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Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Chapter 6 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Jim Taylor, Dennis K. Lee, and Shervin Shambayati 6.1 Mission Overview The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) [1, 2] has a suite of instruments making observations at Mars, and it provides data-relay services for Mars landers and rovers. MRO was launched on August 12, 2005. The orbiter successfully went into orbit around Mars on March 10, 2006 and began reducing its orbit altitude and circularizing the orbit in preparation for the science mission. The orbit changing was accomplished through a process called aerobraking, in preparation for the “science mission” starting in November 2006, followed by the “relay mission” starting in November 2008. MRO participated in the Mars Science Laboratory touchdown and surface mission that began in August 2012 (Chapter 7). MRO communications has operated in three different frequency bands: 1) Most telecom in both directions has been with the Deep Space Network (DSN) at X-band (~8 GHz), and this band will continue to provide operational commanding, telemetry transmission, and radiometric tracking. 2) During cruise, the functional characteristics of a separate Ka-band (~32 GHz) downlink system were verified in preparation for an operational demonstration during orbit operations. After a Ka-band hardware anomaly in cruise, the project has elected not to initiate the originally planned operational demonstration (with yet-to-be used redundant Ka-band hardware). 201 202 Chapter 6 3) A new-generation ultra-high frequency (UHF) (~400 MHz) system was verified with the Mars Exploration Rovers in preparation for the successful relay communications with the Phoenix lander in 2008 and the later Mars Science Laboratory relay operations. -
Mro High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (Hirise)
Sixth International Conference on Mars (2003) 3287.pdf MROHIGHRESOLUTIONIMAGINGSCIENCEEXPERIMENT(HIRISE): INSTRUMENTDEVELOPMENT.AlanDelamere,IraBecker,JimBergstrom,JonBurkepile,Joe Day,DavidDorn,DennisGallagher,CharlieHamp,JeffreyLasco,BillMeiers,AndrewSievers,Scott StreetmanStevenTarr,MarkTommeraasen,PaulVolmer.BallAerospaceandTechnologyCorp.,PO Box1062,Boulder,CO80306 Focus Introduction:Theprimaryfunctionalre- Mechanism PrimaryMirror quirementoftheHiRISEimager,figure1isto PrimaryMirrorBaffle 2nd Fold allowidentificationofbothpredictedandun- Mirror knownfeaturesonthesurfaceofMarstoa muchfinerresolutionandcontrastthanprevi- ouslypossible[1],[2].Thisresultsinacam- 1st Fold erawithaverywideswathwidth,6kmat Mirror 300kmaltitude,andahighsignaltonoise ratio,>100:1.Generationofterrainmaps,30 Filters cmverticalresolution,fromstereoimages Focal requiresveryaccurategeometriccalibration. Plane Theprojectlimitationsofmass,costand schedulemakethedevelopmentchallenging. FocalPlane SecondaryMirror Inaddition,thespacecraftstability[3]must Electronics TertiaryMirror SecondaryMirrorBaffle notbeamajorlimitationtoimagequality. Thenominalorbitforthesciencephaseofthe missionisa3pmorbitof255by320kmwith Figure1Cameraopticalpathoptimizedforlowmass periapsislockedtothesouthpole.Thetrack Integration(TDI)tocreateveryhigh(100:1)signalnoise velocityisapproximately3,400m/s. ratioimages. HiRISEFeatures:TheHiRISEinstrumentperformance Theimagerdesignisanall-reflectivethreemirrorastig- goalsarelistedinTable1.Thedesignfeaturesa50cm matictelescopewithlight-weightedZeroduropticsanda -
Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition
Tf Freewheel simply a tour « // o é Z oon" ‘ , c AUS Figas - 3 8 tion = ~ Conds : 8O man | S. | —§R Transhu : QO the Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition Science Slightly Over the Edge ED REGIS A VV Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. - Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New York Don Mills, Ontario Wokingham, England Amsterdam Bonn Sydney Singapore Tokyo Madrid San Juan Paris Seoul Milan Mexico City Taipei Acknowledgmentof permissions granted to reprint previously published material appears on page 301. Manyofthe designations used by manufacturers andsellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters (e.g., Silly Putty). .Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Regis, Edward, 1944— Great mambo chicken and the transhuman condition : science slightly over the edge / Ed Regis. p- cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-201-09258-1 ISBN 0-201-56751-2 (pbk.) 1. Science—Miscellanea. 2. Engineering—Miscellanea. 3. Forecasting—Miscellanea. I. Title. Q173.R44 1990 500—dc20 90-382 CIP Copyright © 1990 by Ed Regis All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Text design by Joyce C. Weston Set in 11-point Galliard by DEKR Corporation, Woburn, MA - 12345678 9-MW-9594939291 Second printing, October 1990 First paperback printing, August 1991 For William Patrick Contents The Mania.. -
