Baby Watch Approved Diagnosis List

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Baby Watch Approved Diagnosis List 18 Q Deletion Fragile X Syndrome 49 XXXXY Syndrome Goldenhar Syndrome Acardi Syndrome Hearing Loss Albinism Hunter Syndrome All unbalanced structural chromosome Hurler‐Scheie Syndrome syndrome Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) Amyoplasia Congenita Infantile Gaucher Disease Angelman Syndrome Inflicted Neurotrauma Aniridia Jacobsen Syndrome Anophthalmia Kleefstra Syndrome Anoxic Brain Injury Klinefelter Syndrome Apert Syndrome Kugelburg‐Wehlander Syndrome Arthrogryposis Leber's Congenital Amaurosis Autistic Spectrum Disorders Lesch‐Nyhan Syndrome Bardet‐Biedl Syndrome Lowe Syndrome Brachial Plexopathy Maple Syrup Urine Disease Cerebral Palsy Marshall‐Smith Syndrome CHARGE Syndrome Menkes Syndrome Chromosome 9 Deletion Methylmalonic acidemia Cockayne Syndrome Microcephaly Congenital Bilateral Perisylvian Microphthalmia Congenital Brain Malformation Moebius Sequence Congenital Infection, Cytomegalovirus Muscular Dystrophy, Becker Type Congenital Infection, Herpes Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne Type Congenital Infection, HIV Myopathies Congenital Infection, Rubella NAS, Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Congenital Infection, Syphillis Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Congenital Infection, Toxoplasmosis NICU Grad., Difficulty pacing/coordinating Congenital Zika suck‐swallow‐breathe Cornelia de Lange Syndrome NICU Grad., Fluctuating tone Cortical Visual Impairment NICU Grad., Inconsolability Cri‐du‐chat NICU Grad., Long, difficult time to learn to Deafblind Delayed eat Visual Development/Maturation/Impairment NICU Grad., Neurologically based Deletion 2p21 significant irritability DiGeorge Syndrome or Velo‐Cardio‐Facial NICU Grad., NG, NJ, or G tube feedings Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) required either full or partial to Encephalocele maintain adequate nutrition Failure to Thrive NICU Grad., Severe sleep disorder Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy NICU Grad., Significant tremors when at (FEVR) rest Fetal Alcohol Syndrome NICU Grad., Unable to come to a quiet‐alert Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome state Fetal Valproate Syndrome FG Syndrome Last Updated 10/09/2016 NICU Grad., Unable to take 100% nutrition by mouth NICU Grad., Unusually high tone NICU Grad., Unusually low tone Niemann‐Pick Disease Optic Atrophy Optic Nerve Hypoplasia Osteogenesis imperfecta Pentasomy X Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (PHPV) Pervasive Developmental Delay Phthisis Bulbi Prader‐Willi Syndrome Pierre‐Robin Sequence Reduction Deformity Retinal Detachment Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) Grades 4,5 Rubenstein‐Taybi Syndrome Sanfilippo Syndrome Schinzel-Giedion Syndrome Semilobar holoprosencephaly Septo Optic Dysplasia Sly Syndrome Spina Bifida Spinal Cord Injury with Cord Involvement Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) Sturge‐Weber Tay‐Sachs Disease Tethered Cord Syndrome (TCS) Treacher Collins Trisomy 13 Trisomy 18 Tuberous Sclerosis Untreated Hypothyroidism Untreated PKU VACTERL Association Velo‐cardio‐facial or DiGeorge Syndrome Ventilator Dependent Walker‐Warburg Syndrome Waardenburg Syndrome, Types I and II Werdnig‐Hoffman Syndrome Williams Syndrome Wolf‐Hirschhorn Syndrome Last Updated 10/09/2016 .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

SNP-Based Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing Detects Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies with High Accuracy
DOI: 10.1002/pd.4159 NIPT SPECIAL ISSUE SNP-based non-invasive prenatal testing detects sex chromosome aneuploidies with high accuracy Carole Samango-Sprouse1,3*, Milena Banjevic2, Allison Ryan2, Styrmir Sigurjonsson2, Bernhard Zimmermann2, Matthew Hill2, Megan P. Hall2, Margaret Westemeyer2, Jennifer Saucier2, Zachary Demko2 and Matthew Rabinowitz2 1George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA 2Natera Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA 3Neurodevelopmental Diagnostic Center for Young Children, Davidsonville, MD, USA *Correspondence to: Carole Samango-Sprouse. