Largehead Hairtail) in the Northern Waters of the Oman Sea (Sistan and Baluchestan Waters, Iran)

Home , Largehead hairtail, Lepturus, Trichiurus

Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 20(4) 1022-1034 2021 DOI: 10.22092/ijfs.2021.124414 Research Article Population dynamics and fishery status of Trichiurus lepturus (Largehead hairtail) in the northern waters of the Oman Sea (Sistan and Baluchestan waters, Iran)

Taghavi Motlagh S.A.1; Hashemi S.A.R.2; Mirzaei M.R.2*

Received: June 2019 Accepted: April 2020

Abstract Population dynamics and fishery status of Trichiurus lepturus were estimated by landings data on the northern waters of the sea of Oman (Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran). A total of more than 3000 fish samples were weighted and measured during one-year study period (October 2016 to September 2017), the growth indices -1 -1 were obtained as follow: L∞=176 cm, K=0.5 (yr ), to=-0.2 year, M=0.67(yr ), F=3.52 (yr -1), Z=4.19 (yr -1), and E=0.85, respectively. Exploitation rate (U), 0.53, annual total stock at the beginning of the year (Bv), 32264 t, Annual average standing stock (B), 4827 t, Maximum Constant Yield (MCY),10260 t, maximum sustainable yield (MSY),15390 t, fishing mortality rate that maximizes equilibrium yield per recruit,

Fmax: 0.8 and Exploitation ratio maximum sustainable yield, Emsy: 0.54 were calculated for this species. Results of this study showed exploitation ratio of the Largehead hairtail stock is overfishing and decreasing of exploitation rate proposed.

Keywords: Largehead hairtail, Catch trend, Exploitation rate, Oman Sea Downloaded from jifro.ir at 6:45 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021

1-Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. 2-Off-shore Fisheries Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Chabahar, Iran. *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] 1023 Taghavi Motlagh et al., Population dynamics and fishery status of Trichiurus lepturus … Introduction 50-100 m in the Gulf of Oman. Adults’ Management of sustainable harvest in beltfish feed on pelagic fish throughout marine resources depends on the day and accumulate in shallow assessment of the exploitation status muddy waters in bays, estuaries and (Kokkalis et al., 2016). Knowledge coastal areas during the night-time regarding the status of a fishery (Froese and Pauly, 2019). Juveniles and resource derived from different sources: small adults form schools at 100 m control and evaluation the fishery depths during the daytime, and they (landing, catch, and effort data); form loose feeding aggregations at biological studies, resource users, and night near the surface (Kleiman et al., similar resources in other locations. 2003, Shojaei and Taghavi motlagh, Often the only data available to infer 2011). the status of a fishery in a particular Increased fishing pressures have led location are the landings in weight or to reducing body size and increased number of the targeted species (Kruse maturational rate. In some countries it et al., 2005). The data collection is the represents an exploitable fish, is ranked primary form of fisheries assessment in the sixth place of landing volume and management. Nevertheless, limited worldwide (Lijun He, 2014). The data may be a considerable concern in average annual catch of the largehead an area, particularly in most species- hairtail during 2008 to 2017 was around rich natural communities (Kruse et al., 6400 tones, rate catch of this species in 2005). Fishery status showed that 2017 was more than 17,000 tons (the around 30% of all fisheries were northern waters of the Oman Sea) and collapsed, 40% more were has grown significantly (Fig. 1) in overexploited, and the percentage of recent years (IFO, 2019). collapsed and overexploited fisheries This species has played Downloaded from jifro.ir at 6:45 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 will increase over time (Worm et al., economically a great role in the Persian 2006). Data of FAO catch showed 32% Gulf and Oman Sea fisheries. Despite of global fisheries were developing, the economic importance of this 27% fully exploited, 25% species, little is known about the overexploited, and 16% collapsed or biology of this species in the northern closed (Anderson et al., 2012). waters of the Oman Sea, but some The largehead hairtail lives in studies has been carried out (Taghavi coastal waters in depth of 50-100 m of moltlgh, 2010; Raeisi et al, 2011; the warm-temperate and tropical marine Taghvimotlagh and Shojaei, 2017). The environments. In the daytime, juvenile study objectives are to provide infor- and small fish shoaling together at mation regarding biological reference around 100 m depth (Froese and Pauly, points and other population dynamics 2019). Mirzaei et al. (2019) stated that information required for management the highest abundance of largehead of this species in northern Oman Sea. hairtail observed in the depth between Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 20(4) 2021 1024

Figure 1: Catch amount of largehead hairtail in the past two decades (1997-2017), Sistan- Baluchistan coastal waters in the northern waters of the Oman Sea.

