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On the Guillemard Zoogeographical Line

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On the Guillemard Zoogeographical Line BULLETIN OF THE BIOGEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN BIOGEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN Vol. 0, No. 18 H till 3® J|l ## September 193G ON THE GUILLEMARD* ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL LINE Marquess IIaciiisuka Ph.D. British Museum (Natural History) One of the best known zoogeographies! lines in the Philippine archipelago is that which separates Borneo and the Sulu archi¬ pelago. Sibutu passage has received considerable attention and many authors agree as to its importance. Dr. P. II. II. Guillemard first called attention to it and writes: "The Sulu archipelago is not zoogeographically separable from the Philippines. Westwards of the Island of Tawi Tawi the narrow Sibutu channel forms a boundary line between the archipelago and the greatly differing Borneo almost as striking as that shown by Wallace to exist between Bali and Lombok." "In Sulu", says Mr. P. W. Burbridge, a well-known botanist and explorer of the Sulu region, "the flora shows a marked resem¬ blance to that of the Philippines and the Celebes group." Everett, in Ibis, Volume VT, page 240, 1894, on the basis of * Guillemard was a flue naturalist and explorer of Cambridge, best remembered through his book "The Cruise of the Marchesa to Kamsehailc.a ami New Guinea." First Ed. 188G; Second Ed. 1889; who showed great interest in the progress of my book "The Birds of the Philippine Islands," (Vol. Ill, under preparation). While I was exploring Central Africa he read several hundred pages of proof sheets in his Victorian styled house, under the light of an oil lamp. Guillemard and I remained close friends some ten years, until in 1933 death occurred in his 81st year. Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Vol. (1 184 BULLETIN OF THE BIOOEOGRAPIIICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN his own observations 011 the distribution of avifauna as well as oceanographical report made by Captain Field of II. M. S. Egeria, supports Guillemard's view. He writes as follows: "From the day that I landed until 1 had to leave owing to no rice being procurable, I was unable to do any collecting or even to walk most of the time. Nevertheless my men worked well, and the collection is quite suf¬ ficient to show that the avifauna of the fawi-Tawi Islands is to all intents and purposes identical with that of the Sulu archipelago, the Philippine element immensely preponderating over that derived from Borneo even in Sibutu, although in the latter the Bornean infusion is more clearly discernible. You will recollect with regard to Sibutu that Guillemard, in the paper read in 1885 (P.Z.S. 1885, p. 247) on his Sulu collection, anticipated that 'a more extended knowledge of its avifauna would probably show a preponderance of western rather than eastern forms', founding his opinion, which I shared, on the fact that, whereas the sea intervening between Sibutu and Borneo appeared to be shallow, that between Sibutu and the Tawi-Tawi Islands was known to be of great depth, the charts showing 500 fathoms 'without bottom', so that this deep Sibutu Passage seemed to form the natural line of delimitation between the Bornean and the Philippine groups of islands and between their respective faunas. Captain Field, of H.M.S. Egeria, has been recently surveying this part of the coast of Borneo, and I suggested to him that it would be a point of some scientific interest to ascertain the real depth of the Sibutu Passage. This he very kindly did, with the result that the deepest sounding obtained was 267 fathoms, while one cast showed as little as 139 fathoms. Capt. Field informed me that he had sounded as nearly as possible on the spot where the chart records '500 fathoms—no bottom' without finding any such depth, and that he thought that the former record might have been due to errors arising from the less perfect sound¬ ing-apparatus in use in former days. But not only is the Sibutu Passage much shallower than Guillemard was led to suppose it to be, but Capt. Field's survey 011 the western side of the island shows that it is connected with the 100-fathom fringing bank of Borneo by a very narrow isthmus, 011 which the shallowest sounding seems to be one of 75 fathoms,—so that it can only lie said to be Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries No. IS ON THE GU1LLEMAKD ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL LINE—HACHISUKA 185 geographically a part of Borneo as defined by the 100-fathom line of soundings. I may mention that Sibutu is mainly composed of recent coral limestone, raised not many feet above the sea; but there is a hill of volcanic rock and crater-lake, which 1 did not myself see. The Tawi-Tawi Islands appear to be all either volcanic or recent limestone.'' There have been made no recent collections of birds from Sibutu and those of Oustalet, Guillemard, Blasius, Sharpe and Everett were secured a good many years ago. While it is desirable for a competent naturalist to explore this region once more, in view of the fact that the islands are small and would probably not offer very many new residential species, I am content with the material included in my book "The Birds of the Philippine Islands". The following list may not be exhaustive, but there is sufficient evidence whereupon to base a new line which I propose below. (a) Philippine species found in Sulu archipelago (including Bongao) and Sibutu but not in Borneo. 