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to develop a single-nucleotide polymorphism-based and informatics-based non-invasive prenatal test that detects sex chromosome aneuploidies early in pregnancy. Methods Sixteen aneuploid samples, including thirteen 45,X, two 47,XXY, and one 47,XYY, along with 185 euploid controls, were analyzed. Cell-free DNA was isolated from maternal plasma, amplified in a single multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay that targeted 19 488 polymorphic loci covering chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y, and sequenced. Sequencing results were analyzed using a Bayesian-based maximum likelihood statistical method to determine copy number of interrogated chromosomes, calculating sample-specific accuracies. Results Of the samples that passed a stringent quality control metric (93%), the algorithm correctly identified copy number at all five chromosomes in all but one of the 187 samples, for 934/935 correct calls as early as 9.4 weeks of gestation. We detected 45,X with 91.7% sensitivity (CI: 61.5–99.8%) and 100% specificity (CI: 97.9–100%), and 47,XXY and 47,XYY. The average calculated accuracy was 99.78%.
[Show full text]
Testosterone Replacement in 49,XXXXY Syndrome: Andrological, Metabolic and Neurological Aspects
R Mazzilli and others Testosterone replacement in ID: 15-0114; January 2016 49,XXXXY syndrome DOI: 10.1530/EDM-15-0114 Open Access Testosterone replacement in 49,XXXXY syndrome: andrological, metabolic and neurological aspects 1 1 1 1 2 Rossella Mazzilli , Michele Delfino , Jlenia Elia , Francesco Benedetti , Laura Alesi , Correspondence Luciana Chessa2 and Fernando Mazzilli1 should be addressed to R Mazzilli 1Andrology Unit 2Genetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Email University of Rome “Sapienza”, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy [email protected] Summary We report the case of a 19-year-old boy, presenting several congenital malformations (facial dysmorphisms, cardiac and musculoskeletal abnormalities), mental retardation, recurrent respiratory infections during growth and delayed puberty. Although previously hospitalised in other medical centres, only psychological support had been recommended for this patient. In our department, genetic, biochemical/hormonal and ultrasound examinations were undertaken. The karyotype was 49,XXXXY, a rare aneuploidy with an incidence of 1/85 000–100 000, characterised by the presence of three extra X chromosomes in phenotypically male subjects. The hormonal/biochemical profile showed hypergonadotropic hypogonad- ism, insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency. The patient was then treated with testosterone replacement therapy. After 12 months of treatment, we observed the normalisation of testosterone levels. There was also an increase
[Show full text]
49,XXXXY Syndrome
49,XXXXY syndrome Description 49,XXXXY syndrome is a chromosomal condition in boys and men that causes intellectual disability, developmental delays, physical differences, and an inability to father biological children (infertility). Its signs and symptoms vary among affected individuals. Boys and men with 49,XXXXY syndrome have mild or moderate intellectual disability with learning difficulties. Speech and language development is particularly affected. Most affected boys and men can understand what other people say more easily than they themselves can speak. People with 49,XXXXY syndrome tend to be shy and friendly, but problems with speech and communication can contribute to behavioral issues, including irritability, difficulty tolerating frustration, defiant behavior, and outbursts or temper tantrums. 49,XXXXY syndrome is also associated with weak muscle tone (hypotonia) and problems with coordination that delay the development of motor skills, such as sitting, standing, and walking. Affected infants and young boys are often shorter than their peers, but some catch up in height later in childhood or adolescence. Other physical differences associated with 49,XXXXY syndrome include abnormal fusion of certain bones in the forearm (radioulnar synostosis), an unusually large range of joint movement (hyperextensibility), elbow abnormalities, curved pinky fingers (fifth finger clinodactyly), and flat feet (pes planus). Affected individuals have distinctive facial features that can include widely spaced eyes (ocular hypertelorism), outside corners of the eyes that point upward (upslanting palpebral fissures), skin folds covering the inner corner of the eyes (epicanthal folds), and a flat bridge of the nose. Dental abnormalities are also common in this disorder. 49,XXXXY syndrome disrupts male sexual development.
