A GUIDE TO NATIVE PLANTS OF THE GEORGIA EASTERN PIEDMONT: Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species ABOUT THE GUIDE CONTACT US This guide provides an overview of commercially available native plants Athens-Clarke County Mimsie Lanier Center in the Georgia eastern piedmont. The guide, intended for use by both homeowners and industry professionals, was created as a collaborative Sustainability Office State Botanical Garden effort between the Athens-Clarke County Sustainability Office and State Botanical Garden of Georgia. Links to resources are provided for additional 110 Bray Street 2450 S. Milledge Avenue information. Format the guide at 11x17 paper size or larger to print. Athens, GA 30601 Athens, GA 30605 706-613-3838 706-542-1244 [email protected] [email protected] Other guides in this series include:

Dry Woodland and Forest Restoration Species Dry-Moist Upland Clearings Restoration Species Floodplain Meadow: Bottomland Riparian Restoration Species Forested Floodplain Restoration Species Moist-Wet Lowland Clearing Species

This native plant guide series was compiled by Photos by J. Michael Wharton Linda Chafin, Conservation Botanist, State Botanical Garden

ABOUT US Athens-Clarke County Sustainability Office

The Sustainability Office works as a steward of public resources, involving land management of Unified Government green space, ecological planning and project management, and education as it pertains to Unified Government green space and ecology.

Mimsie Lanier Center for Native Plant Studies at the State Botanical Garden of Georgia

At the University of Georgia, the Mimsie Lanier Center for Native Plant Studies is the State Botanical Garden’s headquarters for native plant restoration, conservation, education, production, and safeguarding. As a unit of Public Service and Outreach at the University of Georgia, the State Botanical Garden creates and nurtures an environment for learning, inspiration, and engagement through horticulture, conservation, science based programs and lasting partnerships. WHY NATIVES? PLANTINGNURSERIES GUIDELINES SELLING NATIVES Native plants are those which are indigenous to a certain area and have adapted to the local conditions. Native plants are a great alternative to exotic or non-native plants for a variety of reasons. Native plant species • Seeds can be sown in pots or seed flats that are kept in a shady provide food and shelter for native wildlife, whereas exotics cannot location. When planting, seeds can be placed close together (1/8-1/4” because they haven’t evolved with the surrounding wildlife. In addition to apart). Seeds should be planted as deep as they are thick. Very small supporting biodiversity, natives also benefit homeowners by requiring less seeds are barely covered, if at all. After planting, water with a gentle water, fertilizer, and pesticide than exotics. spray until thoroughly wet. • Link: https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_series/wo/wo_ah730/wo_ah730_133_151.pdf Because native plants often require less water than non-natives, they can help prevent and control erosion. Native seed mixes can be used as an • Seed bombs are small balls of clay, compost, and seeds. alternative to other erosion control methods, such as silt fences or mulch. They’re easy to grow--simply drop or throw seed bombs without Native seed mixes should have a diversity of seed species so that they can needing to dig holes or water in. Recommended spacing is 1 seed bomb be applied to large areas of land with varying soil conditions. / square foot, and at least 10 seed bombs / square meter. • Link: https://permaculturenews.org/2014/06/18/making-seedballs-ancient-method- till-agriculture/ Follow this link to a list of recommended native plant nurseries: https://botgarden.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Directory-of-Na- tive-Plant-Nurseries.pdf • Plugs are small seedlings grown in a tray. They can be planted by digging small holes in the ground using a hand trowel. Add a Follow this link to find out more about the harmful effects of invasive plants: https:// well draining compost to the surrounding dirt so that plugs are not www.fs.fed.us/learn/plants-animals Photo by Gardeners’World.com oversaturated. Carefully loosen roots and place plug in the hole. Press firmly around the root ball. Finally, water in with a gentle spray. • Link: https://www.ecolandscaping.org/02/developing-healthy-landscapes/ecological- landscaping-101/planting-plugs-putting-tools-to-the-test/

• Mulch is often used when planting to suppress competition from PLANTING DEFINITIONS other vegetation. Pine straw and pine bark chips are recommended to mitigate weeds. Though widely used, hay contains weed seeds, such as • Full sun - plants receive direct sunlight for <6 hrs/day dandelion flower, crabgrass, and annual bluegrass seeds. Straw can be used as an alternative to hay, which contains fewer weed seeds. • Light shade - plants receive 3-5 hrs/day of sun • Link: http://www.gfc.state.ga.us/community-forests/management/tree-care/mulching- trees/index.cfm • Partial shade - plants receive 2 hours of direct sun/day or shaded at least half of the day; partial shade can be found under or around trees. • Trees are best planted during early fall. Before planting, conduct a site analysis to identify above and below ground utilities. Dig a hole • Full shade - plants receive an hour of direct sun/day as deep as the root ball and 2-3 times the width of the root ball. Cut circling roots before placing tree in hole. Ensure that tree is upright and • Dense shade - plants receive no direct and little indirect sunlight not planted too deep. Once tree is in the correct position, fill remaining space in hole with soil. Pack in around the base of the tree to stabilize it. • Wet soil/Dry soil - some plants can tolerate drought while oth- Water in tree but do not fertilize. Avoid staking tree. Mulch the base of ers can tolerate poorly drained soils. However, it’s important to recognize that the tree to reduce competition from weeds. all plants require their roots to have some oxygen to function. • Link: file:///S:/Ecological%20and%20Land%20Management/Restoration_Planting_ Native%20Plant%20List-ID/Native%20Plant%20Species%20List%20-%20 Piedmont%20GA/ Planting%20Instructions/How%20to%20Plant%20a%20Tree%20 Link: file:///S:/Ecological%20and%20Land%20Management/Restoration_Planting_Native%20 _%20NRCS.pdf Plant%20List-ID/Native%20Plant%20Species%20List%20-%20Piedmont%20GA/Planting%20 Photo by Gardeners’World.com Instructions/Defining%20Sun%20Requirements%20for%20Plants.pdf Photo by Gardeners’World.com Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

FORBS Actaea racemosa Black Cohosh forb part sun, medium 6 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees, beetles, flies. Slow to establish. Toxic foliage. (synonymy: shade white / Larval host for butterflies. Cimicifuga showy racemosa) Amsonia Blue Star forb sun, part sun medium 3 ft spring / Pollinated by hummingbirds, butterflies, long- Tolerates some drought. Easy to grow. tabernaemontana blue / tongued bees, moths. Leaves contain a toxic Deer-resistant. showy latex and are avoided by caterpillars and browsing mammals. Aquilegia Columbine forb sun, part sun, medium 3 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees and hummingbirds. Deer-resistant. Short-lived (3-4 years) perennial. Does canadensis shade orange / Larval host for skippers and moths. Toxic best in higher pH soils (circumneutral). showy foliage is not browsed by mammals. Native American medicinal plant.

