Prospective Developments at CWPRS: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges

Report Submitted to the World Bank

P.Y. Julien

February 2013

Prospective Developments at CWPRS i

Disclosure

This report has been prepared under the technical assistance programme on "Capacity Building for Integrated Water Resources Development and Management in India". The Trust Fund is funded by UK aid from the UK Government and managed by the World Bank. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect official policies from the UK Government or from the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein should not be attributed to UK aid or to the World Bank or its affiliated organizations. UK aid and the World Bank do not endorse any specific firm and companies listed in the report.

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Executive Summary

The Central Water and Power Research Station was established in 1916 by the then Bombay Presidency. During the period 2007-2012, the average annual production at CWPRS included 100 technical reports submitted to project authorities. Today, under the Ministry of Water Resources of India, 250 studies are conducted at the Research Station at any given time. Sound engineering design is currently practiced and the projects handled at CWPRS have a national perspective and international potential. The development of water and power resources emerges as a key national priority as India rises among economically powerful nations. The challenges in water and power at the national scale include:

 Demographic expansion - The population of India has increased from 1.02 billion in 2001 to 1.21 billion people in 2012. The supply of potable water to every household is not a luxury, but a necessity.  Increasing energy demand – The hydropower demand increased from 12.7 to 18.5 Million tons of oil equivalent (MTOE) from 2006-2011. This will require expanded facilities for research on water-related infrastructure.  Nuclear and thermal power plants – The demand for nuclear power more than doubled from 6.04 to 14.16 MTOE during the period 2006- 2011. The appropriate design of water cooling facilities is critical to the safe operation of nuclear and thermal power plants. The Fukushima nuclear disaster is a reminder of the type of catastrophic event that must be prevented. The design of these plants at CWPRS requires qualified and experienced engineers.  Aging infrastructure – In India, almost 1000 dams (out of 4291 in 1994) were built before 1971 and are more than 40 years old. Most dams need to be retrofitted to meet the present day demands.  Liquefaction of dams - Earthquakes cause damages to the hydraulic infrastructures and research on soil-water foundations is necessary to prevent disasters from liquefaction and flood waves from dam breaks.  Tsunami research – The Banda Aceh tsunami of December 26, 2004 has devastated the east coast of India. No physical modeling capability is currently available for tsunami research in India. Therefore, an urgent need to build a tsunami research facility exists. Granted appropriate resources, CWPRS would be the best place for conducting coastal engineering research on tsunamis.  Devastating floods – Unprecedented floods have caused tremendous damage in recent decades. For example, 5,000 people died in the Maharashtra Flood of July 26, 2005 when Mumbai received 944 mm of rain in 24 hours.

CWPRS is currently understaffed to meet the emerging opportunities and challenges. CWPRS used to have 1857 sanctioned position in 2001, and this number declined to 1172 in 2012. Given the increasing challenges at the national scale, this 36% decrease in manpower at CWPRS cannot be explained. Obviously, there is an urgent need to increase the number of sanctioned positions in order to meet the challenges and opportunities of the new millennium. The difficulties of the present situation are compounded by the fact that the investment in research infrastructure has also been minimal since 1998. CWPRS received $21,358,678 million USD for infrastructure support, equipment and training from the UNDP from 1970-1998. Since 1998, the lack of investment in the research infrastructure has been detrimental to the overall research operations at CWPRS. The potential for development at CWPRS is tremendous. CWPRS should keep its focus on meeting national needs. The massive national demand for water-related infrastructure should ensure continuous support and relevance for generations to come. CWPRS should continue to support experimental research while developing numerical models. The expansion of physical modeling capabilities in conjunction with computer models can lift CWPRS among the elite institutions of the world.

There is an urgent need for major capital investment to meet the challenges of the 21st century. The following large facilities are essential to meet the needs for the new water-related research areas:

• A new flume for tsunami research • Eco-hydraulic research facilities • Hydro-vibration research facilities • Hydro-thermal laboratory facilities

Two new buildings are needed at the present time to support the research on water-related infrastructure of the new millennium:

• Center for Eco-Hydraulic Research (CEHR) • Welcome Center with Administrative Services (WCAS)

The needs for equipment, software and training cannot be overemphasized given that it has been 15 years since a major investment in infrastructure and equipment has been made at CWPRS. To meet the daunting challenges of designing a world-class water-related infrastructure, like thermal and nuclear power plants that are facing tsunamis, floods, and earthquakes, the engineers and scientists at CWPRS need to be equipped with the latest technology. The needs for building renovations, personnel training, equipment and software are detailed in this report. It is impossible to envision growth and development in India without water and power. With adequate support, resources and facilities, CWPRS will not only proactively meet the ever increasing demands and challenges in water and power in India, it will also become a world-class Center of Excellence.

The ten most important recommendations of this report are to:

 Set priority on national water-related infrastructure: With excellent research staff and facilities, and adequate funding from the Ministry of Water Resources, the mandate of CWPRS should focus on meeting the national challenges.

 Renovate existing buildings: The renovation of twelve buildings in disrepair must be a top priority. Continuous power is also needed.

 Upgrade laboratories and large facilities: The ability to keep large scale laboratory facilities should eventually turn into one of the most important assets at CWPRS. This can eventually be used to gain a competitive edge over peer institutions around the world.

 Construct two new buildings: Two new buildings are needed to support the research needs of the new millennium: a Center for Eco- Hydraulic Research; and a Welcome Center with Administrative Services.

 Build new research facilities in emerging research areas: New laboratory facilities are required for research on tsunamis, eco- hydraulic research, thermal facilities and vibration technology.

 Focus on environmental issues: This may be the most daunting challenge facing CWPRS and India. As much as CWPRS has always aimed at public safety in their design of large infrastructure, a new emphasis applicable to all disciplines should gradually focus on environmental issues for a better quality of life.

 Seek autonomous status: The autonomous status would be very beneficial to CWPRS.

 Recruit 200 new research officers: An appropriate number of support staff should also be added to assist research officers.

 Hire and retain the best: CWPRS should have the authority to hire their new employees. CWPRS should also have the authority to dismiss non-performing employees from their functions. The increased responsibility of CWPRS engineers and scientists designing the water-related infrastructure for public safety has to be recognized.

 Increase the budget: An absolute minimum of 90 crores (~$18,000,000 USD) is required for the investment in research infrastructure, facilities, research equipment, computers and software. An additional increase to the operational budget of 20 crores needs to be added every year to support and train an increasing number of research officers and support staff.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to express my sincere thanks to CWPRS Director Dr. I.D. Gupta. His participation in the capacity building process has been truly exemplary. Simply put, this report would not have been possible without his contributions. His direct participation and involvement in most meetings, discussions and laboratory visits has been a source of inspiration. My two week visits have been most productive because of the relentless effort of his management team and I particularly thank all the Joint Directors (M.N. Singh, V.G. Bhave, V.V. Bhosekar, M.D. Kudale, T. Nagendra, S. Govindan, R.S. Ramteke, S. Dhayalan, P.K. Goel…) for their great effort in explaining the breadth of activities in their respective disciplines. The discussions and valuable input from the past directors Mrs Bendre and Dr. Tarapore were also greatly appreciated. To all, I am grateful for the opportunity to visit CWPRS and for the lively and productive meetings.

I would like to sincerely thank the following individuals, whose help made this report possible:

 Dr. Anju Gaur of the World Bank for her repeated expression of confidence in my work and for her undeterred conviction that the outcome of this report would be significant  Julienne Roux of the World Bank office in New Delhi for her constructive comments, and  John Prakash of the World Bank in Washington, DC, for his help with the travel arrangements and reimbursements.

The acknowledgements would not be complete without a note of thanks to my wife Dr. Helga Julien for her repeated support and encouragements to complete this report within a shortened time frame. Finally, the report of Das et al. (2012) served as an example to follow regarding formatting issues. In this report, I have attempted to express my views in the most constructive perspective. I shared a lot of ideas and perhaps none will be retained for the future of CWPRS. If only a few recommendations are implemented, the entire effort will prove to be worthwhile. None of my comments is intended to be critical of the current activities or management of CWPRS. Director Dr. I.D. Gupta and his team are doing an excellent job with the limited resources available to them. I sincerely hope this report will lead CWPRS to the world-class level to which it aspires.

Pierre Y. Julien, Ph.D., P.Eng.

February 14, 2013

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Table of Contents

Page No.

Disclosure i

Executive Summary ii Acknowledgments iii

Table of Contents iv

1. Introduction and Objectives 7

2. Current Status 8

3. National Perspective 18

4. International Perspective 21

5. Opportunities and Challenges 25

6. Recruitment and Training 35 6.1 Recruitment 36 6.2 Training 37

7. Infrastructure and Research Facilities 42 7.1 Existing building renovation 42 7.2 New large research facilities 45 7.3 New buildings for emerging research 46

8. Equipment and Software 48

9. Operational Management and Budget 51

10. Summary and Recommendations 58 10.1 Summary 58 10.2 Recommendations 61

References 63 Appendix - A: Training Needs 64 Appendix - B: Equipment and Software Needs 85 Prospective Developments at CWPRS

1. Introduction and Objectives

A thorough benchmarking review of the Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS) in Pune, India, has been conducted in 2012. The Report entitled “Benchmarking of CWPRS” provided a detailed review of three tasks:

 Task A – a benchmarking review of the capabilities at CWPRS and suggested new areas for expansion  Task B - a review of the equipment and software needs, and  Task C - a review of training needs. Upon completion of the benchmarking report referred to as Julien (2012), the World Bank expressed the need to elevate the content of the analysis and to provide an integrated digest on the future developments of CWPRS. The content of a discipline-wise analysis could not be made compatible with the format of the earlier report, hence the presentation of this new report. The fundamental purpose of this work is to strengthen CWPRS. This report more specifically elaborates on the question: how can CWPRS better prepare to face emerging opportunities and challenges? For each discipline, a list of opportunities and challenges is presented based on a detailed discipline– wide review of the current activities in a national and global perspective. The detailed needs for research infrastructure and personnel can then be appropriately defined. The specific objectives of this report are to: a) examine the status of the current research activities at CWPRS b) review the national needs in a global perspective c) identify emerging opportunities and challenges, plan for strengthening existing research areas, and suggest new areas of expansion d) formulate recruitment and training needs in the thrust areas of research e) delineate the needs in research infrastructure and facilities, and f) define the needs in equipment and software. This report contains a discipline-wise review of CWPRS based on a thorough examination of current research activities (Section 2) in view of the ever growing national demand (Section 3) and a global perspective (Section 4). New challenges and opportunities are identified (Section 5), followed by a formulation of the needs for recruitment and training (Section 6), research infrastructure and facilities (Section 7), equipment and software (Section 8). Operational management and budget issues are finally covered in Section 9. The executive summary as well as the summary and recommendations emphasize and reiterate the main points of this report. This report does not duplicate the previous discussion on benchmarking tasks and does not specifically report on the activities of my two Pune visits. Detailed information on these topics can be found in Julien (2012). Prospective Developments at CWPRS 8

2. Current Status

The Central Water and Power Research Station was established in 1916 by the then Bombay Presidency. From the Special Irrigation Division in 1916, it successively became the Hydrodynamic Research Station in 1928, the Central Irrigation and Hydrodynamic Research Station in 1937, the Indian Waterways Experiment Station in 1944, the Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Research Station in 1947, the Central Water, Power, Irrigation and Navigation Research Station in 1949 and the Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS) in 1951. CWPRS is a premier hydraulic research institute under the Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR). CWPRS supports basic and applied research in hydraulics for the development of projects related to water resources, power generation, river engineering and ports and harbors. Basic research is carried out pertaining to water resources and related sciences for optimization, safety, design and testing of different components of the river training measures and dams and appurtenant structures. CWPRS carries out applied research for the Central and State Government of India, for the public and private sector including port trusts and municipal corporations. CWPRS has traditionally excelled in several areas of national importance including hydropower, flood control, river engineering, sediment management, coastal engineering, energy dissipation, water supply and irrigation, earthquake engineering, cavitation and vibration technology. CWPRS has maintained large laboratories for conducting research in those research areas. The expertise offered by CWPRS is based on a combination of physical and mathematical model studies, field investigations and engineering design applications. Today, under the current leadership of Director Dr. I.D. Gupta, approximately 250 studies (including a few outside India) are conducted at the Research Station at any given time. From of a survey of the period 2007-2012, the average annual production at CWPRS included about 100 technical reports submitted to project authorities. In addition, 40-50 papers were published every year in national and international journals, proceedings of various conferences, seminars, workshops, and symposia. CWPRS also published technical memoranda for the research community, designers and practicing engineers. CWPRS researchers delivered approximately 50 lectures and 5 short courses on an annual basis. During that period of time, between 25-67 staff members were on training and 25 served on technical committees.

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The vision of CWPRS is to build a world-class Center of Excellence in hydraulic engineering research and relevant areas, in order to respond to changing global trends. CWPRS is also in need for sustaining and enhancing excellence in providing technological solutions for optimal and safe design of water resources structures. The mission at CWPRS is three-fold: (1) meet the country’s needs for applied and basic research studies in water resources, the power sector and coastal engineering with world-class standards; (2) develop competence in deployment of latest technologies and undertake new areas of research to meet the future needs for development of water resources projects in the country; and (3) disseminate information, skills and knowledge for capacity building and mass awareness. The major functions at CWPRS are to : (1) conduct project-specific research to provide research and development inputs for evolving safe and optimum design of projects; (2) provide advisory services to the government through participation on technical committee meetings; (3) disseminate research findings by publications and training programmes; and (4) develop and revise BIS/ISO standards. Based on a review of 40 presentations during my two visits (25 technical presentations, 8 summary presentations, and 7 development plans), CWPRS is doing a fabulous job at covering the needs for basic and applied research in an unusually broad area of water and power. The activities apply traditional engineering methods for the construction of dams, river engineering projects, flood control and energy dissipation, coastal, harbors and ports, nuclear power plants, foundations and geophysical research. The methods currently used are based on sound engineering practice and many projects handled at CWPRS have a national perspective and international potential. However, there is an emerging need to rejuvenate the entire research infrastructure. The specific needs include recruitment and training, research facilities, equipment and software. These requisites will be explained in details in this report. The following discipline-wise review of the current status of operations at CWPRS is based on the detailed information gathered during two site visits in June and July 2012:

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1) River Engineering (RE): RE has made important contributions since the inception of CWPRS. With a total of 53 staff members including 23 technical staff members, RE provides expertise and services in terms of hydraulic analyses and model/prototype testing in river hydraulics and bridge engineering. Under the leadership of Joint Director M.N. Singh, the current types of projects include: bridges and barrages, stream gauging, river training and bank protection works, river channelization and morphology, intake structures and inland navigation. CWPRS provided expertise in river engineering on the Yamuna River at Delhi, and on the Gumuda bridge collapse on Vamsadhara River. RE has also conducted several barrages studies, namely on the Falgu and Punpun Rivers in Bihar, on the Dhauli-Ganga and Bhagirathi Rivers in Uttarakhand, on the Iril River at Dolaithabi… Current investigations include physical models for rigid and mobile bed rivers, site inspections and design parameters or river training works, and the use of physical and mathematical models. River training is one of the unique capabilities of CWPRS. Numerous river modeling and bank protection studies have been carried out on large rivers with high sediment load, for instance the work on the Kosi River at Birpur, on the Ganga River at Farraka and the Brahmaputra River were particularly challenging. CWPRS currently has unique physical models on the Kosi River for the analysis of very complex problems associated with very high sediment loads, riverbed aggradation and braiding. This expertise is actually unique and has the potential to become an international landmark of excellence. This work of the RE discipline is also complemented by studies on stream gauging. The projects on the Indira Gandhi Nahar, and the Tungabhadra Narmada and Chambal canals can be cited among the recent accomplishments. Additional river intake projects on the Sabri and Tawa rivers can be cited, as well as the inland navigation project with a proposed cargo terminal on the Ganga River at Gaighat. N. Isaac presented interesting results on the design of flood protection measures for Chhounchh Khad in Himachal Pradesh. Her technical presentation showed a combination of DEM data processing with GIS, 1-D numerical modeling results and synthetic hydrographs simulations for the design of flood protection measures. R.G. Patil presented a study on the assessment of hydraulic parameters for road bridges across River Tel. This study illustrated how the combination of a rigid-bed distorted physical model and 1-D numerical modeling can be effectively used for the appropriate design of the flood carrying capacity at bridge crossings during major floods. The presentation also included calculations of river bed scour around bridge structures like bridge piers and abutments. RE typically produces 20 reports and papers per year with more physical modeling studies than mathematical studies. In addition, a smaller number of engineering studies and a few field studies are undertaken. These physical models require a considerable amount of work and the physical models evaluated during my visits were exceptionally effective at demonstrating how engineering solutions can be tested in these laboratory models. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 11

2) River & Reservoir System Modelling (RRSM): RRSM has made important contributions since the seven major groups were formed in 1951. With a total of 41 staff members including 29 technical staff members, RRSM provides expertise and services in three main areas of hydrometeorology, water quality modeling and surface water hydraulics. Under the leadership of Joint Director V.G. Bhave, the current types of projects include: water intakes for thermal, hydro and nuclear power plants, dam break modeling, flood mapping, riverfront developments, stormwater drainage and reservoir sedimentation. CWPRS has conducted reservoir sedimentation studies including storage capacity, life expectancy and intake location such as Chamera III, Loharinag Pala, Tapovan, Vishnugad and Kakrapar lake. Riverbank protection studies include bank protection and derivations, e.g. Rivers Arpa, Damodar, Baghmati, and Burhi Gandak. River intakes and river front projects were completed at Pune, Bilaspru, Lucknow and Surat. River basin modeling studies include peak flow and PMF modeling. For instance, the CWPRS study of Narmada basin has been widely acclaimed by the World Bank. Flood forecasting and warning systems have been studied on the Tapi and Godavary in Gujarat and Maharashtra, as well as Mahanadi in Chattisgarh. Projects on the assessment of sediment yield and assessment of the life expectancy of reservoirs were conducted for the Kudremkh iron Ore Mine, for the Indravati project, and the Visakhapattanam Dockyard. The Water Quality Modeling group conducted field and laboratory studies on pH, conductivity, DO, turbidity, plankton. Some studies included the Sardar Sarovar reservoirs, Ennore Creek in Chennai, alkali reactivity for the Koyna hydroelectric project, as well as physico-chemical analyses for Khubi Bund reservoir. Dr. M.M. Kshirsagar presented interesting results on the estimation of irrigation return flows near the Kukadi canal in Maharashtra. A numerical model was tested with field measurements on a 4000 hectare agricultural area with different crops. Joint Director V.G. Bhave gave a technical presentation on dam break studies at CWPRS. The presentation showed that 89% of the dams in India are earth dams. The use of computer models like DAMBRK and FLDWAV was illustrated with application in India, e.g. the multiple dam break study along the Kalinadi River. The cases of Bommanahalli and Kadra Dams, Ukai dam break studies and the flood mapping below Lakhya Dam were specifically presented. RRSM produces about 20 reports and papers per year with mostly publications at national conferences and symposia. The importance of proper dam break studies in the context of nuclear power plants cannot be understated. It has to be clearly understood that the consequences of a nuclear meltdown in India would be devastating. The case of Fukushima is nothing but a reminder of the importance of providing the highest possible level of expertise to CWPRS in order to carry out the best quality studies on water intake, cooling facilities and dam break analyses in the environment surrounding nuclear and thermal power plants. This discipline shows connectivity and complementarity with the RE discipline in terms of the location of river intakes.

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3) Reservoir & Appurtenant Structures (RAS): RAS has made important contributions since 1958. With a total of 75 staff members including 21 technical staff members, the RAS discipline provides expertise and services in the areas of spillways and energy dissipators, sediment management and control structures. Under the leadership of Joint Director Dr. V.V. Bhosekar, the current types of projects include physical and numerical modeling of spillways, energy dissipators, surge tanks, sluices and outlets, and desilting structures. CWPRS provided expertise in spillways and energy dissipators for dams like Bhakra, Koyna, Srisailam, Ukai, Kadana and Nagarjun Sagar. Current investigations include physical models and engineering studies of overflow spillways, orifice spillways, plunge pool and energy dissipator design, pressure flows and cavitation studies, pressure control and aeration, surge tanks, scour prevention, stilling basin design, stage spillways, etc. Projects and models included the Lower Siang Spillway in Arunachal Pradesh. Since 1996, reservoir sedimentation studies have focused on sediment flushing, desilting works, sediment excluders and ejectors, diversion tunnels and desilting chambers. Projects included Baira Siul, Chamera I and II, Uri I, Dhauliganga, Dulhasti, Tala, Teesta V and Tapovan Vishnugad. The control structures and water conductor systems group focused on power intakes, flow conditions near head and tail race channels, transient flows and water hammers, surge tank design, vorticity, air vents, pressure and energy dissipation in tunnels, and hydrodynamic forces on gates and hydraulic structures. Projects included the Sardar Sarovar intake the Koyna tailrace design, the Tap Koyana Stage IV and the Srisailam power house design. This expertise is actually very significant considering that these studies ensure the safe and economical design of very important structures. Dr. Bhosekar also presented a study on the hydraulic design of an aerator on an orifice spillway. This study illustrated the need to prevent cavitation and the necessity for aerated flows to control pressure fluctuations around hydraulic structures. The combination of detailed three-dimensional CFD studies with high quality experimental measurements at the CWPRS laboratories was quite impressive. The quality of the laboratory work and the emergence of numerical models at CWPRS is starting to gain visibility through the presentation of high caliber experimental papers in top journals. RAS produces about 10 reports and papers per year. This discipline demonstrated the unique potential to develop new technology in the complex field of the interaction between structures, fluids and gases. Numerical studies alone cannot be effective at this time, but the combination of numerical and physical modeling studies bodes well for the future. This discipline shows connectivity and complementarity with the RRSM discipline in terms of reservoir sedimentation and silting problems. The RAS discipline deals primarily with structural features, while RRSM focuses on the quantitative aspects of the amounts and particle size distributions of incoming sediment loads.

