Cruzando Fronteras: Parejas Palestino-Judías En El Barrio Del Carmel (Haifa, Israel) Vanessa Gaibar Constansó

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Cruzando Fronteras: Parejas Palestino-Judías En El Barrio Del Carmel (Haifa, Israel) Vanessa Gaibar Constansó ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA PROGRAMA DE DOCTORAT EN ANTROPOLOGIA SOCIAL I CULTURAL CRUZANDO FRONTERAS: PAREJAS PALESTINO-JUDÍAS EN EL BARRIO DEL CARMEL (HAIFA, ISRAEL) TESIS DOCTORAL PRESENTADA PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DEL DOCTORAT EN ANTROPOLOGÍA SOCIAL I CULTURAL POR VANESSA GAIBAR CONSTANSÓ Dirigida per Josep Lluís Mateo i Dieste Junio 2017 UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA PROGRAMA DE DOCTORAT EN ANTROPOLOGIA SOCIAL I CULTURAL TESIS DOCTORAL CRUZANDO FRONTERAS: PAREJAS PALESTINO-JUDÍAS EN EL BARRIO DEL CARMEL (HAIFA, ISRAEL) AUTORA: VANESSA GAIBAR CONSTANSÓ DIRECTOR: JOSEP LLUÍS MATEO-DIESTE 2 Índice Agradecimientos ............................................................................................. 11 1. Introducción ....................................................................................... 15 1.1. El punto de partida de esta tesis doctoral ¿de donde surge? ........ 15 2. El proyecto de investigación.............................................................. 17 2.1. Descripción del problema y del tema de investigación .................. 22 2.1.1. La elección de la ciudad de Haifa ................................................... 25 2.1.2. La ampliación del universo de estudio: de las parejas al contexto histórico-político ..................................................................................................... 26 2.1.3. Las parejas palestino-judías en Israel: una tipología de pareja "mixta" 28 2.1.4. La discusión terminológica: un aspecto central .............................. 28 2.2. Los objetivos principales de esta tesis ............................................. 31 2.3. Los interrogantes de partida que guían esta investigación ........... 31 3. Métodos y técnicas de investigación ................................................. 33 3.1. Tipo de investigación ........................................................................ 33 3.2. Análisis de grupos sociales y de fuentes documentales ................. 33 3.3. Técnicas de recogida de la información .......................................... 36 4. Presentación del marco teórico general ........................................... 37 4.1. Estado de la cuestión: la producción académica sobre las parejas palestino-judías en Israel. ........................................................................................ 46 5. Discusión terminológica y análisis del poder performativo de las palabras en el contexto israelí ................................................................................... 60 5.1. Una propuesta de análisis de las categorías de clasificación social en el contexto israelí ................................................................................................. 60 5.1.1. El uso cotidiano de las categorías sociales en el contexto israelí ... 68 5.1.2. ¿Qué quiere decir ser judío/a? ........................................................ 70 5.1.3. ¿Son sinónimos los términos "árabe" y "palestino/a" en el contexto israelí? 73 3 5.2. Los principales usos del término "mixto" en el escenario israelí. 80 5.2.1. Las parejas "palestino-judías" en Israel: como parejas "mixtas".... 83 5.2.2. Las ciudades "mixtas" en Israel ...................................................... 86 5.3. El uso de los términos "raza" y "racismo" en el contexto israelí. 90 5.3.1. ¿Que significados tiene la "raza" en el Estado de Israel? ............... 92 5.3.2. ¿Es la comunidad judía una "raza"? ............................................... 93 5.3.3. ¿A qué nos referimos cuando hablamos de "racismo" en el contexto israelí? 97 5.3.4. ¿"Racismo biológico" o "racismo cultural"? .................................. 99 5.4. El estado israelí y la ambivalencia de categorías: nación, etnicidad y ciudadanía. 102 5.4.1. El surgimiento de los movimientos nacionalistas judíos .............. 102 5.4.2. El concepto "sionismo" en la actualidad ...................................... 104 5.4.3. El Estado de Israel: el estado nacional judío ................................ 105 5.4.4. Las consecuencias para la población palestina israelí de la definición de Israel como "Estado Judío" ............................................................. 109 5.4.5. El Estado de Israel: ¿un estado judío y democrático? .................. 111 5.4.6. La categoría "judío/a": ¿nacionalidad, religión o etnicidad? ........ 