Complete Dissertation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Complete Dissertation VU Research Portal What Can be Known about God is Plain Taber, T.M. 2018 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Taber, T. M. (2018). What Can be Known about God is Plain: A Reformed-Epistemological Response to the Problem of Divine Hiddenness. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT What Can be Known about God is Plain A Reformed-Epistemological Response to the Problem of Divine Hiddenness ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor of Philosophy aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. V. Subramaniam, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Godgeleerdheid op dinsdag 22 mei 2018 om 15.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Tyler Madden Taber geboren te Okmulgee, Oklahoma, USA i promotor: prof.dr. G. van den Brink copromotor: dr. H.D. Peels ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................v Chapter One: The Problem of Divine Hiddenness: Prolegomena.............................................1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 1.2 What the Problem of Divine Hiddenness is Not ....................................................................2 1.3 What the Problem of Divine Hiddenness Is.........................................................................10 1.4 Historical Overview .............................................................................................................21 1.5 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................37 Chapter Two: The Problem of Divine Hiddenness in Contemporary Perspective ................38 2.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................38 2.2 Literature Review Part I: Schellenberg’s 1993 Argument: Exposition, Theistic Objections, and the Relevance of my Thesis ....................................................................................39 2.3 Literature Review Part II: The Problems of Evil and Divine Hiddenness: Similarity, Dissimilarity, and the Relevance of My Thesis .............................................................56 2.4 Conclusion: Part I and Part II’s Literature Review Combined ............................................67 Chapter Three: The Problem of Divine Hiddenness and the Aquinas/Calvin Model ...........70 3.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................70 3.2 Plantinga’s Aquinas/Calvin Model Explained .....................................................................72 3.3 The Aquinas/Calvin Model Applied to the Hiddenness Problem ........................................80 3.4 Objections Considered .........................................................................................................91 3.5 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................107 Chapter Four: The Problem of Divine Hiddenness and the Effects of Sin...........................109 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................109 4.2 The Extended Aquinas/Calvin Model’s Initial Statement: Contextual Remarks ..............110 4.3 The Noetic Effects of Sin Explained .................................................................................112 4.4 The Affective Effects of Sin Explained .............................................................................116 4.5 The Noetic and Affective Effects of Sin Applied to the Problem of Divine Hiddenness ..118 4.6 Objections Considered .......................................................................................................131 4.7 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................146 Chapter Five: The Problem of Divine Hiddenness and the Extended Aquinas/Calvin Model ......................................................................................................................................................147 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................147 5.2 The Extended Aquinas/Calvin Model Explained ..............................................................148 5.3 The Extended Aquinas/Calvin Model Applied to the Problem of Divine Hiddenness ......155 5.4 Objections Considered .......................................................................................................173 5.5 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................190 Chapter Six: A Reformed Epistemological Defense: Products, Problems, and Prospects .191 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................191 6.2 This Study’s Advantages and Contributions .....................................................................191 6.3 Potential Concerns or Worries for This Study ...................................................................192 6.4 Future Work on the Problem of Divine Hiddenness ..........................................................196 iii 6.5 Future Work on Other Issues in Philosophy of Religion in Light of the Reformed Epistemological Defense .............................................................................................198 Summary .....................................................................................................................................205 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................................209 Curriculum Vitae .......................................................................................................................231 iv Acknowledgements This work is about the hiddenness of God, which means ultimately that it is about God, and it takes its cue from the Augustinian tradition of faith seeking understanding whereby one has an “active love of God while seeking a deeper knowledge of God.”1 While this dissertation aims to advance scholarly discussion concerning the problem of divine hiddenness, still it can be said, with St. Anselm, that “I am not trying to scale your heights, Lord; my understanding is in no way equal to that. But I do long to understand your truth in some way, your truth which my heart believes and loves.”2 Behind every good man, the saying goes, is a better woman. My wife, Abigail, provided enormous support throughout this project; she prayed for me, encouraged me, and read countless drafts of the dissertation. She deserves an honorary doctorate. This work would not be without her. Douglas K. Blount, a former professor during my master’s degree, once offered what has now proven to be some of the most important academic advice that I have received. When explaining to him that I would like to pursue doctoral studies, Blount cautioned that, although the institution at which one seeks to study is important, perhaps more important are the supervisors under whom one chooses to study. Such advice proved true with Gijsbert van den Brink and Rik Peels. From day one Gijsbert has been more than kind to me, patiently reading multiple drafts of every chapter, generously answering innumerable emails, even inviting me into his home during my travels to the Netherlands. Rik Peels, my second supervisor, has long-sufferingly provided invaluable feedback on this dissertation, always prompting me to do the best work that I could. It is not an understatement to say that were it not for Rik’s keen supervision, this project, more than a few times, would have fallen to utter ruin. Thank you, Gijsbert and Rik, for giving me an opportunity, and for allowing me to sit under your tutelage. A student is not above his teachers; but the student who is fully trained will be like his teachers (cf. Lk 6:40). Many thanks to Dr. Paul Wolfe for allowing me to teach systematic theology at the Cambridge School of Dallas while I wrote this dissertation; to Drs. Jay Howell and Tyler McNabb for reading the manuscript, offering helpful
Recommended publications
  • Trinity, Subordination, and Heresy: a Reply to Mark Edwards
    2020 TheoLogica An International Journal for Philosophy of Religion and Philosophical Theology S. I. CONCILIAR TRINITARIANISM DOI: https://doi.org/10.14428/thl.v4i2.52323 Trinity, Subordination, and Heresy: A Reply to Mark Edwards R. T. MULLINS University of Edinburgh [email protected] Abstract: In this article, I offer some analytic reflections on Mark Edward's paper, "Is Subordinationism a Heresy?" I shall discuss the desiderata for a conciliar Trinitarian theology, the divine essence, and the different notions of subordination that Edwards identifies. Then I shall consider two arguments that certain accepted, conciliar notions of subordination lead to heretical notions of subordination. Thus raising the worry that conciliar Trinitarian theology might involve some internal incoherence between the homoousios doctrine and the subordination of the Son and Holy Spirit to the Father. Keywords: Trinity, subordination, eternal generation, analytic theology Mark Edwards has provided us with an excellent overview of the different notions of Trinitarian subordination throughout parts of church history. Some readers will be surprised to find that certain notions of subordination are affirmed in conciliar Trinitarian thought, whilst others are not. I for one greatly appreciate the clarity that Edwards brings to this issue in his essay. His essay is not intended to be historically exhaustive, but rather offers snapshots into different time periods. Edwards starts his survey with the biblical material before moving on to the debates leading up to the Council of Nicaea, and the continuation of those debates in the aftermath of the Council. After this, Edwards takes a glance at the Protestant Reformation, and then offers an interesting discussion of the Trinitarian thought of John Milton, Ralph Cudworth, and George Bull.