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4) Coastal & Offshore Engineering (COE): COE has made important contributions since the 1940’s. With a total of 67 research staff members under the leadership of Joint Director M.D. Kudale, COE provides expertise and services in the areas of port layouts and coastal protection, shoreline changes and dredging, breakwaters, tidal inlets, ship navigation, outfalls and coastal ecology. Facilities include sea wave flumes, a multipurpose wave basin, and wave and tidal basins for port and harbor models. Several software packages have been developed at CWPRS (e.g. NAVIGA and MORMOT), besides a number of commercial packages like MIKE 21, TELEMAC and ARC-GIS. The fact that COE developed their own software is a sign of excellence and leadership. The types of projects include: near-shore wave simulations, wave penetration in harbours, ship maneuvering and mooring, tidal dynamics, estuarine sedimentation, advection and dispersion, littoral drift and shoreline evolution. CWPRS provided hydrodynamic and dredging studies for Mumbai Port, ship maneuvering at Mumbai and Paradip, several hundred port studies in Kolkata, Visakhapatanam, Goa, Ennore, Chennai, Tuticorin, New Mangalore, Mormugao, Kandla, etc. Coastal protection studies, seawalls, groins and artificial beach nourishment studies were completed at Swaminarayana and Mahabalipuram Temples, Kavaratti, Paradip, Mumbai, etc. Nuclear, thermal power plants and the International Airport at Panvel, Mumbai also figured among the completed projects. As previously mentioned, the risks and devastating consequences of malfunctions were well highlighted in the Fukushima disaster. This underlines the vital importance of the studies undertaken at CWPRS. A.M. Vaidya presented interesting results on the use of mathematical models for coastal engineering. Besides using commercial software, her technical presentation of NAVIGA and MORMOT was impressive. She provided an example at Tirukkadaiyur, Tamilnadu. Joint Director T. Nagendra also presented on the physical and mathematical modeling techniques currently used in coastal engineering at CWPRS. Wave applications at Visakhapatnam, tidal model applications at Kandla Port and thermal circulation models at Ennore illustrated current practices. Numerous applications in tidal hydrodynamics, sediment transport and advection-dispersion were also presented, including the Mumbai Port, which remains one of the main study areas. Other sites included the study of the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant, flows in the Hugli estuary, sediment transport at Essar Hazira and salinity modeling. Joint Director M.D. Kudale also presented a study on the design of coastal structures. Rigid and flexible structures were presented such as stones, tetrapods, dolos, accropodes … with application examples at Ins Hamla, Ankaleshwar, Udwada, Vishakapatnam. COE typically produces 20 reports and papers per year with more mathematical than physical modeling studies. The COE discipline reached a high level of excellence noted by the number of projects, quality of the presentations and the in-house software development. This discipline shows some connectivity and complementarity with the RE and RRSM disciplines in terms of the bank protection measures.

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5) Foundation & Structures (FS): FS has made important contributions to CWPRS. With about 20 technical staff members, the FS discipline provides expertise and services in structural modeling and analysis, geotechnical engineering and concrete technology. Under the leadership of Additional Director S. Govindan, the current types of projects cover the field of foundations, stability and rehabilitation of hydraulic structures, stability of concrete, earth and rock fill dams, and laboratory studies of rocks, soils, concrete and other construction materials. Typical projects include: physical model studies of penstock bifurcations and manifolds, post-construction stress-strain measurements, structural health of dams, uplift and pore pressures, thermal stress and strain, foundation settlement and seepage, stability of breakwaters and retaining walls, liquefaction potential, thermal creep and elastic properties of hydraulic structures, durable masonry and economical cement mortar. CWPRS provided expertise on the liquefaction potential of the Kachchh Branch Canal, on the rehabilitation of Hirakud Dam, on the rehabilitation of the masonry of Anjunem Dam, on thermal, creep and elastic properties of Ghatchar RCC Dam, and on strengthening of Koyna Dam. B. Muralidhar presented an interesting analysis of liquefaction with resonant column tests showing the shear modulus and damping ratio of different soil types. He demonstrated applications to the liquefaction potential along the 352 km Kachchh Branch Canal in a desert area classified as seismic zone V. Dr. I.D. Gupta presented a stochastic dynamic response analysis of gravity dams. The seismic response of dams was evaluated using power-spectral density functions and simulated accelerograms. The results of a case study of the seismic response of concrete and composite masonry hydraulic structures were also demonstrated at Kolkewadi Dam. FS typically produced about 12 reports and papers per year with more laboratory studies than field studies. This discipline shows connectivity with the RAS discipline in terms of the loading and pressure distribution of manifolds. The opportunities for cross- discipline research are obvious. The research activities on rock and materials are definitely focused on hydraulic structures which makes this discipline distinctly different from the CSMRS. All soil studies in connection to the water-related infrastructure should be conducted at CWPRS. Soil studies for roads and building foundations should be conducted at CSMRS. The FS discipline is essential and vital to the future developments on the impact of seismicity on hydraulic structures and power plants.

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6) Applied Earth Sciences (AES): AES has made contributions in geophysics, isotope hydrology, vibration technology and engineering seismology. Under the leadership of Joint Director R.S. Ramteke, the current research areas include: engineering geology such as the detection of faults, fractures, dykes and shear zones, assessment of bed material properties and volumes for dredging, seismic refraction and ground penetrating radars, underwater and cross-hole seismic surveys, identification of cracks in relation to permeability and seepage losses, use of chemical organic and radio-isotope tracers for seepage reduction studies, vibration and seismic studies, design of safe blast patterns, ultrasonic pulse studies, control blasting near dams, micro- earthquakes, and reservoir triggered seismicity. CWPRS completed numerous projects including Vishnugad-Pipalkoti and Kol Dam, Haldipur Port, Karnataka, Indira Sagar, Koyna Dam, Tarapur Atomic Power Project, and the Amochu Project in Bhutan. M.S. Chaudhari presented interesting results on cross-hole tomography with an example application on basalt rock quality using seismic wave velocimetry at the Kakrapar Atomic Power Project. Other applications in dolomite rocks were conducted for the Vishnugad-Pipalkoti Hydro Electric Power Project. CWPRS Director Dr. I.D. Gupta also presented a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for site-specific design ground motion with broad applicability and mapping to the northeast Indian region. AES typically produces 15 reports and papers per year with mostly technical reports and some conference and journal publications. This discipline shows some connectivity with the FS discipline in the area of vibrations and seismic loading. Although there is complementarity in the approach, FS can focus more directly on the impact on hydraulic structures while AES is naturally prepared for surveys and field applications. The isotope hydrology may become under scrutiny as a result of environmental concerns. However, the importance of careful studies on cracks, seepage and structural resistance to seismic loads may justify the means, particularly in the case of nuclear power plants. It is also important that although several methods may be similar to those of the CSMRS, the unique feature of this discipline at CWPRS is the level of applications in the presence of water. For instance, studies on control blasting in vicinity of dams of power plants must be conducted at CWPRS. The applications to hydro-electric projects, dams, cooling of nuclear plants, seepage below dams, etc. contributes to the unique expertise of this discipline at CWPRS.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 16

7) Instrumentation, Calibration & Testing Services (ICTS): ICTS has been overarching all other disciplines with its focus on instrumentation. It also has its own specificity in offering calibration and testing services. The ICTS discipline provides expertise and services in the development of sensors, data acquisition systems, data logging and processing, SCADA, calibration and testing. ICTS collaborates directly with other disciplines and provides the data instrumentation and data collection and treatment needs. Joint Director S. Dhayalan and P.K. Goel presented a summary of activities for the ICTS discipline. For instance, tail end water level control systems are designed for the river models of the RE discipline, multiple discharge control systems can be developed for the RE and RRSM discipline, and automatic tide generation systems have been implements for the coastal studies of the COE discipline. The ICTS services include multi parameter data acquisition systems such as level, discharge, temperature, pressure and velocity measurements for hydraulic models (RE and RAS disciplines). Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS) for the field studies of the RRSM and COE groups are also easily set up and dam instrumentation and data acquisition system have been set up at project sites. Examples of automatic tidal gate systems have been implemented in several projects including the Cochin, Mumbai and Jaigad port models, the Kandla estuary model and the Rajapuri, Tarapur and Hoogly projects. Miniature propeller velocimeters, thermocouples and electronic gauges can be installed for multi-parametric and simultaneous measurements in hydraulic models. DGPS studies included the Kalpakkam Atomic Power plant, the Satanu and Mullay Periyar reservoirs, Kateri lake and the Indira Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh. Mrs. S.V. Phadke presented interesting results on data collection programs for coastal protection, ports and intake/outfall structures. About 260 studies have been carried out at CWPRS since the 1970’s at more than 124 different field sites. Parameters typically measured include the tidal levels, waves and currents, bathymetry, salinity, turbidity, temperature and bed profiles. Similar fluvial study sites are located in canals, rivers and reservoirs. The loss of equipment to rust and hostile sea conditions contribute to the difficulties encountered in this field. M.S. Balan also presented a technical presentation on hydrographic surveys for reservoir sedimentation. The use of DGPS coupled with echosounders has been applied to several projects including the Kalpakkam Atomic Power Plant, Satanur and Kateri Reservoirs and the Indira Sagar Project. Post-processing using kriging and Surfer has been successful. ICTS shows connectivity and complementarity with all other disciplines, and specifically with COE and RE. There is also complementarity in the analysis of flow in pipes with the RAS and sedimentation surveys with RRSM.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 17

The above description of the current status of each discipline points to the breadth and depth of activities at CWPRS. The current status is indeed quite impressive and there is reason to be proud to work at CWPRS. Several employees at CWPRS have more than 25 years of engineering design experience. It is a tremendous institutional asset to keep qualified personnel in this applied research environment for such a long time. The continuity in serving clients with personnel that have worked on certain projects and areas for a long period of time offers unique capabilities when coupled with mentoring new research officers trained in academic environments with the latest computer and digital technology currently available. The potential for mentoring young engineers and to develop and apply the latest technology to solve real-world problems must be envisioned.

In my opinion, the basic organizational chart for the seven main disciplines listed in the baseline document should essentially remain unchanged in the near future. The internal operations at CWPRS run rather smoothly and no major restructuration is indicated. The seven disciplines are fairly distinct and yet there is a healthy and sufficient level of complementarity and lively collaboration between the different disciplines. For instance, a flood control project may involve the RRSM discipline for the hydrologic analysis, RAS for the structural design, and ICTS for the field surveys. If the structure is in seismic area the FS and AES disciplines would get involved just as well. Most projects need instrumentation such that the ICTS is involved in most projects. The current organization operates very efficiently and offers flexibility in responding to the project needs. CWPRS is well positioned to handle emerging challenges and benefit from new opportunities.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 18

3. National Perspective

By 2020, India is expected to rise among the economically most powerful countries in the world. As India emerges as a technologically advanced nation, the development of water and power resources becomes one of the key priorities for capacity building. The following list presents a summary of recent trends, challenges and problems from a national perspective. This knowledge is essential prior to the formulation of emerging research needs for a better water-related infrastructure:

 Demographic expansion - Water is a precious natural resource. The supply of potable water to every household is not a luxury, but a necessity. The population of India has increased from 1.02 billion in 2001 to 1.21 billion people in 2012. This represents a 20% increase in the demand for water supply, food from irrigated agriculture, flood control and disaster prevention, etc. Since 80% of the water available is used for agricultural purpose, the need for food production through irrigation projects has gone up many times in the past and is expected to continue to increase every year. The industrialization will also stimulate a population exodus to large cities, which compounds the increasing demand for water supply, flood control and disaster prevention.

 Increasing energy demand – In addition, there is an ever increasing demand for energy. The cost of energy is skyrocketing world-wide and this trend will be seen in India. Hydropower is one of the cheapest and renewable forms of power. The hydropower demand increased from 12.7 to 18.5 Million tons of oil equivalent (MTOE) from 2006- 2011. This corresponds to more than a 50% increase in hydropower in the past 5 years. This will require a new water-related infrastructure for power houses, penstock, spillways, stilling basins, energy dissipation, etc. The Himalayan region offers a significant potential for contributing towards the water and energetic needs. This region also presents significant engineering problems and challenges in terms of lateral migration of wide braided rivers, large river sediment loads and need for desilting works, dam construction in active tectonic and seismic zones, rapid abrasion of powerhouses, penstocks and hydraulic structures, reservoir sedimentation and reduced life expectancy of reservoirs, etc.

 Nuclear and thermal power plants – The demand for nuclear power more than doubled from 6.04 to 14.16 MTOE during the period 2006- 2011. The use of water for cooling nuclear and thermal power plants is critical to meet the energetic needs of the next decades. The recent event in Fukushima, Japan, should be a constant reminder of the potential threat and extensive damage that can result from a nuclear disaster. The adequate design of water cooling facilities is critical to Prospective Developments at CWPRS 19

the safe operation of nuclear and thermal power plants. These plants need to be designed by the best engineers in the country and CWPRS needs new research officers to meet the growing demand.

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 Aging infrastructure – In India, almost 1000 dams (out of 4291 in 1994) were built before 1971 and are now more than 40 years old. Most dams need to be retrofitted to meet the present day demands. New masonry, cracked concrete, damage and tear from temperature changes, large floods and earthquakes have resulted in an increasing need to upgrade and retrofit hydraulic structures. Research in the new materials, non-intrusive geophysical techniques, the survey of seepage, liquefaction potential and new concrete and epoxy materials at CWPRS can rejuvenate aging hydraulic infrastructure.

 Liquefaction of dams - Earthquakes have damaged some hydraulic structures, namely the Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat that caused liquefaction of the Chang Dam on January 26, 2001.

 Tsunami research – The Banda Aceh tsunami of December 26, 2004 has devastated the east coast of India. The more recent earthquake in Indonesia on April 11, 2012, should also serve as a reminder of the potential threat of devastation from tsunamis. India is currently ill- prepared to conduct engineering research on the impact of tsunamis. There is currently no physical modeling capability for tsunami research in India. There is an urgent need to build a tsunami research facility and CWPRS would be the best place for conducting coastal engineering research on tsunamis. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 20

 Environmental issues – There is an increasing potential for a better quality of life in India. This could happen through the development of river restoration projects, a reduction of chemicals in rivers from industrial plants, a reduction of pesticides and fertilizers from non- point sources of contamination in agricultural areas, heavy metals and actinides in mining areas, river clean-ups and rubbish dams, collection and treatment of urban effluents, development of stream rehabilitation, river corridors, riparian zones, aquatic habitat, stream ecology, minimum in-stream flow needs, plankton and algae growth due to excessive nitrates and phosphates, limitation of mussels and invasive species, control of sand and gravel mining to reduce the impact on bridges, irrigation canal intakes, pumping plants, salinity intrusion problems in coastal areas, mangrove and wetland reconstruction, waterfront property development, socio-economic studies and eco-tourism, etc.

 Unprecedented flooding – Unprecedented floods have caused tremendous damage in recent decades. For example, 5,000 people died in the Maharashtra Flood of July 26, 2005. The urban flash flood in Mumbai has been particularly devastating after 944 mm of rain fell in 24 hours.

 Climate change – The perspective of changes in climate pose problems to the water-related infrastructure with the trends towards an increase in the number of extremely intense rainfall precipitation events, increased flood-frequency analyses, retrofitting structures for flood control designed for lower discharges, water supply shortages, delayed monsoons, and a gradual rise in sea levels (up to 5 mm/yr) in coastal areas, etc.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 21

4. International Perspective

The results of a detailed benchmarking analysis were presented in Julien (2012). The analysis showed that CWPRS compares best with the mandates of the two institutions in the United States: the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). The two additional International Institutions (Deltares and Artelia) were also very important because they provided enlightening examples on how institutional changes can be implemented. This benchmarking analysis had to be exercised with great caution. CWPRS should not replicate what is being done elsewhere. What works in Europe or the U.S. may not be applicable to India, but CWPRS should keep an open mind on the rapid pace of developments at the international scale. The salient points of the international comparison are summarized in this section.

• Massive national demand for water-related infrastructure: The mandate of CWPRS is viable as long as there is a national demand for the development of the water-related infrastructure. The example of Delft Hydraulics is quite instructive in this regard and lessons should be learned from past experience. After the large floods and coastal problems of the North Sea Flood of 1953, the Netherlands invested massive sums for the development of adequate water resources to protect the large populations living below sea level. By the mid ‘90’s the hydraulic infrastructure had been primarily rebuilt and the flooding problems essentially solved, such that massive investments in this sector were no longer necessary. In times of recession, budget cuts always trigger major reductions in operations associated with detrimental downsizing reorganizations. In the United States, once the large dams have been completely built, the emphasis changed towards water quality, environmental considerations and stream restoration. The Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act in the ‘70’s triggered a shift in research priorities in the United States. In recent times, the disasters caused by hurricanes like Katrina and Sandy rejuvenate the effort to refocus on structural design in view of climate change and global warming. In India, the massive population has created a gigantic need for basic infrastructure. Given the record breaking monsoon precipitation levels, improvements of the water- related infrastructure are specifically needed in the areas of flood control, hydropower production, drinking water and irrigation and drainage. With this tremendous and sustained need, the country will likely have to continue to develop basic engineering structures (e.g. dams, hydropower and nuclear plants, coastal protection and harbours, etc.) for decades to come. When adding the impact of earthquakes on dams and aging infrastructure, climate change, tsunamis … there will be a high demand for water-related infrastructure in India for a very long time. Consequently, CWPRS should keep its priorities on national needs. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 22

• Emphasis on physical modeling: CWPRS was very successful at maintaining large scale laboratory facilities. All peer institutions reviewed here have been subjected to tremendous pressure to downsize their physical modeling capabilities in favor of computer modeling techniques. A few decades ago, some institutions claimed that “all” hydraulic problems could be solved with computer models. The impact of such statements has been devastating and it turned out that many large hydraulic laboratories in the US and Europe closed their doors. Most hydraulic engineering institutions have been severely impacted by the transition from physical to numerical models. The USACE models at the Waterways Experiment Station have been largely downsized as a result of the much reduced costs associated with numerical models. The Waterloopkundig Laboratorium (i.e. Delft Hydraulics) in the Netherlands was critically downsized when the operations moved from Vollenhove to Delft in the mid ‘90’s. In reality, physical models are essential to the scientific and engineering developments. Numerous problems cannot be solved solely with numerical models. The example advances in turbulence, which is one of the frontiers of scientific knowledge, will require physical models. It is also essential to understand that physical sciences and engineering are based on experiments. Without laboratory facilities, the future of science and engineering will be very bleak. In India, the fact that CWPRS has been able to maintain laboratory facilities in recent years is remarkable, and the physical models may lead CWPRS to prominence at the international scale.

• Increased focus on environmental issues: Environmental issues have dominated the agenda of developed countries. For instance, the Environmental Protection Agency has been very active in the US for several decades already. Environmental practices and the concept of integrated river basin management have been practiced in the US and in Europe for quite some time. River restoration practices have also gained tremendous momentum in Asian countries (e.g. Japan, South Korea, Malaysia and others). There is an increasing effort to remove trash from rivers with “rubbish dams” in Malaysia. For instance, the SMART tunnel in Kuala Lumpur, has been developed in conjunction with urban flood control and urban transportation. The South Korean Government formed the Office of National River Restoration in view of the major effort on the Four Major River Restoration project. This massive environmental project combined flood control, water supply, water quality, and river restoration. This effort should captivate world-wide attention and serve as an example of what could be done in India. The transition to water quality, sanitary engineering, stream restoration and stream ecology may be slower in India than in other parts of the world but a change in this direction needs to be gradually implemented. The change towards more environmentally-friendly research implies new opportunities for growth and the potential to expand the research activities in new areas. More details on these new areas will be provided in three above-mentioned areas will be provided in Section 5 of this report. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 23

• Relative isolation of CWPRS: In comparison with peer institutions, the relative isolation of CWPRS seems to be partly attributed to the current travel restrictions. This is part of the national mandate, which only allows domestic travel. Approval for international travel currently needs to be requested from the Ministry of Water Resources. A similar policy is also enforced at the USBR where the operations with the U.S. Department of the Interior mandate work within the confines of the national boundaries. In Europe, several large rivers flow through multiple countries and international collaboration has been developed accordingly. For instance the issues on the Rhine River involve several countries, e.g. the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Switzerland. It has to be considered that India is a large country and the Himalayas and oceans provide natural boundaries. Many river projects can be completed at the national scale. However, several rivers draining the Himalayas flow through multiple countries and the needs for international collaboration are increasing. Some research activities are currently going on with neighbouring countries (e.g. Bhutan, Nepal…) and some relaxation of travel restrictions for international travel would be desirable in the future. Under the current travel restrictions, CWPRS is probably ill-prepared to become highly competitive at the international level. At this time, the perspective for international development seems restricted. Some relaxation of international restrictions would be desirable to open up international activities and future developments of funded projects. A civil servant mentality prevails at CWPRS. The baseline document mentions the lack of motivation of some employees and the lack of incentives that are provided to encourage further professional development of the workforce. In a comparative analysis of four peer institutions, Julien (2012) mentioned that the decreased base funding and the increased pressure to compete with the outside world forced all four benchmarking agencies (USBR, USACE, Deltares and Artelia) to increase their productivity and performance levels. The developments in the digital age forced an increased involvement of all employees towards unprecedented productivity levels. Nowadays, government employees spending at least 50 hours a week at work is not uncommon in the US. Europeans agencies also increased productivity and managed to maintain a large number of days off work and a more family-friendly work schedule. This increase in productivity is not without setbacks. Several agencies have changed their operations to imitate the private sector, where the manpower is subject to the ups and downs of economic times. In down times, restructuration and downsizing through attrition and retirements has caused a lot of turnover and lack of continuity in the expertise of the workforce. It is often more difficult to find qualified people who were retained and/or stayed loyal to their employer for 25+ years. The digital age also forces a lot more research to become superficial and ephemeral, with a goal to produce something quick that may not be durable. The increased pressure to publish or perish has been noticeable in peer institutions. In the US, several governmental Prospective Developments at CWPRS 24

institutions that used to write useful manuals of engineering standards and practice have shifted operations towards an increased emphasis on peer-reviewed journal publications. The competition with the private sector has had a direct impact on some agencies like the Artelia, Deltares, USBR and to a lesser extent on the USACE. Incentives to motivate the workforce may become very welcome at CWPRS. Some inspiration in this regard may be found from an increased ability to interact with International Agencies. More details on this specific point will be discussed in Section 9 of this report.

