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Unit 6 Review Cities and Urban Land Use Patterns

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Unit 6 Review Cities and Urban Land Use Patterns UNIT 6 REVIEW CITIES AND URBAN LAND USE PATTERNS URBANIZATION: Process by which the population of cities grows ! Urban area = the central city and the surrounding built-up suburbs Types of An increase in the number of people An increase in the percentage of people Urbanization living in cities living in cities Where it MDCs LDCs Happens Specific •MDCs " ¾ live in cities •1950 – seven of the 10 largest cities in Example •LDCs " ⅖ live in cities the world remained clustered in MDCs •Exception is Latin America •Today - 8 of the top 10 most populous cities are in LDCs Why •Changes in economic structure •Migration from the countryside to urban •Industrial Revolution (19th century) areas for jobs •Growth of services (20th century) •High natural increase rates •Work in factories and services located in cities •Need for fewer farmers pushes people out of rural areas City Push & Pull Factors Site Factors: availability of water, food, good Situation Factors: external elements that favor soils, a quality harbor, and characteristics that the growth of a city, such as distance to other make a location easy to defend from attack cities, or a central location. John R. Borchert during the 1960s developed a view of the urbanization of the United States that is based on epochs of technology. As the components of technology wax and wane, the urban landscape undergoes dramatic changes. • Stage 1: Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830) " cities grew new ports and major waterways which are used for transportation. o The only means of international trade was sailing ships. Once goods were on land, they were hauled by wagon to their final destination. • Stage 2: Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70) " characterized by the impact of steam engines, technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroads. • Stage 3: Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920) " dominated by the development of long-haul railroads and a national railroad network. • Stage 4: Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70) " with growth in the gasoline combustion engine. • Stage 5: Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970–?) " also called the High Technology Epoch. This stage has continued to the present day as both transportation and technology improves ! Urban area = the central city and the surrounding built-up suburbs ! Micropolitan statistical area = an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city ! Metropolitan statistical area = An urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000, The county within which the city is located, adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working in the central city’s county. ! MEGALOPOLIS: An area that links together several metropolitan areas to form one huge urban area. ! MEGACITY: Urban settlement with a total population in excess of 10 million people ! METACITY: has more than 20 million people o Only 3 of the 11 metacities are in developed countries: Tokyo, Seoul, New York Urban hierarchy: A hierarchy that puts cities in ranks from small first-order cities upward to fourth-order cities, which are large, world-class cities. ! The higher the order of the city, the greater the sphere of influence that city possesses on a global scale. ! WORLD CITIES: The most important cities as defined by Saskia Sassen, based on their economic, cultural, and political importance: New York City, London, and Tokyo. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY According to the Central Place Theory, Christaller argues that urbanized areas are arranged in a regular pattern across the landscape. Assumptions: - no geographic boundaries (flat land) - humans will always purchase goods from the closest place that offers the good - whenever demand for a certain good is high, it will be offered in close proximity to the population Central Place Theory. This diagram represents an idealized urban hierarchy in which people travel to the closest local market for lower-order goods, but must go to a larger town or city for higher orders goods. ! Central place: market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area ! Hinterland: the area surrounding a service from which consumers are attracted ! Range: maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. The range is the radius of the circle drawn to delineate a service’s market area ! Threshold: minimum number of people needed to support the service. Every enterprise has a minimum number of customers required to generate enough sales to make a profit. RANK SIZE RULE PRIMATE CITIES In many MDCs, geographers observe that ranking settlements from largest to smallest (population) produces a regular pattern or hierarchy. RANK SIZE RULE = the country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. PRIMATE CITY = The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second- ranking settlement. In this distribution, the country’s largest city is the primate city. Why does this matter? •A regular hierarchy – as in the United States – indicates that the society is sufficiently wealthy to justify the provision of goods and services to consumers throughout the country •Quick access to services •LDCS – primate-city rule •There is not enough wealth in the society to pay for a full variety of services. •Absence of middle size settlements constitutes a hardship for people who must travel long distances to reach an urban settlement with shops and services such as hospitals Advantages of a Primate City Disadvantages of a Primate City ! Magnetic attraction for businesses, services ! Urban-rural inequalities and people (cumulative effect) ! Imbalance in development ! Can attract international trade and business ! Concentration of Power ! Centralize transportation and ! Has a parasitic effect, sucking wealth, communication natural and human resources into city. ! Enhanced flow of ideas and information ! Become centers for unemployment, crime, among larger populations pollution ! Ability to offer high-end goods due to increased threshold Improving Rank-Size Distribution: ! Limit the growth of largest city ! (Permits to move there) ! Government can build new apartments, schools, shops, electricity, paved roads, sanitation ! Give people greater access to services " Periodic Markets MODELS OF URBAN STRUCTURE Sociologists, economists, and geographers have developed multiple models to help explain where different types of people tend to live in an urban area. BID RENT CURVE: ! How the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases. ! Different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center ! Land users all compete for the most accessible land within the CBD. ! The amount they are willing to pay is called "bid rent". The result is a pattern of concentric rings of land use, creating the concentric zone model. CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL ! A city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings ! Size and width vary, but basic types of rings appear in all cities in the same order SECTOR MODEL ! Hoyt ! City develops in a series of sectors, not rings ! Certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities because of environmental factor or by chance ! As city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector, for the center ! Once a district is established, new additions are built on edge of the district and extend further out from the center MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL ! Harris and Ullman ! A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve ! Examples of nodes: port, neighborhood business center, university, airport, park ! Activities are attracted to particular nodes, whereas others try to avoid them o University node may attract well- educated residents, bookstores o Airport node – hotels, warehouses o Heavy industry and high class housing will rarely exist in the same neighborhood GALACTIC MODEL/PERIPHERY MODEL: ! Modification of multiple nuclei model by Harris ! Takes into account suburbanization ! Nodes of business form on the periphery/outside ! Tied together through beltways, new transportation Urban Structures outside North America Latin America: ! Griffin/Ford Model ! Large plaza at the middle ! Boulevard for the cities elite ! Housing for wealthy and powerful as spines from center ! No middle class, poor develop rings on the outside ! Squatter settlements Sub-Saharan Africa: ! Least urbanized but most rapidly urbanizing ! Three CBDS: colonial, traditional, periodic market Southeast Asian: ! contains some of the most populous and fastest growing cities in the world ! 1967 model, McKee ! Old colonial port zone surrounded by a commercial business district ! Western commercial zone ! Alien Commercial Zone(dominated by Chinese merchants) ! No formal central business district (CBD) ! Hybrid sectors & zones growing rapidly ! New Industrial parks on the outskirts of the city ! SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS: Typical Location • Edge of city • Elsewhere in the built area other than the edge (with explanation) • Vacant or undesirable land, such as steep hillsides, floodplains, dumps/landfills, cemeteries, close to industries Factors the contribute to the formation of squatter settlements • Large-scale rural-to-urban migration • Poverty (with elaboration) • Lack of enough affordable housing (public/private) • Lack of, or failure to enforce, land use policy (government or private) Consequences of rapid growth of squatter settlements Social Economic
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