Materials and methods 28É, 25˚ 14Ń) and Konarak (60˚ The length frequency data was col- 28É, 25˚ 60Ń)) (Fig. 2). Total lengths lected monthly from four sampling of 3466 T. lepturus individuals (±1.0 stations (Beris (61˚ 10É, 28˚ 82Ń), mm) caught by bottom trawl and gill Ramin (60˚ 45É, 25˚ 15Ń), Pozm (60˚ net were measured during 2016-2017.

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Figure 2: Location of landing sites of largehead hairtail in the northern waters of the Oman Sea.

Growth studies Powell and Wetheral plot and the growth The collected length frequency was rate (K) was obtained by applying the grouped into 8 mm class intervals. The ELEFAN (Electronic Length Frequency length infinity (L∞) was estimated by Analysis) method (optimization model), 1025 Taghavi Motlagh et al., Population dynamics and fishery status of Trichiurus lepturus … RStudio software and TropFishR developed by Gayanilo et al. (2002).

package (Mildenberger et al., 2017) and The parameter t0 of the growth equation ELEFAN I programe in FiSAT II (FAO- was estimated using the following ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools) equation (Pauly, 1980):

Log (t0) = -0.3922- 0.2752log (L∞)-1.038log (K)

In order to facilitate the comparison of estimated by length converted catch the results with those of other studies, curve of Pauly (1980): was (׳growth performance index (Ф ( ) estimated by the following equation (Pauly and Munro, 1984): Where, b=Z (Total mortality rate) with the sign changed. The instantaneous ( log (K) +2Log (L =׳Ф ∞ rate of natural mortality (M) was

Mortality estimate estimated using the following multiple The total mortality coefficient was regression model (Pauly, 1980).

Log (M) = -0.0066-0.279 log (L∞) +0.6543 log (K) + 0.4634 log (T)

The mean annual environment estimated by: Y/F (Nurulamin et al., temperature (T) used in the estimation 2000). MCY was estimated by the was 26°C (Taghavi motlagh, 2010; equation: MCY=c×Yav (Annala, 1993). Taghavi motlagh and Shojaei, 2017). Where Yav is the average catch of the Fishing mortality rate (F) was species over an appropriate time period calculated as (Sparre and Venema, and c is natural mortality factor of the 1998), F = Z - M. species (0.6 is here). MSY was

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 6:45 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 The exploitation rate (U), was estimated estimated by the equation: by U=F (1-e-z)/z (Pauly, 1983). The MCY=2/3×MSY (Jenning et al., 2000). annual total stock at the beginning of The relative yield per recruit (Y'/R) the year (Bv) was estimated by Y/U and relative biomass per recruit (B'/R) where Y is the annual average catch of were conducted to obtain reference the species (Nurulamin et al., 2000). points and determined the exploitation status. The model of Pauly and Soriano Stock assessment (1986) was used to predict the relative Annual average standing stock (B) was yield per recruit (Y/R) as follows:

Y'/R = EUM/k [1–(3U/1+m) + (3U2/1+2m) + (U3/1+3m)]

here: m=(1 – E)/ (M/k)=k/Z, U=1– (Lc/ biomass per recruit (B'/R) was

L∞), E=F/Z and B'/R=(Y'/R)/F estimated by B'/R=(Y'/R)/F (Gayanilo (Gayanilo et al., 2003). The relative et al., 2003). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 20(4) 2021 1026

Relative yield and biomass per recruit were 80±10 cm, 22 and 142 cm, analyses were conducted using growth respectively (Table 1 and Fig. 3). The and mortality parameters and selectivity growth parameters of von Bertalanffy gives derived from probability of equation (males and females combined) -1 capture data. Statistical analyses were were as, L∞: 176 cm and K: 0.5 (year ) -1 performed with SPSS 21 and R Studio and t0: -0.2 (year ) (Fig. 4). The value (1.1.463) software packages. of growth performance index, Φ', estimated from the growth parameters Result was 4.18, which gave the Von Growth studies Bertalanffy growth equation for this Mean±S.D length values, minimum and species as: Lt=176 (1-exp (-0.5 maximum total length of this species (t+0.2))).