Arisaema Jack In The forb shade high, 2 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by fungus gnats and thrips. Moderately deer-resistant. Can be "Pulpits" range in color from green to triphyllum Pulpit medium green and Berries eaten by birds and box turtles. grown from seeds but takes 5 years purple, striped or solid. Leaves and purple / from seed to flower. underground corms contain calcium showy oxalate crystals which irritate mucus membranes and GI tract.

Aristolochia Virginia forb part sun, medium 2 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by flesh flies, fungus gnats, Bitter foliage discourages most Flowers are miniature Dutchman's serpentaria Snakeroot shade brown / not and possibly carrion beetles. Larval host for herbivores. pipes buried in the leaf litter. syn. Endodeca showy Pipevine Swallowtail butterfly. Deer-resistant. serpentaria Asclepias variegata White forb part sun medium 3 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, Larval host for Monarch butterflies. Milkweed white / hummingbirds. Larval host for Monarch showy butterflies. Toxic sap discourages browsing by most insects and mammals. Cardamine diphylla Toothwort forb part sun, medium 0.5 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Moderately deer-resistant Goes dormant in late spring. (synonym: Dentaria shade white / butterflies. diphylla) showy

1 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Chrysogonum Green-and-gold forb sun, part sun medium 0.5 ft Spring, Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies. Deer- Deer-resistant. Drought-tolerant once Attractive, evergreen ground cove. virginianum summer / resistant. Seeds eaten by birds. established. Readily self-seeds. yellow / showy

Cryptotaenia Honewort forb part sun, medium 3 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, Does best in soil with a circumneutral Forms colonies by self-seeding. Used canadensis shade white / beetles. Larval host for butterflies. Deer- pH. as a food and seasoning plant. showy in resistant. mass Erythronium Trout Lily forb part sun, medium 0.5 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Seeds dispersed Mottled leaves camouflage the plants From seed germination to flowering umbilicatum shade yellow / by ants. Deer avoid. from deer. takes 5-7 years. Plants live as one- showy leaved plants for 5 or so years, then produce two leaves and a flower in their 7th spring (approx). Native American medicinal plant. Euphorbia corollata Flowering forb sun, part sun medium, 3 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by butterflies, bees, wasps. Drought- and fire-tolerant; re-sprouts White petal-like structures are actually (synonym: Spurge low fall / white / Seeds eaten by birds. Toxic latex in leaves from crown.. appendages to nectar glands. Milky Euphorbia showy discourages mammals. latex is mildly toxic to humans. pubentissima)

Eurybia jonesiae Jones's Aster forb part sun medium, 3 ft summer, Flowers pollinated by bees, flies, butterflies, Does not tolerant fire or drought. This is species is rare throughout its high fall / purple, and other insects. range. white / showy

Eutrochium Purple-node forb part sun medium, 7 ft fall / pink / Flowers pollinated by butterflies, skippers, Somewhat deer-resistant. A smaller Piedmont version of the purpureum Joe-pye-weed, low showy bees, moths. Larval host for moths. Seeds showier mountain Joe-Pye species, E. (synonyms: Sweet Joe-Pye eaten by birds. Moderately deer-resistant. fistulosum. Eupatorium Weed purpureum and Eupatoriadelphus purpureum)

2 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Geranium Wild Geranium forb part sun, medium 2 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, flies, skippers, and Not fire-tolerant. maculatum shade pink / butterflies. Larval host for moths. showy Gillenia trifoliata Indian-physic, forb sun, part sun medium 3 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees. Foliage is toxic to Top-killed by fire but re-sprouts from Native American medicinal plant. (synonym: Bowman's Root white / mammals. rhizome. American Ipecac (G. stipulata) occurs Porteranthus showy in west GA. trifoliatus) Goodyera Rattlesnake forb part sun, medium 1 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees. Does best in acidic soil. May require Evergreen leaves are beautifully pubescens Plantain Orchid shade white / mycorrhizal relationship to thrive. patterned with white veins. Native showy American medicinal plant.

Hepatica americana Round-lobed forb part sun, medium 0.5 ft winter, Flowers pollinated by bees and flies. Seldom Evergreen leaves are mottled green and (synonym: Hepatica, shade spring / browsed by deer. brown and camouflaged from deer. Anemone Round-lobed pink, americana, Liverleaf lavender, Hepatica nobilis blue / var. obtusa) showy

Heuchera Alumroot, forb part sun, medium 2 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Bitter leaves Grows well in rocky soil and in soil Leaves are evergreen. americana Coral Bells shade greenish / avoided by browsers. Deer-resistant. pockets on boulders. showy Hexastylis arifolia Wild Ginger, forb part sun, medium, 0.5 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by gnats, beetles. Seeds Slow to spread. Leaves are evergreen. Native American Heartleaf shade low brown / not dispersed by ants. Deer-resistant. medicinal plant. showy. Leaves are showy. Hymenocallis Woodland forb part sun, high, 2 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by moths, bees, skippers, Moderately deer-resistant All parts are toxic. occidentalis Spiderlily shade medium white / and butterflies. Toxic leaves are avoided by (synonym: showy browsers. Hymenocallis caroliniana)

3 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Iris cristata Dwarf Crested forb part sun medium, 0.7 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Deer-resistant. Prefers higher pH soils. Forms small colonies by spread of Iris low purple / rhizomes. Mildly toxic. showy Iris verna Dwarf Iris forb part sun medium, 0.7 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Deer-resistant. Grows in sunnier, drier habitats than Flowers are much more fragrant than low purple / Dwarf Crested Iris. Deer-resistant. Iris cristata. Unlike Iris cristata, this showy species does not form colonies. Lilium michauxii Carolina Lily forb part sun, medium, 4 ft summer / Deer eat vegetation, voles eat bulbs. Plants should be caged where deer shade low orange / browsing is a problem. showy Lobelia puberula Downy Lobelia forb sun, part sun high, 3 ft late Flowers pollinated by bees. Not browsed by Deer-resistant. Top-killed by low medium summer, mammals due to toxic latex. intensity fire but re-sprouts. fall / purple / showy Maianthemum Solomon’s forb part sun, medium 3 ft spring / Flowers are pollinated by bees, flies, and Best planted as plugs or pots since racemosum Plume, False shade white / beetles. Fruits are eaten by birds and small seeds take two years to germinate. (synonym: Solomon's Seal showy mammals. Occasionally browsed by deer. Smilacina racemosa) Mitchella repens Partridgeberry forb part sun, high, 0.2 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bumblebees. Fruits Slow-growing but eventually forms Best planted as plugs since seeds may shade medium white / not eaten by birds and mammals. nice evergreen ground cover. Tolerates take two years to germinate. showy. Red short periods of flooding. berries are somewhat showy in late summer, fall.

