Chinas Aufstieg Zur Globalmacht Sich China Auf Dem Weg Zu Einem Weltpolitischen Akteur, Der Das 21

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Chinas Aufstieg Zur Globalmacht Sich China Auf Dem Weg Zu Einem Weltpolitischen Akteur, Der Das 21 Band 1 / 2020 Band 1 / 2020 Die Volksrepublik China feierte am 1. Oktober 2019 ihr siebzig- jähriges Bestehen. China hat sich stets als eigenständiger Staat, der keinem militärischen Pakt zugehören möchte, auf regiona- ler und inzwischen auch auf globaler Ebene gesellschafts-, wirt- schafts- und sicherheitspolitisch positioniert. Derzeit befindet Chinas Aufstieg zur Globalmacht sich China auf dem Weg zu einem weltpolitischen Akteur, der das 21. Jahrhundert nicht nur wesentlich mitgestalten, sondern auch prägen wird. Mit dieser Publikation liegt eine umfassen- Der Weg einer Regionalmacht zum de Analyse der politischen, wirtschafts- sowie außen- und si- cherheitspolitischen Zielsetzungen Chinas vor, die bis zum Jahr weltpolitischen Akteur 2049 wirken werden. Gemäß den Vorgaben der politischen Führung soll bis zum hundertjährigen Bestehen der Volksrepu- blik China ein „Weltklassestaat“ werden. Chinas Aufstieg zur Globalmacht Chinas Aufstieg ISBN: 978-3-903121-60-7 Gunther Hauser 1/20 Schriftenreihe der Hauser Landesverteidigungsakademie Schriftenreihe der Landesverteidigungsakademie Gunther Hauser Chinas Aufstieg zur Globalmacht Der Weg einer Regionalmacht zum weltpolitischen Akteur 1/2020 Wien, Mai 2020 Impressum: Medieninhaber, Herausgeber, Hersteller: Republik Österreich / Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung Rossauer Lände 1 1090 Wien Redaktion: Landesverteidigungsakademie Institut für Strategie und Sicherheitspolitik Stiftgasse 2a 1070 Wien Schriftenreihe der Landesverteidigungsakademie Copyright: © Republik Österreich / Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung Alle Rechte vorbehalten Mai 2020 ISBN 978-3-903121-60-7 Druck: ReproZ W 20-2033 Stiftgasse 2a 1070 Wien Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort .................................................................................................... 5 Einleitung ................................................................................................. 7 Schwerpunktfragen ................................................................................ 16 Chinas Pragmatismus und außenpolitische Ziele ................................... 18 Die Volksrepublik und die Republik – „Ein China“ .............................. 31 China als Weltraummacht ...................................................................... 42 China modernisiert das Militär ............................................................... 46 Wirtschaftlicher Aufstieg als Ziel .......................................................... 62 Die BRICS-Initiative und die AIIB ........................................................ 81 Das Projekt „neue Seidenstraße“ ........................................................... 84 China und Russland .............................................................................. 101 China und Indien .................................................................................. 109 China und Nordkorea ........................................................................... 113 China und Japan ................................................................................... 127 China, die USA und das Südchinesische Meer .................................... 140 China und die USA: im Wettbewerb abhängig .................................... 154 China und die EU ................................................................................. 160 China und die Coronakrise 2020 .......................................................... 167 Mit Xi Jinping in eine neue Ära? ......................................................... 173 Schlussfolgerungen .............................................................................. 183 Literaturverzeichnis .............................................................................. 199 3 Vorwort Die Volksrepublik China feierte am 1. Oktober 2019 ihr siebzigjähriges Bestehen. Seit der Öffnung des Landes, die 1978 unter Deng Xiaoping eingeleitet wurde, befindet sich die Volksrepublik in einem enormen wirtschaftlichen Aufholprozess und hat sich mittlerweile zur zweitgrößten Volkswirtschaft der Welt entwickelt. Parallel dazu zeigt die Volksrepublik zunehmend offen großmachtpolitische Ambitionen auf militärischer Ebene. Aus diesem Grund setzt sich diese Publikation zum Ziel, die gesamtpolitische Entwicklung des bevölkerungsreichsten Landes der Erde mit den Schwerpunkten außen-, sicherheits- und verteidigungspolitische Zielsetzungen umfassend zu erörtern – in Kombination mit wirtschaftspolitischen Planungsprozessen. Folglich wurde – ausgehend vom sicherheitspolitisch-strategischen Verständnis der Volksrepublik China – das Policy-making in Hinblick auf den Strategieformulierungsprozess umfassend