The potential for development at CWPRS is tremendous. This international perspective does not need to be imitated for future success. Nevertheless, lessons learned from past mistakes should be considered. CWPRS should keep its focus on meeting national needs. The massive national demand for water-related infrastructure should ensure continuous support and relevance for generations to come. CWPRS should continue to support experimental research while developing numerical models as well. The expansion of physical modeling capabilities in conjunction with computer models can lift CWPRS among the elite institutions of the world. Some relaxation of international restrictions would be desirable to open up international activities and support future developments of funded projects. The next section will provide more details on the types of challenges and opportunities that may be considered in the future growth and development of CWPRS.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 25

5. Opportunities and Challenges

Globalization implies increased competition from the homeland and abroad. This presents unique opportunities and challenges for growth and development. This section elaborates on the emerging opportunities and challenges facing CWPRS. The main priorities pertaining to the entire research station are first covered, followed by a discipline-wise description of potential developments. The following three main priorities should be considered in the future developments: • Priority on national water-related infrastructure: With excellent research staff and facilities, and funding from the Ministry of Water Resources, CWPRS should clearly focus on meeting the national challenges. The dire needs for infrastructure development in water and power in India have been detailed in Section 4. The corollary is also valid that it would be a tremendous loss for the Ministry of Water Resources not to engage in the future developments of CWPRS. In terms of comparative institutions, the USBR may be the leading example of how this institute did maintain its focus on national priorities while keeping competence and a strong identity with a rather limited involvement in international activities. International projects may be gradually included through perhaps some relaxation of institutional restrictions regarding international travel. • Upgrading laboratories and large facilities: The ability to keep large scale laboratory facilities should eventually turn into one of the most important assets at CWPRS. This can eventually be used to gain a competitive edge over other peer institutions around the world. The availability of funds to support and maintain large laboratories is well justified in India given the massive demand for water-related infrastructure. The investment in large scale laboratory facilities is in my opinion a very wise investment in India. The possibilities to keep models of certain river reaches where new construction and development plans can be gradually implemented and tested in the hydraulic models is a tremendous asset at CWPRS. In India, the availability of a vast resource in manpower facilitates the possibility of development of physical models. It has to be considered that the relative low cost of operation at CWPRS will likely enable the possibility of maintaining such large models for decades to come. In all developments of science and technology, it has to be understood that the exclusive use of numerical models is limited in scope and many significant advances in engineering technology do, as they did in the past, require validation with experimental capabilities. The asset of experienced engineers with skilled lab technicians can present a unique combination for continued success. The expansion of physical modelling capabilities in conjunction with computer models can lift CWPRS among the elite institutions of the world. There is nevertheless a need to upgrade the computer facilities at CWPRS. While some competitors have turned to computers in a way to solve “all problems,” the limitations of such an approach have become evident. In my view, CWPRS would lose its focus Prospective Developments at CWPRS 26 and identity in turning their operations towards an exclusive use of numerical models. There are unique opportunities for hybrid computer and physical modeling that could be implemented. CWPRS could quickly rise to the forefront of technology involving the comparisons between numerical and physical modeling in hydraulic and coastal engineering. With large scale physical models, India could also become highly competitive to attract international projects and external sources of funding. • Increased focus on environmental issues: This may be the most daunting challenge facing CWPRS and India. As much as CWPRS has always aimed at public safety in their design of large infrastructure, a new emphasis applicable to all disciplines should focus on environmental issues for a better quality of life. The value of integrated river basin management by combining flood control, water supply, water quality and recreational development cannot be ignored any longer. A major transformation is taking place in many countries to bring the populations closer to rivers via river corridors, stream restoration, river rehabilitation design, mangrove and wetland restoration, riverfront developments and ecological parks. India should embrace this challenge as well. An integrated river basin management approach taylor-made to the situation in India could be developed and implemented at CWPRS. There is an opportunity for CWPRS to assume a leadership role in reaching out to other public institutes and in developing a proper integrated management strategy. The development of environmentally friendly water-related infrastructures should gradually become increasingly important among the priorities of CWPRS operations.

The gradual implementation of new environmentally-focused research areas at CWPRS for the benefit of the population of India could follow phases like:

- Phase I – Basic water-related infrastructure. This is currently what is being done in India with basic flood control, water supply and energy through hydropower, thermal and nuclear power. This also includes disaster prevention and the analysis of extreme events with devastating consequences such as floods, earthquakes and tsunamis.

- Phase II - Direct environmental benefits. The emphasis is on direct implication on the quality of human life. For instance, some improvements could be in the development of new ecological and environmental approach with the broad objective of cleaning surface waters. This can be achieved by expanding the traditional sanitary engineering to reduce the contamination and pollution of surface waters with the treatment of chemical contamination in industrial areas, mine wastes and acid mine drainage, toxic waste and explosives from specific sites. There is a need for major efforts in the design of environmentally-friendly hydraulic structures for flood control, detention and storage, water supply, irrigation needs, point source pollution, clean surface waters, sediment management, water decontamination, gravel mining, irrigation canal intakes and water supply to farming areas, stream restoration and rehabilitation, etc. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 27

- Phase III - Indirect environmental benefits. The emphasis here is on indirect implication on the quality of human life. The effort may be on water quality in coastal areas, mangroves and wetlands, oil spills, clean-ups, etc. Along rivers, developments could be on non-point source pollution and an integrated river basin management strategy for nitrates and phosphates, fertilizers and pesticides, algae blooms, control of invasive species (e.g. riparian vegetation, mussels…), infestations of insects, virus bearing mosquitoes and flies, coliforms, e-Coli, microbials and pharmaceuticals, etc. A new ecological dimension involving river restoration, port and harbour fisheries, water parks, and developments in river recreation should be considered here. This may possibly extend to climate change, sea level rise, carbon footprint, global warming, etc.

- Phase IV – Enhancement to the quality of life in general. The benefits here are not necessarily tied to an improvement of the quality of human life. Examples may include recreational of sporting activities, or benefits to non-commercial and/or endangered species. Further development can be carried out in providing and developing aquatic habitat for fisheries and waterfowl and migratory species, fish passage and aquatic habitat, endangered species, reconstructed wetlands, mangroves, stream ecology, riverfront properties, hydro- tourism, canoe-kayak, white water boating, paddling, etc. In an effort to delineate the emerging opportunities and challenges in a discipline-wise manner, the following review intends to propose a plan for strengthening existing research areas and to suggest new areas of expansion. The digest starts with an indication of the vital needs of each discipline. There is also an indication, whenever appropriate, of which new leadership direction each discipline should assume. A list of relevant research areas is provided for each discipline and in some cases indication as to which area may become obsolete or irrelevant. The new areas of expertise are designated either as an existing area that requires strengthening or an emerging new area of research. This section prepares the case for the needs in each research area. Section 6 will follow with mode details in terms of recruitment and training needs.

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1) River Engineering (RE): This discipline is essential and vital to the future developments on physical and numerical modeling of rivers and should lead the future developments on environmental river restoration. RE needs to provide expertise and services in terms of hydraulic analyses and model/prototype testing in river hydraulics and bridge engineering. The following areas are expected to remain highly relevant in the future: bridges and barrages, stream gauging, river training and bank protection works, river channelization and morphology, intake structures and inland navigation, river engineering, bridge pier and abutment scour and prevention of bridge collapse, barrages studies, river intakes, sediment excluders and ejectors, physical models for rigid and mobile bed rivers, large and braided rivers with large sediment loads, riverbed aggradation, stream gauging, inland navigation and dredging design of flood protection measures, bank protection, levees, diversions, etc.

The strengthening of existing areas of expertise should include: • River modeling with 2-D and 3-D models The current activities are focused on physical modeling and the use of rather simple one-dimensional models. There should be developments in the use of 2-D and perhaps 3-D models for the analysis of deformable bed channels. The challenging new areas of expertise should include: • River restoration and stream rehabilitation The integration of the needs for clean drinking water, sanitary sewers and waste water treatment plants can be integrated with an effort to reduce surface water pollution and contamination and lead to river restoration and the development of water parks and green river corridors can greatly improve the quality of life in India. Fine sediments have a tremendous adsorption potential and their interaction with pollutants and contaminants in surface waters present unique opportunities for growth and development at CWPRS.

The increasing focus on environmental issues should be implemented in the RE discipline. Some training will also be required. • Point source river pollution and decontamination, advection-dispersion Urban populations can gain tremendously through sewage collectors and waste water treatment plants in urban areas, the treatment of chemical contamination in industrial areas, gravel mining in rivers, mine wastes and acid mine drainage, etc. • Environmentally-friendly hydromachinery and hydraulic structures, fish ladders This new research area, and particularly the use of fish ladders should be developed in collaboration with the RAS discipline. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 29

2) River & Reservoir System Modelling (RRSM): This discipline is essential and vital to the future developments on flashflood modeling from extreme events and should lead the future developments on integrated river basin management practices. RRSM needs to provide expertise and services in the main areas of hydrometeorology, water quality modeling and surface water hydraulics. The current types of projects are expected to remain highly relevant in the future: water intakes for thermal, hydro and nuclear power plants, dam break modeling, flood mapping, flood forecasting and warning systems, riverfront developments, stormwater drainage, bank protection and reservoir sedimentation, sediment yield and assessment of the life expectancy of reservoirs water quality modeling, physico-chemical analyses, irrigation return flows, dam break studies, etc. It is important to adequately support the highest possible level of expertise at CWPRS in order to carry out the best quality studies on water intake, cooling facilities and dam break analyses in the environment surrounding nuclear and thermal power plants. All these research areas are relevant and studies on bank protection, river intakes may be integrated in the RE discipline. The strengthening of existing areas of expertise should include: • Reservoir silting, turbidity, abrasion and sediment sluicing and flushing Sedimentation problems will become increasingly important in reservoirs and in rivers.

• Non-point source pollution, irrigation and drainage, water quality in agricultural areas The increasing demand for food and high yield crops will demand higher uses of fertilizers and pesticides. This can become a huge problem at the national scale and CWPRS needs to be at the forefront of technology.

• Urban runoff modeling, detention storage, channel incision control This work should be carried out in collaboration with RE.

The challenging new areas of expertise should include: • Distributed flash flood modeling during extreme events There is a need for more detailed two-dimensional modeling of flash floods in urban areas like the major flood from 944 mm of rainfall in Mumbai in 2005.

• Integrated river basin management and best management practices The RRSM discipline should spearhead new developments and the implementation of IRBM and BMP’s in India. Some training seems desirable.

• Hydrometeorology of extreme events, satellite data transmission, delayed monsoons, climate change, sea level rise This is a new area of research with satellite and radar information for the prediction, forecasting of major rainstorm and flood events. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 30

3) Reservoir & Appurtenant Structures (RAS): This discipline is essential and vital to the future developments on water-related infrastructure and should lead the future developments on turbulence and environmentally-friendly water infrastructure. RAS needs to provide expertise and services in the main areas of spillways and energy dissipators, sediment management and control structures. The current types of projects are expected to remain highly relevant in the future: physical and numerical modeling of spillways, energy dissipators, surge tanks, sluices and outlets, desilting structures, overflow spillways, orifice spillways, plunge pool, pressure flows and cavitation studies, pressure control and aeration, surge tanks, scour prevention, stilling basin design, stage and stepped spillways, diversion tunnels and desilting chambers, power intakes, head and tail race channels, transient flows and water hammers, surge tank design, vorticity, air vents, pressure and energy dissipation in tunnels, and hydrodynamic forces on gates and hydraulic structures, aerator on an orifice spillway. All areas are relevant and the studies on desilting works and sediment excluders and ejectors may be coordinated with the RE discipline.

The strengthening of existing areas of expertise should include: • Reservoir silting, turbidity, abrasion and sediment sluicing and flushing

Developments in this area will become critical as the hydropower development in the Himalayas gain in strength and popularity. The sediment problems in that region cannot be overestimated.

• Energy dissipation, stepped spillways, baffle blocks

This is an area of great expertise and the reputation of CWPRS may increase considerably with some strengthening

• Fluid- induced vibrations This area is not quite new but when coupled with new measurement techniques and the involvement of ICTS, this can lead to important engineering applications.

The challenging new areas of expertise should include: • Turbulence measurements and modeling, PIV, CFD The use of CFD and PIV is not quite new to this discipline, however this is at the cutting edge of developments and CWPRS should keep up the pace.

• Environmentally-friendly hydromachinery and hydraulic structures, fish ladders

This may not be a top priority in the near future, but development should gradually be implemented in coming years. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 31

4) Coastal & Offshore Engineering (COE): This discipline is essential and vital to the future developments on ports and harbors and shore protection and should lead the future developments on tsunami research. COE needs to provide expertise and services in the main areas of port layouts and coastal protection, shoreline changes and dredging, breakwaters, tidal inlets, ship navigation, outfalls and coastal ecology. The current types of projects are expected to remain highly relevant in the future: near-shore wave simulations, wave penetration in harbors, ship maneuvering and mooring, tidal dynamics, estuarine sedimentation, advection and dispersion, littoral drift and shoreline evolution, hydrodynamic and dredging studies, coastal protection studies, seawalls, groins and artificial beach nourishment, nuclear and thermal power plants, sediment transport and salinity modeling, design of coastal structures, rigid and flexible structures such as stones, tetrapods, dolos, accropodes …

The strengthening of existing areas of expertise should include: • Coastal modeling in 2-D and 3-D

This area is currently doing very well and some strengthening would bring CWPRS to prominence.

• Thermal hydraulic engineering, cooling of nuclear and thermal power plants This area will become increasingly important as the country develops more thermal and nuclear power plants. In the wake of the Fukushima disaster, capacity building in this area should be a very wise investment of resources and energy. Some work in collaboration with AES is possible here.

The challenging new areas of expertise should include: • Tsunami research

There is no tsunami research facility in India at this time and CWPRS would be the most natural place to develop expertise on this subject. Some training may be helpful to get started, but the in-house capabilities should be sufficiently strong to make significant research contributions in the very near term.

• Coastal Environment, mangroves, tidal wetlands, and fisheries

This area is less important than the tsunami research area but is in line with the needs to develop environmentally-friendly structures.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 32

5) Foundation & Structures (FS): This discipline is essential and vital to the future developments on retrofitting the aging water-related infrastructure and should lead the future developments on earthquake impact on hydraulic infrastructure. FS needs to provide expertise and services in the main areas of structural modeling and analysis, geotechnical engineering and concrete technology. The current types of projects are expected to remain highly relevant in the future: foundations, stability and rehabilitation of hydraulic structures, stability of concrete, earth and rock fill dams, and laboratory studies of rocks, soils, concrete and other construction materials, physical model studies of penstock bifurcations and manifolds, post-construction stress-strain measurements, structural health of dams, uplift and pore pressures, thermal stress and strain, foundation settlement and seepage, stability of breakwaters and retaining walls, liquefaction potential, thermal creep and elastic properties of hydraulic structures, durable masonry and economical cement mortar, dynamic response analysis of gravity dams. All areas are relevant and the studies on penstock bifurcations and manifolds may be coordinated with the RAS discipline.

The strengthening of existing areas of expertise should include: • Earthquake impact on hydraulic infrastructure

As the future developments will gradually move towards the mountains and more seismically active zones, the importance of carrying studies on the impact of earthquakes on structures becomes critical. There should also be strengthening of the laboratory activities with studies on a larger scale. CWPRS should strengthen on-going research on the physical and numerical modeling of the interaction between dams and their foundations. Experiments involving, structures, soils and water could make tremendous contributions and bring a world-wide reputation to CWPRS.

• Retrofitting of aging hydraulic infrastructure, abrasion-resistant materials, epoxy concrete, new materials

Given that aging of hydraulic structures and the large number of dams built more than 40 years ago, the retrofitting of existing structures should become a national priority. A substantial effort for development in this area should be undertaken at CWPRS. The FS discipline is well placed to assume a leadership role in collaboration with AES and other disciplines.

The challenging new areas of expertise should include: • Thermal, geotechnical and geophysical effects on hydraulic infrastructures

• Dam safety, tension cracks, seepage, liquefaction and stability

It seems that strengthening existing activities would be sufficient in this discipline. Increased cross-discipline collaboration with AES seems appropriate. For instance joint research in these areas should be very promising.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 33

6) Applied Earth Sciences (AES): This discipline is essential and vital to the future developments on geophysical research, engineering seismology and engineering geology. AES needs to provide expertise and services in the main areas of geophysics, vibration technology and engineering seismology, engineering geology such as the detection of faults, fractures, dykes and shear zones, assessment of bed material properties and volumes for dredging, seismic refraction and ground penetrating radars, underwater and cross-hole seismic surveys, identification of cracks in relation to permeability and seepage losses, use of chemical organic and radio-isotope tracers for seepage reduction studies, vibration and seismic studies, design of safe blast patterns, ultrasonic pulse studies, control blasting near dams, micro-earthquakes, and reservoir triggered seismicity. The current types of projects are expected to remain highly relevant in the future: cross-hole tomography, probabilistic seismic hazard, vibrations and seismic loading. The isotope hydrology may become under scrutiny as a result of environmental concerns. However, the importance of careful studies on cracks, seepage and structural resistance to seismic loads may justify the means, particularly in the case of nuclear power plants. There is complementarity in the approach where FS focuses on the impact on hydraulic structures while AES is better equipped for field applications and surveys. It is also important that although several methods may be similar to those of the CSMRS, the unique feature of this discipline at CWPRS is the level of applications in the presence of water. All water- related engineering applications should be carried out at CWPRS. The strengthening of existing areas of expertise should include: • Thermal, geotechnical and geophysical effects on hydraulic infrastructures

• Dam safety, tension cracks, seepage, liquefaction and stability

AES seems best positioned to bring the expertise in geophysics and engineering geology to the benefit of better design of hydraulic structures. CWPRS should take the lead on research on mountain hazards, landslides, mudflows and debris flows, leading to the design of sabo dams. The aspects of field monitoring, non-intrusive methods seem best handled by the AES discipline. Collaboration with FS is definitely warranted.

The challenging new areas of expertise should include: • Earthquake impact on hydraulic infrastructure

• Retrofitting of aging hydraulic infrastructure, abrasion-resistant materials, epoxy concrete, new materials CWPRS should take the lead on retrofitting old dams and water-related infrastructure. The use of new composites, polymers and epoxy should be pursued with greater intensity. Increased cross-discipline collaboration with AES for field applications seems desirable. CWPRS should continue its own developments in this promising research area. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 34

7) Instrumentation, Calibration & Testing Services (ICTS): This discipline is essential and vital to the future developments on laboratory instrumentation and data processing and should lead the future developments on computer modeling for water-related infrastructure. ICTS needs to provide expertise and services in the main areas of instrumentation, calibration and testing, development of sensors, data acquisition systems, data logging and processing, SCADA, tail end water level control systems, multiple discharge control systems, automatic tide generation systems, multi parameter data acquisition systems, Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS), automatic tidal gate systems, miniature propeller velocimeters, thermocouples and electronic gauges. ICTS shows overarching connectivity with all other disciplines. Modernization of the equipment has become an urgent necessity. In the area of velocimetry for instance, there need to be a definite push away from mechanical devices and towards electromagnetic, acoustic and lidar instrumentation. The strengthening of existing areas of expertise should include: • Turbulence measurements and modeling, PIV, CFD In collaboration with RAS and FS, the role of ICTS in this research area is to work on PIV instrumentation.

• Fluid- induced vibrations

• Cavitation, surge tanks, penstocks and waterhammer research In collaboration with RAS, the role of ICTS is to modernize the laboratory measurement procedures, data collection and processing. The challenging new areas of expertise should include: • In-situ measurements for rivers, reservoirs and coastal areas

Although this is not necessarily a new research area, the methods have drastically changed in this field. For instance, river velocimetry is now possible with Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters ADV and ADCP. In some cases, electromagnetic current meters have performed real well. There are recent developments with the use of lidars. CWPRS need to modernize and keep up the pace. CWPRS should consider adding hydrological equipment as well. This is a major area of development for CWPRS.

• High-power computing, SCADA, servers, data acquisition, parallel processing, data storage, remote sensing, etc. This is another research area where equipment needs to be modernized and where computer support technology needs to keep up the pace.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 35

6.Recruitment and Training

CWPRS is currently understaffed to meet emerging opportunities and challenges. CWPRS used to have 1857 sanctioned position in 2001. This number has declined to 1172 which represents a 36% decrease in research effort at CWPRS. Table 6.1 below indicates the current (2012) number of sanctioned and filled positions at CWPRS. The total number of sanctioned positions is 1172 compared with 931 filled positions, this represents a shortfall of 241 positions at this time. Most important is that the shortfall is primarily in the area of research positions (Groups A and B) where the deficit is currently of 111 research positions.

