DOCSLIB.ORG

Sample Comparative Free Response Answer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sample Comparative Free Response Answer Sample Comparative Free Response Answer Prompt: Compare & Contrast the effects of nationalism on the Ottoman Empire and Europe from 1750 through 1914 While the rest of the world was modernizing, and industrializing, the Ottoman Empire's progress was hindered by a stagnant economy, lack of capital, and weak rule. The adamant decision to institute reform and the budding nationalism of the Orthodox Christians would lead to violent rebellion in the decades after 1750. Napoleon's army spread liberalism in Western and Central Europe and nationalism in Easter and Central Europe. In the Ottoman Empire, elites discovered liberalism and nationalism because of the improvements in printing technology which allowed for the dispersion of ideas. In 1750, tensions grew against the Ottoman sultan and the rising taxes, as a result of European influence on the Ottoman Empire, a revolt broke out in Sarajevo, Kosovo. The Austrian-Ottoman war (1788-91) further weakened the empire which lost parts in Serbia, Bosnia, Dalmatia, the Peloponnesus, and the Danube River. By the 20th century, the Young Turks emerged as a response to the overbearing European control. In 1909, they supplanted the Sultan with his brother. In order to limit European influence, they facilitated the reforms of the bureaucracy, education, and law. With the spreading of nationalism, the Ottoman Empire's identity shifted from multi-ethnic to ethnic Turks. Officials, spurred by the nationalistic group, began to repress ethnic minorities such as the Armenians and the Greeks. Within the Ottoman Empire there were dozens of ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups which eventually adopted their own national identity. Resentment for foreign rule simmered and took form in nationalist agitation in Ireland, Italy, Poland, Hungary, Norway, etc. In Greece and Serbia, independence was won from the Ottoman Empire followed by Belgium in 1831 from the Netherlands. Other nations were formed by unifying smaller states with a common nationality such as Germany and Italy. There were several forces for unity, such as the nationalistic German Brothers Grimm tales and influences of Fichte and Hegel. In Europe, it became nationalism against Napoleon, who was seen as the obstacle for the countries he conquered. The revolutions of 1848 were spurred by famine, economic crisis, and demand for political change such as redirection from the Concert of Europe. Although, they were unsuccessful several new countries would form in Europe in the coming decades. They had achieved the goal of spreading liberal and nationalistic causes. They also had other effects such as universal male suffrage in France, abolition of serfdom, and the creation of a liberal constitution in Sardinia-Piedmont. In 1815, European powers attempted to "legitimism" and restored the old powers. In 1819, The Carlsbad Decrees symbolized political repression. It pushed nationalism underground because there was enforced censorship in Austria, Germany, and Italy. The Congress of Vienna established a conservative order in Europe. Cavour and Bismarck created conservative nation-states in Italy and Germany. In Italy, Mazzini was able to encourage war in the name of national unity. For him, the unification of all of Europe was the logical continuation after unifying Italy but it the European Union wouldn't come into existence for many decades. Despite ambitious attempts by Metternich and other conservatives to suppress rebellions and restore Europe to pre-revolutionary state, she was forever changed with the ideas that spread after the French Revolution. The revolution paved the way for the modern nation-state and the sense nationality, according to Hegel, was the glue that held societies in a time when religious and dynastic loyalty was plummeting. In 1867, Hungarian/Magyar nationalists led by Lajos Kossuth reached an agreement which granted them a virtually independent state with the Habsburg Empire. Then, Slavic minorities within the Austria-Hungarian Empire demanded control over their own interior government as well. In the twentieth century, the effects of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire led to countries declaring autonomy throughout the Empire's far-reaching lands. In 1902, there were rebellions in Macedonia and within a year it was independent. In 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed the predominantly Muslim Bosnia-Herzegovina causing tensions with Serbia. The Ottoman Empire lost its hold on Africa when Libya was conquered by Italy in 1912. The Italo-Turkish War was a precursor to World War I because the "sick man of Europe" was defeated easily and thus the Balkan League attacked the Empire before the conflict ceased. When the Great Powers signed the Berlin Treaty, the Ottomans lost complete control of Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania. Although Serbia gained independence in 1878, they wanted to create Greater Serbia with Russia as "protector of the Orthodox Christians." Balkan nations, such as Austria with a large Slavic population in the south, were against this ambition. Even after acquiring territory there was still dissatisfaction and tensions which would become the spark for World War I. Nationalism was prevalent in Europe as a result of Enlightenment ideas such as liberalism and romanticism as well as the Scientific and Industrial Revolution--which needed the spark of competition between nations to thrive. In Europe, there were the French and Greek Revolution in the late 18th century and early 19th century as well as the revolutions of 1848 throughout European nations except for England who had the greatest reforms. Nationalism was a great political force in the 19th century. Through the impetus of nationalism all Ottoman European territories either had autonomy or were in the hands of a European power. By 1914, there were new elements of nationalism including the interwar years, decolonization, and genocides. Nationalism played a pivotal role in the First World War which involved both Europe and the Middle East. Take Notice: Word Count: 919 5 Paragraphs w/ Introduction and Conclusion Addresses the prompt specifically .