    [Show full text]
  • Six Ways Theology Uses Philosophy
    Six Ways Theology The Context Since I teach philosophy to seminarians,the UsesPhilosophy questionwhich is often raisedis "how is philosophy used by theology?" My answers,at first, did not David Foster. Ph.D. move pastthe generalitiesthat philosophy is the in- strumentof theologyor that philosophytaught you to Yote: This paper wasfirst presentedin Venice,April, 1996 at think logically. Realizing the inadequacyof those 'he International Conferenceon Preparation for Priesthood answers,I began to study the relationship. with the support of the Wethersfield Institute. As a result,this paperaims to describein betterr detail how theology usesphilosophy. Its main con- tributionsare 1) a descriptionof the instrumentaluses of philosophy,2) the identification of the intrinsic role of philosophy as material to theology. Becauseof the focus on the theologicaluses of philosophy,I will leave aside other contributionsof philosophyto theology students,such as, helping them to understandthe modern world, disciplining their thinking, stimulatingcreative thought, and providing order for a complex world. These contributions of philosophyare important, but are not unique to the- ology. The Traditional Ways Theology UsesPhilosophy Four main uses quickly emergedas a working hypothesis:philosophy serves theology as a preamble, a tool, a bridge, and a shield.2 Theseare the more traditional ways of describing how theology uses philosophy.The list eventually grew to six. Philosophyis a preamblein thatit preparespeople for understandingthe Faith. It is a tool in that it is usedas an instrumentto better understandthe Faith. It is a bridge in that it provides common principles where believer and nonbeliever can meet. It is a shieldin thatit can be usedto defendthe Faith against argumentsof nonbelievers3.The seconduse, as a tool, is the most commonand the most importantto articulatefor theologystudents.
    [Show full text]
  • On Reading the Bible As Scripture, Encountering the Church
    Perichoresis Volume 18.5 (2020): 67–86 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2020-0029 ON READING THE BIBLE AS SCRIPTURE, ENCOUNTERING THE CHURCH * STEVEN NEMES Fuller Theological Seminary ABSTRACT. As an exercise in the ‘theology of disclosure’, the present essay proposes a kind of phenomenological analysis of the act of reading the Bible as Scripture with the goal of bringing to light the theoretical commitments which it implicitly demands. This sort of analysis can prove helpful for the continuing disputes among Protestants, Catholics, and Orthodox insofar as it is relevant for one of the principal points of controversy between them: namely, the rela- tionship between Scripture, Tradition, and Church as theological authorities. It proceeds by analyzing both the objective and subjective ‘poles’ of the act, and it illuminates the presence of the Church and her Tradition on both sides. The Church—i.e., the community of God’s peo- ple—is both that which is immediately encountered in the text, as well as the factor which ena- bles scriptural reading in the first place. The article terminates with an application of the in- sights of the preceding discussion to the controversy about icons. KEYWORDS: phenomenology of Scripture, Tradition, Bible, ecclesiology, icons Preliminary Remarks on the Phenomenology of Scripture The quincentenary of the Protestant Reformation invites careful reflection on persistent divisions which characterize Christian existence in the modern world. Though typically the disputes between Protestants, Catholics, and Orthodox are often addressed hermeneutically, through the careful inter- pretation of particular critical passages, there is a prior question to be an- swered, one which promises fruit for the resolution of the seemingly inter- minable exegetical debates.
    [Show full text]
  • A Conversation with Jonathan Edwards and William Alston
    Towards a Model of Indwelling: A Conversation with Jonathan Edwards and William Alston Ray S. Yeo Carolina Graduate School of Divinity Abstract: In this paper I attempt to provide a model for understanding the theological, psychological and metaphysical dimensions of the Spirit’s indwelling in sanctifying grace by synthesizing Jonathan Edwards’ theological psychology with William Alston’ model of indwelling. However, despite its promise, the Edwards-Alston synthesis faces substantial difficulties associated with a literal and direct union between divinity and humanity. Nevertheless, the difficulties could be avoided if we take the mediatory role of Christ’s humanity more seriously and conceive of indwelling grace as an infusion of Christ’s human unitive drive through the Holy Spirit’s abiding presence within his people. 