= Official Monthly Publication of the Society for Information Display - -~ .- ~ ...-.~ .._, ~----- .-. :;~i; -______- - ,::5~[:: lliJ-Uiii1iiiiiUIJ

March 1988 n1c I DU --ea=------~------~- Vol. 4, No. 3 :s -.._. -----.---._,--- -

PS/2 graphics Image processing primer Sl D '88 preview ''At lunch today, I learned to use this progratntnable video generator. And still had titne to eat.''

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Circle no. 2 To engineer low defect large format mask blanks, HOYA goes the extra micron.

Hoya goes far beyond minimum standards substrates are double-side polished with beveled to guarantee quality large-fonnat mask blanks. edges. T he outstanding uniformity of the chrome They're now available up to 14"x 14". By apply­ and resist film assures excellent dimension con­ ing years of extensive engineering and manu­ trol. And Hoya's exclusive new edge-to-edge facturing improvements in I. C. photoblank unifonn resist coating delivers expanded imaging manufacturing, Hoya can produce volume large capability to 100 percent of the plate. Various blanks with extremely low defect and tight image layers such as AI, ITO, MoSi:2 and others tolerance integrity for the glass substrate as well are provided upon request. as chromium and resist film layers. All Hoya large fonnat mask blanks are manu­ What does our technological progress factured in Class 100 Clean Rooms. The preci­ mean to you? It means versatility, one-pass yield, sion and process monitors ofHoya's automated quicker turnaround and long-lasting quality manufacturing line assures the production oflarge perfonnance. blanks that are particle and damage resistant due These large, hard-surface chromium on to reduction in physical handling, environment glass substrates provide the thennal expansion control and separation by our lightweight multi­ stability of glass, the pro­ carrier packaging. cess reliability of chrome So long-tenn, they and uniformity of spin-coat won't take a big bite out of resist for superior imaging your budget. And short­ needed in such precision tenn, their very low defect circuit and pattern applica­ rate reduces repair, inspec­ tions as large area electron­ tion, and delivery times from ics, surface-mount designs, day one. That's what going fine-line printed circuit the extra micron does for you. boards, flat panel displays For more infonnation, and hybrid circuits. call HOYA Electronics Available also in rec­ Corporation: In CA, (40 8) tangular or circular config­ 435-1450; NJ, (201) 307- uration applications, the 0003; TX, (214) 450-4410.

The image of tomorrow Circle no. 3 =Official Monthly Publication of the Society for Information Display 111TUn1•1n I lUll

MARCH 1988 niCDI DU VOL. 4, NO.3 -= - = Cover: Trailing mandrill image was created by raster copying at a 4 Letters speed of 12.5 million pixels per second using a Matrox PG2-1281 graphics 5 Editorial processor. image is displayed at a resolution of 1280 x 1084 on the 6 PS/2 graphics: fight or switch? Mitsubishi HG6905 monitor. How does IBM's VGA stack up against competing PC graphics (page 6) adapters? Is it good enough for professional engineering applications? Susan Verrecchia 12 A very brief digital image processing primer A first step into the murky waters of image processing. Bruce Mackie 15 SID '88 preview Pluto's on plasma and Mickey's on matrix. Anaheim, Califor­ nia, here we come!

Photo: Matrox Electronic Systems 20 Sustaining Members 20 Index to Advertisers 23 Have You Read ... ?

Next Month in Information Display

Image Science Issue • DVI-digital video from a CD-ROM • Displaying the Gospels • The new ac plasma technology

Information Display 3188 3

------References to early Further, Mr. Credelle states: "To make The author replies- LCD work are misleading high-resolution color LCDs, the active­ In my article "Recent Trends in Color matrix approach was proposed and Avionic LCDs," I included a short list of In your November issue, you published an demonstrated in the early 1970s," and references to indicate to the reader when article by Thomas Credelle entitled "Re­ gives as his reference a paper by Paul TFT-LCD technology development began. cent T rends in Color Avionic LCDs," Weimer (RCA Rev, 32, 25 1, 197 1). lf any It was not my intent to mislead the reader which has references to the early work on of your readers follow up this reference, or give undue credit to RCA liquid crystals and active-matrix displays they will be surprised to find that Laboratories. that misleadingly convey the impression Weimer's paper is entitled "Systems and Dr. Brody, who was one of the early that all the significant early work on Technologies fo r Solid-State Sensors" and pioneers of CdSe TFTs and TFT-LCDs, active-matrix LCDs was carried out at contains not a single solitary reference to has correctly pointed out that the RCA Laboratories. displays, LCDs, active matrix, or color! Heilmeier work was on dynamic-scattering His reference to Heilmeier's 1968 paper LCDs and not on twisted-nematic LCDs, on dynamic-scattering LCDs is unobjec­ - T. Peter Brody, President which were developed by Schadt and tionable, but certainly the article should Active Matrix A ssociates Helfrich three years later. It was the also have referred to the basic paper by Pillsburgh, Pennsylvania Heilmeier work that started the LCD Schadt and Helfrich (Appl. Phys. Let/. development, however, so this is an ap­ 18, 127, 197 1), which is the first publica­ propriate reference to the beginnings of tion on the now universally used twisted­ the LCD revolution. nematic principle. Dr. Brody correctly points out that the Weimer reference is not the complete story on early TFT array developrm:ut; the first published paper on TFTs was by Dr. Paul Weimer in 1962 ("The TFT- A New Thin-Film Transistor," Proc. IRE, 50, 1462, 1962). The paper referenced in YOUR MAGNETIC SHIELDING my article was a review of the first TFT arrays (albeit for image sensors and not PROBLEMS END HERE displays), the forerunner to all modern Save tooling costs-Ad-Vance already owns tooling for TIT-addressed LCDs. The concept for most standard shie lds. Our problem solv1ng magnet1c shielding specialists wil l adapt or custom design exactly TFT-addressed LCDs was published in what you need. 1971 by B. Lechner et al. ("Liquid • Magnetic ahlelda for 324types of PM tubes Crystal Matrix Displays," Proc. IEEE, • AO·MU aheet atock 59, (I I), Nov. 1971, p. 1566); the first • AD·MU protective caaea assure full fidelity of valuable taped data AD-MU foils cut. wrap easily. quickly operational TFT-LCD was described by • Helpful engineering & design service ~ A. Fischer et al. in 1972 (!EEE/ SID Con­ • Painstaking ln·houae quality control. ference Record, Oct. 1972, p. 64). Now-4 decades of magnetic shielding leadership. r I Your magnetic shielding problems end here at Ad-Vance. - Thomas L. Credel/e, Manager t,.iJ; Display Program --~~.... )\- General Electric Corporate ' Research and Development Schenectady, New York

Gives major designing/ procuring guidelines. 213 of 84-page book conta1ns val­ uable technical/engineer­ ing Information about the What is your opinion? lD's editors entire ma~nelic shielding field ; 113 IS catalog data. welcome letters f rom readers on Yours lor the asking. specific articles or topics of general in­ terest to the display community. Write to the Editor, Information Display, c/ o Palisades Institute for Research Services, Inc., 201 Varick St., New York, NY 10014.

C ircle no. 4 4 Information Display 3 / 88 =: Ofltc tal M onthly Pubhc ;~ tto n o f the Soctety l or tnlormallon Display lllruni•ln i lull niCDI DU E =g ==~ = ~ ~ E

Editor: Kenneth I. Werner Those of us who live where it's been cold Managing Editor: Hildegarde Hammond Contributing Editor: Ronald Cohen are looking forward to spring; those of you Departments Editor: Lynne A. Henderson who don't are probably feeling pleased with Art Director: Hildegarde Hammond your good judgment. But whether you see Advertising Manager: Jay Morreale melting snow through your window or West Coast Representative: Ted Lucas swaying palm trees, spring is the traditional Editorial Advisory Board season for looking forward and embarking Dr. Ifay F. Chang, Chairman on new initiatives. In this issue, we do a Director of Research little of both. Institute of Systems Science National University of Singapore Our new initiative stems from the Dr. Frederic J. Kahn increasing difficulty we face in treating display hardware Vice President independently of the communications, computing, graphics, and Greyhawk Systems, Inc. imaging systems of which it is a part. In fact, we do not believe we Koh-Ichi Miyaji Professor would be serving you well if we tried to maintain a rigid Shibaura Institute of Technology separation. Therefore, we plan to increase coverage of imaging and Jan Rajchman graphics, particularly, in forthcoming issues of Information Consultant Display. This month, we try to bring some order to the welter of Aron Vecht Director de facto graphics standards established for IBM-compatible Phosphor Consultants personal computers. We do this both for its own sake and to provide the background for answering a current question. How INFORMATIO N DISPLAY (ISSN 0362-0972) is published monthly for the Society for Information Di splay by significant an improvement is the VGA graphics of IBM's new Palisades Insti tute for Research Services, Inc., 20 1 Varick Street, New York, N Y 10014; David Slater, Chief Executive PS/2 family of personal computers, and is it good enough for Officer; Leonard H. Klein, President; Harold R. Summer, Vice President; Hildegarde Hammond, Secretary; Laura engineering and graphic workstation applications? There is an Mangone, Treasurer. obvious connection to display design, and the article touches on it. EDITORIAL A ND BUS IN ESS O FFICES: Palisades In­ stitute for Research Services, Inc., 20 1 Vari ck Street, New For those who regard the field of imaging as a bewildering York, NY 10014; telephone 212/ 620-3371. Send manuscr ipts to the attention of the Editor, 10. profusion of add-in boards performing incomprehensible functions, WEST COAST SALES OFFICE: c/o Ted Lucas, P .O. Box 852, Cedar Glen, CA 92321; telephone 7 14/ 337-6627. we present a very brief introduction to imaging basics. We will get SID HEADQUARTERS, for correspondence on subscrip­ ti ons and membership: Society for Information Di splay, more sophisticated as time goes on and as you tell us what aspects 8055 West Manchester Avenue, Suite 61 5, Playa del Rey, CA 90293; telephone 21 3/305-1502. of these fields you would like us to cover in particular depth. SUBSCRIPT IONS: Information Display is distributed The look forward is to the week of May 23 in Anaheim, without charge to those qualified and to SID members as a benefit of membership (annual dues $35.00). Subscriptions California, where the Society for Information Display will hold to others: U.S. & Canada: $36.00 one year, $64.00 two years, $90.00 three years, $3.00 single copy; elsewhere: what promises to be its largest international technical symposium $72.00 one year, $128.00 two years, $180.00 three years, $6.00 single copy. since the society was founded. Our third article previews the PRINTED by Sheridan Printing Company, 1425 Third Avenue, Alpha, NJ 08865. Third-class postage paid at symposium's technical highlights. Alpha, NJ. POST MAST ER: Send address changes to Society for Infor­ mation Display, 8055 West Manchester Avenue, Sui te 61 5, Playa del Rey, CA 90293. -Kenneth I. Werner PERMISSIONS: A bstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permilted to photocopy beyond the limi ts of the U.S. copyright law for private use o r patrons, providing a fee of $2.00 per anicle is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 21 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970 (reference serial code 0362-0972/ 88/ $2.00 + $0.00). Instruc­ tors are permitted to photocopy isolated a rticles for noncom­ mercial classroom usc without fcc. This permission docs not apply to any special reports or lists published in this magazine. For other copying, reprim or republication per­ mission, write lO Society for Information Display, 8055 West Manchester Avenue, Sui te 615, Playa del Rcy, CA 90293. Copyright c 1988 Society for Information Display. All rights reserved.