berücksichtigt. Daraus abgeleitet geht aus den jeweiligen Sichtweisen der chinesischen Staatsführung hervor, welche eigene Wahrnehmung die jeweiligen chinesischen Regierungen strategisch kommunizierten, insbesondere was den Akteursanspruch, den Gestaltungswillen sowie die Präferenzen im Zusammenhang mit Kooperationen in und mit internationalen Organisationen und geografische Schwerpunktsetzungen betrifft. Berücksichtigt wurden auch die Brüche in der sicherheitspolitisch-strategischen Entwicklung des Landes – insbesondere endogene und exogene Faktoren, die zu Neupositionierungen in der Einschätzung der sicherheitspolitisch-strategischen Lage führten. Ebenso wurden die Streitkräfteentwicklung und die Rüstungspolitik der Volksrepublik China weitgehend analysiert sowie die gesamtstrategischen Entwicklungen – ausgehend von der chinesischen Führung unter Mao Zedong bis zur derzeitigen Regierung unter Xi Jinping. Diese Studie beabsichtigt, einen gesamtstrategischen Überblick der Volksrepublik China während der letzten 70 Jahre zu geben – auf der Grundlage von Dokumenten sowie Aufzeichnungen, die seitens des Autors anlässlich seiner sechs Besuche auf Einladung der chinesischen Volksbefreiungsarmee und des China International Institute for Strategic Studies (CIISS) in den Jahren 2006 bis 2014 ausgewertet und erstellt wurden. 5 6 Einleitung Die Volksrepublik China setzte sich seit der zweiten Hälfte der 1950er- Jahre zum Ziel, keinem militärischen Bündnis anzugehören, zuvor hatte zu Beginn des Korea-Krieges 1950 die Volksrepublik mit der Sowjetunion einen Freundschafts- und Bündnisvertrag (Treaty of Friendship and Alliance) unterzeichnet. Nach dem Bruch mit der Sowjetunion1 im Jahr 1956 entschloss sich China unter Mao Zedong, niemals die Verteidigung nationaler Interessen einer Koalition anzuvertrauen.2 Mao entschied sich für einen eigenen kommunistischen Weg chinesischer Prägung. Der „Große Sprung nach vorne“ 1958 bis 1962 (das nationale Programm der wirtschaftlichen Kollektivierung) sowie die Kulturrevolution 1966 bis 1976 (Ziel: Eliminierung der „4 Alten“ – alte Ideen, alte Kulturen, alte Sitten, alte Gebräuche)3 brachten die Volksrepublik schließlich in ein wirtschaftliches Desaster. Zudem fielen nach unterschiedlichen Schätzungen in dieser Zeit – vor allem zwischen 1959 und 1962 durch eine der schlimmsten Hungerkatastrophen der Menschheitsgeschichte – über 20 Millionen Menschen zum Opfer.4 Die Volksrepublik sieht sich selbst stets in der Rolle, auch sein Modell des Sozialismus chinesischer Prägung für Entwicklungsländer anzubieten – abseits von Kolonialismus. So propagierte im Oktober 2019 Chinas Außenminister Wang Yi das chinesische Modell als Modell „für die Selbsthilfe der Entwicklungsländer“.5 Bevor diplomatische Beziehungen mit „westlich-imperialistischen“ Ländern eingeleitet werden, sollte zunächst aus Sicht Pekings geklärt werden, ob „koloniale Bestrebungen“ seitens der betroffenen Länder angepeilt werden. Eine eigene Außenpolitik durchzusetzen wurde auch Grundsatz der Volksrepublik in der Blockfreienbewegung mit dem Ziel, sich gegenüber den Supermächten USA und Sowjetunion zu positionieren.6 Nationales Ziel der Volksrepublik war stets die Einverleibung Taiwans – bis 1971 war 1 James Kynge, Beijing hopes for a backlash against Trump´s trade policy, in: Financial Times Weekend, 14 July/15 July 2018, S. 9. 2 Henry Kissinger, On China, The Penguin Press, New York 2011, S. 123 und 191. 3 Ebenda, S. 193. 4 Ebenda, S. 183. 5 China Rundschau, Xi Jinpings Südasien-Reise: Chinas besondere Diplomatie, in: China Rundschau, Nr. 058, November 2019, S. 1. 6 Henry Kissinger, On China, The Penguin Press, New York 2011, S. 100f. 7 Taiwan als Republik China Ständiges Mitglied im Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen, seither hat diesen Sitz die Volksrepublik China inne. So bezeichnete Mao Zedong die massiven monatelangen Granatenangriffe der Volksrepublik gegen die taiwanesische Inselgruppe Kinmen und Matsu ab 23. August 1958, bei der von der Volksrepublik auch Lautsprecherbeschallung („Befreiung Taiwans“) eingesetzt wurde, als „politische Schlacht“.7 Auch führte die Volksrepublik im April 1979 schon unter dem Nachfolger Mao Zedongs, Deng Xiaoping, Krieg gegen Vietnam, um Hanoi „eine Lektion zu erteilen“, nachdem vietnamesische Truppen Kambodscha eingenommen hatten, um jene Grenzkonflikte zu beenden, die zwischen der von China unterstützten Roten Khmer und der damaligen kommunistischen Führung in Vietnam ausgetragen wurden. Zudem war Hanoi bestrebt, eine Indochinesische Föderation zu gründen, die sich auf einen zuvor unterzeichneten vietnamesisch-sowjetischen Verteidigungspakt stützte8 Nach dem Tod Maos begann ab 1978 nach einem kurzen Führungswechsel durch Hua Guofeng mit Deng Xiaoping die wirtschaftliche Öffnung der Volksrepublik – auf der Grundlage der „4 Modernisierungen“ in den Bereichen Landwirtschaft, Industrie, Wissenschaft und Forschung
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