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Who's Afraid of Martin Bernal?

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Who's Afraid of Martin Bernal? The Newspaper of The Literary Arts BOOKPRESS Volume 1, Number 3 November, 1991 Ithaca, New York COMPLIMENTARY Interview Who’s Afraid of Martin Bernal? Walter Cohen W.C. Black Athena is the center of everything, a persistent racism. Since its publication in 1987, a massive research project you began Egypt’s presence on the continent of Martin Bemal's “Black Athena” has about fifteen years ago. Could you Africa was awkward for northern aroused the long-slumbering field explain its scope and argument? Europeans, who had to be of ancient Greek history to an systematically racist after the M B. The project is on the origins unprecedented pitch of controversy introduction of race-based slavery. of Ancient Greece; it’s both which has made its way from the There were three options: either historiographic and historical. I set customarily staid proceedings of the Egypt was civilized but not part of up two accounts of these origins, American Philological Association Africa (and hence was white), or which I call the Ancient and the to the pages of “Newsweek” Egypt was part of Africa but not Aryan models. We’ve been brought magazine. How is it that a mild- civilized, or best of all, Egypt was up in the Aryan model, according to manner professor o f government at neither black nor civilized. ’ which Greek civilization results from Cornell University, whose specialty conquest from the north by Indo- was East Asia, has emerged as the W.C. So much for the Ancient European speakers, or Aryans. “bete noir” of classical studies? In Model. What comes next? an effort to better understand thk W.C. Is that how everyone’s always M B. During the late 1830’s- underlying issues, we asked Walter been brought up? 1840’s, the Aryan Model is Cohen to interview Bernal: M B. No. According to the Greeks introduced. This has a large of the classical period, their ancestors internalist component: scholars lived in idyllic simplicity until recognize tire existence of the Indo- Egyptians and Phoenicians arrived, European language family, of people INSIDE: built cities, sometimes conquered who once spoke a proto-Indo- the local population, and introduced European language, and, plausibly, Observations on civilization. Volume I is initially of a homeland north of Greece for the Work of concerned with setting up the those people. Ancient Model, showing that the Jenny Holzer W.C. So the Aryan Model required Greek descriptions of their distant the prior erasure of the Egyptians by Alan Singer past fit into this scheme, and seeing but not of the Phoenicians. how it fared from early Christianity An Interview with up to the 19th century. M B. By the 1880’s there was an effort to remove even Phoenicians. W.C. How did it fare? Lamar Herrin The paroxysms of anti-Semitism by Stewart O'Nan M B. Up to 1800 there was little alter 1917, with the identification of questioning of the Ancient Model, the Russian revolution with Jews, On Reading In Bed Its fall, which dates from the 1820’s also affected the historiography of by Robert Hill and 1830’s, was due to external Ancient Greece. So 1 set up two forces - Romanticism, the revival of subcategories. The broad Aryan Photo: Harvey Ferdschneider . _ ,. _ . Christianity, and, underlying continued on page 8 Martin Bernal Review Bernal’s Response to a New York Times Review Unravelling Separate, Past and Present Mythology: Non-Separatist Feminisms: The Bias of Historians The Challenges of Race and Postcolonial Studies BLACK ATHENA culty in finding experts willing or acceptable to white academia While Biodun Jeyifo The Afroasiatic Roots of able to refute the underlying thesis orthodox Eurocentric histories also Classical Civilization o f the book. ” Possibly stung by this contain education and propaganda, THIRD WORLD WOMEN AND same fate which religions or unjust by Martin Bernal criticism, or else no longer able to they tell familiar and well-loved sto­ THE POLITICS OF FEMINISM legislations have sealed. My re­ Rutgers University Press avoid the issue because of wide­ ries and therefore do not make waves. Edited by Chandra Mohanty, Ann flections determine my attitude to spread discussion of the book in B.P. Baines says that Diop’s work Russo, and Lourdes Torres the problems of life. I analyse the Volume I: The Fabrication of other journals and scholarly con­ Indiana University Press, 388 pp., decisions that decide our future. I Ancient Greece 1785-1985 raises many important issues, but ferences, the “Times” published a that “it will have to be read on faith $14.95 paper widen my scope by taking an inter­ $15.95 paper, 575 pp. review o f Volume II by John Baines, est in current world affairs. I remain alone, because the evidence and Volume II: 'The Archaeological