Space Weapons Earth Wars
CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that EDUCATION AND THE ARTS helps improve policy and decisionmaking through ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT research and analysis. HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from INFRASTRUCTURE AND www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND TRANSPORTATION Corporation. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Support RAND Purchase this document TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY Browse Reports & Bookstore Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Project AIR FORCE View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. The monograph/report was a product of the RAND Corporation from 1993 to 2003. RAND monograph/reports presented major research findings that addressed the challenges facing the public and private sectors. They included executive summaries, technical documentation, and synthesis pieces. SpaceSpace WeaponsWeapons EarthEarth WarsWars Bob Preston | Dana J. Johnson | Sean J.A. Edwards Michael Miller | Calvin Shipbaugh Project AIR FORCE R Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for public release; distribution unlimited The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-01-C-0003. -
Atmosphere of Freedom: 70 Years at the NASA Ames Research Center
Atmosphere of Freedom: 70 Years at the NASA Ames Research Center 7 0 T H A N N I V E R S A R Y E D I T I O N G l e n n E . B u g o s National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA History Office Washington, D.C. 2010 NASA SP-2010-4314 Table of Contents FOREWORD 1 PREFACE 3 A D M I N I S T R A T I V E H I S T O R Y DeFrance Aligns His Center with NASA 6 Harvey Allen as Director 13 Hans Mark 15 Clarence A. Syvertson 21 William F. Ballhaus, Jr. 24 Dale L. Compton 27 The Goldin Age 30 Moffett Field and Cultural Climate 33 Ken K. Munechika 37 Zero Base Review 41 Henry McDonald 44 G. Scott Hubbard 49 A Time of Transition 57 Simon “Pete” Worden 60 Once Again, Re-inventing NASA Ames 63 The Importance of Directors 71 S P A C E P R O J E C T S Spacecraft Program Management 76 Early Spaceflight Experiments 80 Pioneers 6 to 9 82 Magnetometers 85 Pioneers 10 and 11 86 Pioneer Venus 91 III Galileo Jupiter Probe 96 Lunar Prospector 98 Stardust 101 SOFIA 105 Kepler 110 LCROSS 117 Continuing Missions 121 E N G I N E E R I N G H U M A N S P A C E C R A F T “…returning him safely to earth” 125 Reentry Test Facilities 127 The Apollo Program 130 Space Shuttle Technology 135 Return To Flight 138 Nanotechology 141 Constellation 151 P L A N E T A R Y S C I E N C E S Impact Physics and Tektites 155 Planetary Atmospheres and Airborne Science 157 Infrared Astronomy 162 Exobiology and Astrochemistry 165 Theoretical Space Science 168 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 171 Near-Earth Objects 173 NASA Astrobiology Institute 178 Lunar Science 183 S P A C E -
Commercial Space Transportation Year in Review
2007 YEAR IN REVIEW INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION The Commercial Space Transportation: 2007 upon liftoff, destroying the vehicle and the Year in Review summarizes U.S. and interna- satellite. tional launch activities for calendar year 2007 and provides a historical look at the past five Overall, 23 commercial orbital launches years of commercial launch activity. occurred worldwide in 2007, representing 34 percent of the 68 total launches for the year. The Federal Aviation Administration’s This marked an increase over 2006, which Office of Commercial Space Transportation saw 21 commercial orbital launches (FAA/AST) licensed four commercial orbital worldwide. launches in 2007. Three of these licensed launches were successful, while one resulted Russia conducted 12 commercial launch in a launch failure. campaigns in 2007, bringing its international commercial launch market share to 52 per- Of the four orbital licensed launches, cent for the year, a record high for Russia. three used a U.S.-built vehicle: the United Europe attained a 26 percent market share, Launch Alliance Delta II operated by Boeing conducting six commercial Ariane 5 launches. Launch Services. Two of the Delta II vehi- FAA/AST-licensed orbital launch activity cles, in the 7420-10 configuration, deployed accounted for 17 percent of the worldwide the first two Cosmo-Skymed remote sensing commercial launch market in 2007. India satellites for the Italian government. The conducted its first ever commercial launch, third, a Delta II 7925-10, launched the for four percent market share. Of the 68 WorldView 1 commercial remote sensing worldwide orbital launches, there were three satellite for DigitalGlobe. launch failures, including one non-commer- cial launch and two commercial launches. -