[Show full text]
Abstracts from the 51St European Society of Human Genetics Conference: Electronic Posters
European Journal of Human Genetics (2019) 27:870–1041 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0408-3 MEETING ABSTRACTS Abstracts from the 51st European Society of Human Genetics Conference: Electronic Posters © European Society of Human Genetics 2019 June 16–19, 2018, Fiera Milano Congressi, Milan Italy Sponsorship: Publication of this supplement was sponsored by the European Society of Human Genetics. All content was reviewed and approved by the ESHG Scientific Programme Committee, which held full responsibility for the abstract selections. Disclosure Information: In order to help readers form their own judgments of potential bias in published abstracts, authors are asked to declare any competing financial interests. Contributions of up to EUR 10 000.- (Ten thousand Euros, or equivalent value in kind) per year per company are considered "Modest". Contributions above EUR 10 000.- per year are considered "Significant". 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: E-P01 Reproductive Genetics/Prenatal Genetics then compared this data to de novo cases where research based PO studies were completed (N=57) in NY. E-P01.01 Results: MFSIQ (66.4) for familial deletions was Parent of origin in familial 22q11.2 deletions impacts full statistically lower (p = .01) than for de novo deletions scale intelligence quotient scores (N=399, MFSIQ=76.2). MFSIQ for children with mater- nally inherited deletions (63.7) was statistically lower D. E. McGinn1,2, M. Unolt3,4, T. B. Crowley1, B. S. Emanuel1,5, (p = .03) than for paternally inherited deletions (72.0). As E. H. Zackai1,5, E. Moss1, B. Morrow6, B. Nowakowska7,J. compared with the NY cohort where the MFSIQ for Vermeesch8, A.
[Show full text]
49,XXXXY Syndrome Have a Normal Number of Chromosomes Themselves
Sexual development Parents say ..... The testicles normally produce the male sex hormone testosterone but among boys with 49,XXXXY, the Don’t forget to enjoy your little guy, hormonal function of the testes can vary from nearly he is so special! Of course there are worries, normal to severely deficient, for reasons that are not but also happy moments. He will reach his milestones in his own time. well understood. Where there is testosterone deficiency, the extra X chromosomes are responsible. Some boys are born with small genitals and small, undescended testicles. Commonly, puberty is delayed Try to keep in touch with other families, or remains incomplete. If secondary sex characteristics get in contact with a multidisciplinary team (growth in penis size, male hair distribution) do not (speech therapist, physical or motor therapist, develop, testosterone replacement therapy can be given but also a behavioral therapist can be useful by implant, injection or gel. Testosterone may have a because the inability to speak positive effect on behaviour by boosting activity levels can induce other behavior). and there are also reports that speech and language may improve. Sperm production is impaired and it is thought the Inform Network Support semen of men with 49,XXXXY generally contains no sperm. Men may be sexually active, but even with testosterone therapy, it is thought they will be infertile. The Stables, Station Road West, Oxted, Surrey RH8 9EE, UK 49,XXXXY Why did this happen? Tel: +44(0)1883 723356 I Most parents of boys with 49,XXXXY syndrome have a normal number of chromosomes themselves.
