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A Survey of Phytoalexin Induction in Leaves of the Rosaceae by Copper Ions Tetsuo Kokubun and Jeffrey B

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A Survey of Phytoalexin Induction in Leaves of the Rosaceae by Copper Ions Tetsuo Kokubun and Jeffrey B A Survey of Phytoalexin Induction in Leaves of the Rosaceae by Copper Ions Tetsuo Kokubun and Jeffrey B. Harborne Department of Botany, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 2 AS, U.K. Z. Naturforsch. 49c, 628-634 (1994); received April 28/May 26, 1994 Phytoalexins. Constitutive Fungitoxins, Hydroquinone, Aucuparin The leaves of 130 species of Rosaceae were surveyed for phytoalexin induction. Both biotic and abiotic induction was examined and antifungal compounds were detected in 47 species. However, these compounds appeared to be constitutive metabolites, released from bound phenolic materials already present in the leaf. In Pyrus, hydroquinone was produced from the hydrolysis of arbutin present in the vacuole before inoculation. In most other species, the fungitoxic agents were mainly catechin-like derivatives, apparently released from the tannins present within the leaf. By contrast, the synthesis in the leaf of the characteristic biphenyl or benzofuran phytoalexins which are produced in sapwood, was confined to a very few species. The biphenyl aucuparin was identified as a phytoalexin from the leaves of Sorbus aucuparia. Introduction clear how universal within the angiosperms this Phytoalexin production is now well established mechanism is. We therefore decided to survey as one of several defence systems which provide members of the Rosaceae for phytoalexins in the plants with resistance to microbial infections. Sev­ leaves. Since the family is related both m orpho­ eral hundred phytoalexins have now been charac­ logically and chemically to the Leguminosae terized from over thirty plant families (Grayer and (Bate-Smith, 1961), which regularly produces iso- Harborne, 1994). The response has been mainly flavonoids as phytoalexins (Ingham, 1981), we studied using the drop diffusate technique on leaf expected to find some similarities in response tissue, but seed, shoot, stem and wood tissues have between the two families. also been used as well as cell culture. The type of Relatively little is known about the disease re­ compound formed de novo in a plant is usually sistance mechanisms in the Rosaceae, in spite of characteristic at the family level, in that isofla- its economic importance as a source of many culti­ vanoid phytoalexins are commonly produced in vated fruits. The first phytoalexin to be reported legumes, sesquiterpenoids in the Solanaceae, in the family was benzoic acid, which is formed in furanocoumarins in the Umbelliferae and so on apple fruit following infection by Nectria galligena (Harborne and Turner, 1984). As many as thirty (Browne and Swinburne, 1971). Since then, bi­ compounds may be formed in a given plant-fungal phenyl or benzofuran phytoalexins have been interaction, as happens in infected carnation Dian- characterized from sapwood of Cotoneaster lactea thus cciryophyllus, tissue (Niemann, 1993). (Burden et al, 1984), Malus pumila (Kemp et al., The protective value of phytoalexin synthesis in 1985) and Pyrus communis (Kemp and Burden, warding off fungal pathogens has been established 1984) and from the leaves of Eriobotrya japonica by the experiments of vanEtten and co-workers (Mikayado et al, 1985), Photinia glabra (Widya- (1989) on the Nectria haematococca-Pisum sati­ stuti et al, 1992) and Rhaphiolepsis umbellata vum interaction and by the successful genetic (Watanabe et al, 1990). Additionally some ses­ transfer of phytoalexin production (e.g. stilbene quiterpenoids have been characterized as anti­ synthase) from one plant, Vitis vinifera, to another, microbial agents in damaged Rosa rugosa leaves Nicotiana tabacum (Hain et al., 1993). In spite of (Hashidoko et al, 1989). Also, flavan-3-ols have these and many other experiments, it is not yet been reported to accumulate in fungus-infected leaves of several Rosaceae (Treutter and Feucht, 1990). The results of a representative survey of the Reprint requests to Dr. J. B. Harborne. family for phytoalexin synthesis in leaf tissue is Telefax: 0734-753671. presented here. 0939-5075/94/0900-0628 $ 06.00 © 1994 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. All rights reserved. Dieses Werk wurde im Jahr 2013 vom Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung This work has been digitalized and published in 2013 by Verlag Zeitschrift in Zusammenarbeit mit der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der für Naturforschung in cooperation with the Max Planck Society for the Wissenschaften e.V. digitalisiert und unter folgender Lizenz veröffentlicht: Advancement of Science under a Creative Commons Attribution Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 Lizenz. 