lnjormarion Display 3188 5 PS/2 graphics: fight or switch?

BY SusAN VERRECCHIA

WEN IBM introduced the PS/2 line standards originated when IBM unveiled by introducing a monochrome system that of personal computers in April 1987 , the the personal computer in 1981. Two video provides text and graphics resolutions of advantages cited for the models 50 and 60 modes were available on separate add-in 720 x 348 on monochrome displays. over their PC-AT predecessor and the boards. Users interested in graphics pur­ Users of the IBM monochrome display new Intel 80386-based model 80 were a chased an IBM color graphics adapter adapter had only to replace their MDA new internal microchannel bus tailored (CGA) card and an IBM color monitor. card with a Hercules card to obtain a fo r multiprocessing, the new OS/2 Those doing accounting and other previously unavailable 720 X 348 graphics operating system, and improved graphics numeric or text applications generally resolution. The reasonable resolution and with the new standard video graphics ar­ bought a monochrome system that includ­ low cost of the Hercules card and com­ ray (VGA). ed a monochrome display adapter (MDA) patible monochrome monitors were (and Few people doubt that OS/2 will card and a monochrome monitor. still are) appealing to a wide variety of become a popular operating system, but it In the early 1980s, PC graphics referred users. The original Hercules card can be is so new that we've yet to see applica­ almost exclusively to games. What obtained for $249. tions programs designed to run under it. developed into the CGA standard was Without OS/2, the microchannel bus's originally intended for home and game EGA stand ard reputed advantages are not evident, and use, rather than business use, and that ex­ In 1984, IBM responded to the demand some of IBM 's competitors question that plains many of its shortcomings. CGA for higher-resolution graphics and more bus's performance versus alternative ap­ operates in two resolution modes- graph­ colors with the enhanced graphics adapter proaches. That leaves the VGA graphics ics and text-only. Text-only mode pro­ (EGA). as the PS/ 2's greatest distinguishing vides a resolution of 640 x 200 and two To maintain compatibility with original feature for the near term. colors, from a palette of 16. The graphics CGA programs and monitors, the IBM How does VGA stack up against the mode offers two groups of four colors enhanced graphics adapter can drive a preceding PC graphics standards that now each, at a resolution of 320 X 200. The monitor at either the CGA horizontal compete with it? With third-party CGA's 8 x 8 character box gives text and scan rate of 15.75 kHz or an enhanced manufacturers currently building VGA numerical data a gra iny appearance, scan rate of 21.85 kHz. EGA supports 12 chips and boards for ATs, is upgrading reducing character legibility. video modes whose availability depends an AT to VGA standards attractive for The MDA solution provides a text-only upon the amount of memory installed on people who need VGA quality? Finally, is resolution of 720 x 348 and does not the board. The display's sharpness of VGA itself adequate for professional generate graphics. The monochrome detail is directly related to the technical engineering, graphics, and imaging ap­ system has gained more popularity than capabilities of the monitor and the plications, and what can add-on graphics the color system, largely because of its graphics adapter. boards provide in the way of better-than­ lower cost and greater text legibility. The T he best results are obtained from an VGA levels of quality? MDA's character box is 9 x 14 compared EGA card that contains 128K memory to the CGA's 8 x 8. With more pixels to Early standards and an enhanced graphics display (or work with, the basic character cell can be equivalent) that can generate mode 16 and The history of PC graphics "standards" more dense, making it more readable. provide a 640 x 350 image in 16 colors, is short but complicated. Today's de facto from a palette of 64. Text and data Hercules standard characters are formed in a matrix of 8 x Susan Verrecchia is marketing promotions Hercules Computer Technology addressed 14 pixels for greater readability than is coordinator at Matrox Electronic Systems, the limitations of CGA and MDA and available from CGA's 8 x 8 character Dorval, Quebec, Canada. ful fi lled the requirements of Lotus 1-2-3 matrix.

6 Information Display 3188 more rows, or more of each, making the boards extremely useful for word­ processing and spreadsheet applications. Although enhanced EGA cards have distinct differences, including prices rang­ ing from $395 to $795, they all have several features in common. They all con­ tain 256K bytes of video random access memory (RAM) and can em ulate CGA, MDA, and Hercules; they all offer 640 x 480 resolution in addition to the standard 640 x 350 modes, in 16 colors; and they all can operate on a multiple-scan-rate monitor.

PGA standard The year 1984 also saw the introduction of the professional graphics adapter (PGA), designed and manufactured for IBM by Vermont Microsystems to satisfy the needs of high-end graphics users. The PGA, commonly referred to as the PGC, is an "intelligent" board that per­ Photo: Matrox Electronic Systems forms some graphics functions on board. Fig. 1: Most standard graphics adapters for IBM and compatible personal computers, It is capable of providing a 640 x 480 including VGA, are "dumb" frame buffers. More money can buy an "intelligent" graphics resolution and 256 colors from a graphics processor that executes graphics primitives on board, resulting in greater speed color palette of 4096. But the modest and less load on the central processor. A few of the area primitives that can be drawn video improvements relative to EGA com­ by the Matrox PG2-1281 are shown above. Two hundred fifty-six colors can be bined with the several-thousand-dollar displayed simultaneously from a palette of 16.7 million. price tag for board and compatible monitor have sharply limited its use. The popularity of EGA has stimulated Sync can display up to 800 x 560 pixels third-party development of EGA­ and the Sony Multiscan up to 900 x 600. PS/2 standards compatible boards, most of which contain Eventually, multiscan monitors capable of IBM's PS/2 series has contributed a new the Chips and Technologies four chip set. displaying resolutions up to 1280 x 1024 set of graphics standards to the video in­ This chip set offers CGA and MDA and higher will become available, enabling dustry because these computers contain emulation, as does IBM's EGA card, and high-end graphics processors to utilize graphics adapters as standard mother­ also provides Hercules graphics emula­ their graphic resolution abilities. board features. These video adapters have tion. These compatible boards generally Vendors of video adaptors soon real­ a graphics resolution of 640 x 480 pixels contain a minimum of 128K, enabling a ized that it wasn't too difficult to produce and text-mode character boxes of 8 x 16 user to get 16 colors from the high­ an EGA board that could achieve a higher or 9 x 16. The adapters and monitors use resolution mode 16 and to use a resolution than the standard 640 x 350. analog signals and can generate 64 values 512-character set in text modes. EGA Consequently, users can purchase en­ fo r each of the red, green, and blue board prices range from $300 to $600. hanced EGA boards that are EGA 640 x primaries for a color palette of 262,144 During the past two years, enhanced 350 compatible and can also display colors, of which 256 can be simultaneous­ EGA or EGA plus boards have appeared. graphics and text resolutions of 640 x ly displayed. Unfortunately for users, the These boards offer higher resolution and 480. Some enhanced EGA adapters can improved color and resolution capabilities better text readability than standard EGA display 742 x 410 pixels and others as offered by the PS/2 series are virtually boards. The development of these video many as 800 x 600 pixels. These en­ unsupported by applications programs adapters was spurred by the introduction hanced EGA boards, however, require and will remain so fo r some time to come. of multiscan monitors, which can customized drivers for the relatively IBM 's low-end models 25 and 30, based automatically adjust their horizontal scan limited number of software applications on the Intel 8086 microprocessor, do not rate over a wide range to match the rate supporting 640 x 480. The majority of contain the microchannel bus and can be of the adapter card. Multiscan monitors programs, which do not support the seen as faster replacements for the old can handle CGA, EGA, PGC, and higher resolution, operate at standard PC-XT. They contain the multicolor sometimes VGA adapters in both digital EGA resolution. graphics adapter (MCGA), which (TTL) and analog modes, making it un­ In addition to higher resolution, emulates the two graphics modes of CGA necessary to purchase a separate monitor enhanced EGA boards offer improved and provides two others: 300 x 200 that is compatible with each video text capabilities over EGA boards because resolution with 256 colors or 640 x 480 adapter's scan rate. their character cells contain as many as 9 with two colors. In text mode, the MCGA These multiscan monitors have various x 14 pixels versus EGA's 8 x 14. They offers 16 colors and an 8 x 16 character resolution capabilities. The NEC Multi- can also display either more columns, box. MCGA does not offer EGA com-

