DOCSLIB.ORG

Rural India, on the Eve of Indepe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rural India, on the Eve of Indepe Ill CHAPTER IV BHOODM MOWMTT. 19‘^1 1 . INTRODUCTION 1 Condition of Rural India, 19^7; Rural India, on the eve of Independence, presented a dismal picture of her economy in which majority of the people were engaged in agriculture having a low yield in relation to the manpower engaged in it and the area occupied,.* . A wide gulf spanned between the rural and the urban sectors of the economy of the country. To put in the words of J.P., " In reality the conditions in the villages were full of utter poverty, misery, inequality, exploitation, backwardness, stagnation, frustration and loss of hope ''J Further he stated, I must confess that the socio-economic reality in the villages is, on a o close examination, ugly and distressing in the extreme" It was an economy with primitive agriculture, a huge dependent rural population and a low agricultural productivity^. The lov; agricultural productivity combined with the near absence of other sources of employment and exploitation by zamindars and money lenders had kept them at an alarmingly low level of existence. Hence after Independence, there arose an acute land problem existing in the country. India had to face shortages of food production even with large government subsidised exports. 112 Steps were taken to solve it. The Grow More Food Campaign and the Five Year Plans sought to counteract the food shortages. The problem of the rehabilitation of land­ less agricultural labourers also lay before the country.*^ 1. Percentage of Agricultural Workers to Total Population in 1 9 5 1 S r .No. States Percentage 1. Andhra Pradesh hi. 27 2. Assam 6h,21 3 . Bihar 60.37 Kerala 2 5 . 6 2 5 . Madhya Pradesh 51+. 0 1 6 . Madras 1+0 . 9 8 7 . Maharashtra & Gujarat ^1 . 0 3 8. Mysore 5 2 . 2 1 9 . Orissa 5 7 . 9 2 10. Punj ab 1 1 . Raj as than 61+. 56 1 2 . Uttar Pradesh 66.86 1 3 . West Bengal 3 6 . 3 2 Ih. Andaman & Nicobar Island 9.01+ 1 5 . Delhi 6.58 1 6 . Himachal Pradesh 87*22 1 7 . Manipur 7 8 .1+3 1 8 . Tripura 6 2 . 3 7 Ii Source : Census of India 1951• • 113 All over the world in different countries, the agrarian problem was the main economic problem in the 1 9 th and early 20th centuries, though in the West indus­ trialisation had set in and was engaging the attention of the governments there particularly for providing the infrastructure. The problem was solved in different countries in various ways. Jji Russia after 1917 and in China after 19^9 the revolutionaries adopted the path c: of force and violence."' The Soviet economic develop­ ment in the field of agriculture since 1917 passed through several stages beginning v/ith the collectivisa­ tion of land holdings culminating in complete state control over the agricultural sector including marketing, provision of machinery for cul­ tivation and collective farming^. But, India could not afford to copy China or Russia. The density in Russia was 21 persons per square mile with land-holding of 3 0 acres per head and unlimited natural resources. Nor could Iidia have emulated the U.S.A. way which had a density of only 5 7 persons per square mile and had 1 2 acres of land per head. The U.S.A. had also at its disposal one-half of the vjorld’s total industrial and raw materials production. On the other hand, India had on an average, only 9 7 cents acre of cultivable land per head and its population was increasing at the fastest rate in the world above 2 per cent per annum. •114 2. Land Reforms The pre-British land tenure rights rested on tra­ dition rather than on law. The Muslim rulers did not dispossess the local inhabitants, they simply, like the Hindu Kings, demanded a share of the produce, but a much bigger share, often to the limit of what the cul- tivators could bear. The revenue extraction by the governments in the Indian land tenure patterns was in­ tensified under the British, Just v;hen feudalism was being exterminated in Great Britain and Europe, it was reinforced in India. India's present land reform problems/originate inter-alia in the so-called ’perma­ nent settlement’ Imposed on the traditional peasant ownership system by the East India Company in 1793. The Permanent Settlement thus created a new class of landlords, the zamindars. Another system, ryotwari tenure, first introduced in Madras in 1792 and gradually extended to other provinces, recognised the ryot or peasant land-holder as holding the land directly from the government with no intermediaries. The land revenue was fixed for a 3 0 yeaj* period and collected by village headmen. All these types of tenures led to the dis­ integration of the village economy, permitted a parasi­ tic class of absentee-owners and reduced all cultivation- to subsistence farming and Impoverished the actual tiller of the soil. 115 In 1931j in British ]iidia, nearly 70 percent of the 1 0 0 nillion persons employed in