Table 6.1. Number of sanctioned and filled positions at CWPRS

(2012 data from Dr. I.D. Gupta)

Group Sanctioned Filled

Research Cadre (Group A) 186 * 127

Research Cadre (Group B) 172 120

Technical Services (Engg. Cadre) 55 44

Auxiliary Technical Services 302 247

(LA, C’man, D’man, etc.)

Ancillary Services (MTS) 275 253

Admin, Accounts & Other Services 182 140

Total 1172 931

For a research institute aiming at a world-class status, the above numbers clearly indicate that recruitment has become a top priority at CWPRS. There is an urgent need to increase the number of sanctioned positions in order to meet the challenges and opportunities of the new millennium. Moreover, there are currently a total of 25 employees with a Ph.D. degree and 36 holding a M.Tech. degree. Training has also become an essential component of the future success at CWPRS. To meet the research areas described in Section 5 with qualified personnel, recruitment and training needs are further discussed.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 36

6.1 - Recruitment To be fully effective, 200 Research Officers need to be added. An absolute minimum of 100 new research officers must be added in the next five years. An appropriate number of support staff should also be added to support the new development areas described in Section 5. A non-exclusive but representative breakdown in the number of requested Research Officer (RO) positions follows along with an indication of which discipline they should be associated with in italics with RO for Research Officers and relevant discipline:

• River modeling with 2-D and 3-D models (5 RO in RE)

• River restoration and stream rehabilitation (10 RO in RE)

• Point source river pollution and decontamination, advection-dispersion (15 RO in RE)

• Reservoir silting, turbidity, abrasion and sediment sluicing and flushing (5 RO in RE, RRSM and RAS)

• Distributed flash flood modeling during extreme events (5 RO in RRSM)

• Urban runoff modeling, detention storage, channel incision control (10 RO in RRSM)

• Integrated river basin management and best management practices (5 RO ST in RRSM)

• Non-point source pollution, irrigation and drainage, water quality in agricultural areas (5 RO in RRSM)

• Hydrometeorology of extreme events, satellite data transmission, delayed monsoons, climate change, sea level rise (10 RO in RRSM)

• Environmentally-friendly hydromachinery and hydraulic structures, fish ladders (5 RO in RAS and RE)

• Energy dissipation, stepped spillways, baffle blocks (5 RO in RAS)

• Fluid- induced vibrations (10 RO in RAS, FS and ICTS)

• Turbulence measurements and modeling, PIV, CFD (10 RO in ICTS and RAS)

• Cavitation, surge tanks, penstocks and waterhammer research (5 RO in RAS and ICTS)

• Thermal hydraulic engineering, cooling of nuclear and thermal power plants (10 RO in COE and AES)

• Tsunami research (15 RO in COE) Prospective Developments at CWPRS 37

• Coastal Environment, mangroves, tidal wetlands, and fisheries (5 RO in COE)

• Coastal modeling in 2-D and 3-D (5 RO in COE)

• Earthquake impact on hydraulic infrastructure (15 RO in FS)

• Thermal, geotechnical and geophysical effects on hydraulic infrastructures (5 RO in AES and FS)

• Dam safety, tension cracks, seepage, liquefaction and stability (10 in AES and FS)

• Retrofitting of aging hydraulic infrastructure, abrasion-resistant materials, epoxy concrete, new materials (10 RO in FS and AES)

• In-situ measurements for rivers, reservoirs and coastal areas (10 RO in ICTS)

• High-power computing, SCADA, servers, data acquisition, parallel processing, data storage, remote sensing, etc. (10 RO in ICTS)

Recruitment would be possible from top Universities in India and among students who completed M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in the US and in Europe. Graduates from universities with large laboratories in hydraulics, river engineering and coastal engineering would be valuable persons to hire at CWPRS. If no recent graduate can be found or recruited, it would be well worth sending some of the most talented and deserving young engineers and scientists for training abroad. Some of the knowledge gained overseas can be tremendously beneficial. The possibility to invite young graduates for a visit and possible job interview can save tremendous resources to see if the candidate’s research fits well within the mission of CWPRS. For example, the USBR has been very successful at recruiting top graduates with Ph.D.’s from the best schools in fluid mechanics around the U.S. The advantage has been to recruit young and talented individuals who now assume leadership positions at the institution.

6.2 - Training Training can be viewed both for reaching a higher level of competence in the current research areas, develop new areas of activities, or also may be viewed as a way to stimulate development and growth and reward the most deserving employees of CWPRS. Three levels of training needs should be considered: (1) Long-term training - The first level of training should be long-term training for junior employees. It should focus on technical areas of expertise under development or improvement. At the M.S. level, the trainee can learn the state-of-the-art on a given subject. The M.S. level training can be done either with thesis (normally takes 2 years) or without thesis (normally 1 ½ year). The advantage of a thesis is to Prospective Developments at CWPRS 38

allow the student to learn to write a long document in English. Training for a Ph.D. degree is also possible but a complete degree requires 3-4 years. It is understood here that given the shorter time commitment, it may be impracticable to send people abroad for Ph.D. studies. Nevertheless, the value of training for Ph.D. degrees can be emphasized. In the United States for instance, the trainee will learn from a broad spectrum of subjects in the water areas and will develop skills for computer modeling and in some cases in physical modeling. The other big advantage is in the ability to write a dissertation that makes a new contribution to a given topic. The candidates can search the literature, use the latest computer skills, take a new subject for study and explore the new areas in a comprehensive manner and bring cutting-edge technology back to CWPRS. Personally, institutes that approached me for a visit before sending students to work with me, were able to define research projects for the trainees that were directly linked to their own institutional research goals and activities. In very general terms, computer needs could be fulfilled by recruiting native students who studied abroad, and particularly in the US. Their ability to run computer models and set up computer networks should be beneficial to CWPRS. There should also be some long-term US training definitely in the area of river restoration, integrated river basin management, GIS, 2-D and 3-D computer modeling, and possibly to Japan for disaster prevention and coastal engineering. Long-term training should be linked with a commitment to stay with CWPRS upon completion of the training requirement.

(2) Short-term training - The second type of training should be termed short-term training on specialized subjects for mid-career employees. The duration can vary between several weeks and a few months. CWPRS employees may have the opportunity to travel abroad, or international experts can be invited for a certain period of time. It is quite effective to invite an expert to give a short course for several weeks or a few months. The cost of inviting an expert is usually much less than sending trainees abroad. The possibilities for junior employees can be beneficial in terms of knowledge gained from the short-term training experience. The opportunity can also be very welcome for mid-career and senior employees who want to see how research is done elsewhere. It is often very useful for the trainee to give a seminar presentation on their own research activities. Foreign seminars always require tremendous energy levels from the trainees, particularly while traveling overseas with jet lag and demanding travel schedules. This possibility is excellent to increase the visibility of your own institute and research. There should be some long-term plan for regular or periodical short-term visits with international experts. This could include a combination of opportunities for senior CWPRS researchers to exchange at the global scale as well as the possibility to invite international experts on a long-term basis for sabbaticals, extended stays, short-courses or for periodical appointments as reviewers and advisory board members. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 39

The following presents a breakdown of training needs in line with the new research areas for each discipline. The abbreviations LTT and ST stands for long-term training and short-term training respectively. The very high priority is designated with ***, high with ** and medium with *.

River Engineering (2 crores)

• River restoration and stream rehabilitation (LTT ***) • River modeling with 2-D and 3-D models (LTT ***) • Point source river pollution and decontamination, advection-dispersion (ST *) • Reservoir silting, turbidity, abrasion and sediment sluicing and flushing (ST**)

River and Reservoir Systems Modelling (2 cr)

• Distributed flash flood modeling during extreme events (LTT***) • Urban runoff modeling, detention storage, channel incision control (ST*) • Integrated river basin management and best management practices (LTT**) • Non-point source pollution, irrigation and drainage, water quality in agricultural areas (LTT*) • Hydrometeorology of extreme events, satellite data transmission, delayed monsoons, climate change, sea level rise (LTT**)

Reservoirs and Appurtenant Structures (2 cr)

• Environmentally-friendly hydro and hydraulic structures, fish ladders (ST*) • Energy dissipation, stepped spillways, baffle blocks (LTT**) • Fluid- induced vibrations (LTT**) • Cavitation, surge tanks, penstocks and waterhammer research (ST*)

Coastal and Offshore Engineering (1 cr)

• Thermal hydraulic engineering, cooling of nuclear and thermal power plants (ST***) • Tsunami research (ST***) • Coastal Environment, mangroves, tidal wetlands, and fisheries (ST*) • Coastal modeling in 2-D and 3-D (LTT*)

Foundations and Structures (2 cr)

• Earthquake impact on hydraulic infrastructure (LTT***) • Retrofitting of aging hydraulic infrastructure, abrasion-resistant materials, epoxy concrete, new materials (ST**)

Applied Earth Sciences (2 cr)

• Thermal, geotechnical and geophysical effects on hydraulic infrastructures (ST**) • Dam safety, tension cracks, seepage, liquefaction and stability (LTT***)

Instrumentation, Calibration and Testing Services (3 cr)

• Turbulence measurements and modeling, PIV, CFD (LTT***) • In-situ measurements for rivers, reservoirs and coastal areas (ST**) • High-power computing, SCADA, servers, data acquisition, parallel processing, data storage, remote sensing, etc. (LTT***)

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 40

In reviewing the needs for each discipline in terms of long-term and short- term training, it is my recommendation that the following areas should be given the highest priority:

 Long-term training on 2-D modeling of rivers and sedimentation. Short-term training on river restoration and stream rehabilitation.

 Long-term training on distributed modeling (GIS-based) of surface runoff and urban flashfloods, and modeling of dam-break and reservoir silting/sluicing.

 Long-term training on turbulence and CFD modeling with Fluent or FLOW-3D. Training on the use of PIV (this could be short-term training). This also includes data acquisition systems and high-power computing. Modeling in 2-D and 3-D of sediment transport processes may be a good subject for advanced degrees in engineering.

 Long-term training on liquefaction, vibrations and earthquake engineering. Also on the hydromechanics interaction between fluid- induced vibrations and metals (pipes, gates, etc.)

 Short-term training on tsunami research, environmental coastal processes, mangrove and wetlands. Long/short-term training on modeling of thermal advection and diffusion and mixing processes from manifolds and other hydraulic structures in relation to nuclear and thermal power plants.

 Short-term training on the use of geophysical methods to determine the properties of concrete (density, porosity, cracking, etc.) to retrofit aging hydraulic infrastructure.

 Short-term training on cavitation, hydromachinery, acoustic and electromagnetic velocimetry.

(3) Short visits - The third type of training should be for senior research officers and joint directors. Short visits (usually less than one week) are deemed appropriate to visit international institutes and universities. These trips may be for presentation at a conference, participation in an international forum, service on a televised international panel... These visits can provide useful information on active research programs in foreign countries. Some administrators enjoy developing international memoranda of understanding (IMOU). Personally, I am not particularly fond of such initiatives since they require a lot of time for paperwork. In many instances, the turnover in administrative personnel becomes a hindering factor. IMOU’s can nevertheless become useful when there are research collaborators to follow up after the paperwork is in place. Long friendships and exceptional collaboration leading to great papers, manuals and projects can greatly enhance the visibility and reputation of CWPRS and prove to be most effective on the long-term. Administrators or team leaders should get involved in national and international Prospective Developments at CWPRS 41

committees. Such activities require a serious time commitment which is most often not remunerated. However, the ability to see what is going on elsewhere explores new ways of doing things. This opportunity could be brought up as a reward for excellent work and should include visits to some large laboratories around the world, short-term training from leading experts invited at CWPRS, visits of particular laboratories and foreign peer institutions, some short-term training for short courses in the U.S. or Europe. The training activities should require additional tasks from the trainees, such as the requirement to present a paper at a Conference, or at the visiting institution. Possibly, a link should be established with someone of the visited institution. This can provide essential information on the timing of the visit, persons to contact and other activities going on at the time of the visit. Something important during the short-term visits is the need to have an interpreter to enable communication and facilitate the travel schedule. For instance, many foreign groups visiting us at CSU were totally unprepared and unable to communicate, which left a lasting impression on how disorganized they really were. Foreign visits should be prepared ahead of time and in some countries, a good interpreter may be incredibly resourceful. Short visits would be valuable for the leadership team comprised of the Director and Joint Directors and perhaps selected Chief Research Officers. Short visits would be beneficial in the following areas:

 Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory and the Environmental Laboratory at the Engineering Research development Center in Vicksburg, MS, USA.

 A visit of the Four Major River Restoration Project in South Korea.

 River and Sedimentation research facilities in China at Tsinghua University, and the Wuhan Hydraulic Institute in China.

 Energy dissipation facilities at the ETHZ in Zurich, Switzerland.

 The Disaster Prevention Research Institute in Kyoto, Japan.

Additional information on a discipline-wise training needs for CWPRS can be found in Appendix A. These lists have been reviewed and discussed during my 2nd visit from July 23-27, 2012. All requests are reasonable and subject to budget availability and approval by the Director of CWPRS. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 42

7. Infrastructure and Research Facilities In terms of overall infrastructure, the buildings and large scale research facilities are first considered. The overall research infrastructure at CWPRS used to benefit from infrastructure support for equipment and training from the UNDP from 1970-1998. The UNDP funded ~ $21,358,678 million USD for the upkeep of the facilities and training, and this primarily from 1972 to 1998 (detailed list in Julien 2012). For instance the last significant UNDP investment into the infrastructure of CWPRS was about $2 million USD from 1990-1998. Since 1998, the lack of investment in the research infrastructure has been detrimental to the overall research operations at CWPRS. The laboratories and research offices are equipped with furniture far from world-class levels.

7.1 – Existing building renovation Director Gupta and his team have somehow managed to maintain the facilities operational, although the vast majority of research buildings and laboratories is clearly aging. For instance, some very large buildings near the entrance have been left for commemoration. These buildings have not been used for several decades, perhaps half a century, and in some cases roofs are caving in and large trees have established permanent roots. This is not in line with the standards for a world-class institute. Dr. Gupta mentioned that he already has a plan to demolish these obsolete facilities. My point here is that the entire building infrastructure has been neglected not for a year or two, but for several decades. The lack of resources has definitely contributed to the situation regarding the research infrastructure. There is an urgent need for major capital investment to meet the challenges of the 21st century. It is worth mentioning that the current leadership team at CWPRS deserves the credit for the recent construction of two buildings: (1) a large new auditorium in which I was apparently the first speaker; and (2) a new large coastal engineering laboratory completed about 2 years ago. Dr. Gupta and the leadership team have prepared proposals for the renovation of twelve buildings in disrepair and the list given below must be given top priority.

The itemized building renovation request found below in Table 7.1 is for a total of ~ 10 crores for the renovations of the existing buildings.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 43

Table 7.1 List of buildings in urgent need for renovation (from Dr. Gupta)

Name of the buildings to be renovated Approximate Tentative Plinth Area cost in in sqm Rs. (lakh)

Office-cum-laboratory building (OCL) - Three 2400 360.00 storied (constructed around 1965)

(DOHI) - Two storied (constructed around 2200 70.00 1969)

Coastal Engineering and Research Centre 630 65.00 (CERC) - Two storied (constructed around 1971)

Coastal Data Centre (CDC) - Two storied 450 10.00 (constructed around 2000)

Ship Hydrodynamics (SH) - Single storied 3000 60.00 (constructed around 1962)

Hydromechanics (HM) - Single storied 1500 75.00 (constructed around 1957)

Cavitation -Three storied (constructed 250 50.00 around 1961)

Improvement of Canal Control (ICC) - Single 440 5.00 storied (constructed around 2000)

Central Work Shop (WS) - Single storied 1125 50.00 (constructed around 1949)

Central Store - Single storied (constructed 2200 45.00 around 1950)

Sub-division Office of Assistant Executive 200 50.00 Engineer (Civil) (AEE- Civil) - Single storied (constructed around 1950)

Instrumentation Workshop - Single storied 1600 35.00 (constructed around 1963)

Sub-total 875.00

~ 10 cr

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 44

The renovated buildings should benefit from the following:

 Continuous power – Power outages are frequent at CWPRS which may last from a few minutes to a half hour. These disrupt all measuring devices and cause considerable delay to the experimental research. Such power outages are not acceptable in a world-class institution. It is essential to maintain continuous power supply at CWPRS.

 Control rooms – Renovation of the control rooms in most large laboratories with modern computer equipment and appropriate data acquisition systems and data processing equipment. Wireless connections to measurement probes and devices should be provided whenever possible.

 Office space – Renovation of office space with replacement of old desks, tables, chairs, book cases and replace with new desktops and laptops with flat screens, decent chairs, lighting, dry-erase boards, and discard old CRT monitors, etc.

 Air circulation - Adequate air circulation, HVAC, fans and air conditioning in some areas would be desirable (the temperature in several offices and water quality laboratories were excessively hot during the first visit in June). Pune, normally benefits from rather nice weather and better air circulation (AC should not be necessary) should be provided in the large-scale hydraulic and coastal laboratories. However, the control centers and RO offices should have fans or AC available, along with adequate workspaces.

 Building infrastructure - The main building infrastructure should be checked for structural damage. Cracked masonry should be resurfaced, some signs and boards in front of some buildings and some laboratory flumes could be renewed. Ancient windows need to be replaced in most buildings and laboratories, entrances should be inviting, office doors and hallways should be well lit and repainted, and there should be some meeting rooms in all buildings with dry- erase white boards for discussion. Parking lots should be paved with covered areas for scooters. There should be concrete, dry and covered walkways between buildings (currently there are muddy areas between several buildings, particularly during the wet monsoon).

 Electrical and plumbing – Some electrical and plumbing installations probably date to colonial times and may be somewhat dangerous. It was noticeable that several toilets were leaking during my visit of remote laboratory buildings. Such things should be operational and the electrical wiring is also a safety issue for all laboratory employees in a world-class research institute like CWPRS.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 45

7.2 – New large research facilities Large research facilities considered here include structures that are too large to be considered equipment. For instance large facilities can be hangars, laboratory space, hydraulic flumes or large-scale physical models. There is no vendor for research facilities and the construction can be contracted out. It is considered that the following large facilities (~ 25cr) are essential to meet the needs for the new water-related research areas from Section 5:

 A new flume for tsunami research (10 cr) - A tsunami flume could be built in refurbishing existing facilities in disrepair in the Coastal Laboratory. The new tsunami flume could be designed to maintain a dual purpose for single waves and/or random wave generators for breakwater studies. This research facility would primarily support the COE discipline, and ICTS would definitely need to be involved with data acquisition and processing.

 Eco-hydraulic research facility (8 cr) - A large eco-hydraulic facility for the interaction between rivers and ecosystems. This facility can be used for the analysis of river restoration, urban flooding, sediment contamination, mining impact, fluvial geomorphology, riparian habitat, water quality modeling, and interaction with the aquatic ecosystems. The resources should support the outdoor large scale physical modeling activities of the RE discipline and should also support some of the activities of RRSM and RAS as well.

 Hydro-vibration research facilities (4 cr) - A new large vibration table (~ 3m x 6m) should be built for the analysis of the effects of earthquakes and vibrations on soils and hydraulic structures. This would be important for the analysis of liquefaction, dynamic stability of dams and other hydraulic structures during earthquakes. The facility may be housed in existing laboratory space. The resources should support the physical modeling activities of the FS discipline and should link more closely with activities of AES and RAS as well.

 Hydro-thermal laboratory facilities (3 cr) - This will enable better understanding and design of cooling systems for thermal and nuclear power plants. This includes the experimental analysis of diffusion and dispersion as well as thermal stratification and salinity intrusion problems. The laboratory space is currently available in the existing facilities. The resources should support the physical modeling activities of the COE discipline and should link more closely with RRSM, AES and FS. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 46

7.3 – New buildings for emerging research

To meet the challenges of the new millennium as detailed in Section 5, two new buildings are desirable to support the emerging research areas of all research disciplines.

New Building #1 - Center for Eco-Hydraulic Research (CEHR)

A new building should be constructed (~ 18 cr) for the establishment of a new Eco-Hydraulic Research Center. The first building would meet the needs for emerging research in environmental river and coastal areas (RE and COE), as well as support the 2-D and 3-D computer modeling activities in the other disciplines (RRSM, RAS, FS, AES and ICTS). This building should be located near the large laboratories to stimulate exchange between physical modelers and numerical modelers. For instance, it could be physically located between the river and coastal engineering laboratories. The main components of this new building would be in the following areas:

 Advanced Computational Center (ACC) – The 2-D and 3-D modeling capabilities for rivers, reservoirs and coastal areas could be merged into a single center within this new building. For instance, facilities with a main server, high performance computers and a host of numerical models could be available in this center.

 Data Acquisition and Processing Center (DAPC) – A center for the data acquisition storage retrieval and processing of laboratory measurements. This center should have the capabilities to retrieve and store multi-channel and multi-dimensional data received from all physical laboratories at the station. The center would provide software for data acquisition, storage, processing and displaying. For instance, this could provide centralized operations for wireless data acquisition from the coastal laboratories, SCADA, ADCP and PIV, Geophysics. It may also include connection to satellites and provide 3D and 4D visual capabilities, graphics, time to frequency domain transformations, etc. These capabilities could also be spread-out throughout all laboratories while keeping central services for data display.