[Show full text]
Congenital Knee Dislocation in a 49,XXXXY Boy J Med Genet: First Published As 10.1136/Jmg.32.4.309 on 1 April 1995
_JMed Genet 1995;32:309-311 309 Congenital knee dislocation in a 49,XXXXY boy J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmg.32.4.309 on 1 April 1995. Downloaded from R H Sijmons, A J van Essen, J D Visser, M Iprenburg, G F Nelck, M L Vos-Bender, B de Jong Abstract hands. The diagnosis Larsen syndrome was We report on a 12 year old mentally re- suggested at that time. The dislocations of the tarded boy who presented at birth with knees and right hip were treated conservatively. bilateral knee dislocations, dislocation of A knee-ankle-foot brace was prescribed for the the right hip, and general joint laxity. instability of both knees. Milestones in psy- Cytogenetic studies showed a 49,XXXXY chomotor development were delayed. He stood karyotype. Hyperlaxity of joints is known at the age of 15 months; however, subsequent to occur in 49,XXXXY patients, but con- motor development, supported by the brace, genital knee dislocation has not been re- was adequate. At the age of 2 he still could not ported. Rarely in 49,XXXXY and 49, speak more than two words. At the age of 5 XXXXX syndromes Larsen-like features his IQ was estimated to be between 50 and may be seen. Patients with congenital joint 60, with a relatively severe expressive speech dislocation or laxity, combined with other deficit. His behaviour was described as shy and malformations, especially if psychomotor withdrawn. development is delayed, should be At the age of 11 the boy was referred for karyotyped to exclude chromosomal clinical genetic evaluation of the diagnosis and abnormalities.
[Show full text]
48,XXYY Syndrome
Case Report A rare sex chromosome aneuploidy: 48,XXYY syndrome Tahir Atik, Özgür Çoğulu, Ferda Özkınay Department of Pediatrics, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey Abstract 48,XXYY syndrome is a rare sex chromosome abnormality. Although some physical features are similar to Klinefelter syndrome(47,XXY), 48,XXYY is typically associated with different neuropsyhciatric symptoms and phenotypic findings. Approximately 100 cases with 48,XXYY have been re- ported to date. In this report, a patient who was diagnosed with 48,XXYY syndrome with clincal evaluation and cytogenetic analysis is presented. A 6-year old male patient was hospitalized due to recurrent respiratory tract infections, recurrent abdominal distention and dyspepsia. He was the first and only child of nonconsanguineous parents. He had a history of mild developmental retardation. In his history, it was learned that he received treatment for gastroesophageal reflux and his symptoms improved with treatment. On physical examination, his weight was found to be 31 kg (>97 centile) and his height was found to be 123 cm (90 centile). He had upslanted palpebral fissures, depressed nasal bridge, long philtrum, incomplete cleft lip and micrognathia. Clinodactilia was found in the fifth fingers in both hands and large big toes and adduction in the second and third toes were found in both feet. Karyotype analysis showed a chromosomal composition of 48,XXYY. The patient presented here is the second Turkish case of 48,XXYY syndrome. (Turk Pediatri Ars 2016; 51: 106-9) Keywords: Klinefelter syndrome, sex chromosome abnormality, XXYY syndrome Introduction child of the parents who were not consanguineous born at term by normal spontaneous vaginal delivery with a 48,XXYY syndrome which is one of the sex chromosome birth weight of 2 800 g.
[Show full text]
XXYY Syndrome Summary
XXYY Syndrome Summary Epidemiology There is an estimated incidence of 48,XXYY in 1/18,000 to 1/50,000 male births. Clinical description 48,XXYY syndrome is often described as a variant of Klinefelter syndrome (see term) as it shares a similar physical phenotype (tall stature and small, dysfunctional testes), however the medical and neurodevelopmental features are more complex than typically seen in 47,XXY/Klinefelter syndrome. There is an increased risk for congenital heart defects, renal abnormalities, and non- specific dysmorphic features (epicanthal folds, hypertelorism, clinodactyly). In infancy and early childhood, hypotonia is frequently observed and can be associated with motor delays, flat feet, and plagiocephaly (occipital flattening). Skeletal abnormalities including club foot, radioulnar synostosis, prominent elbows with cubitus varus, scoliosis, and kyphosis can be present. Many medical conditions are more frequent in 48,XXYY syndrome including epilepsy (~15%), tremor (~60% of adults), asthma/allergies (~60%), strabismus (~15%), scoliosis (~25%), significant dental problems (~90%), gastrointestinal problems (feeding intolerance, reflux, constipation), thrombosis (~18%), and type 2 diabetes (~20% in adulthood). Testicular hypogonadism is nearly universal starting in adolescence and persisting in adulthood. Hypogonadism is associated with low testosterone production and infertility. Cryptorchidism, micropenis, and gynecomastia have been reported but are not present in the majority. 48,XXYY syndrome also presents with more significant cognitive impairments and behavior challenges compared to 47,XXY. Developmental delays are often present in the first 3 years of life in the areas of speech and motor development. Overall cognitive abilities tend to be in the borderline range (70 – 80) with approximately 1/3 of males with 48,XXYY with full scale IQ in the intellectual disability range.