An Implementation Concept for the ASPIRE Mission
An Implementation Concept for the ASPIRE Mission. W. D. Deininger* ([email protected]), W. Purcell,* P. Atcheson,*G. Mills,* S. A Sandford,** R. P. Hanel,** M. McKelvey,** and R. McMurray** *Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. (BATC) P. O. Box 1062 Boulder, CO, USA 80306-1062 **NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA, USA 94035 Abstract—The Astrobiology Space Infrared Explorer complex and tied to the cyclic process whereby these (ASPIRE) is a Probe-class mission concept developed as elements are ejected into the diffuse interstellar medium part of NASA’s Astrophysics Strategic Mission Concept (ISM) by dying stars, gathered into dense clouds and studies. 1 2 ASPIRE uses infrared spectroscopy to explore formed into the next generation of stars and planetary the identity, abundance, and distribution of molecules, systems (Figure 1). Each stage in this cycle entails chemical particularly those of astrobiological importance throughout alteration of gas- and solid-state species by a diverse set of the Universe. ASPIRE’s observational program is focused astrophysical processes: hocks, stellar winds, radiation on investigating the evolution of ices and organics in all processing by photons and particles, gas-phase neutral and phases of the lifecycle of carbon in the universe, from ion chemistry, accretion, and grain surface reactions. These stellar birth through stellar death while also addressing the processes create new species, destroy old ones, cause role of silicates and gas-phase materials in interstellar isotopic enrichments, shuffle elements between chemical organic chemistry. ASPIRE achieves these goals using a compounds, and drive the universe to greater molecular Spitzer-derived, cryogenically-cooled, 1-m-class telescope complexity. -
PUBLIC OPEN EVENING Outreach — 17 January 2017 — A
Institute of Astronomy PUBLIC OPEN EVENING outreach — 17 January 2017 — A Clean water ice hiding just below TONIGHT’S SPEAKER the surface of Mars The talk schedule for this term can be viewed at: this term can be viewed talk schedule for The Matt Bothwell The biggest galaxy in the Universe? Our weekly welcome ELCOME to our weekly public Wopen evenings for the 2017/18 season. Each night there will be a half-hour talk which begins promptly Erosion on Mars has uncovered large, steep cross-sections of clean, subterranean ice. In this at 7.15pm: tonight Matt Bothwell will false color image captured by NASA’s HiRISE camera, one of eight recently discovered stripes be giving us his talk The biggest appears dark blue against the Martian terrain. Credit: NASA/JPL/Uni. Of Arizona/USGS galaxy in the Universe? The talk is followed by an oppor- IT’S GOOD news for future Martian scientists have discovered this in no tunity to observe if (and only if!) the www.ast.cam.ac.uk/public/public_observing/current colonists – NASA has just discovered less than eight different places across weather is clear. The IoA’s historical plenty of easy-to-access water just Mars, in both hemispheres. Northumberland and Thorrowgood under Mars’s surface. The new photographs were taken by Astronomers have known for ‘HiRISE’, a powerful camera attached telescopes, along with our modern decades that water exists on Mars, but to NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbit- 16-inch telescope, will be open just how easy it is to get at (and use) er, and the purity of the hidden water for observations. -
Composition of Mars, Michelle Wenz
The Composition of Mars Michelle Wenz Curiosity Image NASA Importance of minerals . Role in transport and storage of volatiles . Ex. Water (adsorbed or structurally bound) . Control climatic behavior . Past conditions of mars . specific pressure and temperature formation conditions . Constrains formation and habitability Curiosity Rover at Mount Sharp drilling site, NASA image Missions to Mars . 44 missions to Mars (all not successful) . 21 NASA . 18 Russia . 1 ESA . 1 India . 1 Japan . 1 joint China/Russia . 1 joint ESA/Russia . First successful mission was Mariner 4 in 1964 Credit: Jason Davis / astrosaur.us, http://utprosim.com/?p=808 First Successful Mission: Mariner 4 . First image of Mars . Took 21 images . No evidence of canals . Not much can be said about composition Mariner 4, NASA image Mariner 4 first image of Mars, NASA image Viking Lander . First lander on Mars . Multispectral measurements Viking Planning, NASA image Viking Anniversary Image, NASA image Viking Lander . Measured dust particles . Believed to be global representation . Computer generated mixtures of minerals . quartz, feldspar, pyroxenes, hematite, ilmenite Toulmin III et al., 1977 Hubble Space Telescope . Better resolution than Mariner 6 and 7 . Viking limited to three bands between 450 and 590 nm . UV- near IR . Optimized for iron bearing minerals and silicates Hubble Space Telescope NASA/ESA Image featured in Astronomy Magazine Hubble Spectroscopy Results . 1994-1995 . Ferric oxide absorption band 860 nm . hematite . Pyroxene 953 nm absorption band . Looked for olivine contributions . 1042 nm band . No significant olivine contributions Hubble Space Telescope 1995, NASA Composition by Hubble . Measure of the strength of the absorption band . Ratio vs. -