Information Display 3188 7 patibility and, until vendors offer special­ Table 1: PS/ 2 Models ly modified versions, MCGA users can only obtain CGA resolution. Two IBM Model 25 Model 30 Model SO Model 60 Model 80 analog monitors are available to run MCGA graphics: the 8503 monochrome Base price< $1150 $1695 $3595 $5295 $6995 monitor ($250) and the 85 14 color monitor ($595). Bus architecture XT XT MCA MCA MCA The Intel 80286-based models 50 and 60 and the 80386-based model 80 contain a Processor 8086 8086 80286 80286 80386 VGA video adapter on the motherboard . 8 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz 10 MHz 16 MH z VGA can run applications designed for 20 MHz the previous video modes if they follow the rules of IBM's basic input-output Number of available 2- 8-bit 3- 8-bit 3- 16-bit 7- 16-bit 4- 16-bit system (BIOS). With its horizontal scan expansion slots 3- 32-bit rate of 31. 5 kHz, VGA adds new color Video modes CGA CGA M DA MDA MDA modes: a resolution of 640 x 480 in 16 MCGA MCGA CGA CGA CGA colors and 320 x 200 in 256 colors. EGA EGA EGA The new adapter is expected to broaden VGA VGA VGA the use of color in mainstream business 85 14A 8514A 85 14A applications, such as spreadsheets, and replace EGA as the dominant graphics No Yes Yes Yes OS/2 compatibility No standard in the PC market. Dataquest predicts that IBM's VGA chip shipments Monitor compatibility 8503 8503 8503 8503 8503 8512 8512 85 12 85 12 85 12 will rise from 1.2 million units in 1987 to 8513 85 13 85 13 3. 1 million in 1989. During the same time, 85 14 85 14 85 14 EGA chip shipments a re expected to fall

• Monitors are not included in base price of compu ters. steadily from 1. 1 million to 150,000 units per year.

Waiting for OS/2 The improved color and resolution capabilities of VGA figure prominently in the design of MS-OS/2 (Microsoft Operating System 2), the operating system fo r the 80286- and 80386-based PS/2 computers. MS-OS/ 2 supports multitask­ ing and networking capabilities, and will eventually include a graphical windowing environment called the Presentation Manager. When new applications soft­ ware appears, much of it will take advan­ tage of the VGA's graphics capabilities. But the fi rst version of OS/2, without the Presentation Manager, was not shipped until December, so it will be a while before applications software taking full advantage o f OS/2 is availa ble. It is not necessary to buy a PS/2 computer to take Total in-house design, manufacturing, advantage of OS/2 and VGA . Zenith and and testing capabilities Compaq, among other companies, are releasing their own licensed versions of Magnetic shielding and shielding grade alloys OS/2 that will run on their 10-MHz of all types .. . 80286-based computers containing 5 Mbytes of memory. These versions, like Send for our latest product literature IBM's, will not immediately include a graphical windowing environment, but it d;/~~ ~ nf~~fRADIATION is likely that future releases for 80286- u " ~' ~vr/~ LABORATORIES, INC. and 80386-based computers wi ll contain a compatible windowing in terface. These 92-A North Li vely Boule vard • El k Grove Vi ll age, Illinois 60007 OS/2 versions are expected to accom­ Phone: 1-312-437-5200 • TWX 510-601 -1013 modate the graphics and resolution capabilities o f add-on VGA boards. C ircle n o. 5 8 Information Display 3/ 88 Table 2: Standard Graphics and Text Modes