agriculture owned no land, about 3 5 percent were tenants and 3 3 percent landless labourers. About 2 percent vere non-cultivating land owners and the balance 2 8 percent were cultivating owners. Even amongst this last group, 5 O- 8 0 percent possessed under 2 hectares and were thus only nominal owners, spending much of their time working as labourers on others* land. Moreover, both the number and the percentage of landless were increasing; 7 million in 1 8 8 2 and 3^ million in 1931. Agriculture had to absorb, not only an increasing number of persons , but also an increasing proportion of the total population : 6 3 per cent in 1 9 OO and 7 0 percent in 1 9 ^0 . The provincial governments elected in the general elections in 1936-37 led by the Indian National Congress forumulated a land reform policy. Due to Gandhiji’s leadership the peasants participated in the national independence movement. The history of post-independence Indian land reforms broadly was marked by three phases: legislation to abolish intermediaries during 1 9 ^8-1 9 5 ^, tenanci'’ reform measurers implemented in many states, after 1 9 5 3 and finally legislation for imposing ceilings on land holdings since 1956. The first land reform in Sidia was the abolition of zamindari and (other Jagirdari and Inamdari) inter­ mediary tenures, which had covered hO percent of India's ‘ IIG farmed area and subjected 20 million tenants to iniquit­ ous rental relationships. The zamindari system being localised in northern, central and south-eastern India, the legislation had a greater icipact in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. Basically the legislation enables State governments to acquire all intermediaries rights, on payment of compensation and subject to certain exceptions-chiefly in respect of lands personally cultivated by the intermediaries. In all, 72 million hectares were acquired, while 2.6 million inter- ' -j mediaries had their interests abolished. Acquisition of rights over these lands brought the statutory tenants — but not necessarily the sub-tenants ^into direct relation­ ship with the State governments. Some tenants acquired full ownership rights over land without payment; others had to make some payments to the state for full occupancy rights, and remaining tenants of the state did not obtain these rights until these charges were paid. Having settled, at least on paper, the problem of the intermediaries, attention was focussed on the primarily 0 ryotwari 60 percent of India where land was cultivated mostly by tenants and share croppers, burdened by high rent and insecure tenure. Legislation aimed primarily ' * at (i) rent legislation, (2) security of tenure, (3) pur­ chase of land by tenants, and (^) preventing resumption of land, by landlords for direct cultivation. Generally, tenancy legislation was unsystematic, uncoordinated and 117 contradictory. Sometimes it did more social hai'ra than good. Ceiling legislation v/as the third prong of the triple land reform movement of the 1950's. Proponents employed two main rationales. ]ji one, social justice required redistribution of existing land holdings both to satisfj^ land hunger and to reduce inequalities in control and use of land'resources. The second rationale focussed more on the economic argument namely, that the need of increased incentive and of the statistically - proven relationship between smallness of holding and land productivity, ceiling should be implemented to increase agricultural production. Consolidation of fragmented holdings has long been a component part of the Indian agricultural development planning. Land consolidation is the particular pride of Punjab and Haryana, where it has been associated, officially at least, with rural development success stories. Most States now have legislation for conso­ lidation and also for preventing refragmentation, exception being Kerala and Orissa where the fragmenta­ tion problem is not severe. India's land reform efforts show a wide gap between goals and achievements. Zamindari abolition, tenancy regulation, consolidation of holdings and land ceilings fixation have offered little solace to the marginal 118 farmers, tenants, and labourers. The importance of land reform in Indian politics had raised peasants’ e:-^ecta- tions, hut piecemeal and half-hearted implementation caused disappointment and disrupted rural life. India illustrates the practice of democratic land reforms actually helping to polarise land property relations. The upgrading of superior tenures and guaranteed tenure security enabled the relatively few rich and middle peasants to improve their position at the expense of the large absentee landlords and the zamindars. The lowest classes on the land, servants, hired labour, share-croppers have not been significantly affected except adversely. The Indian agrarian problem remains serious, basic and deep rooted.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Research Article