[Show full text]
Congenital Heart Disease in an Infant with 49,XXXXY Syndrome 49,XXXXY Sendromlu Bir Çocukta Konjenital Kalp Hastalığı
The Journal of Current Pediatrics Güncel Pediatri CASE REPORT OLGU SUNUMU Congenital Heart Disease in an Infant with 49,XXXXY Syndrome 49,XXXXY Sendromlu Bir Çocukta Konjenital Kalp Hastalığı Mustafa Argun, Mustafa Ali Akin*, Selim Kurtoglu*, Dilek Sarıca*, Abdullah Özyurt, Özge Pamukcu, Ali Baykan Erciyes Üniversity Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Kayseri, Turkey *Erciyes Üniversity Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neonatology, Kayseri, Turkey Abstract 49,XXXXY syndrome which is characterized with the addition of three extra X chromosomes to 46,XY is the rarest sex chromosome aneuploidy syndrome. Its classical findings were defined as a triad of mental retardation, hypogonadism and radioulnar synostosis. In 49,XXXXY syndrome, congenital heart defects like patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, Fallot’s tetralogy have been reported. We present a case diagnosed in the newborn stage with low birth weight, short stature, dysmorphic craniofacial findings and hypoplastic male genitalia who was found to have severe pulmonary hypertension and medium patent ductus arteriosus when admitted at 4 months of age with heart failure and who underwent transcathater ductus closure with Amplatzer Duct Occluder I. To our knowledge, our case is the first reported 49,XXXXY syndrome with patent ductus arteriosus closed with the transcathater route. Öz 49,XXXXY sendromu, 46,XY’ye ekstra üç X kromozomu eklenmesi ile karakterize nadir görülen cinsiyet kromozom anöploidi hastalığıdır. Klasik bulguları mental retardasyon, hipogonadizm, radioulnar sinostozis triadı olarak tanımlanmıştır. 49,XXXXY sendromunda patent duktus arteriozus, atriyal septal Keywords defekt, ventrikuler septal defekt, pulmoner stenoz, Fallot tetralojisi gibi konjenital 49,XXXXY syndrome, congenital heart kalp defektleri bildirilmiştir.
[Show full text]
49,XXXXY: a Distinct Phenotype. Three New
42047MJed Genet 1998;35:420-424 49,XXXXY: a distinct phenotype. Three new cases and review J Med Genet: first published as 10.1136/jmg.35.5.420 on 1 May 1998. Downloaded from Jennifer Peet, David D Weaver, Gail H Vance Abstract timing of genes expressed on the X chromo- Over 100 cases of 49,XXXXY syndrome some is altered. have been published to date. Classic find- The classic clinical findings reported in per- ings include radioulnar synostosis, hy- sons with a 49,XXXXY karyotype have pogonadism, and mental retardation. The included radioulnar synostosis, mental defi- majority ofreported cases have not distin- ciency, and hypogonadism.9-" Because these guished the 49,XXXXY syndrome from findings are not distinctive from the clinical Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), and these findings in Klinefelter syndrome, subjects with patients are frequently labelled as having 49,XXXXY syndrome are often labelled as Klinefelter syndrome or as being a having Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) or as "KIinefelter variant." Because of dist- being a "Klinefelter variant". There are a few inct clinical features, we delineate the reports, however, which do make a point ofdif- 49,XXXXY syndrome as separate from ferentiating this sex chromosome aneuploidy Klinefelter syndrome, and emphasise the from Klinefelter syndrome.'2 " After reviewing prevalence ofcongenital heart defects. We published reports on 49,XXXXY and examin- also report three new cases of 49,XXXXY ing the three subjects reported in this paper, we syndrome and briefly discuss patient have concluded that the 49,XXXXY syndrome management. should be classified separately from Klinefelter (7Med Genet 1998;35:420-424) syndrome.