Oxalis violacea Purple Wood forb part sun medium, 6 ft spring, late Flowers pollinated by bees, small butterflies, Does not compete well with taller or In optimal conditions, will spread to Sorrel low summer / skippers, flies. Larval host for caterpillars. more aggressive vegetation. form colonies. purple / Seeds eaten by birds and small mammals. showy

4 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Persicaria Virginia Jump- forb part sun, medium 3 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by insects. Seeds eaten by Deer-resistant. Tolerates drought and Spreads by rhizomes and self-seeding virginiana seed shade white / birds. saturated soil. to form showy colonies. Avoid red- (synonyms: Tovara showy in flowered cultivars. virginiana, mass Polygonum virginianum Phlox divaricata Blue Phlox, forb part sun, medium 1.5 ft spring / Flowers are pollinated by long-tongued bees, Browsed by deer and rabbits. Forms Blue Woodland shade blue, purple bee flies, butterflies, skippers, and moths. large colonies that slow erosion. Plant Phlox / showy Larval host for moths. Browsed by deer and on moister, lower slopes. rabbits. Phlox pilosa Downy Phlox forb sun, part sun medium 1.5 ft spring, early Flowers are pollinated by butterflies, skippers, Fire-tolerant. May be difficult to start from seed. summer / moths, humming-birds, and long-tongued pink, white bees. Seeds dispersed by ants. Leaves and / showy stems browsed by deer and other mammals.

Phlox stolonifera Creeping Phlox forb part sun, medium 1 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by long-tongued bees, Spreads by stolons to form large shade pink / butterflies, and moths. ground-covering colonies. Dense mats showy of plants control erosion. Drought- tolerant. Somewhat deer-resistant.

Podophyllum May Apple forb part sun, medium 1.5 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Foliage is toxic Forms large colonies whose widely Native American food and medicinal peltatum shade white / and avoided by mammals. Fruits eaten by box spreading leaves break heavy rainfall. plant. Fruits are eaten by humans but showy. turtles and possibly small mammals. must be fully ripe; unripe fruits are fatally toxic (i.e. not worth the risk). Polygonatum Solomon’s Seal forb part sun, high, 3 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees and butterflies. Spreads slowly by rhizomes to form Native American food and medicinal biflorum shade medium white / Fruits eaten by birds. Leaves browsed by deer. colonies. plant. Berries are toxic. (Synonym: showy. Rhizomes and roots eaten by mammals. Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum, Polygonatum commutatum)

5 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Ruellia Carolina Wild- forb part sun, medium, 3 ft spring, Flowers pollinated by bees. Seeds dispersed Does not tolerant soil disturbance. caroliniensis petunia shade low summer / by ants. purple/ showy Sanguinaria Bloodroot forb part sun, medium 0.7 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Not eaten by Deer-resistant. Many Native American uses. Sap in canadensis shade white / mammals because of toxic sap. Seeds roots is toxic. showy dispersed by ants. Silene stellata Starry Campion forb part sun, medium, 3 ft late Flowers pollinated primarily by moths, also Plants have a deep taproot and are shade low summer, bumblebees and butterflies. Larval host for probably fire-tolerant. fall / white / moths. Deer browse leaves and stems. showy Spigelia Indian Pink forb part sun, medium 2 ft spring / red Flowers pollinated by hummingbirds. Deer-resistant. Grows best in soils with Develops clonal patches. Leaves and marilandica shade / showy lots of organic matter. Does not roots are toxic to mammals if eaten in compete well with aggressive plants. quantity. Native American medicinal plant. Thalictrum Rue-anemone, forb shade medium 0.7 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees and flies. Toxic Deer-resistant. Leaves and stems are toxic. thalictroides Wind-flower white / leaves discourage deer browsing. (synonym: showy Anemonella thalictroides) Thaspium Meadow forb part sun, medium, 2.5 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, flies Includes two varieties: yellow trifoliatum Parsnip shade low yellow or and beetles. Larval host for swallowtail flowers=var. aureum. Maroon Includes two maroon / butterflies. Birds and small mammals eat the flowers=var. trifoliatum varieties: yellow showy seeds. flowers=var. aureum. Maroon flowers=var. trifoliatum Tiarella cordifolia Foamflower forb part sun, high, 1 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies, and Moderately deer-resistant Forms colonies by spread of stolons. (synonym: Tiarella shade medium white / other insects. Native American medicinal plant. wherryi) showy Leaves overwinter in milder winters.

6 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Tipularia discolor Crane-fly forb part sun, medium, 0.3 ft summer / Flowers are pollinated by noctuid moths. Plants grow only on rotting wood Cranefly orchids are summer- Orchid shade low greenish- embedded in the soil. deciduous: a single leaf arises from a brown / not corm (hard bulb-like structure) in the showy fall and persists through the winter. In late spring, the leaf withers away and the flower spike emerges from the bulb, with no leaves visible. The flowers wither before the leaf arises again in the fall. Tradescantia Smooth forb sun, part sun medium, 3 ft spring, Flowers are pollinated by bees. Browsed by Easily grown and maintained Each flower lasts only a day, but plants ohiensis Spiderwort low summer / deer, rabbits, box turtles. flower abundantly over a long period. purple / showy Tradescantia Wide-leaved forb part sun, medium 2.5 ft spring, Flowers are pollinated by bees. Browsed by Thrives in poor, acidic soils Each flower lasts only a day, but plants subaspera Spiderwort, shade summer / deer, rabbits, box turtles. flower abundantly over a long period. Zigzag pale purple Spiderwort / showy Trillium catesbaei Catesby's forb part sun, medium, 1.5 ft spring / Flowers are pollinated by bees and butterflies. Not fire-tolerant. Trillium shade low pink / Seeds are dispersed by ants and deer. showy Trillium cuneatum Sweet Betsy forb part sun, medium, 1 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by carrion beetles and flesh Not fire-tolerant. Trillium shade low maroon / flies. Seeds are dispersed by ants and deer. showy Uvularia perfoliata Perfoliate forb part sun, med 1.5 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Seeds dispersed Attractive to deer. Bellwort shade yellow / by ants. Plants browsed by deer. showy Viola walteri Walter's Violet forb shade high, 0.5 ft spring / Flowers are pollinated by bees. Larval host for Small size discourages deer browsing. Forms ground-hugging colonies by medium purple / butterflies and moths. Seeds eaten by birds. spread of stolons and rhizomes. showy

