Institute Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India Francisco Arnalich MD Vissum Munish Dhawan MD Institute of Ophthalmology of Alicante Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences Alicante, Spain AIIMS, New Delhi, India Sreedharan Athmanathan MD, DNB Virologist Lingam Gopal MS, FRCS LV Prasad Eye Institute Chairman Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Medical Research Foundation Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai Mandeep S Bajaj MD Tamil Nadu, India Professor Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences AK Grover MD, FRCS AIIMS, New Delhi, India Chairman Department of Ophthalmology Tinku Bali MS Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Consultant New Delhi, India Department of Ophthalmology Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India Roshmi Gupta MD Consultant, Narayana Nethralaya Rituraj Baruah MS Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Senior Registrar Lady Hardinge Medical College Sanjiv Gupta MD New Delhi, India Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences AIIMS, New Delhi, India Jyotirmay Biswas MS, FAMS Head, Ocular, Pathology and Uveitis Stephen C Hilton OD Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai West Virginia University Tamil Nadu, India Morgantown, USA Ambar Chakravarty MS, FRCP Santosh G Honavar MD, FACS Honorary Professor and Head Director Department of Neurology Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery and Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences Ocular Oncology, LV Prasad Eye Institute Kolkata, West Bengal, India Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India viii Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology Anjali Hussain MS A Narayanaswamy Consultant Consultant LV Prasad Eye Institute Sankara Nethralaya Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India MS Subhadra Jalali Rajiv Nath MS Head Professor Smt Kanuri Santhamma Retina-Vitreous Centre Department of Ophthalmology LV Prasad Eye Institute KG Medical University Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Sadao Kanagami FOPS Professor Tomohiro Otani MD Kitasato University School of Medicine Professor Teikyo, Japan Department of Ophthalmology Gunma University School of Medicine Sangmitra Kanungo MD, FRCS Maebashi, Japan Consultant LV Prasad Eye Institute Nikhil Pal MD Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Senior Resident Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences Shahnawaz Kazi MS AIIMS, New Delhi, India Fellow Sankara Nethralaya Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Rajul Parikh MS Consultant, Sankara Nethralaya R Kim DO Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Head Retina-Vitreous Service David Piñero OD Aravind Eye Hospital and Vissum Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology Institute of Ophthalmology of Alicante Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Alicante, Spain Parmod Kumar OD K Kalyani Prasad MS Glaucoma Imaging Centre Consultant New Delhi, India Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India S Manoj MS Consultant Retina-Vitreous Service Leela V Raju MD Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute Monongalia Eye Clinic of Ophthalmology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Morgantown, USA S Meenakshi MS VK Raju MD, FRCS, FACS Consultant Clinical Professor Pediatric Ophthalmology Sankara Nethralaya Department of Ophthalmology Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India West Virginia University Morgantown, USA Amit Nagpal MS Consultant LS Mohan Ram D Opt, BS Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai LV Prasad Eye Institute Tamil Nadu, India Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Contributors ix R Ramakrishnan MS Yog Raj Sharma MD Professor and CMO Professor Aravind Eye Hospital Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India AIIMS, New Delhi, India Manotosh Ray MD, FRCS Deependra Vikram Singh MD Associate Consultant Senior Resident National University Hospital Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS Singapore New Delhi, India Pukhraj Rishi MD Consultant Devindra Sood MD Sankara Nethralaya Consultant, Glaucoma Imaging Centre Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India New Delhi, India MS Sridhar MD Monica Saha MBBS Consultant Department of Ophthalmology LV Prasad Eye Institute KG Medical University Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India S Sudharshan MS Chandra Sekhar MD Fellow Director Sankara Nethralaya LV Prasad Eye Institute Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Kallakuri Sumasri B Optm Harinder Singh Sethi MD, DNB, FRCS Retina-Vitreous Centre Senior Research Associate LV Prasad Eye Institute Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India AIIMS, New Delhi, India T Surendran MS, M Phil Pradeep Sharma Vice Chairman and Director Professor Pediatric Ophthalmology Dr RP Centre for Medical Sciences Sankara Nethralaya AIIMS, New Delhi, India Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Rajani Sharma MD (Ped) Garima Tyagi B Opt Senior Resident Retina-Vitreous Centre Department of Pediatrics LV Prasad Eye Institute AIIMS, New Delhi, India Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Savitri Sharma MD Vasumathy Vedantham MS, DNB, FRCS Head Consultant, Retina-Vitreous Service Jhaveri Microbiological Centre Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate LV Prasad Eye Institute Institute of Ophthalmology Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Tarun Sharma MD, FRCS L Vijaya MS Director Head Retina Service, Sankara Nethralaya Glaucoma, Sankara Nethralaya Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Preface to the Second Edition The goal of this second edition of Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology remains the same as that of the first—to provide the practicing ophthalmologists with a concise and comprehensive text on common diagnostic procedures which help in the correct and speedy diagnosis of eye diseases. Like other disciplines of medicine, the knowledge of ophthalmology continues to expand and a number
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