[Show full text]
49,XXXXY Syndrome with Pulmonary Atresia and Ventricular Septal Defect
Open Journal of Clinical & Medical Volume 3 (2017) Issue 12 Case Reports ISSN 2379-1039 A rare sex chromosome aneuploidy: 49,XXXXY syndrome with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect Bibhas Kar*; S Sivamani; K Sivakumar *Bibhas Kar Consultant & Head, Center for Genetic Studies & Research, The Madras Medical Mission, Chennai - 600037, India Email: [email protected] Abstract Background: 49,XXXXY is a rare sex chromosome aneuploidy syndrome, which is associated with facial dysmorphism, hypogonadism, mental retardation and a combination of cardiac, skeletal and other malformations. Case characteristics: We present here a case of 45-days-old male child having 49,XXXXY with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect. Conclusion: The presence of congenital heart defects in subjects with 49,XXXXY syndrome suggests special attention be given to the cardiac evaluation. Keywords 49,XXXXY; sex chromosome aneuploidy; cardiac anomalies; developmental delay Introduction The 49,XXXXY syndrome, is a rare sex chromosomal aneuploidy with an incidence of 1 in 85,000 male births. 49,XXXXY syndrome, irst reported in 1960, was considered a Klinefelter variant until 1998, when it was delineated as a distinct phenotype [1]. Clinical manifestations of 49,XXXXY include intellectual deicit, hypogonadism, remarkable facial dysmorphism (hypertelorism, large lat nose with a depressed nasal curvature, upslanting palpebral issures, epicanthus, prognathism, folded-over ears, short neck) and other dysmorphic characteristics (cubitus valgus, lat feet, clinodactyly of the ifth inger, joint laxity) appear frequently. Congenital heart defects (arterial canal) as well as skeletal defects (radioulnar synostosis, epiphyseal dysplasia, coxa valga, kyphoscoliosis, hip and knee dislocation), cerebral (hypoplastic corpus callosum, arhinencephaly) and renal defects (renal hypoplasia) can also be present.
[Show full text]
Fraccaro Syndrome: Report of Two Iranian Cases: an Infant and an Adult in a Family
CASE REPORT Fraccaro Syndrome: Report of Two Iranian Cases: An Infant and an Adult in A Family Fatemeh Hadipour1, Yousef Shafeghati1,2, Eiman Bagherizadeh1, Farkhondeh Behjati1,2, and Zahra Hadipour1 1 Department of Medical Genetics, Sarem Cell Research Center & Hospital, Tehran, Iran 2 Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Received: 10 Jun. 2012 ; Accepted: 27 Feb. 2013 Abstract- 49,XXXXY is rare chromosomal pattern and these patients have mental retardation, small penis, cryptorchidism and skeletal anomalies. We reported a 10 month-old boy who has hypotonia, microcephaly, hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge, epicanthic folds and bilateral multiple ear tags, high arched palate, down set ears, micrognathia and congenital heart disease such as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), Atrial septal defect (ASD), mild pulmonary stenosis. Among the skeletal anomalies, he has kyphoscoliosis, clinodactyly of the fourth and fifth fingers of both hands, and bilateral club foot and unilateral dysplasia of the hip. Karyotype was found as 49,XXXXY[44]/48,XXXY[6] and this cytogenetic analysis was help to establish clinical diagnosis Fraccaro syndrome. © 2013 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved. Acta Medica Iranica, 2013; 51(12): 907-909. Keywords: 49, XXXXY; Fraccaro syndrome; Facial dysmorphism; Skeletal anomalies Introduction cases are the second Iranian known case of Fraccaro syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome is a common sex chromosomal The origin of the extra X chromosomes has been abnormality observed in humans, with a prevalence of 1 traced to successive nondisjunction in maternal meiosis I in 500 males (1-3). The clinical features are variable but and II in a few cases studied by molecular methods.
[Show full text]