Table 1: Average values (±S.D.) of size corresponding of largehead hairtail in the northern waters of the Oman Sea. Month Number of captured Mean TL±S. D (cm) Min – max (cm) January 240 87±9 71-118 February 162 78±8 62-108 March 565 85±11 37-142 April 252 86±9 46-124 May 198 76±15 22-121 June 95 77±8 60-93 July 626 79±12 45-118 August 330 81±10 58-115 September 358 75±7 58-114 October 240 75±8 48-104 November 200 77±8 62-128 December 200 81±8 59-105 Average - 10±80 22-142

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Figure 3: Length frequency distribution of largehead hairtail in the northern waters of the Oman Sea., Lc= length which the probability of fish capture is 50 %, Lmean= Mean of total length. 1027 Taghavi Motlagh et al., Population dynamics and fishery status of Trichiurus lepturus …

Figure 4: Powell and Wetheral plot (A) and Growth curve (B) of largehead hairtail estimated on Downloaded from jifro.ir at 6:45 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 the restructured length-frequency diagram (L∞=176cm and K=0.5 yr-1).

Mortality rates, relative and biomass as 0.67 year-1 by paulys method. The per recruit fishing mortality (F) was 3.52 year-1. The annual instantaneous rates of The exploitation rate was calculated to fishing induced mortality (F), natural be 0.84. The ratio of actual number mortality (M) and total mortality (Z) are caught by length class estimated using given in Fig. 5. The totlal mortality ELEFAN II, correcting each length coefficient (Z) was calculated as 4.19 class for mesh selectivity. Values of year-1 by pauly’s length converted catch L25 %, L50 %, and L 75% were 71, 77, curve method (Fig. 4). The annual and 84 cm, respectively. mortality coefficient (M) was estimated Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 20(4) 2021 1028

Figure 5: The graphic output of the catch curve analysis for largehead hairtail.

Stock assessment that were 1.5 years old and was The relative yield-per-recruit (Y'/R) and considerably greater than the mean size biomass-per-recruit (B'/R) were at first capture. Exploitation rate (U), determined as a function of Lc/L∞ and 0.53, annual total stock at the beginning M/K. Lc estimated at 77 cm and Lc/ L∞ of the year (Bv), 32264 t, annual and M/K were 0.43 and 1.34 average standing stock (B), 4827 t, respectively. Relative yield per Maximum Constant Yield (MCY), recruitment (Y'/R) calculated as 0.04 10260 t, maximum sustainable yield and relative biomass per recruitment, (MSY),15390 t, fishing mortality rate (B'/R) calculated as 0.04 for this that maximizes equilibrium yield per

species (both sex) stock was calculated recruit, Fmax: 0.8 and Exploitation ratio

(Fig.6). The size at which yield per maximum sustainable yield, Emsy: 0.54

recruit would be maximized (Lmax=100 for this stock was calculated (Table 2). cm) approximated the mean size of fish

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Figure 6: Relative yield and biomass per recruit curves (descending lines) for largehead hairtail showing the existing fishing mortality (Fp= fishing mortality of present and F max= fishing mortality of maximizes equilibrium) and different Lc. 1029 Taghavi Motlagh et al., Population dynamics and fishery status of Trichiurus lepturus …

Table 2: Estimate mortality and yield of largehead hairtail in the northern waters of the Oman Sea. Year Emax E0.1 E0.5 B'/R Y'/R Fmax B Bv MCY MSY 2016-17 0.59 0.50 0.34 0.04 0.04 0.8 4827 32264 10260 15390

Dsicussion China Sea, the Philippines, and the By comparing the growth parameters of Yellow Sea. In addition, the length of T. T. lepturus with other studies in lepturus species in Oman Sea is larger different parts of the world, it was than species in the Persian Gulf and the concluded that this species in the growth coefficient (k) of this species in Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman, has an different regions does not seem to have asymptotic length (L∞) longer than a clear trend (Table 3).