1. Introduction Central to the thought of Jonathan Edwards is his theologically sophisticated psychology of grace or what is sometimes called his “religious psychology of the heart” (Walton 2002, 5).1 Discussion of this important subject can be found not only in his famous Treatise Concerning Religious Affections but also throughout his vast corpus of writings including his sermons and miscellanies entries. Edwards’ understanding of the psychological functioning of grace may not be entirely original; much of what he says can be found in some form in his Puritan and Protestant forbearers.2 However, his treatment of the subject is unsurpassed in the Puritan literature in terms of the level of precision, thoroughness and systematic sophistication.3 Hence, it remains one of the deepest and most fecund theological psychologies of grace in the Protestant tradition and the heart of his account comes 1 Harold Simonson (2004, 5) claims that the notion of the sense of the heart “summarizes Edwards’s whole system of thought”.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Aquinas College Newsletter Fall 2018
    quinas A C s o a l Thomas Aquinas College Newsletter m l e o g h e T Fall 2018 Volume 46, Issue 3 1971 Eastward Bound! College Receives Approval for New England Campus ulminating a rigorous process that campus and, thanks be to God, that day Cbegan in the spring of 2017, Thomas has arrived.” Aquinas College has received approval Notably, the College’s need for expan- from the Massachusetts Board of Higher sion counters a 50-year trend in higher Education to operate a branch campus education, in which more than a quarter in Western Massachusetts, where it will of the country’s small liberal arts schools award the degree of Bachelor of Arts in have either closed, merged, or abandoned Liberal Arts. The decision sets the stage their missions. “At a time when more for Thomas Aquinas College, New Eng- than a few liberal arts colleges have had land, to open its doors in fall 2019. to close,” says R. Scott Turicchi, chairman The Board’s approval comes as the of the College’s Board of Governors, “it is result of a thorough and rigorous appli- a testament to the excellence of Thomas cation process conducted by its legal Aquinas College’s unique program of and academic affairs staff at the Massa- Catholic liberal education and to its good chusetts Department of Higher Educa- stewardship that the school has received tion. Its grant of authority is subject to school in Northfield, Massachusetts, course, friends’ donations to cover the approval to operate a second campus.” stipulations, the most important of which which has been shuttered since 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • What Does It Mean to Grieve the Holy Spirit (Ephesians 4:30)? 27 Joshua M
    1 Spring 2019 • Volume 16, Number 1 Spring 2019 • Vol. 16, No. 1 The Baptist Center for Theology and Ministry New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary Editor-in-Chief 2019 EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Charles S. Kelley, ThD Bart Barber, PhD Executive Editor First Baptist Church of Farmersville, Texas Steve W. Lemke, PhD Rex Butler, PhD Editor & BCTM Director New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary Adam Harwood, PhD Research Assistant Nathan Finn, PhD Hoyt Denton North Greenville University Book Review Editors Eric Hankins, PhD Archie England, PhD First Baptist Fairhope, Fairhope, Alabama Dennis Phelps, PhD Malcolm Yarnell, PhD Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary The Baptist Center for Theology and Ministry is a research institute of New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary. The seminary is located at 3939 Gentilly Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70126. BCTM exists to provide theological and ministerial resources to enrich and energize ministry in Baptist churches. Our goal is to bring together professor and practitioner to produce and apply these resources to Baptist life, polity, and ministry. The mission of the BCTM is to develop, preserve, and communicate the distinctive theological identity of Baptists. The Journal for Baptist Theology and Ministry is published semiannually by the Baptist Center for Theology and Ministry. Copyright ©2019 The Baptist Center for Theology and Ministry, New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary. All Rights Reserved. This peridiocal is indexed in the ATLA Religion Database® (ATLA RDB®), http://www.atla.com. CONTACT BCTM (800) 662-8701, ext. 8074 [email protected] www.baptistcenter.com SUBMISSIONS Visit the Baptist Center website for submission guidelines. TABLE OF CONTENTS Editorial Introduction 1 Adam Harwood The Role, Purpose, and Nature of Women according to Martin Luther 2 Joe Early Jr.