1. Saematena melanospila bangueyensis. 2. Streptopelia dussumieri. 3. Prioniturus flavicans verticalis. 4. Tanygnathus lucionen&is mora. o. Pitta erytlirogastra. G. Pitta sordida. 7. Ixos everetti haynaldi. 8. Dicaeum sibutense. 9. Cinnyris jugularis jugularis. 10. Sarcops calvus. 11. Corvus coronoicles pliilippinus. I have included (6) Pitta sordida in this list although this species is found both in Borneo and the Philippines, but this is the only species racially separated by the Sibutu channel. (b) In studying the above list the following three species are racially different as between Sulu (including Bongao) and Sibutu; while Vicaeum sibutense is confined to this region. Sibutu Sulu (including Bongao) Pitta c. yairoclio. Pitta c. erytlirogastra. Pitta s. muUeri. Pitta s. sordida. Vicaeum s. sibutense. Dicaeum s. assimilis. Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 18(5 BULLETIN OP THE BIOGEOGRAPIilCAL SOCIETY OP JAPAN Vol. l! (c) Philippine species found in the Sulu archipelago (includ¬ ing Bongao) and not westward of Sibutu. 1. Gallus gallus gallus (reappears 011 the Asiatic continent). 2. Hypotaenidia torquata. 3. Spilornis holospilus. 4. Ninox spilocapliala reyi. 5. Ducorpsius haematuropygius haematuropygius. 6. Tanygnatlius mullcri burbidgei. 7. LoriCulus pliilippensis bonapartei 8. Ceyx lepidus margaretliae. 9. Halcyon winchelli winclielli. 10. Dryobates ramsayi ramsayi. 11. Xeocephus rufus cinnamomeus. 12. Culicicapa helianthea panaycnsis. 13. Edolisoma morio everetti. 14. Minodonia striaticeps Iccttlewelli. 15. Copsyclius mindanensis. 16. Parus elegans. 17. Dicaeum hypoleucum. IS. Oriolus samarensis cinercogcnys. (d) Species found in Sibutu but in neither Borneo nor the Philippines. Otus manaclensis sibutensis One has to remember Scops Owl is not easy to collect owing to its nocturnal habit and fast flight when flushed, and it is possible that its occurrence on other islands may have been overlooked by the naturalist spending only a limited time there. I therefore do not feel very confident that this record is important. A subspecies of Scops Owl, at present known from within the political limits of the Philippines, is 0. m. steerei from Tumindao Island and Sitanki Island. (e) Bornean species found in Sibutu and not in Sulu (in¬ cluding Bongao). Orthotomus sericeus sericeus The above species of Taylor Bird is a genuine Oriental species found in Tenasserim and Malay Peninsula through all the islands * The Bongao form is probably a new race, Ibis 1894, p. 249. Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries .No. 1H ON THE CiUlLLEMAUD Z00UE0UKAPII1CAL LINE—11ACH1SUKA 187 to Borneo ancl Palawan, also Balabae, Calamianes and Sitanki. The categories above may be summarized into the following diagram. The total number of resident birds, those above men¬ tioned species found in the discussed areas are thirty-one. Borneo i Sibuta Bongao Sulu i I 1 (a) 11 I 1 (c) IS I ! 1 (e) 1 | I 1 (d) 1 Guillemard Line It will be noted from the above that the difference between bird fauna of Bongao and Sibutu are great and the sudden paucity in species on the latter island is prominent. The fact has already been clearly emphasized by Everett and oeeanographical research provides the reason. Sibutu species shown on table (a) contain abundant true Philippine genera such as Sarcops; and three genera of Cockatoo and Parrots of Australasian origin are never found anywhere else in the Oriental region, except in the Philippines and three small islands off Borneo and Java. Moreover we are aware of the presence of an Indian species of a Parrot, Psittacula and Psittinus in the mainland of Borneo but it is not found in Sibutu. The only species of Bornean and Palawan birds found in Sibutu and not found in other parts of the Philippines is Ortliotomus cericeus but its allied species are commonly found throughout the archipelago. There is, therefore, a zoogeographical line of demarcation between Borneo and the Sulu archipelago, and this passes between the narrow strait separating the mainland of Borneo and the island of Sibutu. It is my pleasure to name this—the Guillemard Line after Dr. F. II. II. Guillemard. This zoological boundary line continues in a northeasterly direction, leaving Cagayan Sulu on the Bornean side and all the Sulu Islands to the Philippine territory. This little island of Cagayan Sulu possessing few species of birds, however includes distinct Bornean species, such as Munia fuscans, Chocolate Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 1SS BULLETIN OF THE BIOUEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN Vol.
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