7 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Waldsteinia Appalachian forb part sun, medium, 0.5 ft spring / Flowers are pollinated by bees, possibly other Neither drought- nor fire-tolerant fragarioides Barren- shade low yellow / insects. strawberry showy. Nice fall and winter leaf color. Zephyranthes Atamasco Lily forb sun, part sun high, 1.5 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by moths and bees as well Does not tolerate soil disturbance. Flowers are pink in bud, white when atamasca medium white / self-pollinated. Foliage and bulbs are toxic to mature, then turn pink after pollination. (spelling variant: showy mammals, causing "staggers" in livestock. Leaves are evergreen. Zephyranthes atamasco)

8 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

FORBS (VINE) Clematis viorna Leatherflower forb (vine) sun, part sun medium, 12 ft spring, Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Does best in soils with circumneutral Sprawling vine. All parts of the plant low summer / moths. Vines provide cover and nesting pH. Deer-resistant. are toxic if eaten. pink / habitat for birds. showy Gonolobus Climbing forb (vine) sun, part medium 10 ft summer / Flowers are pollinated by bees and butterflies. Although a close relative of milkweeds suberosa Milkvine, shade green / not Deer eat fruits. and producing a similar milky latex, (synonyms: Anglepod showy Climbing Milkvine does not attract Matelea Monarch butterflies. gonocarpos, Matelea gonocarpa)

Matelea Carolina forb (vine) sun, part sun medium 10 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees and butterflies. Although a close relative of milkweeds carolinensis Milkvine maroon / and producing a similar milky latex, showy Carolina Milkvine does not attract Monarch butterflies. Passiflora lutea Yellow Passion forb (vine) part sun, medium 20 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for NOT fire- or drought-tolerant. Flowers last only one day. They are the Flower shade greenish- butterflies. Fruit eaten by birds. only pollen source for a specialist bee, yellow / not Anthemurgus passiflorae, which is the showy sole member of its genus. Smilax smallii Jackson-brier forb (vine) sun, part sun high, 20 ft spring / Fruits eaten by birds, mammals. High-climbing, evergreen vine. Evergreen vine traditionally used as medium green / not Moderately deer-resistant; most leaves Christmas décor. showy and shoots are above browse line.

9 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

GRASSES, SEDGES, RUSHES Chasmanthium Wood Oats grass part sun, high, 3 ft summer / Seeds are eaten by granivorous birds and small Recommended for streambank Wind-pollinated. sessiliflorum shade medium green / not mammals. restoration. Not fire-tolerant. showy Muhlenbergia Nimble-will grass part sun, high, 1.5 ft fall / green / Food plant for many insects. Birds eat seeds. Forms dense mats that control erosion. Wind-pollinated. Easily confused with schreberi shade medium not showy the invasive exotic Japanese Stilt- grass, which is distinguished by its silvery, off-center leaf midvein.

10 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

FERNS Asplenium Ebony fern sun, part sun, medium, 1 ft n/a A few insects and possibly mice eat the leaves. Deer generally avoid ferns. Fire- Does best in patchy shade. platyneuron Spleenwort shade low adapted. Athyrium Southern Lady fern part sun, medium 3 ft n/a Aphids and moth larvae eat leaves and spores. Deer, rabbits, and other mammals Native American and pioneer asplenioides Fern shade Large clumps provide cover for wildlife. generally avoid ferns. medicinal plant. (synonyms: Athyrium filix- femina, Athyrium filix-femina spp. asplenioides. Botrypus Rattlesnake fern part shade, medium 1 ft n/a Ferns are rarely browsed by mammals. Deer-resistant. Deciduous. virginianum Fern shade (synonym: Botrychium virginianum) Osmunda Cinnamon Fern fern part sun, high, 3 ft none. Spore- A few insects feed on leaves. Some birds nest Ferns are generally believed to be deer- Plants are long-lived. cinnamomea shade medium bearing in clumps of fronds. Hummingbirds collect resistant. (synonym: frond is soft scales from fronds to line nests. Osmundastrum colorful and cinnamomeum) showy.

Phegopteris Broad Beech fern high, part medium 1 ft n/a Ferns are rarely browsed by mammals or Insect-, deer- and rabbit-resistant. Reproduces by wind-dispersed spores. hexagonoptera Fern sun, shade insects. Forms colonies by spread of rhizomes. (synonym: Thelypteris hexagonoptera) Polystichum Christmas Fern Fern part sun, medium, 2 ft n/a Deer-resistant. Drought-tolerant Reproduces by spores. One of only two acrostichoides shade low evergreen ferns in GA Piedmont.

11 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Carex cherokeensis Cherokee grass-like sun, part sun high, 1.5ft summer, Clumping sedges provide good wildlife cover. Part sun recommended but will survive Wind-pollinated. Deer-resistant. Sedge sedge medium fall / green / Seeds eaten by birds and small mammals. in full sun with moist soil. drought- Leaves are evergreen. not showy Deer-resistant. tolerant in part sun. Large clumps with extensive root systems provide good erosion control and streambank stabilization.

12 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

WOODY VINES Bignonia capreolata Cross Vine woody vine part sun, high, 50 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by hummingbirds, Deer-resistant. Rapid growth. Leaves overwinter, turn dark bronzy- shade medium yellow, butterflies. maroon. Native American medicinal orange / plant. showy Gelsemium Yellow woody vine sun, part high, 20 ft winter, Flowers pollinated by native bees, butterflies, Deer-resistant due to toxicity. Drought- All parts of the plant contain sempervirens Jessamine shade, shade medium spring / hummingbirds. Sprawling vines provide cover tolerant. Makes good evergreen ground- strychnine-related compounds, even yellow / for nesting birds. Toxic sap discourages cover but will not flower unless the nectar which poisons honeybees showy. browsing by most insects and mammals. climbing. though not native bees. Evergreen leaves. Lonicera Coral woody vine sun, part sun medium 20 ft spring, Flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds, bees, Less aggressive than Trumpet Creeper Leaves evergreen. Native American sempervirens Honeysuckle, summer / and butterflies. Larval host for butterflies, or other native woody vines. Somewhat medicinal plant. Trumpet orange-red / moths. Berries eat by birds. deer-resistant. Honeysuckle showy Parthenocissus Virginia woody vine sun, part sun, medium, 60 ft green / Flowers pollinated by bees. Leaves used by Used as a ground If grown on buildings, removal of quinquefolia Creeper shade low summer / leaf-cutter bees to line nests. Larval host for cover to control soil erosion in shaded vines may damage painted surfaces and not showy. moths. Fruits eaten by small mammals. areas and on slopes. Top-killed by fire mortar. Berries are highly toxic. Nice fall Provides cover for birds and small mammals. but re-sprouts from root crown. color.