Professor of Egyptology at the persuaded of the inevitable and reasoning used to support the argu­ At the end of her celebrated and Documentary Evidence University of Oxford on August 11. feminist novel, So Long a Letter, necessary complementarity of man ment are often unsound.” $16.95 paper, 736 pp. The review, titled “Was Civilization written near the end of her life, the and woman.” [my emphasisl Made in Africa?", couples Bemal's M B. This appears to concede that Senegalese writer Mariama Ba gives These words are addressed to CIVILIZATION OR book with “Civilization or Barba­ some of the reasoning is sound and, the following affirmations and ide­ her friend, Aissatou, who has left BARBARISM: rism", a work by the Senegalese given that he has raised many im­ alistic, visionary projections to her Senegal to live and work in New An Authentic Anthropology historian, Cheik Anta Diop. We portant issues, it would seem useful narrator-protagonist, Ramatoulaye: York. Aissatou has left Senegal in by Cheik Anta Diop asked Bernal for his response to to investigate those that appear “My heart rejoices each time a voluntary exile because her middle- I^awrence Hill Books, Baines’ review. promising. The two most interest­ woman emerges from the shadows. class husband has taken another wife $16.95 paper, 440 pp. ing issues are on the “race” and I know that the field of our gains is and has abruptly moved from years M B. Before responding to language of ancient Egypt. Diop unstable, the retention of conquests of a seemingly contented monoga­ In the preface to Volume II of “Black Baines’ criticisms of my work, 1 came from Senegal on the edge of difficult: social constraints are ever­ mous marriage to the institutions of Athena”, Martin Bernal faults the should like to consider his treatment “Black Africa,” where there is a present and male egoism resists. polygamy and the extended family “New York Times” for having re­ of Diop. Diop saw his mission as considerable admixture of Berber Instruments for some, baits for oth­ network. This move makes it easier fused to publish a review o f Volume both research and education or and Arab types. Thus, his view of ers, respected or despised, often for him to manipulate the dictates I. He speculates that part of the propaganda. He may put more em­ continued on page 8 muzzled, all women have almost the continued on page 6 reason for this omission was “diffi­ phasis on the latter elements than is P-2 the BOOKPRESS November, 1991 Editorial Not every generation bears witness to the publica­ Off Campus tion of a book which poses a fundamental challenge to an accepted academic discipline. It is possible that Martin Bernal’s Black Athena is such a book. Bernal’s main thesis is that up until the early 19th at the Bookery century, most historians subscribed to the “Ancient The Bookery's second year of the "Off Campus at the Bookery" lecture series Model” of classical history, which traced the origins continued last month with Lamar Herrin reading a chapter from his most recent of Greek civilization to long-term encounters of the work, The Lies Boys Tell (see article, page 5). "Off Campus at the Bookery" indigenous pre-Hellenic peoples with Egyptian and continues to feature lectures and readings on a wide variety of topics, one flight Phoenician settlers. This concept of Ancient Greece up in the office complex Atrium of the DeWitt Mall, on Sundays at 4:00 PM. prevailed at European universities until the 1840’s, when it was supplanted by what Bernal calls the November 3 “Aryan Model.” The latter view, which continues to Diane Ackerman our own day, minimizes the Levantine role in the will read from her new book of nature essays, The Moon by formation of classical Greece, emphasizing instead Whale Light, and sign copies. She is the author of nine books the northern invasions by Indo-European (Aryan) of poetry and prose, the most recent of which include Jaguar people. of Sweet Laughter: New and Selected Poems and the best­ Bernal does not mince words when he character­ selling A Natural History o f the Senses. She has a Ph.D. from izes the 19th-century proponents of the Aryan Model Cornell, is a staff writer for The New Yorker, and writes fre­ as racists and anti-Semites. Further, he holds that quently for The New York Times Book Review, National such racial bias was inherent in the “scientific” world Geographic, and other journals. view of most European scholars, who assumed their methods to be categorically superior to their pred­ November 17 ecessors from other cultures. Most importantly, how­ John Reps ever, Bernal does not claim to disprove the basic will give a lecture and slide show on the National Capitol and tenets of 19th-century historiography merely by will sign copies of his most recent book, Washington on View: questioning their racist assumptions.
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