 Surface Water Quality Laboratory (SWQL) – The current water quality modeling group could expand its operations into large laboratory space devoted to the laboratory analysis of water quality in rivers, reservoirs and coastal areas. There could be an expansion of the activities on measuring water quality parameters like temperature, pH, BOD, fluorometry, organics, nitrates and phosphates and their impact on eutrophication and algae growth and control. The analysis should include the analysis of chemicals and industrial waste in surface waters, inorganics like PCB’s, and other similar contaminants. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 47

There could be new operations in relation to mining industries, as well as concentrations of heavy metals in adsorbed, dissolved and particulate phase, volatilization and photolysis, actinides, etc. The current investigations on macrophytes and plankton should be expanded to include chemicals, coliforms, steroids, pharmaceuticals and bacterial growth in surface waters. The new building could also host new research in hydro-epidemiology.

 River and Coastal Restoration (RACR) - New research areas relative to river restoration, stream rehabilitation, sediment contamination and management of spoiled dredged materials, aquatic habitat, stream ecology, riparian habitat, minimum in-stream flow needs, fish and wildlife studies, reconstructed wetlands and coastal mangroves and tidal wetlands. Environmental Impact Studies could be conducted with the greater capabilities of physical and numerical modeling. There could also be economical impact studies, riverfront property development, canal boating or recreation, fishing, bike path and water parks in the vicinity of rivers, hydro-tourism, etc.

New Building #2 - Welcome Center with Administrative Services (WCAS)

A new building should be constructed (~7 cr) near the main entrance of the Research Station. This building would serve the following functions:

 Welcome Center with a few physical displays, flat screens and videos  A contracting office for the preparation of research contracts with CWPRS clients  Meeting rooms for the clients and visitors in small (8-10) and larger groups (20-25)  A Public Relations’ Office with publications and printing capabilities for reports and posters, data archival, institutional statistics and annual reports, main server and firewall for the CWPRS network services and web page.  Satellite data access with data transmission and retrieval –this could also be located at the CEHR  Video- and tele-conferencing capabilities  Training Center for short courses. The room should accommodate 30- 40 people with high tech computers smart boards and could be combined with the video-conferencing capabilities.  A cafeteria for the clients, staff and visitors. The cafeteria should be a central point for lunches and exchanges of ideas among all researchers at the station.  A power control center with a power generator and non-interruptible power supply to secure continuous power for computational and physical modeling experiments. This generator may be located somewhere else if too noisy.  The Director’s Office and relevant office space for support staff  Note that the proposed new building would be in the vicinity of the new auditorium. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 48

8. Equipment and Software

Per the discussion in Section 7, the need to renovate the equipment and computers cannot be overemphasized given that it has been 15 years since a major investment in the research infrastructure has been made at CWPRS. To face the daunting challenges for the design of world-class water-related infrastructure like thermal and nuclear power plants that are facing tsunamis, floods, and earthquakes, the engineers and scientists at CWPRS need to be equipped with the latest technology. There is no doubt that a substantial upgrade in equipment, hardware and software would add a tremendous dimension to the capabilities of CWPRS. In the new millennium, technology has changed and CWPRS needs to keep up the pace. For instance, laboratories world-wide have replaced propeller-type velocity measuring devices with electronic equipment, e.g. Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters (e.g. ADCP, ADV…) and electromagnetic devices (e.g. Marsh McBirney…). Other distributed systems like GIS, PIV, multi-spectral scanners, are becoming standards of practice, along with wireless communication. The needs at CWPRS are as much in hardware as software. It is difficult to assess the exact proportion of physical/field modeling activity in comparison with numerical modeling activities. My recommendation is to give a top priority to physical modeling such that laboratory and field measurement capabilities remain far greater than the numerical modeling. CWPRS would be highly competitive with an approximate ratio of numerical to physical modeling around 25%.

In terms of computer software, the availability of freeware has increased tremendously in the United States. Some vendors still harvest considerable sums of money for “executable” codes rather than “source” codes. It is viewed that the training of young research officers may be more valuable than the purchase of commercial software. The problem with most commercial software is that the user cannot look inside the “box” to find out what the model is really simulating. In the case of CWPRS where engineers and scientists are challenged to come up with the best possible solutions to complex problems involving nuclear plants, tsunamis, dam break floods and excessive urban floods, the simple use of canned programs is not sufficient. The engineers and scientists need to know what is inside the programs and must be able to make code modifications to fulfill their specific project needs. At CWPRS there is a greater need to have people trained in developing their own programs than in people capable to used canned programs and procedures. Training abroad usually develops the ability to find suitable codes and models. During their training, graduate students typically develop or find models with source codes freely available, or at very low cost. The availability of source codes is a tremendous asset in allowing the adaptability to different conditions by programming new algorithms that are best suited to the problems and conditions found in India. The general saying that the modeler is at least as valuable as the software prevails in water resources engineering. It is viewed that CWPRS would gain tremendous benefits from hiring graduate engineering and scientists from Prospective Developments at CWPRS 49

IIT or from universities in the United States and Europe. It should be added that commercial software for Computational Fluid Dynamics (e.g. Flow-3D or Fluent) are highly recommended. On the other hand other commercial packages tend to be expensive and they are based on technology developed several decades ago. For instance, it is not clear why Mike 11 should be purchased when HEC-RAS is doing the same thing for free. The purchase of executables may be viable on the short term. However, to become a first- class research institute, the development of some new models in river or coastal engineering should become desirable. World-class institutes tend to develop their own products, equipment and software. The leadership in the coastal engineering with MORMOT and NAVIGA should serve as a very good example for all disciplines. Continued development of these two software packages and testing with laboratory and field measurements should be given priority. Since CWPRS is developing expertise in certain areas, they could also potentially market some of their own products and get some return for the equipment and software that is developed in-house (e.g. NAVIGA, MORMOT, and flow meters…). The suggested plan would have an Advanced Computational Center (ACC), as described in Section 7.3. Computer models could be centralized at the ACC and a number of different codes could be made available for the users of all disciplines. Among others, the system could host a number of codes including:

 codes for CFD modeling in FLUENT, ANSYS, FLOW-3D  turbulent mixing CORMIX  river modeling HEC-RAS, RMA-2, DAMBRK, Mike  distributed modeling, GIS, ARC-GIS, ERDAS, TREX  decision support systems, MODSIM  coastal models, SUNTANS, TELEMAC, OUTRAY  navigation NAVIGA and MORMOT  geo-hydraulic models GEOSLOPE, FLAC3-D, Distinct EM… The issue of proprietary equipment and software has been raised and seems to be a nagging problem that increases the cost of projects and operations. Well, this problem is shared with all peer institutions around the world. It has to be understood that the reason some software is proprietary is to offset the real cost of putting this piece of equipment or software on the market in the first place. In a large and resourceful institute like CWPRS, there are many ways to be very creative at developing new tools and techniques that will reduce the dependency on proprietary software and hardware. One effective way to cope with these costs is to distribute the cost of proprietary equipment/software over several projects or users. This is probably the most effective way to deal with proprietary items that are indispensable. In some cases, some expensive costs for proprietary software can be avoided. Some commercial software are found not to be very useful in the U.S. because many people have developed equivalent and better performing software packages at a fraction of the cost. In many cases, software can be found for free and are available on the web. Finally, I would argue that simple collaboration with universities has been a tremendous way to reduce the cost of proprietary software. For instance, in my own research group at CSU, we have developed CASC2D and TREX. The Prospective Developments at CWPRS 50 material from completed research projects, dissertations, theses and manuals, and this includes the source code of new software, is made available on the web and accessible to all. As a result, the USACE and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation worked with us to develop new software. They brought the source codes back to their offices and adapted the new software to their own institutional needs and standards of practice. Several countries (e.g. South Korea and Malaysia) are now sending students for long term training with us to learn how to use our software. These individuals earn a degree in taking part to the development of the software. Upon return, they bring this knowledge and freeware back home for the development of water resources in their own countries. This is one aspect of collaboration that I discussed in my seminar at CWPRS on “The Power of Collaborative Research.” A detailed list of needed equipment (hardware and software) has been established for each of the seven disciplines at CWPRS. The lists are presented in a discipline-wise fashion and the items are prioritized with the most important item on top of the list. The equipment lists include the type, the supplier and cost in an itemized fashion. The list in Appendix B itemizes the needs and an estimated cost of 16 cr should meet the current equipment needs. These items do not present a once for all solution to the equipment and software needs. Further internal discussion should be going on at CWPRS to prioritize its own needs. One important factor is that like all other peer institutions, CWPRS cannot be all things to all people. Each discipline has to make practical decisions and recommend which pieces of equipment/software and relevant training are absolutely essential to their operations and discard those that are not worthy of purchasing. The priorities should come from the project-based demand. Recent trends among past and the schedule of future projects should be carefully examined. What were the equipment and software needed in the projects of the past decade? What is the new technology that is becoming available on the market? What are the emerging and promising areas of research that would help the nation develop? What is the schedule of the forthcoming projects CWPRS? In periodically seeking answers to these questions, the equipment needs can be identified by each discipline. Each discipline can then make its own choices and develop accordingly. Perhaps the only exception to this would be in the field of computer technology where the developments in hardware are so rapid that only computer scientists can provide valuable assistance in charting the future needs for the entire research station. A consultant may review the needs and bring an outsider perspective and suggest other things. However, it is very difficult for any external consultant to fully recognize the breadth of research activities going on at CWPRS. The process essentially needs to mature from the inside rather than be imposed from the outside. Some institutional thinking needs to take place and the role of a consultant may simply be to initiate the process.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 51

9. Operational Management and Budget

This section revisits a discussion on the relative isolation of CWPRS previously discussed in section 4. Some suggestions will be offered in terms of operational management. One of the main issues discussed in this section is whether or not CWPRS should consider reaching autonomous status. Additional information regarding ways to improve productivity and visibility are covered, alongside a budget and timeline for the future developments at CWPRS. The following issues should be considered:

Autonomous status: The possibility of seeking autonomous status for CWPRS has been given serious consideration. On July 26, 2012, Drs. Gupta, Bhosekar and myself visited two autonomous institutes in Pune (the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology IITM of the Indian Meteorological Department, and the National Chemical Laboratory NCL). These two visits were very instrumental and educative, and detailed notes from the visits can be found in Julien (2012). The high profile of these two institutes seems to stem from: (1) a highly competitive and selective recruitment process; (2) great research facilities; (3) a vibrant research environment; and (4) strong connection with the outside world. At CWPRS, the autonomous status would be very beneficial in order to: (1) reduce the administrative paperwork with the Ministry of Water Resources; (2) provide a more selective and direct involvement in the hiring of world-class new employees; (3) open up new possibilities with international contracts; (4) enable employees at CWPRS to participate in international conferences; and (5) provide flexibility and reduced paperwork for the CWPRS Director. There seems to be no difference with the advantages and privileges of the employees since the employment status through the Government of India is the same with/without autonomous status. It is important to note that in a change to autonomous status, the CWPRS employees should retain all the privileges that they currently have. It seems that CWPRS employees could only gain new opportunities in changing to autonomous status. When the autonomous status was discussed with the joint directors, they expressed a concern regarding the continuity in the transition process from the current state to autonomous status which may take 2-3 years to be fully approved. It was mentioned that Director Gupta’s retirement is scheduled for September 2013 and none of the Joint Directors would be eligible for the Director position before 2015. It is most important to preserve continuity in the transformation process to autonomous status. This could be achieved either by extending Dr. Gupta’s Director appointment until 2015, or by allowing one of the current Joint Directors (M.N. Singh, V.G. Bhave, V. Bhosekar, M.D. Kudale, S. Govindan, R.S. Ramteke or P.K. Goel) to assume the Director position upon the retirement of Dr. Gupta. In all events it is most important not to allow an external candidate to assume the CWPRS Director position during the transition period to autonomous status.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 52

Increased productivity: Institutional productivity always starts with a healthy work environment. It is therefore important to practice high quality standards in Workplace Health and Safety (WH&S), particularly in the “hard hat” laboratories or in areas dealing with chemicals and isotopes. It is also important to involve the employees in the decision making process so that they feel some ownership and attachment to the future developments of CWPRS. A forward looking research environment is always a source of additional commitment to a research station. The work atmosphere can change drastically when employees see positive improvements in the quality of their work environment. CWPRS is currently understaffed as previously discussed in Section 6. As stated previously, there is an urgent need to recruit and train research officers, to rejuvenate the research infrastructure and facilities, and to renew the equipment and software. With a renewed commitment of resources to CWPRS and by recruiting dynamic young research officers and with careful mentoring from the senior researchers, the productivity and the national and international reputation of the entire research station will soar. The senior members can be very successful at mentoring junior colleagues. They can collaborate on research, share contacts and get younger members motivated. This mentoring speeds up the formation and career development of young scientists and engineers. Young scientists will bring new methods and new ways of doing things, which can be highly beneficial to increase the productivity of important projects. The following recommendations regarding productivity should be carefully considered if CWPRS vision is to become a world-class Center of Excellence: • CWPRS should have the authority to hire their new employees. CWPRS should be actively involved in the recruitment and hiring of new employees. They should proactively look into recent graduates from engineering schools in India and abroad.

• CWPRS should have the authority to dismiss non-performing employees from their functions. The increased responsibility of CWPRS engineers and scientists in the design of large water-related infrastructure for public safety has to be recognized. There is an unprecedented demand to design safe infrastructure like nuclear and thermal power plants, dams and pipelines against the devastating forces of tsunamis, earthquakes, extreme floods, etc. This responsibility needs to be assumed by bright and experienced engineers and scientists. There is no room at CWPRS for people who do not want to reach the highest possible standards of performance and professional ethics. Such employees may be transferred to regional offices, or areas of the GoI with reduced responsibilities.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 53

Increased visibility of CWPRS: there are numerous ways to increase the visibility of CWPRS. A basic commitment to outreach is indicated and this can be motivated at different levels including the following:

• Collaborate. Research collaboration with universities and other research institutes is highly desirable. As discussed during my seminar presentation on July 23, 2012, this can lead to better visibility of the large laboratory facilities. Collaboration with universities can lead to refereed publications in scientific journals since most professors are required to write significant articles. CWPRS would also gain in providing exposure of their facilities to promising young scientists and engineers. For instance, CWPRS could develop very fruitful collaboration with academic institutions: (1) in offering large laboratory facilities that cannot be found in universities; and (2) CWPRS should be able to recruit and host numerous graduate students who want to solve problems of national importance. This can become a great recruitment tool for CWPRS. This level of activity is already present but seems to always require the involvement of CWPRS director. It seems that a broader-based extension of the collaboration with universities offers a unique outreach potential at this time. CWPRS should also develop research with other national institutes in India. For instance, there should be a definite increased commitment to environmental issues, e.g. clean-up of thrash on land and leaching into rivers, and collaboration with relevant ministries in the public health sector. Clean-up of land and water resources is perhaps one of the greatest national challenges. Success may start with a single experimental study site where the integrated river basin management concepts of RRSM could be directly applied for environmental clean-up. There is no better place to start such an initiative than at CWPRS. There may be involvement and funding from NGO’s on this as well. A single successful research-based initiative may spread out to the entire country. The potential rewards from such an initiative would be tremendous for CWPRS. Collaboration with the National Institute of Hydrology also comes to mind regarding joint research in climate and hydrology as input to hydraulic and river engineering studies of the RRSM. On projects involving groundwater, the FS and AES disciplines may expand collaboration with the Central Groundwater Board (CGWB). Some research activities in the FS and AES disciplines bear similarity with the activities of the Central Soil and Material Research Station (CSMRS). The distinction should be drawn that all research involving water-related problems and infrastructure should be dealt with at CWPRS. For instance, mudflows and debris flows and bedrock blasting near dams should be considered at CWPRS. Collaboration on landslides may be a good joint research opportunity because research applications on impact of roads and foundations could be done at CSMRS while the applications on landslide impact inside a reservoir (like the landslide-generated wave inside Vajont Dam in Italy) should be carried out at CWPRS. CWPRS may also host foreign and national visitors for an extended period of time from a week to a few months. Housing facilities were under renovations when I visited. This is a great step in the right direction. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 54

• Reach out and get involved. Participation at national and international conferences is also very important to increase visibility. Participation and involvement on national committees is also important. Reaching out also implies a lot of travel and additional working hours. Pune airport may not be the most readily accessible, but it is nevertheless very important to travel and meet clients, partners and collaborators. All activities involving short courses, seminars, international forum, lectures at IIT’s should be extremely beneficial. The following list of short courses could be developed for either training at CWPRS or at universities like U. Pune, the network of IIT universities with expertise in water like IIT Mumbai, IIT Roorkee, IIT Chennai, IIT Kharagpur and IIT Kanpur. When the buildings are fully constructed, it would then become interesting to offer short courses in the following areas: (1) River engineering; (2) Sediment flushing and sluicing; (3) Coastal engineering breakwaters; (4) Navigation programs NAVIGA and MORMOT; (5) Energy dissipators; (6) Earthquake impact on hydraulic structures; (7) Retrofitting of aging infrastructure; (8) Masonry resurfacing and abrasion resistant materials; (9) Vibrations of hydraulic gates and structures; and (10) Cavitation and hydromachinery testing, etc. • Publish or perish. The ability to publish in top refereed journals is perhaps the highest landmark of recognition that can be achieved for a research institution. CWPRS can collaborate (rather than compete) with academic institutions as previously mentioned. The ability to write joint refereed papers can merge the ability of young professors and scientists to carry out theoretical work with the innate ability of professional engineers and scientists at CWPRS to perform applied research on projects of national significance. CWPRS also has the unique opportunity to write very important manuals and codes of practice in the fields relative to water. These standard codes and manuals can then be taught in universities for all engineers working in certain fields. This can lead to important national reports, guidelines and definition of better national standards of practice in the engineering profession. Productive workers can be rewarded with a reduced load (instead of an increased load) to allow them time to develop and reach high levels of excellence. For instance it takes a lot of time and effort to write books, manuals and standards of practice. To allow the most prolific writers to develop their skills can yield tremendous institutional payoffs and increase the reputation of CWPRS. • Cherish a new look? Nowadays, a great deal of visibility can be gained through the design of web pages. The institution can share and distribute numerous manuals, codes, books, reports and material relevant to research activities. The example of the Hydrologic Engineering Center in Sacramento California should be praised for its world-wide distribution of free software for the analysis of surface runoff and river flows with sediment transport. The HEC-RAS model has been used and distributed world-wide without any attempt to make profit, but this information sharing has brought recognition far beyond the national perspective under which the operation first started. Other items in this outreach process include a digital library, Webinars, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn… Also, the name CWPRS is not quite easy to remember. I have mingled these Prospective Developments at CWPRS 55 letters for some time. Would it make sense to change the name to something more dynamic? From further discussion during my second visit, several possible names were discussed and there seemed to be a consensus for: National Hydraulic Research Institute in Pune, or NHRI-Pune.

• Celebrate! A tremendous opportunity will present itself in 2016: yes, the centennial of CWPRS. The possibility to invite seven (one for each discipline) International keynote speakers for an international conference should be considered. These keynote speakers may be asked to provide a one-day short course on their respective disciplines... Prospective Developments at CWPRS 56

Tentative Schedule:

A five year schedule for training, equipment and renovations may look something like:

Year 1 -  Filing for Autonomous Status  Renovations of Existing Research Buildings  Purchase of Laboratory Equipment  Planning the construction of the two new buildings

Year 2 -  Renovations of Existing Research Buildings  Acquisition of Laboratory Equipment (hardware and software)  Starting the new building Construction  Long-term and short-term training

Year 3 -  Renovations of Large Facilities  Completing the new building construction  Long-term and short-term training  Planning HPC and software purchases  Purchase of equipment for the new buildings

Year 4 -  Renovations of Large Facilities  Long-term training  Software purchases  Hiring new RO

Year 5 -  Renovations of Large Facilities  International Conference for the CWPRS Centennial  New training courses offered at CWPRS  Hiring new RO

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Budget: It is difficult to assess exactly the budget needs for CWPRS and these matters may be best decided internally. From an outside perspective, it seems that an absolute minimum budget required to bring CWPRS closer to the world-class level would be around 90 crores (~ $18,000,000.00 USD) for the research infrastructure, facilities, research equipment, computers and software. Accordingly, a proportional increase to the operational budget (estimated at 20 crores) should be added every year to support the increase number of research officers and support staff. The minimum budget is targeted here given that the true expected value of lifting CWPRS among the top world-class Centers of Excellence may be 2-3 times higher, perhaps around 250 crores. This may sound overly ambitious and extravagant, so work must start somewhere. I am absolutely convinced that an investment in CWPRS will bring one of the highest possible returns at the national level.

Table 9.1 Approximate Budget needs for CWPRS Item Budget

200 new RO + support staff -- (~20 cr to base budget) - details Section 6.

Training 14 cr - details in Section 6 + Table 9.2 below

Existing building renovations 10 cr - details in Sections 7.1

New Large Research Facilities 25 cr - details in Section 7.2

New building #1 CEHR 18 cr - details in Section 7.3

New building #2 WCAS 7 cr - details in Section 7.3

New equipment, hardware, software 16 cr - details in Section 8 + Table 9.2 below

______Total 90 cr (or ~ $ 18,000,000 USD)

+ 20 cr added to the annual base budget

Table 9.2 Discipline-wise Summary of Training and Equipment Needs (in crores)

Training Equipment

River Engineering 2 cr 2 cr River and Reservoir Systems Modelling 2 cr 2 cr Reservoirs and Appurtenant Structures 2 cr 2 cr Coastal and Offshore Engineering 1 cr 4 cr Foundations and Structures 2 cr 1.5 cr Applied Earth Sciences 2 cr 1.5 cr Instrumentation, Calib. and Testing Services 3 cr 3 cr ______

TOTAL 14 cr 16 cr

Note: more details for training in Appendix A and equipment and software in Appendix B. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 58

10. Summary and Recommendations

The fundamental purpose of this report is to strengthen CWPRS. This report contains a discipline-wise review of the current status of CWPRS (Section 2) in a national and global perspective (Sections 3 and 4). New challenges and opportunities are formulated in Section 5. This is followed by a description of the needs in recruitment and training (Section 6), infrastructure and research facilities (Section 7), and equipment and software (Section 8). The management and budget issues are finally discussed in Section 9.