Table 3: Biological and mortality parameters of largehead hairtail in different parts of the world. Biological and mortality parameter

Different parts Z F M K L∞ Reference Length Sex E -1 -1 -1 Φ' -1 (yr ) (yr ) (yr ) (yr ) (cm) India (East coast) Total Both - - - - 3.78 0.29 145 Narasimham, 1976 Lin and Zhang, China Sea - - - - - 0.11 70 Anal Both 1981 Taiwan Anal Both - - - - - 0.72 50 Chen and Lee, 1982 Ingles and Pauly, Philippian - - - - - 0.7 78 Anal Both 1984 Somavanshi and India (West coast) - - - - 3.88 0.64 109 Total Both Antony, 1989 India (West coast) Total Both 0.46 1.96 0.91 1.05 3.92 0.5 129 Chakraborty, 1990 India (West coast) Thiagarajan et - - - - 3.97 0.56 129 Total Both al.,1992 India (East coast) Total Both 0.92 3.10 2.7 0.4 - - 138 Narasimham, 1994 India (East coast) Total Both 0.71 2.66 1.52 0.89 3.83 0.61 106 Reuben et al., 1997 China Sea Anal Both - - - - - 0.17 58 Kwok and Ni, 2000 Mohite and Biradar, India (West coast) Total Both 0.71 2.66 1.89 0.77 3.91 0.5 128 2001 India (West coast) Total Both 0.3 0.44 0.13 0.31 3.72 0.13 131 Fofandi, 2012 Iran (Hormozgan Pro.) Total Both 0.68 3.65 2.5 1.15 4.08 0.93 115 Kamali et al., 2003 Downloaded from jifro.ir at 6:45 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 Taghavi motlgh Iran (Hormozgan Pro.) Total Both 0.40 1.11 0.44 0.67 3.71 0.41 111 2010; Taghavi motlagh and Iran (Oman Sea) Total Both 0.85 4.37 3.52 0.67 4.18 0.5 176 Present study, 2018

According to King (2007), in Growth performance index (Ф) was different locations, the differences in found to be 4.18, in the range of length and growth factors are 3.72-4.08 that reported in others affected by the ecological differences researches (Table 3). Maximum age of each area. In general, the (Tmax) for T. lepturus was found to differences in the asymptotic length be 6 years by using the Pauly and (L∞) and growth coefficient (k) from Froese (2012) formula (Tmax = t0 one region to another can be due to +3/K). Absorbed energy is used for the quantity and quality of food and body maintenance, activity, weather conditions (Bartulovic et al., reproduction, and less than 1/3 for 2004). growth. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 20(4) 2021 1030

The result of exploitation rate which is of its value at maximum revealed that there is pressure on sustainable yield (Emax). hairtail stock in north waters of the In conclusion, the biological Oman Sea. According to Gulland reference points estimated in this (1971, 1979), the yield is optimized study could provide scientific when F=M (or Fmsy=M (Parger, background for the management of 1994; NMFS, 1996)) and U is lower the largehead hairtail fishery, and than 0.5. These findings are valuable any increase in the existing fishing for fisheries management specialists level/exploitation would most likely as they warn that the fish resource is result in a reduction in the yield per overexploited, therefore, a recruit and thereby hamper the considerable decrease in fishing optimum level. It is necessary to effort would be needed in case of impose fishing regulation on the management aims to become stock and this could be done by attained. gradually increasing the mesh size of We Check out the maximum the gears or by restricting fishing sustainable yield (MSY=15390 t) seasons or declaring fish sanctuaries and catch (Y=17162 t) of this species in the spawning grounds. in 2017. The estimated stock status shows that T. lepturus stock were Acknowledgments overfished (Y>MSY). However, the The authors would like to thank Prof. existing fishing mortality rate (3.52 Mahmoud Bahmani, the head of the year−1) was greater than that which Iranian Fisheries Science Research would maximize yield per recruit at Institute (IFSRI) for financial the existing size at first capture, support. clearly demonstrate that growth Downloaded from jifro.ir at 6:45 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 overfishing is occurring for this References species (Fig. 6). 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