Board Mode Type Resolution Colors Rows x Cols. Char. Box LEVER·LOC® CUSTOM DISPLAY MDA 0, I Text 720 x 348 Monochrome 25 X 80 9 X 14 CONNECTORS CGA 0, I T ext 320 X 200 16 25 X 40 8 X 8 The Lever-Lee® series 2, 3 T ext 640 X 200 16 25 X 80 8 X 8 connectors are a fast. reliable 4, 5 Graphics 320 X 200 4 (two palettes) solution for interconnecting your 6 Graphics 640 X 200 2 (foreground flat panel display and driver pcb. selectable) A proven performer. Lever­ Lac® connectors are used for Hercules 7 Text 720 X 348 Monochrome 25 X 80 9 X 14 applications such as automotive 15 Graphics 720 X 348 Monochrome instrument clusters, avionics equipment and medical instrumentation. EGA 0, I Text 320 X 350 16/ 64 25 X 40 8 X 14 The unique "ramp" design 2, 3 Text 640 X 350 16/ 64 25 X 80 8 X 14 allows fast. easy installation with a 7 Text 720 X 350 Monochrome 25 X 80 8 X 14 low insertion force. Pressure 4, 5 Graphics 320 X 200 4/ 64 contacts provide a reliable 6 Graphics 640 X 200 2/ 64 interface to the display apron and 13 Graphics 320 X 350 16/ 64 can be provided on .050". .075 ". 14 Graphics 640 X 200 16/ 64 .100 " or 2mm spacing. 15 Graphics 640 X 350 Monochrom e Each Lever-Lac~ connector is custom designed by Teledyne 16 Graphics 640 X 350 16/ 64 Kinetics to meet ~ our customer's ~ -., MCGA 0, l Text 320 X 400 16/262, 144 25 X 40 8 X 16 requirements. ? 2, 3 Text 640 X 400 16/262, 144 25 X 80 8 X 16 The display 4, 5 Graphics 320 X 200 4/262, 144 apron a cts as 6 Graphics 640 X 200 2/262, 144 a "fever" to pruvid~ Graphics 2/ 262, 144 17 640 X 480 a mechanical advantage 19 Graphics 320 X 200 256/ 262, 144 over the pressure contacts. The display Is then slid into p lace. providing a VGA 0, l Text 320 X 400 16/ 262, 144 25 X 40 9 X 16 wipin g action. 2, 3 Text 720 X 400 16/ 262, 144 25 X 80 9 X 16 7 Text 720 X 400 Monochrome 25 X 80 9 X 16 Call today 4, 5 Graphics 320 X 200 4/262, 144 for a free catalog 6 Graphics 640 X 200 2/262, 144 Continental USA 13 Graphics 320 X 200 16/ 262, 144 14 Graphics 640 X 200 16/262, 144 1·800-344·4334 15 Graphics 640 X 350 Monochrome California Only 16 Graphics 640 X 350 16/262, 144 1·800-992-9988 17 Graphics 640 X 480 2/262, 144 18 Graphics 640 X 480 16/262, 144 19 Graphics 320 X 200 256/262, 144 ..,~TELEDYNE KINETICS 4 10 S. Cedros Avenue Third-party manufacturers may even pro­ Third-party vendors have been quick to Solana Beach. CA 92075 vide drivers for popular applications soft­ take advantage of the market opportunity (619) 755-1181 ware, so existing versions of these pro­ that VGA offers. Paradise and Tseng Easy Link 628 77770 grams can take advantage of VGA-Ievel Labs, among others, have developed graphics or higher-level graphics VGA-compatible products for both OEMs capabilities that their boards may offer. and end users. Many vendors have chosen the VGA "functional equivalency" ap­ Enhanced graphics on small machines proach to avoid infringing upon IBM's Although OS/2 was designed with VGA chip design. They will probably offer in mind, VGA does not require OS/2. In enhancements like additional display fact, IBM has announced the VGA Per­ modes, more on-screen colors, and sonal System/ 2 Display Adaptor to pro­ special-application drivers to provide vide VGA capabilities for the existing added value at prices competitive with the base of IBM PCs. This adapter will IBM PS/2 display adapter's price of $599. generally be slower than the motherboard It should be noted that current third­ VGA since it employs an 8-bit bus for party VGA adapters for non-PS/2 compatibility with PC systems and low­ machines are not perfect clones of the end PS/2 systems, not the 16-bit bus of VGA hardware registers built into the the higher-end PS/2 systems. PS/2 models 50, 60, and 80. Even IBM Circle no. 6 Information Display 3/ 88 9 does not claim that its VGA display Quadram, for example, feel that IOOOJo compatible with the IBM VGA display adapter is completely compatible with the hardwa re register compatibility is impossi­ adapter and close to completely compati­ motherboard VGA. ble without the reverse engineering of ble with the models 50, 60, and 80 VGA. For operational compatibility, however, IBM 's original chip sets. Thomas Van an adapter must communicate with the Overbeek of Paradise, however, feels that Does VGA a workstation make? BIOS exactly as does IBM's VGA. For there will be an enormous temptation for VGA offers increased resolution and more those boards that do not, special drivers software developers to write directly to colors, but its highest resolution, 640 x will be required to write to the BIOS. the hardware instead of to the BIOS 480 (which some enhanced EGA boards There is some dispute among vendors because writing to the BIOS tends to slow also display), is too low for the complex over the necessity of complete hardware applications down. Paradise, as a result, drawings required by high-level computer­ register compatibility. Video 7 and is planning a board that will be 100% aided design (CAD) applications. Moreover, the VGA's performance in its high-resolution mode tends to be sluggish because central prcessing unit (CPU) ac­ cess to video RAM is slow. Since VGA, like EGA and CGA, is a " dumb" frame WORLDS BEST? buffer and cannot execute drawing primitives (like line and polygon PHOTOMETER HEADS WITH algorithms) on board, these functions must be executed by the CPU [Fig. !]. UNEXCELLED PHOTOPIC CORRECTION This means that the CPU cannot do anything else while graphics commands • Virtually perfect photopic filter correction- -- no correction factors! are being executed. Complex drawings • Less than 1% error due to photopic fit, even for colored sources. could tie up the processor, creating • Very accurate cosine correction available as an option. throughput bottlenecks and degrading • Temperature stabilization to 0.01 % temp co as an option. overall system performance. IBM has at­ • Aged, selected and very stable silicon detectors used. tempted to address these performance deficiencies with an add-in graphics con­ troller, the 85 14A display adapter. The Mosaic filters of the type construc­ Not to be neglected is the temper­ 85 14A, intended for desktop publishing ted by LMT have a reputation for ature control option. Temperature and !ow-end CAD applications, is an being the best in the world! Who coefficients of typical silicon photo­ "intelligent" graphics processor that is are we to argue? What does it take metrically corrected heads is about capable of a noninterlaced display resolu­ 0.1% per degree celsius. With to make a filter of this accuracy? tion of 640 x 480 in 256 colors and an Lots of care and many measure­ temperature control it becomes interlaced display resolution of I 024 X ments. As a matter of fact, we 0.01% per degree celsius to enable 768 in 16 colors or 1024 x 1024 in 256 measure each filter-detector comb­ you to take full advantage of the colors. (Additional 4-bit-plane upgrade is ination an average of 8 times unexcelled photopic fit. optional.) before it has the fit we are looking The 8514A is compatible with all four for. When completed, we make a IBM monitors, but only the 85 14 color final measurement and the tabular monitor (at a price of $1550) can display data and a plotted curve are sent the 85!4A's higher resolutions. to you along with the detector head. In the very rare instance when you need to apply a correc­ Competition at the high end tion factor, you can calculate one An early competi tor for the 85 14A is the with the data provided. Control Systems Artist 10/ 16 VGA. The Control Systems board, which supprts the Need cosine correction? This can PS/2 models 60 and 80, costs $2995, be added to the head as an option. more than twice the IBM 85 14A display Of course, the cosine correction adapter, which lists for $1290 (or $1560 has world class qualities to match with the 8-bit-plane o ption). It provides a the photopic fit. You also get plott­ 1024 X 768 noninterlaced display and a ed and tabular data of the Mosaic filter construction 1024 x 1024 interlaced display. It has I measured cosine fit. Mbyte of graphics memory and can ex­ hibit 16 colors from a palette of 4096. The Artist 10/ 16 VGA, which incor­ porates the Hitachi ACRTC processor, In North America: All others: can draw 20-pixel-long vectors at a rate of LMT LM T Lichtmesstechnik GmbH Berlin P.O. Box 85666MB116 Helmhollzstrasse 9 65,000 per second. San Oiego, CA 92138 0 1000 Berlin 1o . West Germany Users who need higher graphics Phone: 619·271-7474 Phone: 49-30-393-4028 capability than the 85 14A provides can choose an add-on board such as the Circle no . 7 10 lnformalion Display 3188 PG2-1281 from Matrox. The PG2-1281 is BIOS, or if not, that special drivers are receives the motherboard YGA; has the a high-resolution graphics controller that provided. It is a rare third-party VGA immediate option of acquiring the only performs for PS/2 microchannel-based manufacturer that does not have a few version of OS/2 available right now; is systems the same functions the company's bugs to iron out before its board runs put in line for the first version of OS/2 to PG-1281 board performs for AT­ smoothly. include the Presentation Manager; and is compatible 80286- and 80386-based If multitasking is needed, OS/2 will be 1 eligible for IBM service and support. machines. The high resolution and speed available for properly con figured AT But fo r some professional graphics and capabilities of the PG-1281 and PG2-1281 clones and the growing number of 80386 engineering applications, even VGA quali­ put them in the professional graphics machines. ty may not be enough. Then an investiga­ workstation league. The PG2-1281 pro­ Buying an 80286 or 80386 PS/2 from tion of available professional-quality vides a 1280 x 1024 noninterlaced display IBM has decided advantages: the user graphics boards is needed. • with 256 colors from palettes of 4096 or 16.7 million. The board is based on the Texas Instruments TMS340!0 processor and adds custom gate arrays for speeds of 12.5 million bit-block transfers (BITBLT) per second and 100,000 2D vectors per se­ cond. The PG2-1281 also contains an on­ board display list, eliminating the time re­ quired to load the series of commands needed to perform functions, like PAN and ZOOM, across the bus interface to the board fo r processing. Consequently, the redraw time of an image is lessened. The PG2- 1281 provides a single-screen solution by enabling PS/2 VGA data to be displayed on the same high-resolution monitor. The PG2-12RI offers several op­ tions: virtual device interface (VDI) and color graphics interface (CGI) drivers and a special autocad driver. At $3495, the PG2-128 1 is not inexpensive, but an ar­ chitect, engineer, or designer who does a lot of redrawing can more than double his or her productivity with this kind of board. The ability to display a CAD im­ age that is nearly as sharp as a pen-and­ paper image can significantly reduce operator fatigue and make presentation documents affordable at the early stages of the design process. Mitsubishi, RCA, Philips, Sony and Hitachi, among others, produce analog monitors capable of displaying the PG2-128 1's resolution of 1280 x 1024.

The next stage IBM's introduction of the PS/2 series has stimulated many users to reevaluate the capabilities of their present personal com­ puters, without necessarily concluding they should buy PS/2s. If the processing power of a current PC or AT is adequate and the single task o rientation of MS-DOS is suitable, enhanced graphics ability can be had simply by adding an appropriate add-on (Clf® graphics board (either from IBM or a third party) and a monitor compatible CONNECTOR CORPORATION 6025 N. Keystone Ave. • Chicago, IL 60646-5290 • 312/539-3108 with that board. Those purchasing a TWX 910-221-6059 • FAX 312/539-3825 third-party YGA board should ensure that it is software compati ble with IBM's See us at SID '88, Booth 216 Circle no. 8 Information Display 3/ 88 11 A very brief digital image processing primer•

1 BY BRUCE MACKIE \

DIGITAL image processing (DIP) con­ application, a user need only select those tion kernels-the sets of weighting factors sists of collecting data from a relatively boards required to implement the that multiply the pixel values in the con­ harsh environment known as the analog necessary algorithms. The preprocessed volution. The Nyquist dx gradient kernel domain (the world we live in), converting data, which constitutes a greatly reduced [Fig. 5a], for example, is a "horizontal it to the more stable and predictable data set, is then presented to a general­ edge fi lter." When applied to the image digital domain (where computer circuitry purpose computer for analysis. Often, the of Fig. I, it suppresses horizontal edges resides), manipulating the data digitally, image-processing boards are designed to [Fig. 2]. The Nyquist dy gradient [Fig. 5b] and reconverting it to an analog image. fit into available slots in the general­ does the same for vertical edges [Fig. 3], During this process, the usual profusion purpose computer, though the image­ as does the Nyquist diagonal gradient of information in the analog source is processing system sometimes requires a [Fig. 5c] for northwest edges [Fig. 4). (A selectively reduced to the minimum re­ separate c hassis. similar filter suppresses northeast edges.) quired for effective decision making. Image processing incorporates three Applied DIP is the direct result of types of operations. Quality enhancements Analysis mathematical shortcuts developed prior to are manipulations of an image's bright­ Images are analyzed to derive useful im­ the digital-computing era and updated ness characteristics, including contrast, age characteristics. Dramatic changes in during the I960s and 1970s. The dynamic range, and spatial distribution. average brightness, for instance, could integrated-circuit technology of the 1980s Image transformations such as rotation, signal the need for scaling the input im­ made it possible to construct DIP engines zooming, panning, and warping are usual­ age's dynamic range to keep it within that were so cost effective that DIP is ly included in this category. Analysis is system capabilities. Some image process­ now becoming mass marketable, and a the derivation of numerical values that ing boards derive a brightness histogram variety of imaging companies are im­ characterize aspects of the image. Coding of the incoming image [Fig. 6a] and per­ plementing the technology. is the representation of an image in a par­ form a histogram equalization on that ticular way-often the way that requires captured image [Fig. 6b]. One engine per task the minimum amount of information. T ypically, once an image has been ac­ Coding quired, it is subjected to a series of Quality enhancements algorithms before the processed data can Coding can be the most important stage be presented to a computer for decisions. When the edges of objects interest us [as of image preprocessing when final Not long ago, a large general-purpose in Fig. I], we can utilize the mathematical analysis is performed with a computer us­ computer would be programmed to imple­ technique of spatial filtering to enhance ing the traditional Von Neuman architec­ ment each of these algorithms. Now, the edges. ture. It is at this stage, after all of the si ngle-board specia l-purpose computers, One kind of spatial filtering, finite im­ enhancement and analysis processes have or compute engines, are available for each pulse response (FIR) filtering-specifically been performed, that the image is reduced of the common algorithms. For a given D FIR filtering (convolution)-replaces to a minimum descriptive set. the brightness value of a pixel with a Filtering an image to reduce noise, scal­ weighted average of the values of the pix­ ing it to a predictable dynamic range, and els surrounding it. When performed on spatially enhancing potential key features I Bruce Mackie is director of sales and each pixel in an image, convolutions can are generally intermediate steps on the marketing for Datacube, Inc. , of produce dramatic and highly useful way to a greater end. If that end is to Peabody, Massachusells. H e has a transformations. Moreover, the same con­ analyze images with a general-purpose B.S. E.£. degree from the University of volution algorithm can produce varying computer, those images must have extrac­ Rhode Island. results when used with different convolu- table features.