114 5.4.7. La relación entre los términos "nacionalidad" y "ciudadanía" en el contexto israelí ...................................................................................................... 117 5.4.8. La "nacionalidad israelí" .............................................................. 118 5.4.9. El mantenimiento del Holocausto en la memoria judía israelí: discrepancias actuales ........................................................................................... 121 6. Contexto histórico y geopolítico de Palestina e Israel .................. 124 6.1. Pasado colonial: Imperio Otomano y Mandato Británico .......... 125 6.1.1. La emergencia del sionismo y las olas migratorias hacia la región de Palestina 126 6.2. La Nakba y la creación del Estado de Israel ................................ 134 6.3. La vida bajo la ocupación .............................................................. 141 6.4. El Estado de Israel hoy: de la Segunda Intifada a la actualidad.148 6.4.1. Contexto de tensión en el 2014: ¿se puede hablar de una "Tercera Intifada"? 152 4 7. La ciudad de Haifa: ¿un verdadero espacio de coexistencia? ..... 158 7.1. Haifa: una “ciudad mixta” ............................................................ 158 7.1.1. La ciudad de Haifa: datos generales. ............................................ 160 7.1.2. La segregación espacial de la ciudad de Haifa ............................. 162 7.1.3. El origen histórico de la segregación espacial .............................. 163 7.1.4. La distribución espacial de Haifa hoy .......................................... 167 7.2. Relaciones entre población palestina y población judía en la ciudad de Haifa. ...................................................................................................... 168 7.2.1. Imperio Otomano (1516 - 1917) ................................................... 171 7.2.2. La Haifa del Mandato Británico (1922- 1948): ............................ 174 7.2.3. Nakba / Creación del Estado de Israel .......................................... 185 7.3. El barrio del Carmel en Haifa: destino de parejas palestino-judías 203 8. Las parejas palestino-judías en Haifa: problemáticas y obstáculos principales 214 8.1. Datos sobre la existencia de parejas formadas por personas palestinas y judías con ciudadanía israelí ............................................................ 214 8.2. La segregación social y espacial: sistema educativo, servicio militar, sanidad y mercado de trabajo.................................................................. 220 8.2.1. La inscripción en el registro oficial de población del Estado de Israel: el primer eslabón de la clasificación social ............................................... 221 8.2.2. El sistema educativo en el Estado de Israel .................................. 228 8.2.3. La segregación en el sistema educativo ........................................ 229 8.2.4. La importancia de las escuelas como transmisoras de las identidades 233 8.2.5. Las universidades: un lugar de encuentro entre las dos comunidades 236 8.2.6. El Servicio Militar Israelí ............................................................. 238 8.2.7. La transmisión de la cultura militar en el contexto israelí ............ 241 8.2.8. Las críticas a la militarización de la sociedad desde el interior de la comunidad israelí .................................................................................................. 245 8.2.9. El ámbito sanitario ........................................................................ 248 8.2.10. El mercado laboral....................................................................... 250 5 8.3. Las limitaciones jurídicas para la celebración de matrimonios "mixtos" en el Estado de Israel ............................................................................. 252 8.3.1. La regulación de los matrimonios: ¿una estrategia de control?.... 252 8.3.2. El matrimonio civil: un reto para el Estado de Israel? ................. 255 8.3.3. El apoyo al matrimonio civil y las percepciones entorno a las instituciones religiosas .......................................................................................... 256 8.4. Religión, sistema de parentesco y género: una encrucijada imprescindible para el análisis de las relaciones palestino-judías en Israel. ..... 261 8.4.1. Los códigos religiosos y culturales: intersecciones en el contexto israelí 262 8.4.2. Los elementos de conexión entre las diferentes comunidades: un punto de partida ...................................................................................................
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