    International Journal of Recent Academic Research (ISSN: 2582-158X) Vol. 01, Issue 02, pp.043-045, May, 2019 Available online at http://www.journalijrar.com RESEARCH ARTICLE LOCATING THE BHOODAN MOVEMENT OF KORAPUT IN THE SPECTRUM OF INDIAN SARVODAYA MOVEMENT *Bhagaban Sahu Department of History, Berhampur University Odisha 760007, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The undivided district of Koraput (in Odisha) played a very significant role in the Bhoodan and Gramdan Received 08th February 2019 movement of India. Out of total 11,065 Gramdan made in entire country by November, 1965 Odisha made a Received in revised form handsome contribution of 2807 Gramdans occupying 2nd place in the India. Koraput district alone contributed 07th March 2019 606 Gramdan villages. Similarly, the Odisha Bhoodan Committee had received land gifts to the tune of 95,000 Accepted 12th April 2019 th acres of land from 15,330 donors and out of them the share of Koraput alone was 93,000 acres of land. Biwanath Published online 19 May 2019 Patnaik was the chief architect of Bhoo Satyagraha Samaj of Koraput. The Bhoodan movement at Koraput inspired the whole country. Acharya Vinoba Bhave remarked in a meeting held at Damuripadar that the villagers of two hundred villages in Koraput had donated all their land to the Bhoodan Mahasabha. Key Words: Bhoodan Movement, Gramdans. Copyright © 2019, Bhagaban Sahu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Biswanath Patnaik, Brundaban Chandra Hota (Mohanty, INTRODUCTION 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty-Five Years of Bhoodan Movement in Orissa (1951-76) - a Review
    Orissa Review * May-June - 2010 Twenty-Five Years of Bhoodan Movement in Orissa (1951-76) - A Review Sarat Parida The Bhoodan Movement, initiated by Acharya Reddy after he appealed to the assembled villagers Vinoba Bhave, a trusted follower of Mahatma in his prayer meeting to do something for the Gandhi, was lunched in the country in the early harijans of the village. This incident came as a fifties of the last century. The movement was an revelation to Vinoba and he became convinced attempt at land reform and it intended to solve that if one man on listening to his appeal could the land problem in the country in a novel way by offer gifts of land, surely others could be induced making land available to the most sub-merged and in the same way. But it was only after receiving disadvantaged class of Indian society, the landless the second gift on 19 April, 1952 in the village and the land poor and the equitable distribution Tanglapalli from Vyankat Reddy, he described the of land by voluntary donations. The movement previous day¶s gift as µbhoodan¶ and realized that deriving its inspiration from Gandhian philosophy µbhoodan¶ could provide a solution to the and techniques, created a sensation in Indian problem of extreme inequality in the country. Thus, society for a few years by making mass appeal Vinoba and his followers undertook pad-yatra and giving rise to the hope of solving the age old from village to village and persuaded the land problem by producing miraculous results in landowners to donate at least one-sixth of their the initial years of its launch.
    [Show full text]
  • Birth of Vinoba Bhave: This Day in History – Sep 11
    Birth of Vinoba Bhave: This Day in History – Sep 11 In the 'This Day in History' segment, we bring you important events and personalities to aid your understanding of our country and her history. In today's issue, we talk about Vinoba Bhave and his contributions for the IAS exam. ​ ​ On 11 September 1895, Vinoba Bhave was born in Gagode village, Raigad, Maharashtra. A keen follower of Mahatma Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave took part in the freedom struggle and started the Bhoodan movement in 1951. He was an avid social reformer throughout his life. Biography of Vinaba Bhave ● Born Vinayak Narahari Bhave to Narahari Rao and Rukmini Devi, Vinoba Bhave had a deep sense of spiritualism instilled in him at a very young age by his religious mother. ● He had read the Bhagavad Gita in his early years and was drawn towards spiritualism and asceticism despite being an academically good student. ● He learnt various regional languages and Sanskrit along with reading the scriptures. ● He read a newspaper report carrying Mahatma Gandhi’s speech at the newly founded Benaras Hindu University, and this inspired him so much that he burnt his school and college certificates while on his way to Bombay to take his intermediate examination. ● He exchanged letters with Gandhi before meeting him at the latter’s ashram in Ahmedabad in 1916. ● There, he quit his formal education and involved himself in teaching and various constructive programmes of Gandhi related to Khadi, education, sanitation, hygiene, etc. ● He also took part in nonviolent agitations against the British government, for which he was imprisoned.