Project Vanguard and Ike's “Space for Peace”
NANZAN REVIEW OF AMERICAN STUDIES Volume 42 (2020): 23-42 Project Vanguard and Ike’s “Space for Peace” TABUCHI Yumi ＊ Introduction On December 20, 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump founded the U.S. Space Force, the newest military branch since the creation of the U.S. Air Force in 1947. He was apparently responding to the rising threats from Russia and China, who are rumored to be developing their own space capabilities. Three decades after the error of Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative, Star Wars is now a distinct possibility. The formation of the Space Force symbolized a departure from a principle the United States had upheld for decades―that space should be free from all weapons and open to all nations. This principle, commonly called “space for peace,” now seems to be falling into oblivion.1 This article traces the origins of “space for peace” to Dwight D. Eisenhower’s presidency. In February 1955, the Technological Capabilities Panel (TCP) at the Science Advisory Committee (SAC) submitted a report, which proclaimed that “a satellite would constitute no active military offensive threat” and that “space, outside our atmosphere, is open to all [nations] (‘freedom of space’).”2 This ＊ Doctoral candidate at Osaka School of International Public Policy, Osaka University [[email protected]]. I would like to express my gratitude to Associate Professor Kazushi Minami at Osaka University for always being a patient and supportive adviser, and the anonymous reviewers of the Nanzan Review of American Studies for their helpful comments. 1. “Space dominance” is now an important point of discussion regarding the Space Force. -
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112, E05S02, doi:10.1029/2005JE002605, 2007 Click Here for Full Article Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) Alfred S. McEwen,1 Eric M. Eliason,1 James W. Bergstrom,2 Nathan T. Bridges,3 Candice J. Hansen,3 W. Alan Delamere,4 John A. Grant,5 Virginia C. Gulick,6 Kenneth E. Herkenhoff,7 Laszlo Keszthelyi,7 Randolph L. Kirk,7 Michael T. Mellon,8 Steven W. Squyres,9 Nicolas Thomas,10 and Catherine M. Weitz,11 Received 9 October 2005; revised 22 May 2006; accepted 5 June 2006; published 17 May 2007. [1] The HiRISE camera features a 0.5 m diameter primary mirror, 12 m effective focal length, and a focal plane system that can acquire images containing up to 28 Gb (gigabits) of data in as little as 6 seconds. HiRISE will provide detailed images (0.25 to 1.3 m/pixel) covering 1% of the Martian surface during the 2-year Primary Science Phase (PSP) beginning November 2006. Most images will include color data covering 20% of the potential field of view. A top priority is to acquire 1000 stereo pairs and apply precision geometric corrections to enable topographic measurements to better than 25 cm vertical precision. We expect to return more than 12 Tb of HiRISE data during the 2-year PSP, and use pixel binning, conversion from 14 to 8 bit values, and a lossless compression system to increase coverage. HiRISE images are acquired via 14 CCD detectors, each with 2 output channels, and with multiple choices for pixel binning and number of Time Delay and Integration lines. -
China Dream, Space Dream: China's Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States
China Dream, Space Dream 中国梦，航天梦China’s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States A report prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Kevin Pollpeter Eric Anderson Jordan Wilson Fan Yang Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Dr. Patrick Besha and Dr. Scott Pace for reviewing a previous draft of this report. They would also like to thank Lynne Bush and Bret Silvis for their master editing skills. Of course, any errors or omissions are the fault of authors. Disclaimer: This research report was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of U.S.-China economic relations and their implications for U.S. security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 108-7. However, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission or any individual Commissioner of the views or conclusions expressed in this commissioned research report. CONTENTS Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1