4.0 International License. T. Kokubun and J. B. Harborne ■ A Survey of Phytoalexin Induction in Leaves of the Rosaceae 629 Materials and Methods solution became maximal. Controls were run with Plant material 0.05% Tween-20 solution; they were incubated in the same manner as described above. Most plant material was botanically verified b) Hammer mill ground flakes of chitin and chi­ from the Harris Garden, the botanical garden of tosan, both of crab shell origin, were used as elici­ the University of Reading. Several species were tors. Suspension of 4000|igml~1 (Keen et al., grown from seed in pots in the glasshouse (see 1983) of fine powder were applied on the leaf sur­ Table I). In all cases, material treated with chemi­ face floating on water in Petri dish. cal insecticides and fungicides was avoided. Care was taken to use only healthy, non-damaged young Fungitoxin detection leaf tissue throughout the experiment. Plant material were collected between early May and Only cupric sulphate-treated leaves and the cor­ mid-August, 1992. responding controls were further analyzed as fol­ lows. The supporting C uS0 4 solution and water Fungal inoculum were decanted and extracted (x 2 ) separately with ca. 2 ml EtOAc. The extracts were brought to dry­ Fungal species used as phytoalexin inducers ness in an air flow. The residue were dissolved in (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis a small amount of MeOH and analyzed on silica cinerea, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium cul- gel TLC with M eO H -C H C l 3 (49:1) and n-hex- morum, Geotricum candidum and Trichoderma ane-EtOAc-MeOH (60:40:1) (HEM) as solvent viride) were obtained from stock cultures main­ systems. At the same time, the leaves showing tained at the School of Plant Sciences, the Univer­ extensive necrosis were extracted with MeOH for sity of Reading. They were grown on a dish con­ overnight. This extract was concentrated and the taining potato-dextrose agar medium, pH 5.6. EtOAc soluble fractions were chromatographed Cultures vigorously producing spores or conidia on TLC plates similarly. The developed TLC were flooded with deionized water containing plates were sprayed with a dense spore suspension 0.05. Tween-20 and gently scraped. The spore of Cladosporium herbarum in a nutrient solution suspensions so obtained were passed through (KH 2 P 0 4, 4.7 g; K N 03, 2.7 g; Na2 H P 0 4 -2H 2 0 , three layers of lens tissue to remove mycelial frag­ 2 g; M gS0 4 -7H 2 0 , 0.7 g, glucose, 100 g, in 11 of ments and were then adjusted to a density of ap­ tap water, pH 5.7). After three days incubation in prox. l.OxlO 6 spores/ml with the aid of haemo- the moist condition at 22 °C, the presence/absence cytometer. of fungitoxins and their R f values recorded. Stress treatment Further characterization of induced fungitoxin 1. Biotic induction Once induced fungitoxins, i.e. those not detected Freshly excised leaves were immediately floated in the control or in healthy tissue, were detected, on ca. 1 0 ml of deionized water, adaxial side up­ a larger scale induction was performed. Typically permost, in a plastic Petri dish (9 cm in diam.). a few tens of grams of fresh leaves were treated Fungal spore suspension droplets were placed on with 100 ml of 0.1% C uS 0 4 -5H20 solution. After the leaf surface and incubated under diffused light TLC purification with suitable solvent system, the at 20 ± 1 °C for 3 days (72-84 h). Controls re­ UV spectra with/without shift reagents (NaOAc, ceived only water droplets containing 0.05% NaOH) were measured. Also, some specific “phe­ Tween-20. nolic” reagents such as Folin-Ciocalteu’s and Gibbs were employed to determine their identity. 2. Abiotic induction Results a) A similar amount of leaf material was floated on ca. 10 ml of 0.1% of CuS04. 5H20 solution At the beginning of the survey, spore suspen­ containing 0.05% Tween-20 in a plastic Petri dish sions of several pathogenic and non-pathogenic (9 cm), so that the leaf area contacting with CuS0 4 fungi were used to cause phytoalexin induction. 630 T. Kokubun and J. B. Harborne • A Survey of Phytoalexin Induction in Leaves of the Rosaceae Table I. Production of necrosis and of antifungal agents Table I. (Continued). in leaves of the Rosaceae. Species Necrotic Antifungal Species Necrotic Antifungal reaction agents+ reaction agents+ R. centifolia L. + - Subfamily Spiraeoideae R. felicite + - Tribe Spiraeae R. fdipes + - Aruncus sylvester Kneffii ++ R. hugonis Hemsley + - Neillia thibetica ++ R. hugonis x xanthina + - Physocarpus malvaceus R. iberica ++ - (Greene) O. Kuntze B, E R. laevigata Michx. + - Sibiraea altaiensis R. macrophylla + - (Laxm.) Schneid. + R. maximowicziana Sorbaria arborea + Regel “Jackii” + - Spiraea bella Sims + C, E R. mollis Sm. + - S. betulifolia Pallas ++ C, D. E R. multiflora Thunb. ++ - S. japonica L.** + R. nanothamnus x willmottiana ++ - S. nipponica “Tosaensis” ++ C, D. F R. nutkana Presl. S. pubescens ++ (R. muricata Greene) + - S. thunbergii ++ A. D, F R. primula Boulengep + - R. primula x hugonis + - Tribe Exochordeae R. primula x (primula x Exochorda racemosa omeiensis) + - (Lindl.) Rehder R. roxburghii Tratt + - Subfamily Rosoideae R. rubiginosa L. + - Tribe Kerrieae R. rugosa Thunb. + - R. salicitorum Lydberg + - Kerria japonica (L.) DC. “Picta” - B R. sericea Lindley ++ - K. japonica (L.) DC. “Pleniflora” - - R. virginiana - - Rhodotypos scandens R. woodsii Lindley + - (Thunb.) Makino Tribe Potentilleae Tribe Sanguisorbeae Fragaria vesca L.
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