13 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

SHRUBS Aesculus sylvatica Painted shrub part sun, medium 15 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by hummingbirds, bees, Deer-resistant. Among the earliest shrubs to leaf out Buckeye shade yellow / and butterflies. and earliest to lose leaves in late showy. summer. Seeds, leaves, and stems are toxic. Aralia spinosa Devil's-walking-shrub sun, part sun medium 20 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees and flies. Fruit Drought-tolerant. Rapidly spreads by Largest leaves of any plant in North stick white / eaten by birds, mammals. rhizomes to form thickets. Stems and America, up to 4 feet long and 3.5 feet showy. leaves very prickly. Probably benefits wide, composed of 100+ leaflets. Large fruit from fire; re-sprouts quickly from clusters are rhizomes after disturbances colorful in the fall. Aronia arbutifolia Red shrub sun, part sun medium, 10 ft spring / Flowers are pollinated by bees. Fruits eaten by Forms colonies by spreading rhizomes. Fruits make tasty jams and jellies. (synonyms: Sorbus Chokeberry high white / birds and mammals. Deer and small mammals arbutifolia, Pyrus showy. eat twigs and leaves. arbutifolia) Leaves and red fruit clusters are showy in the fall. Asimina parviflora Dwarf Pawpaw shrub part sun, medium, 6 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by flies and beetles (flower Seeds may take two years to germinate. SE US endemic. shade low green, color and scent resemble carrion). Larval host Very deep tap root suggests fire- maroon / for Zebra Swallowtail and Pawpaw Sphinx tolerance, but there is no data. not showy. Moth. Fruit eaten by many mammals and Box Nice fall Turtles. Deer rarely browse leaves because of leaf color. odor and toxicity. Calycanthus Sweet Shrub shrub sun, part sun medium 12 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by beetles. Butterflies Tolerates wide range of soil types. Seeds are toxic to humans in large floridus maroon / nectar at the flowers. Seeds eaten by small Forms colonies from root suckers. quantities. showy mammals.

14 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Corylus americana American shrub sun, part sun, medium, 16 ft winter, Larval host for moths, skippers. Catkins, buds, Spreads by rhizomes to form colonies. Nuts are sweet and edible by humans Hazelnut shade low spring / and nuts eaten by birds. Nuts eaten by Not fire-tolerant. and taste like European filberts. green / not mammals. Leaves and twigs eaten by deer. showy. Nice Dense growth provides cover and nesting fall leaf habitat. color. Euonymus Hearts-a- shrub part sun, medium 6 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by small insects. Larval Drought-tolerant. Very attractive to Branches remain green all year. Bright americanus Bustin’ shade green / not host for moths. Heavily browsed by deer. deer. pink, heart-shaped fruit split to expose showy. Fruits eaten by birds. orange seeds. Native American Fruit is very medicinal plant. showy in the fall.

Hamamelis Witch-hazel shrub sun, part sun, medium 20 ft fall / yellow Flowers pollinated by flies and wasps. Larval Blooms in the fall after the leaves have virginiana shade / showy host for moths. Seeds eaten by birds. Deer- fallen. resistant. Hydrangea Wild-hydrangea shrub part sun, high, 5 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, and Deer-resistant. Does not tolerate Showy flowers are sterile; fertile arborescens shade medium white / beetles. Larval host for moths. drought. flowers are small and green. showy Ilex decidua Possum Haw shrub part shade, high, 15 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host plant Tolerates moderate flooding. Usually Plants are dioecious–both female and Holly shade medium white / not for butterflies. Fruits eaten by birds and small killed by fire. Moderately deer- male plants must be present for fruit showy. Red mammals. Browsed by deer. resistant. production. fruits in winter are showy on female plants.

15 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Ilex verticillata Winterberry shrub sun, part sun, high, 12 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Fruits eaten by Moderately deer-resistant. Plants are dioecious–both female and Holly shade medium white / not birds and small mammals. Browsed by deer. male plants must be present for fruit showy. Red production. fruits in winter are showy on female plants. Kalmia latifolia Mountain shrub sun, part sun, medium, 15 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, beetles, flies, Deer-resistant. Fire top-kills but plants All parts of the plant are highly toxic to Laurel shade low pink, white butterflies and hummingbirds. sprout readily after fire. humans if eaten. / showy Lindera benzoin Spicebush shrub part sun, high, 12 ft late winter, Flowers pollinated by small bees and flies. Forms clonal thickets by root sprouts. Plants are largely dioecious–both shade medium spring / Larval host for Spicebush Swallowtail Drought-tolerant. Heavily browsed by female and male plants must be present yellow / butterfly and moths. Fruits eaten by birds deer. for fruit production. showy. Nice (especially wood thrush) and mammals. fall leaf color. Philadelphus Scentless Mock shrub sun, part sun, medium 6 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. NOT fire- or drought-tolerant. Despite widespread internet inodorus Orange shade white / misinformation, the flowers are not showy fragrant–that's what "inodorus" means!. Physocarpus Nine-bark shrub sun, part sun, medium, 10 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, Fast-growing. Drought-tolerant. Easily Shredding, reddish bark is attractive. opulifolius shade low white / butterflies. Larval host for moths. Deer browse cultivated. showy. leaves and twigs. Pinkish fruits are also showy.

16 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Ptelea trifoliata Wafer Ash, shrub sun, part sun medium, 20 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies. Deer-resistant. Native American medicinal plant. Hop Tree low yellowish / Larval host for Giant Swallowtail butterflies. showy. Not browsed by mammals due to bitter tasting Persistent foliage. fruits are showy. Rhododendron Piedmont shrub part sun, medium 15 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host to Best planted on well drained stream canescens Azalea, shade pink / moths. NOT deer-resistant. banks, not in floodplains, does not Southern showy tolerate wet roots. Probably top-killed Pinxter Azalea by light fires but may re-sprout from root crowns. Spreads slowly by rhizomes and suckers to form small colonies. Rhododendron Pinxter Flower shrub part sun medium 6 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Dense colonies Does not tolerate prolonged flooding. Does best on well drained stream periclymenoides Azalea, Pinxter- pink / provide cover for small mammals and birds. Probably top-killed by light fires but re- banks. bloom showy NOT deer-resistant. sprouts from root crowns. Spreads slowly by rhizomes and suckers to form small dense colonies.