12 Information Display 3188 •.. I

Photo: Datacube, Inc. Photo: Datacube, Inc. Fig. 1: An original test image prior to processing. Fig. 2: The image of Fig. I after processing with the horizontal edge filter of Fig. 5a.

/'

_/ ______,

Photo: Datacube, Inc. Photo: Datacube, Inc. Fig. 3: The image of Fig. 1 after processing with the vertical Fig. 4: The image of Fig. I after processing with the diagonal edge filter of Fig. 5b. edge f ilter of Fig. 5c.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2

0 0 I 0 ·I • 0 0 0 0 I 2 I 0 0 0 -2

0 0 2 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ·2

0 0 I 0 ·I 0 0 0 • 0 · I ·1 •I 0 0 • ·2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ·1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .,

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 5: The Nyquist 8 X 8 dx gradient (a) is a convolution kernel that filters horizontal edges out of an image when used in an ap­ propriate convolution algorithm. Applying this kernel to Fig. I produced the image in Fig. 2. Th e Nyquist 8 x 8 dy gradient (b) filters vertical edges out of an image. When Fig. I is the input, Fig. 3 is the result. The Nyquist 8 x 8 diagonal gradient (c) filters northwest edges out of an image (see Fig. 4 for the result).

Information Display 3188 13 (a) (b)

Photo: Datacube, tnc. Fig. 6: "Histogram equalization " scales the dynamic range of an input image (a) to an image having a predictable range of values (b).

In some metrology applications, for in­ "feature list extraction" can provide the to determine the object's shape and, stance, the host computer must determine two-dimensional addresses of all pixels in therefore, whether to proceed with de­ whether a particular image classifies as the image having a particular gray-scale tailed measurement calculations. an object that should be measured. A value. This address listing can be used T he power of dedication Each stage of image processing can con­ sume a lot of computing power. For in­ stance, performing an 8 x 8 convolution on a 512 X 512 pixel image, as was done in each of our edge-suppression examples, When you need requires on the order of 64 x 5 12 x 512, or 17 million, operations. Datacube's high-voltage power supplies 64-point convolving board, the VFIR MK for ll, will do this and other kinds of finite LASER, CRT, PMT, IMAGING TUBE and X-RAY systems, impulse response filtering in one or two dimensions at a continuous rate of 640 we'll deliver production quantities within million integer operations (multiply­ accumulates) per second. Doing this with a Von Neu man-type computer pro­ grammed for the task requires a super­ computer that costs roughly a million 91 days dollars-130 times the $7800 price of a VFIR MK II. Clearly, it is now far more of prototype approval cost-effective to use special-purpose com­ pute engines for the common digital Custom high-voltage power image-processing functions and to devote supplies to meet your system Call1-800 634-0740 the flexibility of the general-purpose com­ applications are our business. puter to those functions that require it. W ith experienced people and In Connecticut, call 792-7820 am ple quality-controlled facil­ This approach allows systems based on ities, we go all-out to satisfy your large computers to be faster and more new-project schedules. FAX 1-203 743-3370 cost effective, and it permits capable im­ Along w ith our United States age processing systems to be based on p roduction, we now sell MIL host computers as small as an IBM P C­ high-voltage power supplies AT or compatible. made in the U.K. for your ground­ International based and airborne systems. IHVE is the sole outlet in North High voltage Notes America for Bonar Wallis Electronics, Inc. 1Digital Image Processing by Gregory A. Electronics. Baxus (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice­ Give us a call. Finance Drive Danbury, CT 06810 Hall, 1984) is an excellent introductory textbook. • Circle no. 9 14 Information Display 3188 SID '88 preview

SID '88, THE I988 International Sym­ thur Kaiman, director of digital products •A 1,000,000-pixel color TFT-LCD posium, Seminar, and Exhibition of the research at the David Sarnoff Research measuring 6Y. x 6Y. in. will be described Society for Information Display, will be Center, will define, explain, and by D.E. Castleberry and G.E. Possin of held May 23-27 at the Disneyland Hotel demonstrate "Digital Video Interactive" General Electric's Corporate Research & in Anaheim, California. technology in his keynote presentation. Development. The authors will explain the SID '88 will feature 20 technical ses­ DVI is a new technology thai combines in device design, repair method, and the sions running concurrently on Tuesday, one system, under the control of a per­ grlly-scale drive electronics of the most Wednesday, and Thursday (May 24-26); sonal computer, the capabilities of a com­ complex TFT-LCD yet disclosed. the largest exhibit of display manufac­ puter graphics system, a video system, (paper 13 .I) turers in SID's history (I29 booths); and a and an audio system. •The special emphasis on vehicular two-day seminar which will be presented Off-the-record informal panel discus­ displays in SID '87 has carried over to on Monday and Friday of the conference sions have been scheduled for Tuesday SID '88 as exemplified by " The Display week (May 23 and May 27). evening (May 24). For SID '88 this System for an Express-Turbine Concept The SID '88 seminar will have two popu tar feature will include three parallel Vehicle." This paper by E.J. Elkins and parallel sessions of six lectures each and sessions: Stereoscopic Viewing Systems, D.J. Brandt of Delco Electronics will will begin with a common session for all LCD Reliability, and CRT Measurement. describe the design and implementation of registrants, "Overview of Display From a record number of submissions, a CRT-based primary display for a Technology," presented by Walter F. 107 papers were selected by the SID '88 Chevrolet test vehicle. Both hardware and Goede of Northrop. Leading scientists program committee for presentation this software aspects will be included. and engineers representing industry, year. Each presentation of 20 minutes is (paper 10.3) academia, and government from the followed by a 5-minute interval for ques­ United States, Europe, and Asia will pro­ tions to the speaker. At the end of each • "Fabrication Techniques for a 20-in. vide both tutorial and timely information day, the SID-pioneered hour-long author Color Plasma Panel" by T. Katoh et al. on the following topics: Human Interface interview sessions provide an opportunity of the NHK Science and Technical Design, Display Measurement, Anti­ for in-depth discussions and Research Laboratories was motivated by Aliasing and Image Quality, Input demonstrations. the desire to demonstrate a thin light Devices, Printing and Desktop Publishing, For SID '88, the distribution of large-screen display for home use in Workstation Architecture, TFT and LCD technical sessions is as follows: four on HDTV systems. (paper 9.1) Active Matrix, LCDs with High Informa­ human factors; three on active-matrix •Three of the active-matrix LCD papers tion Content, Color Emissive Flat Panels LCDs; two each on printing, CRTs, and on color are "A 10-in.-Diagonal High­ (Electroluminescent and P lasma), Large­ large-screen systems. Other sessions are Resolution Active-Matrix Color LCD Screen and Projection Displays, High­ on workstations, electroluminescence, Module" [(640 x 3) x 450 pixels) by K. De finition Television (HDTV), and the automotive and airborne displays, 3D Niki et al. from Mitsubishi (paper I7 .4); CRT: Present and Future. displays, and other flat-panel technolo­ "High-Resolution Full-Color LCDs Ad­ Revolutionary concepts of control and gies. Five of the six papers in the plasma dressed by Double-Layered Gate-Insulator display will be the challenge given to display session are about color. a-Si TFTs" (480 x 640 pixels) by M. display designers by the keynote, Dr. The SID '88 advance program, to be Katayama et al. of Sharp, which reports Thomas A. Furness of the Armstrong distributed in March, will include a brief on improved stability and a redundant Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory description of each of the technical TFT-array design (paper 17.I); and at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base·in his papers. The following is a sampling of "Multicolor Display Using a Double­ address, "Harnessing Virtual Space." Ar- papers from each technical session. Layered Supertwisted Nematic LCD" by