    [Show full text]
  • Retrieval and the Doing of Theology
    Volume 23 · Number 2 Summer 2019 Retrieval and the Doing of Theology Vol. 23 • Num. 2 Retrieval and the Doing of Theology Stephen J. Wellum 3 Editorial: Reflections on Retrieval and the Doing of Theology Kevin J. Vanhoozer 7 Staurology, Ontology, and the Travail of Biblical Narrative: Once More unto the Biblical Theological Breach Stephen J. Wellum 35 Retrieval, Christology, and Sola Scriptura Gregg R. Allison 61 The Prospects for a “Mere Ecclesiology” Matthew Barrett 85 Will the Son Rise on a Fourth Horizon? The Heresy of Contemporaneity within Evangelical Biblicism and the Return of the Hermeneutical Boomerang for Dogmatic Exegesis Peter J. Gentry 105 A Preliminary Evaluation and Critique of Prosopological Exegesis Pierre Constant 123 Promise, Law, and the Gospel: Reading the Biblical Narrative with Paul SBJT Forum 137 Gregg R. Allison 157 Four Theses Concerning Human Embodiment Book Reviews 181 Editor-in-Chief: R. Albert Mohler, Jr. • Editor: Stephen J. Wellum • Associate Editor: Brian Vickers • Book Review Editor: John D. Wilsey • Assistant Editor: Brent E. Parker • Editorial Board: Matthew J. Hall, Hershael York, Paul Akin, Timothy Paul Jones, Kody C. Gibson • Typographer: Benjamin Aho • Editorial Office: SBTS Box 832, 2825 Lexington Rd., Louisville, KY 40280, (800) 626-5525, x 4413 • Editorial E-Mail: [email protected] Editorial: Reflections on Retrieval and the Doing of Theology Stephen J. Wellum Stephen J. Wellum is Professor of Christian Theology at The Southern Baptist Theo- logical Seminary and editor of Southern Baptist
    [Show full text]
  • Science and Religion
    Science and Religion: A Conflict of Methods Timothy Alexander Smith A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Otago, June 2017. i Abstract There is an epistemological conflict between religion and science. While the claims of science are justified using epistemic methods whose reliability has been corroborated by other people and by other methods, the claims of religion are not justified in the same way. Different methods are used. This thesis offers both a comprehensive description of the distinctive epistemic methods of religion and a philosophical appraisal of the claim that such methods are knowledge-conferring. The methods explored are various and care has been taken to sample a broad range of religious cultures. It is found that the same religious methods, when used to answer the same questions, generate different answers for different practitioners. Additionally, the results of religious methods fail to agree with the results of other epistemic methods when employed independently. This lack of independent agreement is the primary reason for the exclusion of religious methods from science. It is further argued that (a) this lack of agreement is evidence that religious methods are unreliable, and (b) the agreement generated by scientific methods is evidence for their reliability. ii Acknowledgements In 2013, I approached Greg Dawes at the AAPNZ Conference at the University of Auckland. ‘What’s wrong with creationism?’ I asked him. ‘Is it untestable in principle or has it simply failed too many tests?’ I can’t remember Greg’s exact reply, but this thesis was the result.
    [Show full text]
  • Being Is Double
    Being is double Jean-Luc Marion and John Milbank on God, being and analogy Nathan Edward Lyons B. A. (Adv.) (Hons.) This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy School of Philosophy Australian Catholic University Graduate Research Office Locked Bag 4115 Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 1st March 2014 i ABSTRACT This thesis examines the contemporary dispute between philosopher Jean-Luc Marion and theologian John Milbank concerning the relation of God to being and the nature of theological analogy. I argue that Marion and Milbank begin from a shared opposition to Scotist univocity but tend in opposite directions in elaborating their constructive theologies. Marion takes an essentially Dionysian approach, emphasising the divine transcendence “beyond being” to such a degree as to produce an essentially equivocal account of theological analogy. Milbank, on the other hand, inspired particularly by Eckhart, affirms a strong version of the Thomist thesis that God is “being itself” and emphasises divine immanence to such a degree that the analogical distinction between created and uncreated being is virtually collapsed. Both thinkers claim fidelity to the premodern Christian theological tradition, but I show that certain difficulties attend both of their claims. I suggest that the decisive issue between them is the authority which should be granted to Heidegger’s account of being and I argue that it is Milbank’s vision of post-Heideggerian theological method which is to be preferred. I conclude that Marion and Milbank give two impressive contemporary answers to the ancient riddle of “double being” raised in the Anonymous Commentary on Plato’s “Parmenides,” a riddle which queries the relation between absolute First being and derived Second being.