Styrax grandifolius Big-leaf shrub sun, part sun, medium 20 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees and butterflies. Probably self-sterile; plants several Spreads by rhizomes to form large Snowbell shade white / stems for cross-pollination. colonies. showy Symplocos tinctoria Sweet Leaf, shrub sun, part sun medium 18 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, butterflies. Larval Self-sterile, plant in groups of three or Semi-evergreen, leaves often turn Horse Sugar white / host for butterflies. Fruits eaten by birds and more to insure cross-pollination and maroon and overwinter. Wood showy small mammals. Moderately deer-resistant. fruit production. traditionally used as a dye. Native American and early settler medicinal plant. The only species in this genus in North America.

Vaccinium Highbush shrub sun, part sun, medium 12 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Not fire-tolerant. Grows best in acid Southeastern Blueberry Bees, corymbosum Blueberry shade white / butterflies and moths. Many birds and soils. Habropoda laboriosa , are one of the showy. Nice mammals eat the berries. Deer browse twigs. most effective pollinators. It performs fall color. sonication, or buzz pollination, on the flowers. Native American food plant.

17 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Vaccinium elliottii June Berry shrub part sun, medium, 8 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Fruits eaten by Thrives in acidic soil. The earliest flowering (Feb) of all shade low white / birds and small mammals. blueberries, and one of the earliest showy. Nice flowering of all SE shrubs. Fruits are fall leaf small but very tasty to humans and color. other animals. Vaccinium Lowbush shrub part sun, medium, 2 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Fruits eaten by Low-growing, almost a ground cover. Fruits are small but very tasty. pallidum Blueberry, shade low white / birds and small mammals. Good cover for Thrives in acidic soil and deep shade. Hillside showy. Nice ground-nesting wildlife. Blueberry fall leaf color. Vaccinium Deer-berry shrub sun, part sun, medium, 12 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Drought-tolerant, thrives in acidic soils. Fruits inedible by humans. stamineum shade low white / butterflies and moths. Fruits eaten by birds, Moderately fire-tolerant–may be top- showy. Nice mammals. killed but re-sprouts from roots. fall leaf color. Viburnum Maple-leaf shrub part sun, medium, 6 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, flies, butterflies, Established plants are drought-tolerant. Forms small colonies by root- acerifolium Viburnum shade low white / skippers. Fruits eaten by birds and small Not fire-tolerant though it may re- suckering. showy. Nice mammals. Twigs and leaves browsed by deer. sprout following fire. fall leaf color. Viburnum Black-haw shrub sun, part sun medium, 15 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees and flies. Larval NOT deer-resistant. Transplants easily. Fruits are edible by humans and are prunifolium Viburnum low white / host for moths and butterflies. Fruits eaten by For wooded habitats, best planted in used to make jams and jellies. Native showy birds and small mammals. Twigs browsed by sunny borders or permanent canopy American medicinal plant. deer. gaps. Viburnum Southern Black shrub sun, part sun, medium, 10 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, flies. Larval host Drought-tolerant. Slow-growing. Forms small colonies rufidulum Haw shade low white / for moths. Fruits eaten by birds, small by root-suckering. showy. Nice mammals. fall leaf color.

18 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Frangula Carolina shrub, small sun, part sun medium, 15 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, wasps, flies, Plants are probably top-killed by fire Prefers soils with higher pH. Despite caroliniana Buckthorn tree low yellowish / beetles. Larval host for moths and butterflies. but sprout from root crowns soon the name and internet misinformation, (synonym: not showy. Fruits eaten by birds and mammals. afterward. this plant is not thorny. Rhamnus Fall fruits caroliniana) are colorful.

Crataegus Parsley shrub/small part sun, high, 20 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees and beetles. Larval Grows well in poorly drained soils. Beautiful peeling and patterned bark. marshallii Hawthorn tree shade medium white / host for butterflies and moths. Fruits eaten by Native American food plant. showy many mammals. Dense branches are good bird nesting habitat and cover. NOT deer-resistant.

Crataegus Washington shrub/small sun, part medium 30 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, flies, wasps, For wooded habitats, best planted in High heat tolerance. Good resistance to phaenopyrum Hawthorn tree shade white / butterflies, and beetles. Larval host for moths sunny borders or permanent canopy cedar-apple rust. showy and butterflies. Fruits eaten by birds and gaps. mammals. Provides cover and nesting habitat for birds and mammals. Deer-resistant.

19 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

UNDERSTORY TREES

Acer floridanum Florida Maple, tree sun, part sun, high, 60 ft spring / Sapsuckers feed on sap. Larval host for Does best in circumneutral soils or in Primarily Wind-pollinated though (synonym: Acer Southern Sugar (subcanopy) shade medium, yellow / not moths. Birds and small mammals eat seeds. nutrient-rich bottomlands. flowers are visited by bees and other barbatum) Maple low showy Deer browse twigs. pollen-gatherers. Sap used for making syrup Acer leucoderme Chalk Maple tree sun, part sun, medium, 30 ft spring / Sapsuckers feed on sap. Larval host for Most common in areas with Dead leaves persist attractively through (synonym: Acer (subcanopy) shade low yellow- moths. Birds and small mammals eat seeds. circumneutral pH soils but thrives in winter. saccharum var. green / not Deer browse twigs. acid soils also. Slow growth rate. leucoderme) showy. Nice Highly drought-tolerant. fall leaf color.