    [Show full text]
  • Bhoodan Movement in Odisha with Special Reference to Koraput
    Odisha Review February - March - 2013 Bhoodan Movement in Odisha with Special Reference to Koraput Santosh Kumar Pati "On 18 April 1951, a fragile old man, dressed in of Jajpur Sub-division of the erstwhile Cuttack traditional costumes of Indian sages, set out on district. It was attended by Gopabandhu his first round of begging. It is not for food he Choudhury, Rama Devi, Acharya Harihar Das, begged, but for land, not for himself, but for the Pandit Krupasindhu Hota, Radharatan Das, Sakti countless farmers that raised crops on lands that Sekhar Das and a number of such other never belonged to them, farmers that toiled day constructive activists. It marked the inauguration in and day out, but remained forever poor and of the Bhoodan Movement in Odisha.4 One hungry. That fragile old man was Vinoba Bhave, Harapriya Devi of Anandpur village became the a staunch follower of Gandhiji and firm believer first donor of the Bhoodan Movement in Odisha in the Gandhian principles of peace and non- by donating twelve gunthas (0.48 acres)of land violence, and the project he launched was the for the landless.5 She was followed by two Bhoodan Movement.”1 others who declared to donate lands. They were Rambha Devi a lady constructive activist from The Bhoodan or the land gift movement Gujarat who stayed at Bari Ashram and Surendra was a voluntary land reform movement of India Pati, an inhabitant of village Balibil, who vowed which was initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in to donate three acres of land.6 Starting from 7 1951 at Panchampali village, Nalgonda, Andhra January 1952, the first Bhoodan Padayatra 2 Pradesh.
    [Show full text]
  • Anasakti Darshan
    ANASAKTI DARSHAN International journal for building a non-violent egalitarian society Combined Issue : July 2010 – June 2011, Vol. 5 No. 2 and Vol. 6 No. 1 Chief Editor Manimala Director, Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti Honorary Editor Editorial Assistance Rajeev Ranjan Giri Dr. Sailaja Gullapalli Special Issue on Bhoodan Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti (An autonomous body under Ministry of Culture) Rajghat, New Delhi-110002 Contents Editorial 1 O Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement: – Dr. Parag Cholkar 5 An Overview O Vinoba’s Movement: – Kanti Shah 31 An Overview O Sabai Bhoomi Gopal Ki – Prabhat Kumar 41 O Padyatri Sant and Bhoodan Yagna – Shiv Kumar Mishra 49 O Distribution of land would – Shubhamurti 54 lead to reforms O Distribution of land is the – Razi Ahmad 81 resolution of violence O From Bhoodan to an alternative – Vinod Shahi 92 development model O Loss of social capital and naxal – Uttam Sinha 101 problem in India O Agricultural system, agricultural – Dr. Krishnaswarup Anandi 118 land and cottage industry O The 21st Century and Bhoodan – Dr. Ramji Singh 123 O Historical analysis of – Rajesh Kumar 130 land ownership O Impact of Gandhian thought – Pankaj Kumar Dubey 138 on the Ideology of Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan ANASAKTI DARSHAN July 2010–June 2011 Editorial Log aate gaye aur karwan banta gaya . Manimala The year 2011 marks the sixtieth anniversary of the Bhoodan Revolution started on 18th April, 1951 in a village in Andhra Pradesh when an incident turned instantaneously into a revolution. Majority of the nation’s population was landless. A few had control over all the land. As a result, within few years of Independence, the result of the handful of landed people controlling the rest, had become evident.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research
    International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research ISSN: 2455-8834 Volume: 05, Issue: 02 "February 2020" SARVODAYA IN ACTION AFTER MAHATMA GANDHI BY ACHARYA VINOBA BHAVE IN POST-INDEPENDENCE INDIA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY Paritosh Barman Asst. Professor (Political Science), Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Vivekananda Street, Cooch Behar (W.B), India. DOI: 10.46609/IJSSER.2020.v05i02.005 URL: https://doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2020.v05i02.005 ABSTRACT Vinayak Narahari Bhave, popularly known as ‘Acharya Vinoba Bhave’ was a saint, moral tribune, a man of God and solace to millions of Indians. Vinoba Bhave describes ‘Sarvoday’ (Universal wellbeing) as the best religion. In reality, all the religions of the World propose well- being, prosperity and happiness of all. Thus ‘Sarvodaya’ incorporates all the religions of the