Information Display 3/88 15 N. Kimura et a!. of Sharp, which •Comparisons of spatial quality and discloses a prototype color LCD display overall quality of images produced by the of 200 x (384 x 3) pixels with a contrast RG BG quad, ROB diagonal, and RO B ratio better than 15 : I (paper 5.4). triad are presented by a team of Honeywell researchers (F. Gomer et al.) •H. Oshima and his collegues at Seiko in "A Perceptual Basis fo r Comparing Epson will describe a technique to Pixel Selection Algorithms for Binary minimize parasitic capacitance in a large­ Color Matrix Displays." (paper 22.4) area LCD in their paper, "9.5-in. P oly-Si TIT-LCD with New Transistor Con­ •M. Green and P. Lyon of Evans & figuration." (paper 21.4) "A 960 x 240 Sutherland will show how " A User­ Pixel Multicolor Supertwisted Nematic Friendly Computer-Human Interface for Display" by K. Sawada et al. of Asahi Aligning and Edge Matching Multicha nnel Glass presents the design of a 9-in. multi­ Projector Systems" may be achieved plexed display. (paper 5.5) through the use of menu-oriented soft­ ware. (paper 7.6) •Liquid Cl ystals find application not only in displays but in printers as well. A • Companion papers, "The Interference scanned color printing system for produc­ Filter Projection TV C RT" (L. Vriens et ing 512 x 480 pixel continuous-tone color al.) and " Optical Aspects of the Inter­ images on special papers is explained in ference Filter Projection CRT" (J .A. "Electronic Color Printing with a Liquid­ Clarke et al.) from Philips Research Crystal Light Modulator on Low­ Laboratories, give design considerations Sensitivity Photographic Materials" by for a rear-projection system using dielec­ the AT&T Bell Laboratories team of R. V. tric interference filters which lead to a Kollarits, D.C. Gibbon, and W.H . Ninke. 5007o gain in brightness a long with better (paper 11. 1) saturation and a reduction in chromatic aberration. (papers 12. 1 and 12.2) • A paper by Ph.D. candidate Peter C. Bt:n.ldle-Hilge of the Technical University •The design of graphic benchmarks to of Munich is one of seven student-au­ probe specific functional responses is thored presentations. His "Study of the presented along with the results on four Electrodynamic Effect in a Transducer fo r commercial workstation products in the Ejection of Ink Droplets" will de­ "Graphic Benchmarks for Real-Time C3 PEG scribe the use of a model and simulation Applications" by J. L. Conway and J. R. to design a more effective mechanism. Leger of The MITRE Corp. (paper 19. 1) CRT BULBS (paper 15 .3) •In the session on I / 0 , L. Tanne and R. •The thermal behavior of the composite Marsden, both students at the University • Continuous Process Control structure of a resistive heater in a thermal of Alberta (Canada), will describe a func­ ink-jet printhead is investigated by M. tional prototype of a system to provide a • More Uniform Wall Tirumula and F. Lee of IBM in their more efficient method of communicating Thickness " Thermal Analysis of Thermal Ink-Jet for nonverbal individuals. Their paper • 1/2" to 7" Diameter Range Heater Structure." Results reveal some " Display-Enhanced Speech Prosthesis" important information on spatial tempera­ will describe a M68000-based system using • Low Tooling Cost ture time history, peak temperatures, heat a flat-panel backlit LCD display. • Prototype Design Work flux magnitudes a nd distribution, and (paper 14.2) • cooling times for different material sets • Better than Machine Made CALL FOR PAPERS: EL-88 Round CRT Bulbs a nd configurations. (paper 15. I) •A 3D system capable of producing a The Leader in Hand-Crafted brightness o f 240 fL on a 50-in.-diagonal Fourth International Workshop on Electroluminescence. October 11 -14, CRT Bulb Blanks screen is descri bed by M. Muro et al. of Tottori, Japan. Topics of interest in­ For details call 609/691-2234. the Univeristy of Tokyo in "Brightness Amplifying 3D TV Projection System cl ude: basic physics o f luminescence; with a Copper Laser." (paper 7 .2) materials, processing technology, and characterization; color EL; thin-film • Tektronix engineers P . Bos, T. Haven, EL panels; and powder EL panels. a nd L. Vi rgin will talk about the design Send three copies of a two-page considerations for a 3D video system us­ PRECISION ELECTRONIC abstract, double-spaced, including full ing liquid-crystal shutters with a CRT in mailing address of author, to: Dr. GlASS, INC. their presentation "High-Performance 3D Masaru Yoshida, Central Research 1013 Hendee Road Viewi ng System Using Passive Glasses." Laboratories, Sharp Corp., Vineland, NJ 08360 (paper 23. 1) Ichinomoto, Tenri, Nara 632, Japan. FAX: 609/ 691 -3090 Deadline for abstracts: May 3 I Circle no. 10 16 Information Display 3/ 88 t

Delta or Aorta? Which is Which? No problem here because both of these images were processed on Raytheon's new TDU-850 Thermal Display Unit. The TDU-850 is the only thermal recorder to display true grey levels (not mere halftone representations) at such high speeds and resolutions. Utilizing 203 dots per inch, the unit offers 64 grey levels and can provide 256 grey levels through the use of super pixels. The TDU-850 is your assurance of high quality im ages. Standard units about $5,000. (Slightly higher overseas). RS-170 video and IEEE-488 computer interfaces are available. When you must know what you're looking at, look for equipment that knows what to look for. For details call or write Marketing Manager, Recorder Products, Raytheon Company, Submarine Signal Division, 1847 West Main Road, Portsmouth, RI 02871-1087. Phone: (401) 847-8000. Raytheon

A. Satellite view of river delta. B. Arterial angiogram. Note: These began as continuous tone images which were processed in black and grey by a TDU-850. The TDU-850 images, however, had to be converted to conventional halftones in order to be shown in this magazine. Thus the high quality of the original TDU-850 images have been obscured. For true results ask to see a demonstration.

Circle no. 11 Information Display 3/ 88 17 1988 ISCC/SID Joint Meeting I CRT to Hard Copy in Color May 9-10, 1988 Sheraton Inner Harbor Hotel Baltimore, Maryland

General Chairman Program Chairman I• Nick Hale, President Lawrence E. Tannas, Jr., President Hale Color Consultants, Inc. Tannas Electronics Phoen ix, MD Orange, CA

Within sight of the USS Constellation in Baltimore's inner The Colorimetric Cal ibration of a CRT Imaging System harbor, the Inter-Society Color Council {ISCC) and the Socie­ for Color Appearances Research ty for Information Display {SID) will hold their first joint Ricardo J. Motta, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, meeting May 9-10. The conference is entitled "CRT to Hard CA Copy in Color." At a dinner Tuesday evening, SID will Roy S. Berns, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, explore the reinstatement of its Washington, DC , Chapter. NY An Evaluation of Methods for Produc ing Specific Co lors Monday Afternoon, May 9 on CATs Hard-Copy Technology David L. Post, Christopher S. Calhoun, AAMRUHEA, Wright­ Patterson Air Force Base, OH Session Chairperson: Lawrence E. Tannas. Jr., Tannas Electronics, Orange, CA Tuesday Afternoon, May 10 Co-Chairperson: Justin J. Ren nilson, Advanced Retro CRT to Hard Copy Technology, La Mesa, CA Session Chairperson: Gary K. Starkweather, Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA Problems and Standards (Invited Paper) Warren L. (Dusty) Rhodes, ChromaTech, Inc., Altadena, CA Co-Chairperson: Ross N. Mills, IBM Corp., Boulder, CO

Color and the Hard-Copy Printer A Matrix Color Correction Scheme for Co lor Electroni c Ross N. Mills, IBM Corp., Boulder, CO Printers A Colorimetric Halftoning Algorithm for Four-Color Gary K. Starkweather, Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA Printers Optimizing the Principles of Digital Color Reproduction Peter G. Engeldrum, lmcotek, Inc., Bloomfield, CT on the Basis of Visual Assessment of Reproduced Peter A. Zuber, Colorocs Corp., Norcross, GA Images Algorithms for Fast Color Correction Pekka Laihanen, Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo, A.W. Paeth, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Finland Color Representation in Page Description Languages Tektronix HVC: A Uniform Perceptual Co lor System for Robert Buckl ey, Mary Ann Dvonch, Paul Roetling, Xerox Display Users Webster Research Center, Webster, N Y Joann M. Taylor, Gerald M. Murch, Paul A. Mc Manus, Tek tronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR Tu esday Morning, May 10 Printing Computer Graphics Imagery CRT Technology Maureen C. Stone, Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA Session Chairperson: Gerald M. Murch, Tektronix, Inc., CRT to Print: An Empirical Procedure Beaverton, OR Mik Lamming, Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA Warren Rhodes, ChromaTech, Inc., Altadena, CA Co-Chairperson: William J. Lloyd, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA Poster Session Fidelity and Cons istency of Color in a CRT Session Chairperson: Paula J. Alessi, Eastman Kodak Co., Gus F. Carroll, Carroll Consulting Co .. Los Gatos, CA Rochester, NY Characterization of CRT and Hard-Copy Devices: Theory William B. Cowan, National Research Council, Ottawa, Tu esday Evening, May 10 SID Dinner to Reinstitute the Washington, DC, Chapter Ontario, Canada For dinner reservations , call SID Headquarters Office Characterization of CRT and Hard-Copy Devices: Instrumentation Manager, Bettye Burdett, 2131305-1502. For conference Justin J. Rennilson, Advanced Retro Technology, La Mesa, reg istration forms, call Dr. Norman Burningham, CA 7161477-7466.