Amelanchier Serviceberry tree sun, part medium, 25 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, flies, beetles. Moderately deer-resistant. Top-killed One of the earliest flowering plants in arborea (subcanopy) shade low white / Larval host for butterflies and moths. Fruits by fire, but re-sprouts. Does not survive the spring. showy. Nice eaten by many birds, mammals. Deer browse too frequent fire. fall leaf twigs and leaves. color. Asimina triloba Tall Pawpaw tree part sun, high, 30 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by flies (flower color and Rapidly forms small colonies (pawpaw Largest edible fruit native to North (subcanopy) shade medium maroon / scent resemble carrion). Larval host for Zebra patches) by suckering. Somewhat fire- America. Cultivated by Native showy Swallowtail and Pawpaw Sphinx Moth. Fruit tolerant due to ability to root-sprout. Americans for fruit. eaten by many mammals, birds, and Box Highly deer-resistant. Turtles. Deer rarely browse leaves because of odor and toxicity. Cercis canadensis Redbud tree part sun medium, 35 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Deer-resistant. Top-killed by fire, but Native American medicinal plant. (subcanopy) low pink / butterflies and moths. Seeds eaten by birds readily re-sprouts from roots. self-seeds showy (seed pods remain throughout winter, readily. providing winter food). Leaf cutter bees use leaves to line nests. Chionanthus Fringe Tree, tree sun, part sun medium 20 ft spring / Flowers are probably pollinated by bees. Trees are usually dioecious; both May be subject to Emerald Ash Borer virginicus Grancy Gray (subcanopy) white / Larval host for moths. Fruits eaten by birds. female and male plants must be present (same family as ashes). Native Beard, Old showy Moderately deer-resistant; deer occasionally for fruit production. Slow to moderate American medicinal plant. Man's Beard browse leaves and fruits. growth. Not drought-tolerant.

20 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Cornus florida Flowering tree sun, part sun, medium, 30 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by small bees and flies. Slow-growing. Its rapidly decaying Native American medicinal plant. A Dogwood (subcanopy) shade low white / Fruits have high fat content and are eaten by leaves improve soil quality. NOT deer- fungal blight, Dogwood Anthracnose, showy. Nice many birds and small mammals. Deer browse resistant. threatens trees, especially in moist fall leaf bark, twigs, and buds. areas with high humidity. Fruits are color. toxic to humans but relished by birds.

Halesia diptera, Silverbell tree part sun, medium 35 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Deer-resistant. These three Silverbell species have Halesia carolina, (subcanopy) shade white / moths. Fruits eaten by squirrels and other similar ecological and horticultural Halesia tetraptera showy mammals. needs. (synonym: Halesia monticola) Ilex opaca American Holly tree sun, part sun, medium, 30 ft spring / Flowers visited by butterflies, bees, wasps, Plants are dioecious, so both female One of the few native broad-leaved (subcanopy) shade low white / not ants, flies, and moths. Larval host for and male plants must be present for evergreen trees in the Piedmont. Deer- showy. butterflies. Although bitter, fruit is eaten by fruit production. Prefers acidic soils. resistant. Female birds and mammals. Deer avoid due to mildly plants have toxic twigs and leaves. showy red berries in fall and winter. Ostrya virginiana Hop Hornbeam tree sun, part sun, medium, 40 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies and moths. Seeds Deer-resistant. Wind-pollinated. Indicator of (subcanopy) shade dry green / not eaten by birds and small mammals. "Witch's circumneutral pH soils. Native showy (but Broom" growths provide winter cover for American medicinal and tool plant. interesting) invertebrates. Dead dry leaves persist on twigs through the winter. Prunus americana American Plum tree sun, part sun medium 25 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for For woodland habitats, best planted in Native American food and medicinal (subcanopy) white / butterflies. Fruits eaten by birds and sunny borders and permanent canopy plant. white mammals. Thickets provide good cover. Deer gaps. Drought-tolerant once browse twigs. established. Grows quickly. May form thickets. Good wind-break.

21 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Vaccinium Sparkleberry tree sun, part sun medium, 20 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Moderately fire-tolerant. Thrives in Beautiful red-mottled bark on sinuous arboreum (subcanopy) low white / butterflies and moths. Seeds eaten by birds. acidic soil. trunks. Maroon-colored leaves may showy. Nice persist through the winter. Pithy fruits fall leaf are not edible by humans. color.

22 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

OVERSTORY TREES Acer rubrum Red Maple tree sun, part sun, high, 70 ft late winter / Sapsuckers feed on sap. Larval host for moths. Tolerates nearly all soil and light Primarily Wind-pollinated though shade medium, red / showy Birds and small mammals eat seeds. Deer conditions. Heavily browsed by deer. flowers are visited by bees and other low browse twigs. Leaves may be toxic. Widely used for restoration and pollen-gatherers. First tree to flower in revegetation. Top-killed by fire but the spring. Though with half the sugar crown-sprouts readily afterwards. content of sugar maple, it is used for making syrup before buds emerge.

Carya cordiformis Bitternut tree sun, part sun, high, 80 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies, moths. Provides Top-killed by fire but will re-sprout Nuts are too bitter for most animals to Hickory shade medium green / not cover and nesting habitat for birds. Nuts are from stump, crown, and roots after fire. eat. showy inedible. Deep taproot makes transplanting difficult. Carya glabra Pignut Hickory tree sun, part sun medium, 80 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies, moths, beetles, etc. Slow growing, but produces nuts for Wind-pollinated. low green / not Provides cover and nesting habitat for birds. 200+ years. Medium fire tolerance. showy Nuts eaten by many wildlife species. Carya ovalis Red Hickory, tree sun, part sun medium 100 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies, moths, beetles, etc. Slow growing, but produces nuts for Wind-pollinated. Some experts (synonym: Carya False Shagbark green / not Provides cover and nesting habitat for birds. 200+ years. Medium fire tolerance. consider this species to be a subspecies glabra ssp. ovalis) Hickory showy Nuts eaten by many wildlife species. of Carya glabra, Pignut Hickory.

Carya ovata Shagbark tree sun, part sun medium 90 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies, moths, beetles, etc. Slow growing, but produces nuts for Wind-pollinated. Does best in Hickory green / not Nuts eaten by many wildlife species. Shaggy 200+ years. Not fire-tolerant. circumneutral pH soils. Native showy bark provides roosts for bats. American food plant. Carya tomentosa Mockernut tree sun, part sun medium, 80 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies, moths, beetles, etc. Drought-tolerant. Not fire-tolerant. Wind-pollinated. (synonym: Carya Hickory low green / not Nuts eaten by many wildlife species. Shaggy Slow growing, but produces nuts for alba) showy bark provides roosts for small bats. 200+ years. Diospyros Persimmon tree sun, part sun, high, 60 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Thrives in uplands and bottomlands. Plants are dioecious; both female and virginiana shade medium, white / not moths. Fruits eaten by many birds and Fire-adapted. male plants must be present for fruit low showy mammals. Deer browse twigs and leaves. production. The only member of the Ebony plant family (Ebenaceae) in North America. Native American and early settler food and medicinal plant.

