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Hawaiian Beet Webworm: a New Pest of Into Storage Or Delivery to Wholesalers

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Hawaiian Beet Webworm: a New Pest of Into Storage Or Delivery to Wholesalers Volume 27, Number 21 September 17, 2015 IN THIS ISSUE: CROP CONDITIONS Crop Conditions At a traffic intersection in the Connecticut River Valley this week, trucks Using Low Tunnels for Overwintering of potato, butternut, and sweet corn all passed one another. Farmers were Crops seen in the fields digging their beets, carrots, and sweet potatoes. Now is the time for large scale harvests; getting crops out of the field to cure and Hawaiian Beet Webworm: A New Pest of into storage or delivery to wholesalers. Meanwhile, summer crops (tomato, Beets, Chard, and Spinach peppers, eggplant, lettuce) are still being harvested as temperatures re- Harvesting and Curing Potatoes mained in the 80’s all this week and last. We’ve had a good growing season UVM Video Series on Packshed Design so far with a few hundred extra growing degree days compared to the same time last year (see GDD table). Of the sites monitored, Seekonk, MA was Grants for Farmers the warmest, with 2679 GDD base 50°F accumulated since Jan. 1st of this Events year, while Pittsfield, MA was coldest at 2128 GDD Base 50°F. Burling- ton, VT and Middletown, RI are surprisingly close in GDD despite being at different latitudes. Although most are focused on big harvests now, some pests will still affect your crop yields and should be attended to now. A newly reported pest of interest is the Hawaiian beet webworm (see article this issue) which causes foliar damage to beet, spinach, and Swiss chard. Also keep a lookout for cabbage aphids and caterpillars in brassicas at this time, since they are still harvestable items. Cabbage root maggots were observed causing damage to Hakeuri turnips and other fall brassicas. If you struggle with this pest on your farm please consider answering a few quick questions so we can try to get Entrust labeled as a soil drench to control this pest! In the last issue we recommended that you conduct a weed survey of the farm in order to plan management strategies for next year. The same is true for your insect and disease pests. Make sure to get accurate diagnoses so that you may plan appropriate rotations for next year. For example, if potato beetle was a problem for you this year, move your eggplant and potatoes ¼ mile away to a new field if possible. Or, if powdery mildew or cucurbit downy mildew were diagnosed in Accumulated Growing Degree Days Base 50°F: 1/1 - 9/14 Bins and bins of butternut! your cucurbits, a crop rotation will Location 2014 2015 not alleviate the problem since these pathogens do not overwinter in the North- Pittsfield, MA 1851 2128 east and come in each year from the South. If a disease such as S. Deerfield, MA 2300 2507 fusarium was diagnosed in your high tunnel tomatoes, as was the Northboro, MA 2204 2553 case on one MA farm this week, grow disease-tolerant varieties, Dracut, MA 2353 2573 graft tomatoes to disease-resistant roots stock, or practice a crop Boston, MA 2432 2653 rotation of 3-5 years. If potato foliage looked particularly bad before vine-killing, you may have had an undiagnosed late blight Sharon, MA 2425 2622 infection which would now being showing up on harvested tubers. Seekonk, MA 2467 2679 Look at storage potatoes for signs of diseases that affect storage; Burlington, VT 2196 2415 see article in our August 20 issue for help with disease ID. Middletown, RI 2126 2445 RESEARCH SUMMARY – USING LOW TUNNELS FOR OVERWINTERING CROPS Vegetable specialists at the University of New Hampshire and University of Massachusetts, together with several grower- cooperators located throughout New England, evaluated the potential for low tunnels to be used for overwintering hardy vegetable crops that require minimal winter protection. The goal of the project was to determine if low tunnels could effectively protect crops, and which crops are most able to survive and grow marketable leaves or roots for early spring sales. We acknowledge financial support from Northeast SARE Project LNE 1027 – Expanding Winter Harvest and Sales for New England Vegetable Crops and the NH and MA Agricultural Experiment Stations. We appreciate the support and collaboration of our many grower partners and project collaborators at Communities Involved in Sustaining Agriculture and Seacoast Eat Local. Over a period of four years (2009-2013), we established low tunnels at the NH Agricultural Experiment Station’s Wood- man Farm in Durham, NH and the UMass Crops Research Farm in Deerfield, MA. Both sites are zone 5B. These low tunnels were used for a variety of experiments, some replicated and some merely observation- al. In this report, we share general observations and lessons learned from our work using low tunnels