18 Information Display 3/88 MAKE FAST, COMPREHENSIVE, AUTOMATIC CRT MEASUREMENTS WITH THE SUPERSPOT 100 FROM MICROVISION

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The SUPERSPOT 100 System coupled with the SPOTSEEKER II Positioning System (with --.... Automatic Focus) allows fully automatic 11111111111111 111111111111111111111 111 - characterizat ion of Color and Monochrome CRT Displays without operator intervention. II II ·::.. ·. :-:-:-:· ·. ·... · \ " ' Measures: • Luminance (Footlamberts & Nits) • Line Width, Including Color Line Width (Gaussian Fit) (1 Second) • Color Misconvergence (2 Seconds) • Linearity, Pincushion and Focus • Line Jitter, Swim and Drift • Contour Maps of Spots, Lines or Characters (10 Seconds) • Beam Landing & Crowding • FFT for Discrete Frequency Spectra (1 024 points in one second) • High Voltage Regulation Tests • Real Time Display of Beam Intensity Profile (20 Frames/Second Display) • Disk Data Logging • MTF Provides: • Pattern Generation for Tests • Adjustable Cursors for Feature Analysis

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Circle no. 12 [)raW' from a full line Corning now offers more than 120 diameters are consistently held to types of small special-purpose CRT w ithin 0.005", and alignment of bulbs, ranging in size from .5" to 17", centerface to neck varies no more in round, rectangular, and fiber optic than 0.040". designs. Ca ll on Corning for all your bulb Non-browning bulbs are also avail­ needs. You can order off-the-shelf, able for optimum performance dis­ or we can custom design bulbs to plays in high-voltage applications. your specs. And the superior light transmission To get free technical of Corning bulbs offers the bright­ information about ness required for military applica­ Corning's CRT bulbs, tions, such as cockpit displays. circle the reader service number. We can also deliver small bulbs w ith precision tolerances for high­ resolution applications. Neck

,l,' Materials Business Corning Glass Works MP 21-3-4 Corning, NY 14831 (607) 974-4305

Circle no. 13 Information Display 3188 19 Page Microvision Ad-Vance Magnetics, Inc...... 4 Ad-Vance Magnetics, Inc. Minolta Corp. AEG Corp. Apple Computer, Inc ...... 21 Mitsubishi Chemical Industries Alphasil, Inc. CELCO: Constantine Engineering Labs. Co ...... 23 Amuneal ManufaciUring Corp. A merica, Inc. Mitsubishi Electronics America Inc. Applied Films Lab, Inc. Connector Corp ...... 11 Monitro nix Corp. ' Corning Glass Works ...... 19 Murata-Erie North America, Ltd. Babcock Display Products Ektron Applied Imaging ...... 22 Ball Electronic Systems Div. NEC Electronics, Inc. BDH Lid. Hoya Electronics Corp...... 2 NEC Home Electronics (USA), Inc. Bendix Corp. International High Voltage Electronics, Inc ...... 14 Brewer Science, Inc. Norden Div. Uni ted Technologies Corp. LMT ...... 10 NYN EX Science & Technology Canon, Inc. Leader Instruments Corp ...... C2 Cardion Electronics OKI Electric Industry Co., Ltd. Litton Electron Devices ...... 24 CELCO Cherry Electrical Products Corp. Optical Coating Lab., Inc. Magnetic Radiation Laboratories, Inc...... 8 Clifton Precision/Special Devices Optical Radiation Corp. M 'I Cr OVI..SIOn ...... •...... , ...... 19 Clinton Electronics Corp. Orwin Associates, Inc. Ovonic Imaging Systems, Inc. Photo Research SpectraMetrics ...... C4 Computing Devices Co. Connector Corp. P recision Electronic Glass, Inc ...... 16 Penn-Tran Corp. Conrac Corp. Quantum Data ...... 1 Corning Glass Works Philips Electronics, Ltd. Phosphor Products Co., Ltd. Raytheon Co ...... 17 Photonics Technology Dale Electronics Sharp Electronics ...... 21 Planar Systems, Inc. Data Images Plasmaco, Inc. Southwest Vacuum Devices , Inc ...... 21 David Sarnoff Research Center Inc Digital Electronics Corp. ' . Plessey Naval Systems Syntronic Instruments, Inc ...... C3 Precision Electronic Glass, Inc. Displays Inc. Teledyne Kinetics ...... 9 PTK/ Rantec Div. Emerson Electric Co. DISCOM/ Display Components, Inc. Quantum Data In c. 3M Co ...... 22 EEV, Inc. VuTek Systems, Inc ...... 22 Racal Microelectronic Systems EG&G Gamma Scientific Rank-Brimar, Ltd. Electronic Display Systems, Inc. Electro-Plasma, Inc. Raytheon Co. Endicott Research Group, Inc. The Re port Store Ricoh Co., Ltd. Ferranti-Packard Electronics Ltd. Rogerson Kratos Corp. Futaba Corp. ' SAl Technology Co. SID Executive Committee Definitions & Standards: P. Keller Honors & Awards: W. Howard GEC Avionics, Inc. Sanders Associates, Inc. President: J .A. van Raahe Schott America-Glass & Scientific lntersociety: A.l. Lakatos General Atronics Corp. Vice President: L. Tannas, Jr. Memberships: R. Feigenblatt General Electric Co. Products, Inc. Treasurer: \V. Goede Sigmatron Nova, Inc. Nominations: I. F. Chang, G. Carroll, GM L Information Services Secretary: P. Pleshko Singer-Librascope T. DuPuis GTE Past President: I. F. Chang Sony Corp. Publications: P . Heyman Stanford Resources, Inc. Proceedings Editor: S. Sherr George D. Harris Assoc., Inc. President's Advisory Council Supertex, Inc. Information Display Editor: Hartman Systems Syntronic Instruments, Inc. B. Lechner, Chairman K. I. Werner Hazeltine Corp. T .V. Curran, W. Good, Publicity: J. Price Hewl ett-Packard Co. Taliq Corp. A. Kmetz, P. Pleshko, Special Technologies Hi tachi, Ltd. I. Reingold, H.G. Slottow Workstations-R. Schmahl F. Hoffman La-Roche & Co., Ltd . Tektronix, Inc. Test & Measurement Systems, Inc. Hard Copy-W. Lloyd Hoya Optics, Inc. Texas Instruments, Inc. Regional Directors Hughes Aircraft Co. Thomas Electronics, Inc. Minneapolis/St. Paul: T. Werner Chapter Chairmen Hycom, Inc. Thomson Electron Tubes & Devices Canada: J. Wright Bay Area: G. Carroll Corp. Dayton: R. Holmes IBM Corp. Canada: A. Moffat Delaware Vall ey: S. Filarsky l mapro Corp./lmaprint Design, Inc. Dayton: W. Watkins UCE Liquid Crystal Displays New England: T. Check lncom, Inc. Delaware Valley: R. Seifert Mid-Atlantic: H. Funk Industrial Electronic Engineers, Inc. United Enclosures, Inc. Japan: C. Suzuki Bay Area: H. Sherman lnfodex, Inc. Los Angeles: P . Baron Venus Scientific, Inc. Los Angeles: R.C. Knepper Interstate Electronics Corp. Mid-Atlantic: T. Nelson Video Monitors, Inc. San Diego: R.E. Thoman Inter-technical Group, Inc. Minneapolis/St. Paul: V. Born Villa Precision, Inc. Japan: M. Ashikawa ISE Electronics Corp. New England: W. Hamilton Visual Information Institute, Inc. U.K. & Ireland: A. Woodhead San Diego: J. Lipscombc European: C.J . Gerritsma K & R Engineering Sales Corp. U.K. & Ireland: N. Bartlett Westinghouse Electric Corp. Kollmorgen Corp. Photo Research Div. Committee Chairmen Orrice Administration Zenith Electronics Corp. Academic: L. Weber, L. Todd, Jr. Headquarters Office Manager: Litton Panelvision Corp. Archives/ Historian: R.C. Knepper Beuye Burdell Litton Systems Canada Ltd. Bylaws: A. Silzars Liuon Systems, Inc. (2) Chapter Formation: A. Lakatos, Society for Information Display Los Alamos National Laboratory C.J. Gerritsma 8055 W. Manchester Ave., Suite 615 Conferences Magnavox Government & Industrial IDRC- R. Durbeck Playa Del Rey, CA 90293 Electronics Co. Symposium-T. Credclle 2131305·1502 Magnetic Radiation Laboratories Microfield Graphics, Inc.

20 lnformalion Display 3188 Display Engineer

Apple Computer, Inc. has an opportunity for a Dis­ play Engineer to participate in the specification and design of circuitry, equipment and procedures used I in the development of TV monitors. You will also investigate and report on advanced display technol­ ! ogies. You'll need a BS in EE. or equivalent (MS preferred), and at least 5 years' experience in tele­ vision monitor design and development, video processing circuit design, switch mode power sup­ ply design and deflection amplifier circuit design. Excellent analytical and communication skills are also required. To apply, send your resume to APPLE COJ\IPUTER. I C., Human Resources, Oept. lSD, 20525 !llariani Avenue, MS9-C. Cupertino, CA 950 1 ~.

An equal opportunity employer

IQ J<)H- Appk Computer. Inc. Applt and tht Applt logo :trt r~gim-rnltradtmarb o[ Apple Computer. Inc.

Circle no. 14

Display Engineer

Sharp Electronics Corporation is looking for the following requirements in a display engineer for its ELECOM display group: • Fi ve years or more experience • Design and product experience in either or both a. Liquid Cry stal Di splays b. Electroluminescent Displays • At least a B.S.E.E. or M.S.E.E. • Outgoing individual who likes to work with people Th e position would entail: • Working with customers on custom display designs • Solving customer technical problems • Technical support for field sales • Product fai lure analysis Complete Guns, Stems, Cathodes, • Regulatory compliance Other Components Send resume to: William MacKenzie, Employ­ ment Manager, Personnel, General Administra­ tion Division, Sharp Electronics Corporation, ~@[]!J'iJlXJW~~'i]' \Y/[1\@[]!J[]!J[Uj [ID~\YJ~@~~V O~©a Sharp Plaza, Mahwah, NJ 07 430-2135. A P.O. Box 50524/Tucson, Arizona 85703 (602) 887-7900 Telex 165-522