World. Sarvodaya Movement means a way to make an ideal society with truth, love and non- violence. The concept of Sarvodaya was first advocated by Gandhiji as the title of his Gujrati translation of John Ruskin’s “Unto this Last”. Today, Sarvodaya has become a synonym for Gandhian thought. The literary meaning of Sarvodaya is the welfare of all. Sarvodaya is an ideal as well as a movement to uplift all. It is considered as an Indian solution to World problems, Gandhian panacea for socio-economic evils. As the ardent follower of Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave started to practice Sarvodaya in action for making a Sarvodaya Society in India. To make the Indian Nation based on equality, justice and freedom for all, Vinoba launched Bhoodan, Gramdan, Sampattidan Movements to help landless poor and JP left Socialist Party to support Vinoba’s movement in 1954.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SARVODAYA SAMAJ and BEGINNING of BHOODAN MOVEMENT Rutuparna Mohanty, Ph. D. Lecturer in History, Brajrajnagar College, Brajr
    Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language, Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJ IMPACT FACTOR 2019: 6.251, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFERRED JOURNAL, DEC-JAN, 2020, VOL- 8/37 THE SARVODAYA SAMAJ AND BEGINNING OF BHOODAN MOVEMENT Rutuparna Mohanty, Ph. D. Lecturer in History, Brajrajnagar College, Brajrajnagar, email:[email protected] Abstract In the Post Independence era there was drastic fall in the economic condition of Indian people due to the moral degradation of the political leaders and misappropriation of public property. The rich became richer and the poor became poorer. The poor people suffered on account of social discrimination and exploitation made by the rich, influential and powerful people. To eradicate this problem of socio- economic disparity Gandhiji convened a conference at Sevagram on 13th March 1948. But unfortunately Gandhiji was assassinated on 31st January 1948. So the conference was presided over by Dr. Rajendra Prasad. In this conference Vinoba Bhave advocated for the formation of an organization named ‘Sarvodaya Samaj’. The Samaj was to be comprised of true Gandhian workers. It was to work for the execution of Gandhian constructive programs for the socio- economic uplift of the Indians. The main aim of the Sarvodaya Samaj was to establish a classless society and to bring communal harmony. The first conference of this Samaj was held at Rau in Madhya Pradesh in 1949. The second conference was organized at Angul in Odisha in 1950. Vinoba Bhave launched the historic Bhoodan Movement in April 1951 at Pochampalli in Nalgonda district of Telangana. Gopabandhu Choudhury and Rama Devi of Odisha joined this movement whole heartedly for the socio- economic well being of the people.
    [Show full text]
  • IJESM Volume 3, Issue 4 ISSN
    May 2012 IJRSSIIRVolume 2, Issue 2 ISSN: 2249-2496 PEASANT MOVEMENT AND GANDHIAN PHILOSOPHY SUNIL KUMAR PASWAN RESEARCH SCHOLAR PG DEPT.OF HISTORY L.N.MITHILA UNIVERSITY DARBHANGA Many peasant movements occurred in India which were based on GandhianPhilosophy. We can take examples of few peasant movements such as peasant movement in United Province. United Province was one of the most important province of British government. Peasant movements occurred in various parts of United Province, especially in Awadh, after the emergence of Gandhi in Indian politics. In 1921 the peasants of Awadh started movements against colonial government with the help of Indian National Congress and Kisan Sabha. The peasants of Faizabad district, Rae Bareli district and Sultanpur district, started movement. Earlier, these peasants adopted violent method and looted bazars, shops, attacked on the houses of landlords and they also opposed police. The same situation occurred in Agra province also. These peasant movements became known in national politics at that time, therefore, the nationalist leaders like Gandhi, Nehru and many other local leaders paid their attention towards these movements. Gandhi went to the peasants of Awadh in February 1921, and told them that as they were fighting for attaining Swaraj, they would have to follow some principles in their movements. Gandhi provided some oaths to the peasants so that they would not be violent. The oaths were like, they would not hurt anyone, they would not loot any shop, they would show kindness, and they would not refuse to give taxes to the government and landlords. zamindars to Pandit Motilal Nehru, they would treat zamindars as their friends.