    [Show full text]
  • Amos Yong Complete Curriculum Vitae
    Y o n g C V | 1 AMOS YONG COMPLETE CURRICULUM VITAE Table of Contents PERSONAL & PROFESSIONAL DATA ..................................................................................... 2 Education ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Academic & Administrative Positions & Other Employment .................................................................... 3 Visiting Professorships & Fellowships ....................................................................................................... 3 Memberships & Certifications ................................................................................................................... 3 PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 4 Monographs/Books – and Reviews Thereof.............................................................................................. 4 Edited Volumes – and Reviews Thereof .................................................................................................. 11 Co-edited Book Series .............................................................................................................................. 16 Missiological Engagements: Church, Theology and Culture in Global Contexts (IVP Academic) – with Scott W. Sunquist and John R. Franke ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Peter Kreeft BOSTON COLLEGE Faith and Reason: the Philosophy of Religion Professor Peter Kreeft Boston College
    FAITH AND REASON: THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION COURSE GUIDE Professor Peter Kreeft BOSTON COLLEGE Faith and Reason: The Philosophy of Religion Professor Peter Kreeft Boston College Recorded Books™ is a trademark of Recorded Books, LLC. All rights reserved. Faith and Reason: The Philosophy of Religion Professor Peter Kreeft Executive Producer John J. Alexander Executive Editor Donna F. Carnahan RECORDING Producer - David Markowitz Director - Matthew Cavnar COURSE GUIDE Editor - James Gallagher Design - Edward White Lecture content ©2005 by Peter Kreeft Course guide ©2005 by Recorded Books, LLC 72005 by Recorded Books, LLC Cover image: Ceiling of the Sistene Chapel, The Vatican, Rome © Clipart.com #UT064 ISBN: 978-1-4193-4767-2 All beliefs and opinions expressed in this audio/video program and accompanying course guide are those of the author and not of Recorded Books, LLC, or its employees. Course Syllabus Faith and Reason: The Philosophy of Religion About Your Professor...................................................................................................4 Introduction...................................................................................................................5 Lecture 1 What Is Religion? Why Is It Worth Thinking About? .............................6 Lecture 2 Atheism................................................................................................12 Lecture 3 The Problem of Evil .............................................................................17 Lecture 4 Arguments for God’s Existence
    [Show full text]
  • A Thomistic Understanding of Happiness
    The University of Notre Dame Australia ResearchOnline@ND Theses 2013 A Thomistic Understanding of Happiness Christian Stephens University of Notre Dame Australia Follow this and additional works at: https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses Part of the Religion Commons COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Publication Details Stephens, C. (2013). A Thomistic Understanding of Happiness (Master of Philosophy (MPhil)). University of Notre Dame Australia. https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses/79 This dissertation/thesis is brought to you by ResearchOnline@ND. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of ResearchOnline@ND. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Thomistic Understanding of Happiness Master of Philosophy Thesis Christian Stephens th 8 August 2013 Feast of St Mary of the Cross I am deeply grateful to the Fathers at the Seminary of the Good Shepherd, especially Fr Bernard Gordon, for helping me to discover the genius of St. Thomas. I would also like to thank the Staff at the School of Philosophy and Theology, Notre Dame, Sydney, for their constant support. Most especially, Dr Angus Brook, whose wisdom, patience and encouragement forged my love of St Thomas and made this work possible. To Chloe, whose faith, hope and love sustained the man behind this work so that it could come to completion. Finally, to St.
    [Show full text]