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Integrated Site Suitability and Carrying Capacity Assessment for Small-Scale Finfish Net Cage Mariculture in Marine Protected Areas, Indonesia

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Integrated Site Suitability and Carrying Capacity Assessment for Small-Scale Finfish Net Cage Mariculture in Marine Protected Areas, Indonesia Integrated Site Suitability and Carrying Capacity Assessment for Small-Scale Finfish Net Cage Mariculture in Marine Protected Areas, Indonesia Hatim Albasri A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL, EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF SCIENCE THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES December 2018 i PLEASE TYPE THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family Name: Albasri First name: Hatim Other names/s: - University calendar: PhD School: BEES Faculty: SCIENCE Title: Integrated Site Suitability and Carrying Capacity Assessment for Small-Scale Finfish Net Cage Mariculture in Marine Protected Areas, Indonesia Abstract 350 words maximum. (PLEASE TYPE) Small-scale mariculture has been formally recognised as one of the main strategic economic developments for small- island communities. However, mariculture, especially for carnivorous fish species, is threatened by sustainability issues, that not only affect the livelihood of marginalised small-island communities, but also ecosystems in marine protected area (MPA). These issues include the lack of adequate regulation, unclear site selection criteria and unknown carrying capacity of MPA mariculture zones. This study evaluated the complex regulations that govern development of mariculture in Indonesia and assessed the sustainability of small-scale mariculture in multi-use MPAs using a sustainable livelihood analysis framework. Furthermore, it developed an integrated site selection and carrying capacity framework for better decision-making for MPA mariculture zones using environmental data and modelling. The designation of mariculture zones, local government and community approval-based permits, and third-party environmental impact assessment could substantially improve the sustainability of small-scale mariculture in MPAs. Small-scale mariculture, as a livelihood, has similar sustainability and vulnerability profiles compared to small-scale fisher and ecotourism households, which tend to be at the intermediate and medium level, respectively. Small-scale fish farmers also shared similar views with other household groups, that is, that MPA establishment is important to maintain ecosystem function, which supports their livelihoods. Site selection using a parameter-specific suitability function, with geometric mean, a stakeholder preferences sub model and MPA constraints, maintained the integrity of MPA core zones and allowed better location access for small-scale fish farmers. The Modelling – Ongrowing fish farm – Monitoring (MOM) system revealed that oxygen concentration was the main factor influencing the carrying capacity in different seasonal scenarios, feed composition and geographic location. The carrying capacity analysis indicated that the general MPA carrying capacity is contra productive to the development of small-scale mariculture in small-island MPAs and needs to be reconsidered. The site selection framework developed in this study and the MOM system could provide an efficient and easy assessment to establish mariculture zones in MPAs, and ensure fair resource and spatial allocation in Indonesia’s MPAs. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby granting to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation n whole or in part in the University library in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 words abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). ………………………… …………………………… 11 December 2018 Signature Witness Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or condition on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of the Graduate Research FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirement for Award: THIS SHEET IS TO BE GLUED TO THE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THE THESIS ii ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgment is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation, and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed Date Date: 11 December, 2018. iii COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' Signed Date AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT ‘I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.’ Signed Date iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I remember the repeated advice from my primary supervisor, Jes Sammut, that my thesis is not meant to be a Nobel Prize. Instead, it is a solid piece of original and significant work that will lay the foundation for my future career as a researcher. This is one amongst the many pieces of advice I have received from you during my PhD candidature that have kept my spirit high to complete my thesis and my study. For that and other countless supports, I offer my sincere gratitude. I also thank Richard Lucas, Damon Bolton and Jennifer Beer as my co-supervisors for their full support during my PhD candidature. I am deeply indebted to both Damon Bolton and Jes Sammut who had spent their valuable time as editors to improve the readability of this thesis. It has been an honour to know and work with you at BEES-UNSW. I am also grateful to AusAID who had given me a chance to study at UNSW – Australia through its Australia Awards Scholarships. I thought that only financial support was provided from the former AusAID and I was wrong. AusAID also supported other aspects of my study including academic preparation, personal wellbeing, research needs, and outreach programs which I know some other scholarships do not offer. My deep appreciation goes to people behind AusAID who work diligently and tirelessly to support our study, Mas Alkadri and Mas Ponco from CID – AAS –AusAID; Tatjana Kroll, Matthew Byron and Pia Larsson from UNSW, you guys are simply the best! I specifically would like to thank mas Bas and mas Pran for their help with the preparation and activities during the four field visit in Anambas Archipelago. Of course, this thesis would have materialised if the Anambas community and the local government did not give their permission. For your kindness and willingness to welcome me, please accept my thankfulness. And it is your guys’ turn, my colleagues at Aquaculture Research Group or 601 room in alphabetical order: Angela, Bayu, Brah! Havini, Irja, Justin, Lala, Shanice. I am lucky and honoured to have known you and be your friend in Sydney, Australia. Jenny Saunders, you are obviously not gone unnoticed, thank you for your help. Special thanks to Shawn Laffan who has helped me many times with GIS software and Jonathan Russel who provide almost 24/7 support for any academic inquiries. To my better-half ‘Bunda’ and our children, Aurel ‘my Borealis light’, Zaky “the king’ and Arshad ‘the gift/ed’, I dedicate this thesis for all of you, though it cannot replace even only a small fraction of your sacrifices and unending support. Thanks to my ‘Ma’, ‘Pa’ and brothers and sisters for their supports and encouragements. To the most gracious and mighty, Allah SWT, science has led me closer to You. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................
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