    [Show full text]
  • References: 1. Bhave Acharya Vinoba. 2010. Bhoodan Yagna in A. R
    References: 1. Bhave Acharya Vinoba. 2010. Bhoodan Yagna in A. R Desai (edt) Rural Sociology in India. (10th edition) Mumbai. Popular Prakashan. 2. Choudhuri Manmohan. 2010. The Gramdan Movement in A. R Desai (edt) Rural Sociology in India. (10th edition) Mumbai. Popular Prakashan 3. Government of Bihar. 2007. Interim Report on Some Issues relating to Bhoodan in Bihar. Patna: State Secretariat. 4. Parida Sarat.2010. Twenty Five years of Bhoodan Movement in Orissa (1951-76) -A Review in Orissa Review May-June. 5. Oommen T.K. 2010. Myth and Reality in India's Communitarian Villages in A. R Desai (edt) Rural Sociology in India. (10th edition) Mumbai. Popular Prakashan. 6. Oommen T. K. 2010. The Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement in T. K Oommen (ed.). Social Movements II : Concerns of Equity and Security. New Delhi. Oxford University Press 7. Shah. C.G. 2010. Sampattidan and Bhoodan Movement in A. R Desai (edt) Rural Sociology in India. (10th edition) Mumbai. Popular Prakashan. 8. Singh Rajendra, 2001. Social Movements, Old and New: A Post Modernist Critique. New Delhi. Sage Publication. 9. Shukla Nimisha and Sudarshan Iyengar. 2011.Governing of Commons : The Bhoodan Way www.iasc2011.fes.org.in/papers/docs/127/submission/original/127.pdf 10. Thorner Daniel. 2010. Bhoodan: Its Evaluation in A. R Desai (edt) Rural Sociology in India. (10th edition) Mumbai. Popular Prakashan. Learn More Interesting Facts Indeed, Vinoba Bhave was featured on the cover of the TIME magazine in its issue dated May 11, 1953: India: A Man on Foot. See www.vinobabhave.org/en/articles/8-main/137-timemagazine.htm Vinoba was also the recipient awarded Ramon Magsaysay award and Bharat Ratna.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Kent Carasco Daniel 1222595 Ethesis
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Jayaprakash Narayan and lok niti Socialism, Gandhism and political cultures of protest in XX Century India Kent Carrasco, Daniel Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 Jayaprakash Narayan and lok niti: Socialism, Gandhism and political cultures of protest in XX Century India. Daniel Kent Carrasco 1222595 PhD Contemporary India Research King´s India Institute King´s College, London Supervisors Christophe Jaffrelot & Jon E.
    [Show full text]
  • Relevance of Gandhi and Vinoba
    August - 2015 Odisha Review Relevance of Gandhi and Vinoba Rabindra Kumar Behuria I know nothing which is of greater value than him, human life was a synthetic whole which could reading the Gita. And yet, I have found a living not be arbitrarily divided. It was a gift from nature person who follow the philosophy of Gita in his to be used carefully and judiciously. A life was own life. He is my master and lives in an Ashram destined to be lived decently and worthily. In order on the bank of Sabarmati river in Gujurat said to do so it had to be regulated in consonance Vinoba Bhave, while concluding his fiftieth talk with a design or a integrated scheme. It was to on Gita. Perhaps these were the apt words in be guided by some basic priniciples and desirable which a disciple could pay tribute to his master. values. Acharya Vinoba Bhave is not known for wasting Gandhiji lived his life in conformity with words superfluously, for he does not possess even the principles and values which he cherished most. a grain of sycophancy in him. Being a student of Life for him was a God given gift and as such it Mathematics and also having a scientific was desirable that it should be integrated and temperament, he knew the worth and significance purposeful. It was to be harmonious whole. His of the word as medium of expression. His teachings and schemes of reforms reflect the same estimation of Mahatma Gandhi was as good as integration and purposefullness.
    [Show full text]
  • Infographic Bharat Ratna (April).Cdr
    Hkkjr jR u Hkkjr jR u BHARAT RATNA Hkkjr jR u Why in news? Pranab Mukherjee Nanaji Deshmukh (posthumously) Hkkjr jR u Bhupen Hazarika (posthumously) were awarded Bharat Ratna. ABOUT THE WINNERS PRANAB MUKHERJEE He is an Indian politician who served as the 13th President of India from 2012 u jR Hkkjr until 2017. NANAJI DESHMUKH He was a politician and a social activist from India. He worked in the fields of education, health, and rural self-reliance. He established He actively participated Chitarkoot Gramodya in Bhoodan Movement Vishwavidyalaya in started by Vinoba Bhave & Chitrakoot, India's first also joined Jai Prakash Narayan rural university and was when he gave the call for its first Chancellor. " Total Revolution". He established India's first Saraswati Sishu Mandir at Gorakhpur in 1950. BHUPEN HAZARIKA He was an Indian singer, poet, musician and film-maker from Assam. He was popularly known as the 'Bard of Brahmaputra'. He was also the recipient of Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1987), as well as the prestigious Dada Saheb Phalke Award (1992). India's longest bridge (Dhola-Sadia bridge), which runs over the Lohit river in Assam has been named the after him. ABOUT bharat ratna Bharat Ratna' is the highest civilian award of the country and was instituted in the year 1954. Hkkjr jR u The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister himself to the President. No formal recommendations for this are necessary. It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour. Any person without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex is eligible for these awards.
    [Show full text]