Circle no. 15 - Circle no. 16 Information Display 3188 21 Attention: OEMs. Developers. System Integrators Read Between VuTek Systems is pleased to announce: The Lines FREEZFRAME washout, enhance contrast and eliminate unwanted reflections. FR EEZFRAME is the only image capture & d isplay In addition, this film can board with the ability to superimpose (overlay) be used to provide CG A/EGA text and graphics on captured video privacy viewing as well images in 32.768 colors using a single multi­ frequency monitor. This new and unique product. as to direct light to l.ghl Control Film available exclusively from VUTek. includes softwa re louvef spaong 005 or 010 specific areas. interfaces that can be used with virtually any new Try 3M Light 3M Light Control Film. or existing progra ms/languages. Applica tions in­ Control Film when you clude interactive video instruction (IV I/CBT/CA I). Its closely spaced design in your next photo database programs. desktop publishing. black microlouvers display. desktop presentations. and your own custom pro­ improve readability For a free sample gram development. of electronic and more information, displays. call 612-733-4403. Industrial Optics 3M Light Control Project/3M, Building Technology with Vision Film's microlouvers 223-?W-06, 3M Center, For complete information. call prevent sunlight St. Paul, MN 55144. 619-587-2800 10855 Sorrento Valley Road 3M SYSTEMS, INC. San Diego, California 921 21 Circle no. 17 Circle no. 18

EIOJ?C1n APPLIED IMAGING HIGH 23 Crosby Drive Bedford, MA 07730

The EKTRON Laser Image Recorder - QUALITY Model 811 produces photographic hard copy from digital image data for less than 40¢ per print. The 811 generates continuous­ tone, fully developed output at up to 525 pixels per inch and 8-bits per pixel of gray IMAGES scale from your image processing system. If your digital imaging application can benefit from this kind of performance, contact an EKTRON representative for more FROM information. Ca/161 7-275-0475. The new vision of Kodak

Circle no. 19 22 Information Display 3188 ... Compiled by HOWARD L. FUNK " HBO Urges Cable-Readiness for HDTV "Zenith to Add New LCD to Lap-Top," IBM CoRP. Innovation," J. Bessman, Billboard, Vol. B. Stephen, PC Week, Vol. 4, No. 44 99, No. 45 (November 7, 1987}, p. 64. (November 3, 1987}, p. 5. Zenith's pro­ totype of a new and improved battery­ " HDTV Provides Film-Broadcast Nexus powered portable. "Seeing the Big Picture with the New at SMPTE," Broadcasting, Vol. 113 , No. LCD Screens,'' J. Olivas, Classroom 19 (November 9, 1987}, pp. 46-49. "Portables Market on the Move: New Computer Learning, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Oc­ Machines, Readable Screens Will Add to tober 1987}, pp. 32- 37. Review of many "HDTV Technology Excites at Geneva Popularity," B. Stephen, PC Week, Vol. LCD projectors. Telecom Confab," B. Jaques, Variety, 4, No. 46 (November 17, 1987}, pp. 1- 2. Vol. 329, No. 3 (November 11, 1987), p. Compaq, Zenith, and Toshiba. "Stress Up, Burning Eyes Down; Are We 51. And Variety too! Becoming a Nation of Sore-Shouldered, "Datashow Device Inspires a Lot of Irritable Computer Jockeys?" J. Kirkley, "HDTV, Digital, 30 FPS Mark SMPTE Competitors," M. Mandell, Government Computerwor/d (November 16, 1987}, p. Confab in L.A.," R. Goldrich, Back Computer News, Vol. 6, No. 22 21. About the Data Management Associa­ Stage, Vol. 28, No. 46 (November 13, (November 6, 1987}, p. 110. Kodak's tion's survey of VDT user complaints. 1987}, pp. 1- 5. More about high­ LCD projector. definition TV in the lay press. "Ergonomic Training for Tomorrow's "Photographing a CRT Screen," M. Office," C. M. Gross and E. Chapnik, Notebook Section, Communications Dai­ Goodman and F. Cisin, Rainbow, Vol. 7, Training & Development Journal, Vol. ly, No. 234 (December 7, 1987), p. 7. No. 5 (December 1987}, pp. 58-62. How 41, No. 11 (November 1987), pp. 56- 61. Debate on HDTV standards within ASTC. to do it with a 35mm SLR. • Reducing stress and increasing productivi­ ty through ergonomics.

"More Ominous VDT Implications- Part II," R. Posch, Direct Marketing, Vol. 50, No. 7 (November 1987}, pp. 115-116. One of the "although there is no proof" type articles. Interesting prediction, however, that by the year 2000, 75% of all employment will involve some sort of display terminal usage.

"No Rest for the Bleary-Eyed Despite VDT Gains," L. Brennan, PC Week, Vol. 4, No. 48 (December 1, 1987), p. 19. More about eyestrain despite better quali­ ty displays.

"The Zapping of the Post-Electrical Man," C. Peterson, The Washington Post, Final Edition (December 6, 1987), p. D3. An extensive well-written article on the putative hazards of electrical fields on human beings.

J "Government Support for HDTV; FCC and NTIA Are Encouraging U.S. Com­ panies to Develop Advanced Systems," Broadcasting, Vol. 113, No. 18 (November 2, 1987}, pp. 52-53.

"NCTA Names HDTV Panel," Televi­ sion Digest, Vol. 27, No. 44 (November 2, 1987), p. 7. Circle no. 20 Information Display 3188 23 otaiiCRTs are created equal.

Equality is an appealing concept. But not in CRTs. Because in certain demanding applications, most notably in photo­ recording, an ordinary CRT often will not be able to meet the required specifications. That's when you'll want the enhanced performance of a Litton tube. And the freedom it gives you from typical CRT problems. Freedom from blemishes. In medical imagery, a blemish or false shadow can be a life or death matter. To produce the most blemish­ free screens available, we do all fabrication in a total clean room environment using exclusive phos­ phor deposition techniques. Freedom from uneven color distribution. In color recording and film scanning, evenness of color is crucial. Litton is the only CRT man­ ufacturer to develop a homogeneous, broad-band phosphor mix. This creates an absolutely even, full-color image without color hot spots. Freedom from poor resolution. In typesetting, equipment has been built that can project an entire magazine page from a 7-inch tube onto a magazine-sized piece of film with razor sharp resolution. That's because our monochrome screens are finer grained than the typical CRT. .. and because we offer the smallest spot size available. We offer fiber optic face plate CRTs with high optical coupling efficiency And a real tour de force-a multi-beam gun technol­ ogy capable of extremely high data recording rates and display density Our full line of recording CRTs ranges from a palm­ sized l-inch tube to a full14 inches and more. We can also design a CRT to your particular application. All this together makes a powerful statement. And it explains why so many builders of high-performance systems carry the torch for Litton CRTs. If you have an application where resolution, cleanliness, throughput and uniformity of color are Ll.tiDn critical, contact Litton Electron Devices, 1215 south 52nd st.,Tempe,Az 85281. (602) 968-4471. Electr:on Devl·ces TWX: 910-950-0149. 1'

Circle no. 21 Deflection Components to maximize the performance of your display! As your displays become increasingly complex, Syntronic yokes deliver the sophistication you need. Whether your challenge is a miniature display, military cockpit display, or a high resolution display, Syntronic Instruments will help you attain optimum display performance. Syntronic is the largest custom designer and manu­ facturer of CRT deflection components in the industry. These sophisticated components include deflection yokes, focus coils, beam alignment and beam shaping coils, micrometer­ controlled alignment devices and related CRT mounting devices. Syntronic deflection components offer the sophistication you need. When you need ultimate performance from your display, sophisticated deflection components from Syntronic Instruments are the answer!

1ynltonic Syntronic Instruments, Inc. 100 Industrial Road Addison, IL 60101 Phone(312)543-6444 Circle no. 22 Measuring the output of CATs or other displays used to be strictly a laboratory JOb- at least 1f you wanted it to be accurate. Nowyoucan But not anymore. Now you can analyze color, intensity, contrast. .. analyze CRT displays measure line width or spot size ... right on the f./1 '-"-'U'-'U'-~t • Without even stopping the line. And you can do it all accurately... own IBM PC (or equivalent) combined with the Photo PR®-700 SpectraScan® Family of Self-Scanned Array Systems. anytime, anywhere! The Photo Research 700 SpectraScan Family can perform photometric, radiometric, colorimetric and spatial analyses of any light source or sample. In near real time. Of course, if you demand laboratory control of your light measurements, you want the PR-1980B/USS-2 Pritchard®Spec traRadiometer. It is the definitive spectral/spatial color measurement system in the industry today. We have now adapted both of these remarkable systems to be controlled by your IBM PC (or equivalent) personal computer. Or, if you prefer, they're available with a dedicated control console. It's up to you. Find out how you can make your own display measurements anywhere you want, at any time. Call us at (818) 341-5151. Or write us at the address below.

PHOTO RESEARCH® The Light Measurement People'" Division of K OLLMORGE N 9330 DeSoto Avenue, Chatsworth, CA 91311 (818) 341 -5151 FAX : (818) 341-7070 TLX: 69-1427 Cable: SPECTRA

WEST GER~:~~~ A OUENTRON OPTICS PTY LTD Pn 08 223 6224 'CANADA OPTIKON CORPORATION Ph 519 885 2551 • FRA NCE INSTRUMAT SA Ph 1 69 28 27 34 • HOLLAND INTECHMIJ BV Ph 020 56 96-611 ISRAEL DELTA FILM LT~E~AO~~~~~:~~~~~&~'rer'i'~~~~L6:~1CA· JAPAN KYOKKO TRADING COMPANY Pn 03 586 5251 • U.K. MICRON TECHNIOUES LTD Pn 0202841261 • INDIA PHOTONICS INTERNATIONAL Pn 356665 Pn 5042485 & 5041216 ·SWEDEN SAVEN AB Ph 08 7921100 · EUROPEAN HEADQUARTERS LUZERN SWITZERLAND PHOTO RESEARCH . Ph 041 31 6194 Circle no. 23