10.1 – Summary

The Central Water and Power Research Station was established in 1916 by the then Bombay Presidency. Today, with funding from the Ministry of Water Resources and under the current leadership of Director Dr. I.D. Gupta, approximately 250 studies are conducted at the Research Station at any given time. According to a survey of the period 2007-2012, the average annual production at CWPRS includes about 100 technical reports are submitted to project authorities. In addition 40-50 papers are published every year in national and international journals, proceedings of various conferences, seminars, workshops and symposia. CWPRS also publishes technical memoranda for the research community, designers and practicing engineers. The methods currently used are based on sound engineering practice and many projects handled at CWPRS have a national perspective and international potential.

As India rises among technologically advanced nation, the development of water and power resources becomes one of the key priorities for capacity building. Some of the main challenges at the national scale need urgent attention:

 Demographic expansion - The supply of potable water to every household is not a luxury, but a necessity. The population of India has increased from 1.02 billion in 2001 to 1.21 billion people in 2012. This represents a 20% increase in the demand for water supply for irrigated agriculture, flood control and disaster prevention.

 Increasing energy demand – The hydropower demand increased from 12.7 to 18.5 Million tons of oil equivalent (MTOE) from 2006-2011. This corresponds to more than a 50% increase in hydropower in the past 5 years. Hydropower is one of the cheapest and renewable forms of power. This will require new water-related infrastructure for the design of power houses, penstocks, spillways, stilling basins, etc.

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 Nuclear and thermal power plants – The demand for nuclear power more than doubled from 6.04 to 14.16 MTOE during the period 2006- 2011. The use of water for cooling nuclear and thermal power plants is critical to meet the energetic needs of the next decades. The event in Fukushima, Japan, should be a reminder of the constant threat and damage that can result from a nuclear disaster. The adequate design of water cooling facilities is critical to the safe operation of nuclear and thermal power plants. These plants need to be designed by the best engineers in the country and CWPRS needs new research officers to meet the growing demand.

 Aging infrastructure – In India, almost 1000 dams (out of 4291 in 1994) were built before 1971 and are now more than 40 years old. Most dams need to be retrofitted to meet the present day demands.

 Liquefaction of dams - Earthquakes damage hydraulic structures. The problems associated with saturated soils, liquefaction and flood wave propagation from dam break need further research for disaster prevention.

 Tsunami research – The Banda Aceh tsunami of December 26, 2004 has devastated the East coast of India. The Earthquake of April 11, 2012 in Indonesia should be a reminder that such disasters may occur again in the future. There is currently no physical modeling capability for tsunami research in India. There is an urgent need to build a tsunami research facility and CWPRS would be the best place for conducting coastal engineering research on tsunamis.

 Devastating floods – Unprecedented floods have caused tremendous damage in recent decades. For instance, 5,000 people died in the Maharashtra Flood of July 26, 2005 which brought Mumbai under 944 mm of rain in 24 hours.

CWPRS is currently understaffed to meet the emerging opportunities and challenges. CWPRS used to have 1857 sanctioned position in 2001. This number has inexplicably declined to 1172 in 2012. This represents a 36% decrease in the commitment of resources to support research at CWPRS. This decreasing staffing trend is opposite to the increasing national demand for water-related infrastructure. There is obviously an urgent need to increase the number of sanctioned positions in order to meet the challenges and opportunities of the new millennium. The difficulties of the present situation are compounded by the fact that the investment in research infrastructure has been minimal since 1998. CWPRS has received $21,358,678 million USD for infrastructure support, equipment and training from the UNDP from 1970-1998. The last significant UNDP investment into the infrastructure of CWPRS was about $2 million USD from 1990-1998. Since 1998, the lack of investment in the research infrastructure has been detrimental to the overall research operations at CWPRS. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 60

The potential for development at CWPRS is tremendous. CWPRS should keep its focus on meeting national needs. The massive national demand for water-related infrastructure should ensure continuous support and relevance for generations to come. CWPRS should continue to support experimental research while developing numerical models as well. The primary expansion of physical modeling capabilities in conjunction with increasing computer modeling can lift CWPRS among the elite institutions of the world. Some relaxation of international restrictions would be desirable to open up international activities and support the future developments of externally-funded projects.

There is an urgent need for major capital investment to meet the challenges of the 21st century. The following large facilities are essential to meet the needs for the new water-related research areas:

• A new flume for tsunami research • Eco-hydraulic research facilities • Hydro-vibration research facilities • Hydro-thermal laboratory facilities

Two new buildings are needed to support the research on water-related infrastructure of the new millennium:

• Center for Eco-Hydraulic Research (CEHR) • Welcome Center and Administrative Services (WCAS)

The first building would meet the needs for emerging research in environmental river and coastal areas (RE and COE), as well as support the 2-D and 3-D computer modeling activities of the other disciplines (RRSM, RAS, FS, AES and ICTS). The added capabilities of this new building would be in the following areas: Advanced Computational Center (ACC), Data Acquisition and Processing Center (DAPC), Surface Water Quality Laboratory (SWQL), River and Coastal Restoration (RACR). The second building would house satellite data access and tele-conferencing facilities, a power control center, contracting services and a training center for short courses.

The needs for equipment, software and training cannot be overemphasized given that it has been 15 years since a major investment in infrastructure and equipment has been made at CWPRS. To meet the daunting challenges of designing a world-class water-related infrastructure, like thermal and nuclear power plants that are facing tsunamis, floods, and earthquakes, the engineers and scientists at CWPRS need to be equipped with the latest technology. The needs for building renovations, personnel training, equipment and software are detailed in this report. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 61

There are numerous ways to increase the visibility of CWPRS. The workforce can be motivated at different levels through collaborative research, reaching out and getting involved, publishing, a new look at the web, and a celebration of the century mark of CWPRS in 2016.

It is impossible to envision growth and development in India without water and power. Water and power are the key elements to fuel the economic growth of India, and CWPRS has provided national leadership for almost 100 years. With adequate support, resources and facilities, CWPRS will not only proactively meet the ever increasing demands and challenges in water and power in India, it will also become a world-class Center of Excellence.

10.2 – Recommendations

In a nutshell, the specific recommendations of this report are to:

 Set priority on national water-related infrastructure: With excellent research staff and facilities, and adequate funding from the Ministry of Water Resources, the mandate of CWPRS should focus on meeting the national challenges.

 Renovate existing buildings: the renovation of twelve buildings in disrepair must be a top priority. Continuous power is also needed.

 Upgrade laboratories and large facilities: The ability to keep large scale laboratory facilities should eventually turn into one of the most important assets at CWPRS. This can eventually be used to gain a competitive edge over peer institutions around the world.

 Construct two new buildings: Two new buildings are needed to support the research needs of the new millennium: a Center for Eco- Hydraulic Research; and a Welcome Center with Administrative Services.

 Build new research facilities in emerging research areas: New laboratory facilities are required for research on tsunamis, eco- hydraulic research, thermal facilities and vibration technology.

 Focus on environmental issues: This may be the most daunting challenge facing CWPRS and India. As much as CWPRS has always aimed at public safety in their design of large infrastructure, a new emphasis applicable to all disciplines should gradually focus on environmental issues for a better quality of life.

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 Seek autonomous status: The autonomous status would be very beneficial to CWPRS.

 Recruit 200 new research officers: An appropriate number of support staff should also be added to assist research officers.

 Hire and retain the best: CWPRS should have the authority to hire their new employees. CWPRS should also have the authority to dismiss non-performing employees from their functions. The increased responsibility of CWPRS engineers and scientists designing the water-related infrastructure for public safety has to be recognized.

 Increase the budget: A minimum of 90 crores (~$18,000,000 USD) is required for the investment in research infrastructure, facilities, research equipment, computers and software. An additional increase to the operational budget of 20 crores needs to be added every year to support and train an increasing number of research officers and support staff.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 63

References

Das, B.M., Sivakugan, N., and K. Sobhan. ”Institutional Strengthening of CSMRS: Benchmarking, Equipment and Training,” Final Report submitted to the World Bank, December 2012, 172p.

Julien, P.Y. (2012). “Benchmarking of CWPRS”, Final Report submitted to the World Bank, October 2012, 138p.

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APPENDIX - A: Training Needs

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Detailed List of Training Needs at CWPRS

This Appendix presents a detailed list of training needs for each discipline. Each list has been prioritized with the highest priority item on top of the list. These lists are by no means exclusive and exhaustive. My own appraisal of the approximate relative sum that would be needed for each discipline for training purposes is presented in the summary table below.

Table A-1 Training Budget Summary River Engineering 2 cr River and Reservoir Systems Modelling 2 cr Reservoirs and Appurtenant Structures 2 cr Coastal and Offshore Engineering 1 cr Foundations and Structures 2 cr Applied Earth Sciences 2 cr Instrumentation, Calib. and Testing Services 3 cr ______TOTAL 14 crores

The specific items in the following detailed list for each discipline include the institution, expert name and research area. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 66

River Engineering (2 cr)

III. TRAINING REQUIRED

A. Training Abroad

Sl.No. Institution / Organization Name of Expert Areas of Training

Prof. Pierre Y. Julien, Colorado State University, Department of Civil Erosion & sedimentation, 1 USA Engineering, Colorado hydraulics, surface hydrology. State,University Environmental impact United States Bureau of assessment - 2D modeling, 2 Reclamation (USBR), water quality monitoring and USA improvement Intake and Outfall systems - 3 Deltares, The Netherlands sedimentation

4 Artelia, France Floods and natural hazards

United States Army Corps 5 of Engineers (USACE), Environmental Studies USA 1. Prof. George CFD, River mechanics, Constantinescu turbulance, hydraulics IIHR - Hydroscience and Hydraulic modeling, 6 Engineering, University of environmental fluid Iowa 2. Prof. A. Jacob mechanics, river engineering, Odgaard river mechanics, steam erosion protection, etc.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 67

B. In-house training from foreign experts

Institution / Sl.No. Name of Expert Areas of Training Organization Prof. George CFD, River mechanics, 1 University of Iowa Constantinescu turbulance, hydraulics

Colorado State University, Sediment transport, stream 2 College of Engineering, Prof. Ted Yang restoration, river hydraulics, USA computer modeling

Numerical modeling, fluid Prof Nils Reider B. 3 NIT, Norway mechanics, CFD in hydraulic Olsen engineering

Norway University of Sedimentation and Sediment 4 Prof. Jochen Aberle Science and Technology handling

River and sedimentation San Diego State 5 Prof. Howard Chang engineering, hydrology for University, USA flood control, Fluvial 12

Prof. H. N. C. Breusers, 6 DELFT, The Netherlands Scour around bridge piers G. Klaassen

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 68

River and Reservoir Systems Modelling (2 cr)

Training Details A) Deputing Research Personnel Abroad for Specific Training:

Sl. No Level Training Details Advisor Place Period . 1 Senior Visits to Institutes – CSU, USA 5 days Manageme Facilities, capability, (Total) nt research areas covered USU, USA and for collaborations (1 No.) IIHEE, Delft, Netherlands DHI, Denmark

2 Senior/ Advances in distributed Prof P.Y. 1 CSU, USA 3 months Middle modelling (processing Julien, CSU, Research (2 of DEM and hydrologic USA 2 USU, USA Nos.) processes), 2-D flow routing Prof D.G. Tarboton, USU, USA

3 Junior River flood modelling, Depends on 1 IIHEE, Delft, 3 weeks Research introductory level of the courses Netherlands each (2 Nos.) distributed modelling offered and aspects decided by 2 DHI, Denmark Institute

4 Senior / Concepts in modelling ASCE One Middle by using different quarter / Research software for Prediction USGS 3 months of water quality of DHI different types of water bodies including USEPA reservoirs 5 Junior 1D model for predicting DHI 5 days Research WQ scenario in river systems Denmark / CSU, USA/ IIHEE, Delft, Netherlands

CSU – Colorado State University; USU – Utah State University; IIHEE – International Institute of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering; DHI – Danish Hydraulic Institute; ASCE – American Society of Civil Engineers; USGS – United States Gelological Survey; USEPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency Prospective Developments at CWPRS 69

B) Inviting Experts to CWPRS Sl. Name, Institute Topic to be covered Period No. and Country 1 Prof Pierre Y. Distributed modelling of 5 days Julien, CSU, USA hydrologic processes, 2D flow routing 2 Prof David G. DEM processing flow 5 days Tarboton, USU, direction algorithms and flow USA modelling 3 Henrik Larsen, DHI A practical introduction to 5 days Denmark, the fundamentals of Eco- Hydraulics to develop ecological model for predictions of water quality and aquatic ecosystem response. 4 Prof.Walter Rast, Lakes and Reservoir basin 2 weeks Prof Lopes Vincent, management tools for River Systems conservation of ecology and Institutes, Texas different models and GIS State University, application USA

*Note:- The tentative cost as provided in inviting experts to CWPRS covers only travel from home country to Pune and back plus logistics of stay at Pune. It doesn’t cover the consultancy fee to be charged by expert.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 70

Reservoir and Appurtenant Structures (2 cr)

LIST OF TRAINING INSTITUTES AND EXPERTS Sr. Name of Institute/Expert TD Area Duration No . 1. Prof. Dr. Willi H. Hager SED Energy dissipators, 2 weeks at V. Wasserbau, Hydrologie u. Glaz. Air water flow CWPRS and One week at ETH Zürich Lab in VAW E 37 Zuerich Gloriastrasse 37/39 8092 Zuerich Phone: +41 44 632 41 49 E-Mail: [email protected]

2. George W. Annandale SED Scour downstream 2 weeks at President, Engineering & Hydrosystems of ski jump bucket CWPRS Inc. 8122 South Park Lane Suite 208 Littleton, Colorado United States 80120 Phone: +1 303 683 5191 Fax: +1 303 683-0940

3. Prof. Hubert Chanson SED Turbulence 2 weeks at Department of Hydraulic Engineering measurement CWPRS and and Applied Fluid Mechnics One week at University of Queensland, Brisbane Lab in QLD 4072, Australia Australia Tel: +61 73365 3516 Fax: +61 7 3365 4599 Email:[email protected] 4. Dr. David Zhu SEDC Turbulence 2 weeks at Professor, Water Resources SWCS measurement using Lab in Engineering, University of Alberta SM PIV University Canada T6G2W2 of Alberta Phone: (780) 492-5813 Fax: (780) 492-0249 e-mail: [email protected] 5. Prof. John S. Gulliver SED Air water mass 2 weeks at St. Anthony Falls Laboratory |2 Third transfer and water CWPRS Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414 quality Office: CivE 110D SAFL 389 Phone: (612) 625-4080 Fax: (612) 626-7750 E-mail: [email protected] 6. Prof. Dr. Anton Schleiss SED Rock scour due to 2 weeks at EPFL ENAC IIC LCH high velocity falling CWPRS GC A3 514 (Bâtiment GC) plunging jets Station 18 downstream of CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland spillways and Phone: [+41 21 69] 32382, 32385 bottom outlets Email:[email protected]

7. Prof. Pierre Y. Julien SM Erosion and 2 weeks at Department of Civil and Environmental sedimentation Institute in Engineering, Colorado State University, USA Colorado, USA Office Location: Engineering Research Center B203 Phone: (970)491-8450 Fax: (970)491-7008 Prospective Developments at CWPRS 71

Email: [email protected] 8. Tshinghua University SED, Erosion & 1 week at at International Technology Transfer CSW Sedimentation Lab in China Centre (ITTC) CS,S Contact: Mr. Zhang Yousheng, China M Phone: +86 10 62792574 Fax: +86 10 62795182 Email: [email protected] 9. Subhas Karan Venayagamoorthy SED, Stratified 1 week at Assistant Professor SM Turbulence CWPRS and Borland Professor of Hydraulics One week at Department of Civil and Environmental Lab in USA Engineering Colorado State University, USA Office Location: Engineering A207A Phone: (970) 491-1915 Fax: (970) 491-7727 Email: [email protected] 10. Mr. Yang Zhongmin SM Sedimentation 1 week at State Key Laboratory of Advanced CWPRS and Technology for Materials Synthesis and One week at Processing Lab in China Wuhan University Luojia Hill, Wuhan 430072 China 11. Liu Chao SED, Turbulence 1 week at College of Energy and Power CSW measurement using CWPRS + 1 Engineering CS, PIV week in Yangzhou University, SM China Yangzhau 225127, China 12. Prof. Michael Pfister SED Air water flow 2 weeks at Research & Teaching Associate analysis CWPRS and EPFL ENAC IIC LCH One week at GC A3 515 (Bâtiment GC) Lab in Station 18 Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Email : [email protected] 13. HR Wallingford SED, Advance setup for One week at Howbery Park, Wallingford, CSW lab instrumentation Lab in UK Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, United CS, Kingdom SM tel +44 (0)1491 835381 fax +44 (0)1491 832233 email: [email protected] 14. Professor Nils Reidar B. Olsen SM Numerical 2 weeks at Department of Hydraulic and modelling of Norway Environmental Engineering, NTNU hydropower Institute in S.P. Andersensvei 5 reservoir flushing Norway N-7491 Trondheim and desilting basin Norway 15. The Yangtze River Scientific Research SED, Orifice Spillways, Two weeks Institute CSW Desilting basin, at Lab in 23 Huangpu Street, Wuhan, Hubei, CS, Hydro elastic China 430010, P. R. China SM modelling of gates Tel: +86-27-82829793; Fax: +86-27-82829882 E-mail: [email protected] 16. Prof. Lian Jijian, School of Civil SED, Hydro elastic Two weeks Engineering, Tianjin University, China SM modelling of gates at Lab in China 17. Laboratory of Hydraulics, SED, Advance setup for One week at Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW) CSW lab instrumentation Lab in Gloriastrasse 37 - 39 CS, Switzer-land CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland SM 18. U.S. Army Engineer Research and SED, Advance setup for One week at Development Center (USAERDC) CSW lab instrumentation Lab, as per 3909 Halls Ferry Road CS, and sediment training Prospective Developments at CWPRS 72

Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199 SM transport analysis programs for Telephone: 601-634-3188 with HEC-RAS HEC-RAS Email: [email protected] 19. Dr. Kuang Shang Fu, Director, China SED, Advance setup for Two weeks Institute of Water Resources and CSW lab instrumentation at Lab in Hydropower Research CS, China and Address: A-1 Fuxing Road, Beijing, SM one week at P.R. China, Post Code:100038 CWPRS email: [email protected] 20. Shailendra Sharan, Professor, School of CSW Flow induced Gate 2 weeks in Engineering, Laurentian Univ., ON, CS vibration Canada Canada, 21. Kolkman P.A Delft Technical CSW Flow induced Gate 2 weeks in University, Civil Engineering CS vibration Netherland Department, The Netherlands

Long term Training Long term training for studying Masters in Hydraulic engineering for the junior staff would be beneficial. The list of institutes for the same is as follows: 1. Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado, 80523 USA Phone: (970) 491-1111 www.colostate.edu 2. The University of Queensland Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia Phone: +61 7 3365 1111 www.uq.edu.au 3. ETH Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Main Building, Ramistrasse 101 8092 Zurich Switzerland Phone: +41 44 632 1111 Fax: +41 44 632 1010 www.ethz.ch

4. University of Alberta 116 St. and 85 Ave. Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2R3 Phone: 780-492-3111 www.uofa.ualberta.ca Prospective Developments at CWPRS 73

Coastal and Offshore Engineering (1 cr)

Advanced Training CHS/ PH T 1) University of Florida in US University / MMCE 2) University of Texas (6 months) Short courses in CHS/ PH UNESCO – IHE/ TU- T Netherlands / MMCE DELFT Long Term Course CHS/ PH T UNESCO – IHE/ TU- in Netherlands / MMCE DELFT (18 months)

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 74

Foundations and Structures (2 cr)

LIST OF INSTITUTES / EXPERTS FOR TRAINING- AT NATIONAL LEVEL

Sr. Name of the Address Type of Research Name of Durati No Institute expert on of . Course 1. Structural CSIR campus, i. Structural Health 1 – 2 Engineering Taramani, Monitoring & Months Research Chennai – 600 113 Evaluation Centre ii. Computational (SERC) Structural Mechanics for analysis & design 2. Indian Roorkee- 247667, Dynamic stress analysis of 1 – 2 Institute of Uttarakhand gravity dams Months Technology

3. Indian Pawai, Mumbai, Dynamic stress analysis of 1 – 2 Institute of Maharashtra gravity dams Months Technology 4. Altair Pune Pune Application of 1 HYPERWORKS FEM Month Software on stress analysis of gravity dams and other hydraulic structures.