to overwinter crops. About Our Low Tunnels Tunnel bows. Our low tunnels were constructed from 10’-long bows made of 0.5” diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or electrical metal- lic tubing (EMT). For EMT bows, the QuickHoops benders (Johnny’s Selected Seeds, Albion ME) were used to bend the metal. Metal EMT Low tunnel bows constructed of PVC (front) and bows were spaced 4-5’ apart, and were pushed into the ground at least 6” EMT (back). on either side. PVC bows were spaced 2.5-3’ apart, and were reinforced by sliding each end over a 12” rebar groundpost, pounded at least 6” into the ground. These bows result in low tunnels ranging from 3-5’ tall, and 3.5-6’ wide (See photo, right – PVC bows in front, EMT bows in back). Coverings. We have worked with many types of coverings on the low tunnels. We found that the combination of heavy weight (1.25 oz/square yard) rowcover and 6 mil polyethylene resulted in both the greatest buffering against very cold winter temperatures and the greatest crop survival. Effects of different coverings on temperatures are described in detail in the research report entitled ‘Effects of low tunnels on win- ter temperatures’. In all cases, we constructed the low tunnels in two At UNH, low tunnel ends were secured tightly, by phases; we began by adding the rowcover in the fall when temperatures anchoring to rebar end posts. fell into the mid- to upper 20s, and then added the plastic later in the fall, when nighttime temperatures fell into the lower 20s or teens. Because temperatures fluctuate widely in the fall and vary from year to year, the optimum time to add covers is both subjective and unpredictable. In general, it is important to secure the plastic cover before the ground freezes. Coverings should be at least 10-12 inches wider on each side than the actual above-ground length of the tunnel hoop in order to have sufficient material to secure the cover. Tunnel construction and site selection. Our research farm sites experi- ence relatively high winds, as well as significant snow accumulation. One of the most challenging aspects of setting up low tunnels is secur- ing the coverings against wind. We tried many things, but found that the At UMass, 100’long low tunnels were secured at most reliable method is to bury the edges, and that putting on the outer each end with rope linking the end hoops with a plastic cover before the ground freezes is key. Wrestling with covers wooden stake at each end of the tunnel. Note transplants that have blown off quickly makes low tunnels an unappealing technol- in 3 rows, 4” apart in rows, on black plastic. 2 ogy, so this aspect of tunnel construction should be done carefully. When the low tunnels were placed closely enough together that burying with soil was not feasible (as in the photo on the previous page, taken at UNH), we found that sandbags effectively held the row cover and plastic in place. Using plenty of sandbags and making sure that ends were secured well seems to be critical for success. Sandbags did not work well at UMass, where tunnels were widely spaced and the field is very exposed. Leaving a full bed-width between tunnels so that soil can be thrown over the edges using a tractor and disk can reduce labor, but throwing shovelfuls by hand also works. As this technology becomes more widely used, commercial innovations in cover fastenings, such as loop and cord systems, will likely become available. Tunnels separated by a full bed-width to allow trac- Other helpful tips that we have learned from our own experiences and tor access for burying edges with soil. from growers include the following: • Keep the tunnels small (e.g. less than 40’ long), at least to start. While we have successfully used low tunnels over 100’ long, the longer tunnels do catch wind more easily, and if one does come apart, you lose more crops in a large tunnel than in a smaller one. • Secure the ends of the tunnel covering very well, so that wind cannot get underneath. We gather the plastic end togeth- er, wrap it tightly with twine, and tie it to a rebar post pounded as deeply into the soil as possible. (See photo, previous page). • Orient the tunnel so that the length of the tunnel runs in parallel to (rather than perpendicular to) prevailing winds to reduce the chances of the cover blowing off. • Use the wider, less upright tunnel structure (3 ft tall, 6 ft wide) to reduce wind resistance if your site is very windy. • Consider establishing a windbreak. If you are in a windy site, setting up an obstacle upwind from your low tunnels will reduce the chances of them blowing apart. • We have not experienced entire low tunnels collapsing from snow accumulation, but in both of our sites we have secured the last one or two hoops with rope that is fastened to the rebar stake (see photo, previous page) for added tunnel integrity.
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