23 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Fagus grandifolia Beech tree sun, part sun, medium 80 ft spring / Larval host for many insects. Seeds eaten by Does not tolerant fire or drought. Deer- Leaves are marcescent, i.e. dry, tan shade green / not many birds and mammals. resistant. leaves persist attractively through showy. Nice winter. Host for root-parasitic (but not fall leaf harmful) plant, Beech Drops. color. Fraxinus americana White Ash tree sun, part sun medium, 80 ft spring / Larval host for butterflies and moths. Seeds Threatened by Emerald Ash-borer Wind-pollinated. Plants are low greenish- eaten by birds and small mammals. Deer (Agrilus planipennis). dioecious–both female and male plants purple / not browse leaves and twigs. Frequently forms must be present for fruit production. showy. cavities that provide nesting habitat for birds Native American medicinal plant. Fruit and squirrels. clusters are large. Juglans nigra Black Walnut tree sun high, 100 ft spring / Larval host for moths. Nuts eaten by many Fire-adapted. Does best in Wind-pollinated. May produce nuts as medium green / not mammals. circumneutral soils. Does not transplant young as 20 years. Native American showy easily due to long taproot. medicinal, food, and dye plant. Produces an allelopathic compound, Juglone, that inhibits growth of plants around it. Liriodendron Tulip Tree tree sun, part sun medium 90 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by beetles, flies, bees, and Mature trees survive low to moderate Native Americans used single large tulipifera multi / hummingbirds. Hummingbirds and sapsuckers fires; young trees are top-killed but trees to make canoes. showy (but obtain sap from holes in the bark. Larval host resprout from root crown. Used for high) for Luna Moth and other moths. Seeds eaten reforestation because it grows rapidly. by birds and small mammals. Twigs browsed by deer. Magnolia Cucumber tree sun, part sun, medium 70 ft spring / Flowers are pollinated by beetles. Fruits are Deciduous. acuminata Magnolia shade yellow / eaten by birds. showy Morus rubra Red Mulberry tree sun, part sun, high, 50 ft spring / Leaves eaten by many insects. Fruits eaten by Fire-intolerant. Milky sap is toxic. Wind-pollinated. Mostly dioecious; shade medium green / not birds, mammals. both female and male plants must be showy present for fruit production. Native American medicinal and food plant.

24 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Prunus serotina Black Cherry tree sun, part sun high, 80 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees, flies. Ants are Long tap roots make transplanting Shade-intolerant–should be planted in medium white / attracted to extrafloral nectaries and defend difficult. Because of cyanide sunny borders of forests or in showy the plants from caterpillars. Fruit eaten by components in leaves, it should not be permanent canopy gaps. Wood is birds and mammals. planted near livestock pastures. prized for furniture/cabinetry and other fine wood products. Native American food and medicinal plant. Quercus rubra Northern Red tree sun, part sun medium, 75 ft spring / Host plant for many butterflies, moths, wasps, Drought-tolerant. Not fire-tolerant. Wind-pollinated. Native American Oak low green / not and other insects. Acorns eaten by wide range food and medicinal plant. Hybridizes showy / of birds and mammals. Provides nesting and with other members of red oak sub- cover sites for many animals. genus. Quercus shumardii Shumard Oak tree part sun, high, 80 ft spring / Larval host for many insects, including moths, Though only weakly tolerant of Not fire-tolerant. Wind-pollinated. shade medium green / not butterflies, skippers. Though bitter, the small prolonged flooding, is widely used for Drought-tolerant. showy. Nice acorns are food for many mammals and birds. bottomland restoration. fall color. Nesting habitat for many animals. Young growth browsed by deer.

Tilia americana American tree part sun, medium 80 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees (including Killed by fire. Considered soil- Native Americans tapped mildly sweet Basswood shade green / not honeybees who produce a highly desirable enriching because it brings calcium and sap; many other wood and bark uses. showy honey from the flowers). Larval host to moths magnesium from deep in the soil. and other insects. Seeds eaten by bobwhite quail and small mammals. Deer browse leaves and twigs. Trunk cavities form easily and provide habitat for some birds and mammals.

Nyssa sylvatica Black Gum, tree sun (required medium, 100 ft spring / Flowers pollinated by bees. Larval host for Deer-resistant. Low fire-tolerance. Tupelo honey is highly prized. Some Black Tupelo for low green / not moths. Fruits eaten by birds, mammals. Deep taproots make transplanting older trees have only female flowers, some seedlings), showy. Nice Provides cavity nesting sites. plants difficult. have only male flowers, some have part sun, fall leaf both. shade color. (mature trees)

25 Moist Forested Slopes Restoration Species for the Eastern Georgia Piedmont - Updated 3/4/2020

Flowers: Scientific name and Common Light Soil Plant season / Growth Form Wildlife Associations Management Considerations Comments synonyms Names Requirement Moisture Height color / showy?

Oxydendrum Sourwood tree sun, part sun medium, 50 ft summer / Flowers pollinated by butterflies. Provides Deer-resistant. Sourwood honey is the best! arboreum low white / nesting cavities for bats, reptiles, etc. showy. Nice fall leaf color. Quercus alba White Oak tree sun, part sun medium, 80 ft spring / Host plant for many butterflies, moths, wasps, Moderately fire-tolerant when mature. Native American food and medicinal low green / not and other insects. Acorns eaten by wide range Drought-tolerant. Moderately deer- plant. showy / of birds and mammals. Provides nesting and resistant. Avoid soil compaction or cover sites for many animals. disturbance in root zone. Tolerates planting near Black Walnut. Quercus velutina Black Oak tree sun, part sun medium, 60 ft spring / Host plant for many butterflies, moths, wasps, Moderately fire-tolerant (more fire- Wind-pollinated. May hybridize with low green / not and other insects. Acorns eaten by wide range tolerant than oaks listed above). Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra). showy / of birds and mammals. Provides nesting and Drought-tolerant. Tolerates being planted near Black cover sites for many animals. Walnut trees. Native American food and medicinal plant.

26 Other Contacts of Interest... Athens-Clarke County Cooperative Extension 706-613-3640 - https://athensclarkecounty.com/146/Athens-Clarke-County-Extension

Bugwood Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health 229-386-3298 - https://www.bugwood.org/

USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station in Asheville, NC 828-257-4832 - https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/index.html

USDA Forest Service Forestry Sciences Laboratory https://www.fs.fed.us/organization/Forestry%20Sciences%20Laboratory%20%28Athens%29

Southern Fire Exchange http://southernfireexchange.org/

This guide was developed through the Athens-Clarke County Sustainability Office by Linda Chafin, State Botanical Garden of Georgia

For more information about the guide contact:

The Sustainability Office - 706-613-3838 - [email protected] Mimsie Lanier Center for Native Plant Studies - 706-542-1244 - [email protected]

April 2019