5 IIT Roorkee Indian Institute of M.Tech in Soil Dynamics at - 18 Technolog,y Roorkee Earthquake Engineering months Uttarakhand Division INDIA - 247 667 6 IIT Bombay Indian Institute of Elearning course on 'Soil Dr. Technology Bombay Dynamics' Deepankar Powai, INDIA Choudhury 7 Itasca Prayag Enclave Numerical Modelling for - 1 Consulting Shankar Nagar, Nonlinear Dynamic analysis month Group Inc. WHC Road for earth and Rockfill dams Block 301, Plot #17 using Software FLAC Nagpur 440 010 INDIA 8 National Champion Reefs P. Blasting & Excavation Dr.H. 1 – 2 Institute of O.- Kolar Gold Fields Engg.,Rock Mechanics Venkatesh, Months Rock – 563 117,Karnataka, Instrumentation, Rock Mr. Sripad, Mechanics India. Testing and Rock Fracture Dr. G N Mechanics Rao 9 Central Soil Ministry of Water Trainings are provided in Institutional 1 – 2 and Material Resources, Outer ring areas of Numerical Head Months Research road, Olof Palme Modelling, In-situ stress Station marg, Hauz khas, evaluation, Monitoring the (CSMRS) New Delhi – 110 016 health of the existing structures

Sr. Name of the Name of Duratio No Address Type of Research n of Institute expert . Course 10 IIT Department of Trainings are provided in Institutional 1 – 2 Kharagpur Mining areas of engineering Head Months Engineering,IIT behaviour of rock and rock Kharagpur - 721 302 masses in both mining and (W.B.), India rock mechanics applications. 11 Itasca Prayag Enclave Numerical Modelling for - 1 Consulting Shankar Nagar, Nonlinear Dynamic analysis month Group Inc. WHC Road for earth and Rockfill dams Block 301, Plot #17 using Software UDEC & Nagpur 440 010 3DEC Prospective Developments at CWPRS 75

INDIA 12 Indian Chennai Fibre Reinforced Concrete Dr.Ravindra 1 – 2 Institute of Gettu Months Technology 13 National Hyderabad, Cement & Concrete Institutional 1 – 2 Council of New Delhi Technology head Months Cement & Building Materials 14 Structural CSIR campus, Fibre Reinforced Concrete & Institutional 1 – 2 Engineering Taramani, Polymer Concrete head Months Research Chennai – 600 113 Centre (SERC) 15 Indian Roorkee- 247667, Concrete Technology & Institutional 1 – 2 Institute of Uttarakhand Thermal Analysis of dams head Months Technology 16 Indian Pawai, Mumbai, Concrete Technology Institutional 1 – 2 Institute of Maharashtra head Months Technology 17 Centre for SRM University, Advanced Concrete Shri. N P 3 Advanced Kanchipuram, Tamil Research Rajamane Months Concrete Nadu Research Sr. Name of the Name of Duration No Address Type of Research Institute expert of Course . 1. Institute of University of Stuttgart, Non-destructive examination & 6 Construction Pfaffenwaldring 4, D- monitoring of structures with Months

Materials 70569 Stattgart, wireless sensor networks – 1 year Germany British Society for 1 -2 2. London, UK Stress & Load Analysis Course strain Measurement weeks University of 6 Earthquake Engg Stress analysis of Hydraulic 3. California, Berkeley, Months Department Structures USA – 1 year Pacific Earthquake 6 Engineering California, Berkeley, 4 Fluid Structure Interaction Months Research Center USA – 1 year (PEER) Pacific Earthquake Engineering California, Berkeley, 5 Earthquake Resistant Design 1 week Research Center USA (PEER) Pacific Earthquake Prof. 1 week Engineering California, Berkeley, 6 Fluid Structure Interaction Medhat Research Center USA Haroun (PEER) Pacific Earthquake Prof Engineering California, Berkeley, 7 Earthquake Resistant Design Steve 1 week Research Center USA Mahin (PEER) MS in Structural Engineering, University of 1 -1.5 8 Higher qualification Mechanics and California Berkeley year Materials Quest Structures Inc, 3 Altarinda Road, Training in dam, structural, Y 9 Quest Structures Suite 203 1 week earthquake engineering Ghanaat Orinda, CA 94563 USA The University of The School of Civil Stability Analysis Of Large New South Wales, and Environmental Dams S. 10 SYDNEY,NSW Engineering Valliappa 1 week 2052 The University of New n AUSTRALIA South Wales, Prospective Developments at CWPRS 76

SYDNEY, NSW 2052 AUSTRALIA

Instrumentation and Inspections Group DeWayne Campbell, Technical Service Manager, 303-445- Center, Instrumentation and inspection 11 3052 1 Month Geotechnical related services for dams Building 67, 86-68360 Services (USBR) Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225-0007

Sr. Name of the Name of Duration Address Type of Research No. Institute expert of Course

12 Delft University Geo Engineering Section Undergoing Course for Institutional 2 years of Technology, PO Box 5048 acquiring higher Head Netherlands 2600 GA Delft qualification (MSc- The Netherlands Geotechnical Engineering) 13 Norwegian Dept of Civil & Undergoing Course for Institutional 2 years university of Transporation acquiring higher Head Science & Engineering qualification (MSc- technology NO 7491, Trondhiem Geotechnics and Norway Geohazards) 14 Norwegian Dept of Civil & Undergoing following Steinar 1 month university of Transporation Training courses Nordal Science & Engineering 1) Geotechnical technology NO 7491, Trondhiem Engineering, Advanced Norway Course 2) Soil Modelling 3) Finite Elements in Geotechnical Engineering 15 University of Civil & Environmental Undergoing Training course - 6 months Berkeley Engineering on 'Numerical Modelling in University of Berkeley GeoMechanics' California 16 University of Civil & Environmental Undergoing Training course - 6 months Berkeley Engineering on 'Geotechnical University of Berkeley Earthquake Engineering' California 17 ROSE SCHOOL c/o EUCENTRE Short Course on 'Numerical - 1 week Via Ferrata, 1 - 27100 Modelling in Geotechnical Pavia, Italy Engineering' 18 McMaster McMaster University Numerical Modelling in Dr. D. F. 15 days - University 1280, Main Street W Geotechnical Engineering Stolle 1 month Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8 Dr. Peijun Guo 19 University of University of Toronto FLAC Modelling for Soils Dr. Jim 15 days - Toronto Department of Civil Hazzard 1 month Engineering University of Toronto 35 St. George Street Toronto, ON M5S 1A4 CANADA

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 77

Applied Earth Sciences (2 cr)

Sr Name of the Address for correspondence Nature of Name of no Institute Research experts 1 National National Geophysical Research Institute Electro- Dr. S.K. Verma** Geophysical Uppal Road, Hyderabad- 500606 magnetic Research Andhra Pradesh, India. Method of Institute (NGRI) Fax : +91 40 27171564 Geophysical Phone: +91 40 23434700, 23434711 Exploration 2 Indian Institute Department of Civil Engineering Multi channel Dr. K.S.Rao** of Technology Indian Institute of Technology Delhi analysis of Professor Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, INDIA surface waves (IIT Delhi) Tele: (91) 011-2659 1999, (91) 011-2659 7135 Fax: (91) 011-2658 2037, (91) 011-2658 2277 Email:raoks[at]civil.iitd.ac.in 3 Indian Institute Department of Civil Engineering Multi channel Anbazhagan P ** of Science, Indian Institute of Science analysis of Assistant Professor Bangalore Bangalore 560 012, INDIA surface waves Telephone: 080-2293 2467 E mail: [email protected] Fax : +91 - 80 - 2360 0683/0085 4 Indian Institute Department of Civil Engineering Multi channel Sitharam T G ** of Science, Indian Institute of Science analysis of Professor Bangalore Bangalore 560 012, INDIA surface waves Telephone: 080-2293 2329; 2360 2261 E mail: [email protected]

Fax : +91 - 80 - 2360 0683/0085 5 National National Geophysical Research Institute Application of Dr. Geophysical Uppal Road, Hyderabad- 500606 Electrical T.Seshunarayana** Research Andhra Pradesh, India. Method in Institute (NGRI) Fax : +91 40 27171564 Geophysics Phone: +91 40 23434700, 23434711

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 78

Sr Name of the Address for correspondence Nature of Name of experts Duration No. Institute Research of Course National 6 National National Geophysical Research Seismic Dr. 4-8 weeks Geophysical Institute refraction and T.Seshunarayana* Research Uppal Road, Hyderabad- reflection * Institute (NGRI) 500606 Andhra Pradesh, India. Fax : +91 40 27171564 Phone: +91 40 23434700, 23434711 International 1 The University School of BEES, UNSW Generalized Derecke Palmer* 8 weeks of New South Sydney NSW 2052 Australia Reciprocal Wales Phone: +61 (02) 9385-8719 Method (GRM) Fax: +61 (02) 9385-1558 of Seismic Email: d.palmer@ refraction unsw.edu.au interpretation 2 Department of Department of Earth Seismic B. Sjogren* 8 weeks Earth Sciences, Sciences., Uppsala University, refraction data Uppsala Villavägen 16, SE-752 processing and University 36 Uppsala, Sweden interpretation 3 Geophysical Geophysical Survey Systems, Advancements in Geophysical 8 weeks Survey Systems, Inc Ground Survey Systems, Inc Address: 12 Industrial Way, penenetrating Inc* Salem, NH 03079 radar Telephone Number: 603-893- applications 1109 Fax Number: 603-889-3984 4 Kansas Rick Miller Multi channel Rick Miller* 8 weeks Geological Senior Scientist, Exploration analysis of Survey Services Section, surface waves Park Kansas Geological Survey 1930 Constant Avenue University of Kansas Lawrence, KS 66047-3726 Phone: 785-864-2091 FAX: 785-864-5317 e-mail: [email protected]

Current senior staff - 1 Current Junior Staff – 5 *: Name of the expert will be finalized after further communication with the Institutes

**: Name of the expert for training at CWPRS, Pune will be finalized after further communication with the expert Prospective Developments at CWPRS 79

Duration Sr. Name of Type Name of Address of No Institute of Research Expert Course NATIONAL

I.I.S.C Gulmohar Marg, Near- Prof. Bangalore, Centre For Neroscience, Isotope 8-12 1 M S Mohan Dept. Civil Mathikere, Bangalore, Hydrology weeks Kumar Engineering Karnataka 560012

N.G.R.I Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Hubsiguda Isotope tracer Dr. Rangarajan 2 Dept: 4-8 weeks Secunderabad - 500007 studies R Groundwater Replenishment Scientist `F’ and Head HI Division, Dr.Bhishm PI-IWIN (national) Isotope 3 N.I.H, Roorkee Kumar 4-8 weeks Project at NIH Hydrology

Roorkee

Centre for Water Resources Development C.W.R.D.M, Stable and Dr. A. Shahul and Management 4 Kozhikode, radioactive Hameed 4-8 weeks Kunnamangalam, Kerala isotopes Kozhikode-673 571 , Kerala IARP, C/O RPAD, B.A.R.C, CT&CRS, Nucleonic 5 4-8 weeks Mumbai Anushaktinagar, BARC, Gauges Mumbai Nuclear Physics Nuclear Division, Atomic Energy Decommission Radioisotope 6-8 1 Research Establishment, G.V. Evans ing Authority, Techniques months Harwell, Didcot, Oxon, UK OX11 0RA, U.K. Dr.Saleh I. K.U.F.A College of Engineering, Khassaf Al- 6-8 2 University, Hydraulics Kufa Unirvesity, Iraq Saadi months Arabia

Department of Biological T.A.M.U Prof. Vijay and Agricultural, Isotope 6-8 3 Texas A & M P.Singh. Engineering 321 Scoates Studies months University Hall ; 2117

Water Department Jean- B.R.G.M - 1039 rue de Pinville Isotope 6-8 4 Christophe France 34000 Montpellier Hydrology months MARECHAL FRANCE

RADIATION P.O. Box 787 CONSULTAN 2017 Westside Dr. 5 Well Logging 2 weeks T, Deer Park, Deer Park, TX 77536 Texas, USA USA

UNESCO-IHE U.N.E.S.C.O- PO Box 3015 IHE, Institute Isotope 6 2601 DA Delft 2 weeks for water Hydrology The Netherlands education

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 80

TECHNOLOG Y EXPERTS Head Office - Riyadh 7 (Global Expert P. O. Box 361301, Well Logging 2 weeks Group), Saudi Riyadh 11313, Riyadh Arabia IAH Secretariat, PO Box I.A.H 4130, Goring, Reading, Isotope 8 (International 2 weeks RG8 6BJ studies chapter) United Kingdom

American 1801 Alexander Bell Dam 9 Society of 2 weeks Drive Engineering Civil Engineers Reston, VA 20191

National 601 Dempsey Rd. Water 10 Ground Water Westerville, OH 43081 2 weeks Hydraulics Association USA 800 551.7379 Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences University of Isotope 11 200 University Ave. W 2 weeks Waterloo studies Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 Princeton Groundwater, Princeton Inc. P.O. Box 273776 Isotope 12 Groundwater, 2 weeks Tampa, Florida 33688, Studies Inc USA Oak Environmental Modelling Schlumberger 103-4712 - 13 Street NE 13 software for 2 weeks water Services Calgary Alberta T2E 6P1 well logging Canada School of the National centre Environment for Flinders University Modelling 14 Groundwater 2 weeks GPO Box 2100 software Research & Adelaide SA 5001 training Australia

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 81

Sr. Name of The Type of Duration Address Name of Expert* No. Institute Research of Course National 1. Structural CSIR campus, Taramani, Vibrations Dr K. 2 to 3 Engineering Chennai – 600 113 and NDT Ramanjaneyulu, weeks Research Centre [email protected] of civil Sr. Principal (SERC) Tel.: 04422549198 structures Scientist

2. Indian Institute Dept. of Earthquake Engg. Vibration Dr.D.K. Paul 2 to 3 of Technology, Roorkee- 247667, studies weeks Roorkee Uttarakhand or [email protected] Dr.R.N. Dubey Ph.: 01332-285522 [email protected], Ph.: 01332-285537 3. Indian Institute Dept. of Civil Engg. Powai, Vibrations Prof. P. Banerji 2 to 3 of Technology, Mumbai - 400076 and NDT weeks Mumbai pbanerji[at]civil.iitb.ac.in, of civil Or Ph.: 022 2576 7334 structures [email protected], Prof. A. Goyal Ph.: 022 2576 7342 4. National Champion Reefs P. O. Controlled Dr. S 2 to 3 Institute of Rock Kolar Gold Fields - 563 117, Blasting Venkatesh, weeks Mechanics Karnataka Scientist-V Ph.:08153-275 004-009 Or Fax : 08153-275002 Mr AI Theresraj, Scientist-II

5. Central Mining Environmental Management Controlled Dr. L. C. Ram, 2 to 3 and Fuel Barwa Road, Blasting Sct. F & Head weeks Research Dhanbad -826001 Institute Mobile: 9431541940 [email protected] 6. Indian School of Mining Dept. Controlled V. M. S. R. 2 to 3 Mines Dhanbad - 826004, Jharkhand Blasting Murthy, weeks [email protected] Professor Ph.: 0326 2235445

International 1. BAM – Federal Institute for Materials Research & Testing Berlin, Germany Non-destructive testing of civil structures Dr. Herbert Wiggen-hauser 10 to 12 weeks 2. NDT Training School Texas, Birring NDE Center, Inc., 515 Tristar Drive, Suite A, Webster, TX 77598, USA Vibration studies of civil structures Stephanie Navarro 10 to 12 weeks

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 82

Sr. Name of Expert Type of Research Duration No. I

1. Dr. Anil K. Chopra, Department of Earthquake analysis of One week Civil and Environmental Engineering, concrete dams University of California, Berkley, CA 94720-1710, USA II

1. Prof. Mihailo D. Trifunac Seismology/Earthquake One to two University of Southern California Engineering week Civil Engineering Department, KAP 216D Los Angeles, CA 90089-2531 Phone No. (213) 740-0570; Fax: (213) 744-1426; E-mail: [email protected]

2. Prof. David M Boore Seismology/Earthquake One to two U.S. Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Engineering week Road, Mail Stop 977 Menlo Park, CA 94025 Phone No. 650-329-5616 Fax: 1-650-329-5163 E-mail: [email protected]

3. Prof. Julian J. Bommer Seismology/Earthquake One to two Civil and Environmental Engineering week Engineering ,Imperial College ,London SW7 2AZ, UK Phno.+44(0)2075945984 FAX no. Email: [email protected] 4. The University of Auckland Seismology/Earthquake 3-12 months Private Bag 92019 Engineering Auckland 1142, New Zealand Phone: 923 7020 (within Auckland) 0800 61 62 63 (outside Auckland) +64 9 373 7513 (overseas) Fax: +64 9 373 7431 E-mail: [email protected] 1. University of Southern California Seismology/Earthquake 3-12 months Office of the President Emeritus Engineering University of Southern California 3551 Trousdale Parkway, Administration 300 Los Angeles, California 90089-4011 Phone: (213) 740-5400 Fax: (213) 740-5454 2. Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Seismology/Earthquake 3-12 months (NGI) Engineering NGI, P.O. Box. 3930 Ullevål Stadion, N- 0806 Oslo, Norway Ph no.: +47 22 02 30 00 E-mail: [email protected],

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 83

Instrumentation, Calibration and Testing Services (3 cr)

TRAINING REQUIRED FOR INSTRUMENTATION, CALIBRATION AND TESTING SERVICES

Divisions: Hydraulic Machinery Calibration Laboratory, Current Meter Calibration, Random Sea Wave Generator, High Performance Computing (HPC) Laboratory, Coastal Data Collection.

Sr. Topic Name of Duration No. of Research Institute of Course

1 i) Parallel/independent Fluid Control Research 2 -3 Operation of both test line Institute, Pallakkad, weeks ii) Calibration under non- Kerala, India standard installation conditions 2 Cavitation in Fluid 1. Prof. Roger EA Arndt 2 weeks Machinery and design of University of Minnesota, research facilitiesfor USA cavitation and 2. Prof. Paul Brandner, hydroacoustics Australian Maritime College’s Cavitation Research Lab 3. Prof. Mehmet Atlar Emerson Cavitation Tunnel ,UK

3 Cavitation in Fluid 1. Australian Maritime 2- 3 Machinery and design of College(AMC),Aus. weeks research facilities for 2. Emerson Cavitation Tunnel cavitation and School of Marine Science hydroacoustics and Technology, Univ. Newcastle, UK 3. M A R I N , P.O. Box 286700 AA Wageningen Netherlands 4. St. Anthony Falls Laboratory,Minneapoli, USA 4 DGPS Control & Operation M/s. Ashteck, France 2 - 3 M/s Leica, USA weeks 5 Echosounder Control & M/s. ODOM, USA 2 - 3 Operation M/s Reson, Denmark weeks M/s. Kongsberg,Norway 6 Preprocessing Imageries and Clark Lab University, USA 2 - 3 Graphics Geomatica, USA weeks 7 Data Logging and M/s HYPACK, USA Processing M/S. NAVISOFT

8 Directional Waverider Buoy M/s Datawell BV, Netherlands. 2 weeks With GPS & software. 1 – 2 Prospective Developments at CWPRS 84

Calibration & maintenance. Months 9 In situ Current meters, M/s Valeport, UK. 2 weeks In situ Tide gauge 1 – 2 Calibration & maintenance. Months 10 Acoustic Doppler M/s RD Instruments, France/ 2 weeks Current profiler USA 1 – 2 Months

11 Waverider Buoy National Institute of Ocean 1 – 2 Calibration & maintenance. Technology, Chennai. Months

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 85

APPENDIX – B: Equipment and Software Needs

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 86

Detailed List of Equipment and Software Needs at CWPRS

This Appendix presents a discipline-wise list of equipment and software needs. For each discipline, two separate lists detail the equipment and software needs. Each list has been prioritized with the highest priority item on top of the list. As discussed in the main text of this report, this list is by no means exclusive and exhaustive. New equipment and software may be added to the list in the future. Further discussion and prioritization needs to take place as a function of the specific needs of the future research projects and of the future directions that the CWPRS leaders wish to follow. The approximate relative sum that would be needed for each discipline is presented in the summary table below.

Table B-1 Equipment and Software Budget Summary River Engineering 2 crores River and Reservoir Systems Modelling 2 cr Reservoirs and Appurtenant Structures 2 cr Coastal and Offshore Engineering 4 cr Foundations and Structures 1.5 cr Applied Earth Sciences 1.5 cr Instrumentation, Calib. and Testing Services 3 cr ______TOTAL 16 crores

The specific items in the following detailed lists for each discipline include the type, vendor and approximate cost.

