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South Africa Is Vying Fiercely with Australia To THE LONG SHOTBY MICHAEL CHERRY The MeerKAT telescope in South Africa, seen here in an artist’s impression, will be a prototype for the vast Square Kilometre Array. he 90-kilometre drive SOUTH AFRICA IS VYING FIERCELY WITH AUSTRALIA starts in the sheep-ranch- ing town of Carnarvon in TO HOST A GIANT RADIO TELESCOPE THAT MAY T western South Africa, and NEVER BE BUILT — BUT THE COMPETITION ITSELF runs northwest through the semi-desert plains of IS CHANGING THE COUNTRY’S SCIENCE LANDSCAPE. the Karoo, where the only sign of human settlement is an occasional Earth-like planets form around young stars. It “It is not clear that the technology for the sheep farm. But as the road begins to pass might even allow researchers to eavesdrop on required correlators is in hand, or even over the north of the flat hills of the Losberg moun- the faint radio emissions of extraterrestrial life. horizon,” says Adam Burrows, chair of the US tains, it suddenly comes upon seven huge Or maybe not: South Africa’s quest faces National Research Council’s physics and astron- white radio dishes. long odds. The most immediate hurdle is a omy board. “It just may require another decade SKA SOUTH AFRICA This is the Karoo Array Telescope (KAT-7), fierce competition with Australia to host the to establish a credible financial and technologi- a government-funded facility sheltered by dis- facility. The two nations submitted their sealed cal plan for such a massive undertaking.” tance and the Losberg from human-generated bids in September to the international SKA But the SKA’s proponents in South Africa are radio interference. Commissioned just this Program Development Office at the University undeterred. The act of competing has given the year, KAT-7 is both an operational radio tele- of Manchester, UK, and a decision is expected country’s astronomy programme a major boost scope and a prototype for the much more ambi- by March 2012. and, they argue, could do the same for science tious MeerKAT project, a 64-antenna array that and technology across the board. “By giving the will be the largest radio-astronomy facility in REAL BIG DISH country a major opportunity to raise its level, the Southern Hemisphere when it is completed A more serious question is whether the SKA will and to inspire and train a new generation, the at this site in 2018. But KAT-7 also symbolizes be built at all. Getting cash-strapped govern- SKA could represent a new dawn for science in an even bigger ambition: South Africa hopes ments to invest in radio astronomy is a daunt- Africa,” says Roy Maartens, a cosmologist at the that by 2024, this remote expanse will be the ing prospect in the current economic climate. University of the Western Cape in Cape Town. centre of a radio facility spanning the continent. And even more daunting is the computational The prospect of an astronomy renaissance The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) — named challenge: the number of calculations required was a big draw for Bernard Fanaroff, the direc- after the total collecting area of its 3,000 or so to correlate the antennas’ radio signals and tor of South Africa’s SKA effort. A radio astron- antennas — would be by far the largest radio forge them into a single image increases mas- omer by training, Fanaroff left academia in the telescope ever built (see ‘The biggest array’), and sively with the number of dishes. The full-scale 1970s to pursue racial and economic justice in would need international funding to cover its SKA would need thousands of times more pro- South Africa — first with the country’s nascent estimated US$2.1-billion cost. It would allow cessing power than is currently available in the trade-union movement, and then as a senior astronomers to see how primordial gas formed fastest supercomputers — a big reason why US civil servant in the reconstruction and devel- the first stars and galaxies; how mysterious ‘dark researchers didn’t rank the SKA when drawing opment programme of the first post-apartheid energy’ has shaped galactic clusters; and how up astronomy priorities last year1. government. After leaving government in 308 | NATURE | VOL 480 | 15 DECEMBER 2011 | CORRECTED 19 DECEMBER 2011 © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved FEATURE NEWS the early 2000s, Fanaroff seized on the SKA’s Africa countered with a commitment to its own The South African and Australian bids for potential for inspiration as yet another way to pathfinder, MeerKAT. (The name refers to meer, the SKA are being evaluated this month by a pursue change. Afrikaans for ‘more,’ as well as to a famously site advisory committee. The committee’s rec- International planning had been under way photogenic mammal found in the Karoo.) ommendation will be sent to the directors of for a decade by that