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 87

River Engineering (2 cr)

I. LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

Approx. Cost Training S.NO. Item Make (Lakhs Rs) Required Acoustic Digital SONTEK, Currentmeter (ADC) / 1 USA/NORTEK, 32 Yes Accoustic Doppler Norway Velocimeter (ADV) SONTEK, 2 Flow Tracker USA/NORTEK, 20 Yes Norway General Acoustics, 3 Mini echo sounder 10 Yes Germany

4 2D bed profiler HR Wallingford 45 Yes SONTEK, Particle image 5 USA/NORTEK, 62 Yes velocitymeter Norway

II. SOFTWARE REQUIRED TO BE PROCURED

Approx. Cost Training S.NO. Item Make (in Lakhs Rs ) Required

Autodesk Asia Pvt. 1 Autocad CIVIL 3D 2.5 Yes Ltd., Singapore

2 ARCGIS 10.1 ESRI 10 Yes

3 MATLAB MATWORKS 5 Yes Intergraph 4 ERDAS corporation, 5 Yes Madison, USA DHI, Denmark/ 5 MIKE 21 C/ DELFT 3D 25 Yes DELFT Flow Science Inc., 6 FLOW 3D Santa Fe., New 35 Yes Mexico

7 Fluidyn- FLOWCOAST Fluidyn-India 15 Yes

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 88

River and Reservoir Systems Modelling (2 cr)

List of Equipment / Software / Training for R&RSM Group

Indicative Rank Item Type TD Vendor/ Institute Cost in Lakhs Rs L1 Water Quality Monitor L WQAM In Situ Inc, YSI, Horiba, 15 with pH, cond, Temp, Hach- Hydrolab DO, nitrate and chlorophyll probes L2 Compound L WQAM Carl Zeiss / Olympus / Leica 4 Microscope with 40x-2500x colour digital camera S1 MIKE 11 (With R-R, S SWH/ DHI (INDIA) NSIC Bhawan, III 20 Sediment, HM/ Floor, NSIC - STP Complex Hydrodynamics, WQ WQAM Okhla Industrial Estate Modules New Delhi - 110020 Phone: with basic and hands +91-11-47034500 on training) Fax: +91 11 4703 4501 [email protected] www.dhigroup.com S2 MIKE FLOOD S SWH/ DHI (INDIA) New Delhi 25 Flood zone Mapping HM S3 MIKE SHE S HM DHI (INDIA) 12 Distributed Rainfall- Runoff modeling S3 MIKE Basin including S WQAM DHI (INDIA) 6 WQ module T1 Distributed T HM 1. Colorado State Univ 26 Hydrologic Modelling 2. Utah State Univ. (3 months) T1 2-D Flow Modelling T SWH / 1. Colorado 10 HM 2. DHI, Denmark 3. IIHEE, Delft

T1 Environmental and T WQAM ASCE, USGS, DHI, USEPA 15 water quality modelling T2 Water Resources T HM IIHEE, Delft 3.5 Planning and Management (3 weeks) T3 M.Tech T SWH The Chairman, PG 2 (Water Resources) Admissions office, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, Uttarakhand Prospective Developments at CWPRS 89

Reservoirs and Appurtenant Structures (2 cr)

Sr. Item Type Techni Vendors Cost in No. cal Lakhs Divisio Rs. n 1. PIV /LDV/ADCP L SED, Dantec, Measurement 120 for turbulence CSWCS Science Enterprise Inc., USA- measurement , SM LDV LaVision UK Ltd., UK-PIV Sutron, USA and Sontek, USA-ADCP 2. Air L SED, Prof. Chanson, University of 10 concentration CSWCS Queens land, Australia measurement system 3. Acoustic L SED, A-OTT, Germany 8 Doppler CSWCS currentmeter , SM 4. Propeller type L SED, A-OTT, Germany 5 current meter CSWCS , SM 5. Digital pointer L SED, HR Wallingford, UK 1 gauges CSWCS , SM 6. Sediment Bed L SED, HR Wallingford, UK 5 Profiler SM 7. Digital water L SED, HR Wallingford, UK 1 level CSWCS recorders/follow ,SM er 8. Ultrasonic/Magn L SED, Geotech Environmental 3 etic flow meter CSWCS Equipement, ,SM Denver, Colorado 9. Air flow L SED, Calright Instruments,2222 0.8 anemometer CSWCS Verus Street,Suite C,San Diego, CA 92154 10. Particle size L SM Sequoia, 2700, Richards 30 analyser road, suite 107, Bellevue, WA 98005, USA 11. Accelerometers L CSWCS Dytran Instruments 10 Incorporated CA , USA 12. Strain gauges L CSWCS Micro-Measurements, PO Box 5 27777, Raleigh,NC 27611,USA 13. Sediment L SM HR Wallingford, UK 2 injector 14. Swirl meters for L SED, AALBORG open channel CSWCS Orangeburg, New York USA flows

15. Transient analysis S CSWCS HYTRAN and HYPRESS 35 software 16. Computational S SED, FLOW-3D, FLUENT, STAR-CCM, 30 Fluid Dynamic CSWCS, FLUIDYN SM software Prospective Developments at CWPRS 90

Coastal and Offshore Engineering (4 cr)

Sr. Item Type TD Vendor Cost No.

Software & Hardware :

Optical Motion Qualysis, Sweden / 1 Rs. 66 lakhs Tracking System H PH Singapore Force & Deflection 2 H PH -- Rs. 25 lakhs Transducers

Tsunami Wave Rs.15,00,00,000 3 Generating H CHS -- Laboratory (Approx.) SHIPMA 4 S MMCE MARIN, Netherlands 35,000 (Ship Navigation)

OPTIMOOR TENSION Technology 5 S MMCE $ 15,000 (Ship Motion) International, UK MIKE FLOOD 6 (Coastal Urban S MMCE DHI Rs. 25 Lakhs Flooding) LITPACK 7 S MMCE DHI Rs. 40Lakhs (upgraded version)

8 HEC-RAS S MMCE HEC, DAVIS CA free SMS Aquaveo, Provo, Utah, 9 S CHS $ 22,500 (Wave modelling) USA University of German 10 Dredge – Sim -- S MMCE Armed Forces, Munich

11 SEDPLUME HR Wellingford, UK S MMCE 7000

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 91

Foundations and Structures (1 .5 cr) LIST OF SOFTWARE

Sr.N Item Ty TD Probable Vendor Approx. o. pe Cost in Lakhs Rs. 1 "HYPERWORKS" 1 Nos S SMA M/S ALTAIR, USA 35 FINITE ELEMENT (M/S ALTAIR, SOFTWARE Pune,India) 2 GEOSLOPE 1 Nos S GE(Soil) Geo slope International 15 (Proprietary Software) 3 FLAC-3D (Proprietary 1 Nos S GE(Soil) ITASCA 12 Software) 4 Midas GTS (FEM 1 Nos S GE(RM) MIDAS, India 8 Software) 5 UDEC (2D Discrete 1 Nos S GE(RM) ITASCA, India 8 Element Software) 6 3DEC (3D Discrete 1 Nos S GE(RM) ITASCA, India 14 Element Software) 7 ANSYS FEM Software 1 Nos S CT M/s ANSYS Software 20 - Thermal Module Pvt. Ltd. 34/2 Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, MIDC Hinjewadi, Pune 411057

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS

Sr. Item Typ TD Probable Vendor Approx. No. e Cost in Lakhs Rs. 1 Cyclic Triaxial Soil Test 1 L GE(soil) 1.GDS Instruments, 50 System Unit UK 2.ELE international 3.HEICO Engg. Pvt. Ltd. 2 Automated Static 2 L GE(soil) HEICO Engg. Pvt. 14 Triaxial Shear Test (For Units Ltd measuring Shear strength parameters, c and Φ of soil) 3 Automated Direct 4 L GE(soil) AIMIL 3 Shear Test Apparatus Units (For measuring Shear strength parameters, c and Φ of sand / silty sand) 4 Fully automated 2 L GE(soil) HEICO Engg. Pvt. 1 Consolidation Test Nos Ltd Setup(For determining Consolidation characteristics for computation of rate of settlement as well as Total settlement of Prospective Developments at CWPRS 92

foundation due to structure.)

5 Fully automated 3 L GE(soil) HEICO Engg. Pvt. 1 Laboratory Permeability Units Ltd test apparatus ( For determining Permeability characteristics of soil for seepage analysis) 6 Laboratory Vane Shear 1 L GE(soil) AIMIL 1 Apparatus Unit (For determining Undrained Shear strength of marine clay) 7 Electronic Balances 1 L GE(soil) HEICO Engg. Pvt. 0.5 (For taking weights of Nos Ltd samples in soil testing) 8 De-aired Water System 1 L GE(soil) AIMIL 1 (For usuage of de-aired Unit water in Triaxial testing) 9 Hydraulic operated 1 L GE(soil) HEICO Engg. Pvt. 0.3 Sample Extractor (For Nos Ltd extracting 38mm dia samples for testing from 100mm dia open end sampler tubes.) 10 Hydro fracture test 1 E GE(RM) Polymetra GmbH, 20 equipment Nos Froschbach 15 CH- 8117, Fallanden, Switzerland 11 Bore Hole TV Camera 1 E GE(RM) M/S Robertson 14 Nos Geolgging Ltd. represented in India by K. I. Ltd. Kolkata 12 Servo - Hydraulic unit 1 E CT 1.M/s CONTROLS S 45 with system for flexural Nos R L, Via Aosta, 6, tests on Fibre 20063 Cernusco Reinforced Concrete for s/N.(MI), Italy determining its 2. M/s International Toughness Index Trade Links Instrumentation Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai Prospective Developments at CWPRS 93

Applied Earth Sciences (1.5 cr)

List of Software –Geophysics Division Sl. Item Type TD Probable Vendor Cost in USD no 1 Tomographic 1. M/sSandmeier scientific software Inversion software for Soft- GP Zipser Strasse 1 analysis compatible ware 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany with Windows 2. M/sGeometrics, USD 10,000 + Software for 2190 Fortune Drive seismic refraction data San Jose, processing CA 95131 USA

List of equipment- Geophysics Division Sl. Item Type TD Probable Vendor Cost ( in USD) no 1 Seismic borehole shear wave system Geotomographie GmbH consisting of F GP Am Tonnenberg 18 i) Impulse generator, Remote Control 56567 Neuwied Unit, Down hole probe P- wave source Tel.: +49 2631 778135 USD 50,000 and Down hole probe S- wave sources Fax.: +49 2631 778136 ii) Borehole geophones email: [email protected] USD 20,000 iii) Borehole inclinometer Internet: USD 5000 (This system is not available in the http://www.geotomographie.de division) 2 Seismic borehole tomography system F 1. Geotomographie GmbH consisting of GP Am Tonnenberg 18 i) Hydrophone chain with moulded 56567 Neuwied elements 2. M/s OYO Corporation ( One hydrophone chain is purchased 2-6 Kudan-kita 4-chome, USD 25000 in 2003 and presently it is not working Chiyoda-Ku, and irreparable) Tokyo 102-0073, Japan

3 Signal enhancement seismograph with 1. Geometrics USA, Geode/Snap on technology. F GP 2190 Fortune Drive, San Jose, CA 95131 USA P: (408) 954-0522 USD 60,000 F: (408) 954-0902 [email protected]

Sl. Item Type TD Probable Vendor Cost no 4 Underwater Sub-bottom profiling 1. Knudsen Engineering, Canada, system F GP Knudsen Engineering Ltd. (Present “Chirp” system available has 10 Industrial Road, 20 m penetration in coarse calcareous Perth, Ontario CANADA K7H 3P2 USD 60,000 sand. We need system with higher Telephone: (613) 267-1165

penetration up to 50 m.) Fax: (613) 267-7085 [email protected] http://www.knudsenengineering.com

5 Batteries and cables of specifications F GP M/s ABEM, Skolgatan 11 930 70 for Ground Penetrating Radar system Malå, Sweden 0953-345 50 (One set of batteries purchased along USD 5000 with equipment gives backup of 1 hr only. We need another two sets of batteries for continuous operation.)

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 94

List of Equipments - Isotope Hydrology Division Sr. Cost(in Item Type* TD Vendor No. Lakhs Rs) 1) R G well Logging, 10801 Hammerly Blvd., Suite 202, Houston, TX 77043 USA Well logging Unit 2) Mount Sopris, 17301 W Colfas, Suite 1 (with Borehole F IH 50 255 Golden, Dolorado 80401 USA camera system) 3) OYO Corporation Instruments Division, 2-19 Daitkudo 2- chome,URAWA, Saitama 336 Japan 1)Turner Design, 845 West Maude Avenue Sunnyvale CA 94085 2 Field Fluorometer F IH 2) ADC BioScientific Ltd, 1st floor Charles 12 House, Furlong way, Great Amwell ,Herts, SG 129TA, UK Well logging Advanced logic Technology Batiment A, software 3 S IH route de Niederpallen L-8506 redange sur 5 (Well CAD & attert Luxembourg** Viewlog) 1)Turner Design, 845 West Maude Avenue Sunnyvale CA 94085 2)Chelsea Technologies Group Ltd, 55 Labloratory Central Avenue, West Molesey, Survey 4 L IH 8 Fluorometer KT8 2QZ UK 3) ADC BioScientific Ltd, 1st floor Charles House, Furlong way, Great Amwell ,Herts, SG 129TA, UK Spares, accessories and caliper probes R G well Logging, 10801 Hammerly Blvd., for existing R G F 10 Suite 202, Houston, TX 77043 USA well logging 5 IH equipment. Rhodamine kit for Turner Design, 845 West Maude Avenue laboratory L 1 Sunnyvale CA 94085 fluorometer Vendor: HIDEX, Mustionkatu 2, FIN-20750 Liquid scintillation Turku, Finland 6 L IH 15 counter [email protected], [email protected] *F Field Instrument, L Laboratory Equipment, S  Software ** Training for software will be provided by the vendor

Prospective Developments at CWPRS 95

List of Proposed Equipment for VT Div.

Item Type* TD Probable Vendor Cost in Sr. No. Lakhs Rs. 1 24 Channel Field & VT 1. ABEM Instrument AB, Sweden 28 Signal laboratory 2. Oyo Corporation, Japan Enhancement equipment 3. Geometrics,Inc, CA 95131, USA Seismograph 4. Seismic Source Company, USA. with accessories* 2 Structural Field & VT 1. M/s Apna Instrumentation & 10 Health laboratory Solutions, Pune Monitoring equipment 2. M/s National Instruments Systems System along (India) Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore with software**

*: 24 channel equipment is not available in the division. 12 Channel Seismograph purchased in 1986 has become obsolete, and unserviceable. **: Equipment is not available in the division. Justification 1. 24 Channel Signal Enhancement Seismograph: Non-destructive technique is used for testing the quality and homogeneity of concrete/masonry structure. Presently 12 Channel Seismograph purchased in 1986 is used for such studies and has become obsolete, and unserviceable and hence need to be replaced by advanced and state of the art technology equipment, viz. 24 Channel Signal Enhancement Seismograph. The equipment is with advanced features like digital storage, windows operated and with software controlled analysis features and hence, it will take less time for sonic testing. 2. Structural Health Monitoring System (SHM) along with software is proposed to be used for structural health monitoring of civil engineering structures like dam, bridges, tunnels, critical structures etc. It is proposed to procure various types of sensors and amplifiers for SHM.

List of proposed Softwares for VT Div.

Sr. No. Item Type* TD Probable Vendor Cost in Rs. in Lakhs

1 Shock Software Software VT M/s Spectra Dynamics Inc., 2.5 for Electro USA (Proprietary Item) Dynamic Shaker 2 Advanced Software VT M/s Orica Mining Services, 2 Vibration Australia (Proprietary Item) Management Program

Justification 1) Shock Software for Electrodynamic Shaker: This is a proprietary article of M/s Spectral Dynamics, USA, proposed to be used with existing Electrodynamic shaker purchased in 2011. After procurement of the software existing Electrodynamic shaker can be upgraded for simulating earthquake, operated for fixed sine frequencies and for generating half sine for short duration which are essential for Block Vibration Tests. 2) Advanced Vibration Management Program This is a proprietary article of M/s Orica Mining Services, Australia to evaluate vibration and air blast data by using the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The vibration impact of proposed blast designs can be modeled and assessed to ensure corrective actions to be taken in blasting patterns. Prospective Developments at CWPRS 96

List of Equipments (ES DIVISION)

Sr. Item Type TD Probable Vendor Cost in Rs. No. In Lakhs 1 Digital Microearthquake Recorder F/L ES 1.Refraction Technology 7,00,000 * 5 (Out of ten available equipment, Inc.(REFTEK), USA =35 four were installed at Ujh Project, 2. M/s GeoSIG Limited, Jammu & Kashmir and remaining Switzerland six are not in good working 3. M/s Kinemetrics Inc., USA condition. These instruments were 4. M/s Gurlap Systems, UK procured on August -2004) 5. M/s GeoTech Instruments, LLC, USA 6. M/s Nanometrics, Canada 7. PMD scientific Inc, USA 8. Eentec, USA 2 Digital Strong Motion F/L ES 1.Refraction Technology 5,40,000 * 3 Accelerograph Inc.(REFTEK), USA =16 ( Out of ten available equipment 2. M/s GeoSIG Limited, four were installed at Switzerland Nagarjunasagar Project, Andhra 3. M/s Kinemetrics Inc., USA Pradesh and one at Ujh Project, 4. M/s Gurlap Systems, UK Jammu & Kashmir and remaining 5. M/s GeoTech Instruments, five are not in good working LLC, USA condition. These instruments were 6. M/s Nanometrics, Canada procured on March-2004) 7. PMD scientific Inc, USA 8. eentec, USA 3 Data retrieval Unit F/L ES Supplier of the above 60,000 * 3 (Five Units, these units were part equipments =1.8 of the instruments only and were compatible to the instruments. These instruments were procured on March-2004) 4 Global Positioning System F/L ES 1. Garmin (Asia) Corporation, 45,000 * 2 (One Unit, this instrument was Taiwan = 9 procured on March-2005) 2. Magellan, USA 3. Bushnell Corporation, USA 4. Lowrance, USA

Justification Presently available equipments have been extensively used for various projects, e.g. Bunakha Project, Bhutan, Somwarpet Project, Karnataka, Mullamuri Project, Karnataka etc. They are nearly 10 years old. They have served their useful life and now most of them are not in good working condition. GPS available has only 2MB internal flash memory and more storage of site information and map is not possible with this unit. Besides, with increasing number of projects in the division, more units ( 5 units for each project ) are required for monitoring the seismicity at and around project site. List of software

Sr. Item Type TD Probable Vendor Cost in Rs.in Lakhs No. 1 EZ-Frisk, Software ES 1. Risk Engineering, Inc, 2.5 4155 Darley Avenue, Suit A Boulder, Colorado 80305 Justification (i) A large set of attenuation equation is included with EZ-Frisk which can be adopted and extended as needed. (ii) It can quickly perform analysis especially for location covered by our standard seismic source data base. (iii) We can enter our own target spectrum, or use one based on a seismic hazard analysis uniform hazard spectrum. It allows us to define our own fault and area sources and their seismic parameters Prospective Developments at CWPRS 97

Instrumentation, Calibration and Testing Services (3 cr)

HARDWARE / SOFTWARE / LAB EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR INSTRUMENTATION, CALIBRATION AND TESTING SERVICES

Divisions : Hydraulic Machinery Calibration Laboratory, Current Meter Calibration, Random Sea Wave Generator, High Performance Computing (HPC) Laboratory, Coastal Data Collection

S. Item Type Vendor Cost in No. Rs. In Lakhs 1 Four Nos. isolation/control L 1.Emersion (Fisher Valve), Mumbai 60 valves 2 BDK Weir Valves, Hubli 3 Kirloskar Valves, Kirloskarwadi 4. KOSO Valves, Nashik 2 Electromagnetic flow L 1. Krone Marshall, Pune 15 meter(1000mm NB) 2 Endress + Hauser, Mumbai 3 ABB, India 4 Nivo Controls, Indore 5 Siemens, Germany 3 Repairing of CHT valves/Diverter and other L From India 20 systems 4 1. Emersion (Fisher valve), Mumbai Two Nos. motorized isolation 2. BDK Weir valves, Hubli L 5 valves 3. Kirloskar valves, Kirloskarwadi 4. KOSO valves, Nashik 5 Electromagnetic flow 1. Krone Marshall, Pune meter(200 mm NB) 2. Endress + Hauser, Mumbai L 3. ABB, India 2

4 . Nivo controls, Indore 5 Siemens, Germany 6 Non intrusive ultrasonic flow 1. Siemens, Germany L 30 meter 2. Endress + Hauser, Mumbai 7 Computational Fluid Dynamics FLOW 3D/ANSYS CFX computational (CFD) set up for pump intake fluid dynamics (CFD) software ® model studies for vortex S /Pro/ENGINEER software 15 formation and pipeline transient flow analysis 8 Upgradation of Test Rig for M/s TECHNOMECH, 22/3, Hadapsar, large pump in gravimetric L Industrial Estate Pune 411013 Ph # 12 laboratory 26819617 9 Replacement / Renovation of DC and AC dynamometer and Leading Project Authorities like Coteba electrical control system (India) Pvt Ltd (Elsewhile named as M/s L / S 1250 Sogerah France), Kirloskar,Mather+platt,

L&T, ABB etc can take project on turn key basis.

10 Up gradation of CMRT L / S From India 60 11 Up gradation & Installation of Random Sea Wave H/S From India 50 Generation System at CMRT 12 Upgradation of existing H/S/L From India 400 RSWG facilities : Prospective Developments at CWPRS 98

13 L From India 30 Wireless Data Acquisition System for Dynamic Measurement of Wave Spectrum 14 RTK ENABLED DGPS with F M/s.Ashteck, France 10 Communication modules M/s. Leica, USA

15 Dual Frequency Echo sounder F M/s. ODOM, USA 35 with GYRO and connectors M/s Reson, Denmark

M/s. Kongsberg, Norway 16 Pre Processing Software S Clark Lab University, USA 5 Geomatica, USA 17 10 Data Collection and Post S M/s HYPACK, USA Processing Software M/S. NAVISOFT

18 Centralized High Performance H/S/L C-DAC, India 150 Computing (HPC) Laboratory 19 Directional Wave rider Buoy 1. M/s Datawell BV, Netherlands. with GPS and solar panel 2. M/s Triaxys, Canada F 80 system, Receiver & related 3. M/s W.S.Ocean Syatems Ltd.,UK. software 20 5 Calibration rig for Waverider CWP 1. Local firm. Buoys. RS

21 1. M/s Valeport, UK. 30 In situ Current meters with F 2. M/s Interocean systems, USA related software 3. M/s RDI Instruments, USA 22 In situ Directional wave & tide 1. M/s Valeport, UK. 60 gauge with mooring cages 2. M/s Interocean systems, USA F and related software 3. M/s RDI Instruments, USA

23 Depth measuring Equipment 1. M/s Bruttour International P. Ltd. 10 with Global Positioning F Aus. System 2. 2. M/s Valeport, UK.