point. But the country still The $275-million estimated cost of the South the SKA organization before its final decision. had a fighting chance. All of the site-selection African scheme represents the country’s largest- criteria, starting with the need for a good ever investment in a pure-science project — and DOWN TO THE WIRE view of the centre of our Galaxy, favoured the a source of major irritation for researchers in It could be a close call. Radio interference is Southern Hemisphere. more tightly funded disciplines4. But officials minimal at both sites, and other observing Fanaroff soon found an ally in Rob Adam, say that the project is good for economic devel- conditions are equivalent, so the SKA direc- then director-general of the South Africa opment: not only were MeerKAT’s antennas tors will have to look at other criteria, such as Department of Science and Technology. Adam designed by Land Systems Dynamics, a sub- antenna design. The technical differences boil wanted to address the chronic lack of maths sidiary of British Aerospace Engineering based down to a trade-off, says Tony Foley, head of and science skills in the black majority of the in Pretoria, but they will be manufactured and science operations at MeerKAT. “The Austral- country’s population — a legacy of both apart- assembled mainly in South Africa. ians can catch a larger patch of sky” at any one heid and a stagnant education system. And he The ruling government, which was elected time, he says, “whereas we are operating at believed that high-profile science projects such in 2009, is determined to protect the bid. This higher sensitivity” — meaning that the South as the SKA were the best way to excite young year, when oil company Shell applied to drill African antennas will look farther into the people and draw them into research2. for natural gas just south of the MeerKAT site, Universe with a shorter observation time. for example, Naledi Pandor, the science and Another factor will be the strength of the BIDDING WAR technology minister, made it clear that she host country’s astronomy community. Aus- With Adam’s backing, Fanaroff prepared a bid would invoke the country’s Astronomy Geo- tralia has a longer and stronger tradition of for the SKA and submitted it in 2004. Bids also graphic Advantage Act to block inter­ference radio astronomy, but South Africa has poured came in from Australia, China and Argen- with the array, whether it came from radio money into closing the gap. The country’s ros- tina. But only when the field was narrowed to activity or seismic disturbances5. ter of radio astronomers currently numbers South Africa and Australia in 2006 did the race Pandor has also moved to resolve a major about 65, many of whom have moved from really begin. Ever since, the two countries have embarrassment: last year’s suspension and elsewhere during the past decade. chased the SKA with as much fervour as they subsequent exoneration of Phil Charles, then Then there is what some see as the moral strive against each other in cricket and rugby. director of the South African Astronomical imperative. “There is a need for the first world In 2007, for example, Australia vowed to Observatory in Cape Town, who had tangled to help the third world build up science,” says build the Australian SKA Path­finder (ASKAP) with his bosses in the National Research Foun- George Ellis, a cosmologist at the University at its proposed site near Murchison, in the arid dation for reasons that are still unclear6. The of Cape Town. “This is an ideal opportunity.” west of the country. The 36-dish facility would incident left many South African astronomers How the international SKA organization demonstrate antenna designs and other tech- mistrustful of the foundation. In October, Pan- will weigh these factors is hard to predict. nologies, and together with associated infra- dor announced that control of the country’s But astronomy isn’t rugby; it could be that structure and human-capacity development astronomical facilities would eventually be both sides will win. In July, recognizing the would cost an estimated US$490 million (ref. 3). taken from the agency and vested in a new bleak prospects for international funding In 2008, despite the global recession, South organization. and the computational challenges, European astronomers proposed a cheaper alternative: fund modest expansions of both ASKAP and MeerKAT, then combine their signals as if they were a single instrument. The combined array THE wouldn’t have nearly the same sensitivity to BIGGEST very faint signals as the full-scale SKA. But it may well be the most realistic option. ARRAY Win, lose or draw, the competition has South Africa's plan for the already given South Africa a symbol of national Square Kilometre Array (SKA) calls for some The outer antennas will form a unity.
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