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Sick Man of Europe
    Name ______________________________________ Date ________ Class ______ Period ____ The Sick Man of Europe In 1453, the Ottomans conquered Constantinople and turned it into their capital of Istanbul. Ottoman power continued to expand into Europe, and in 1529, under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottomans besieged the city of Vienna in Austria, marking the furthest extent of their power in Europe until they were pushed back by an alliance of major European powers. However, a series of broader factors all contributed to Ottoman decline. During the Age of Exploration, the Portuguese discovered a sea route to the Indian Ocean by going around the southern tip of Africa, opening up Asia to direct European trade and domination, thereby economically weakening the Ottomans, who had acted as the middleman between Asia and Europe in the lucrative spice trade. They were further weakened by the inflation resulting from the influx of New World silver into Europe. The Ottoman Empire struggled to keep pace with the development of Europe as it was bombarded by the combined forced of revolutionary liberalism, nationalism, and industrialization. The Ottoman Empire Heads Toward Collapse Directions: Examine the map on page 707 in the textbook, and compare the main map of ethnic groups to the smaller map showing the borders of states. Read the text on page 708 to provide context for the map, and answer the questions below. 1. What ethnic groups, other than Turks, existed within the Ottoman Empire? 2. How was the Ottoman struggle with nationalism similar to that faced by Austria at the same time? 3. Examine the cartoon titled “The Sick Man of Europe” on page 708.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sick Man of Europe”
    “The Sick Man of Europe” The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire • At the height of its power, OE stretched from Hungary in Europe to Algeria in N. Africa – But they were attempting to keep huge numbers of different people in check – This worked for a while and the Ottomans had a rather open way of looking at the lands it controlled, including religious tolerance (to an extent…) • Suleyman I (r. 1520-1566) – Known for reforming the army and judicial system – Doubled the Ottoman territory – Rising period for Istanbul – Buildings that were created: • Caravanserai • Turkish baths • Port of Golden Horn – Died during the war with Austria in Hungary – Succeeded by his son Selim II The Ottoman Empire • Selim II (r. 1566-1574) – Known for the beginning of the decline of the empire, Selim II was a distracted emperor • His nickname was “Selim the Drunk” • From here it continues to go downhill – By the time Selim III (r. 1789 – 1808) comes to power, he has trouble returning the empire to the control of the Sultan – During his rule, problems with nationalism start to emerge and this is where the breakup beginnings • Greece is the first in the 1830s The European Perspective • Europeans see the Ottoman Empire as weak and ready to be torn apart but they have to be careful, they can’t let any one country gain too much of the OE because it will unbalance Europe – What ended up happening is the rest of the major countries trying to keep Russia from getting too much land – Russia wanted Ottoman land because they were landlocked and wanted a way to trade in
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining Germany's Exceptional Recovery
    May 2018 What explains Germany’s exceptional recovery from the ‘sick man of Exceptional Recovery Explaining Germany’s Europe’ in the 1990s to the powerhouse of today? Explaining Germany’s Based on research of leading economists and political scientist in Europe and the US, this eBook explores the conditions leading to Germany’s rise. The book finds that the opening up of Eastern Europe after the Exceptional Recovery fall communism led to profound changes in how firms and workers operated. In particular, the book argues that trade liberalisation with Eastern Europe led to decentralised wage bargaining; to a decentralised, less hierarchical management style in firms; and to the expansion of production networks to Eastern Europe. These changes in the labour Edited by Dalia Marin market institutions and in firms’ business models explain Germany’s exceptional export performance. They also explain why Germany absorbed the China shock more easily than other countries and why globalisation did not contribute to the rise in voting for the far right in Germany. ISBN 978-1-912179-13-8 Centre for Economic Policy Research A VoxEU.org Book 33 Great Sutton Street London EC1V 0DX CEPR Press Tel: +44 (0)20 7183 8801 CEPR Press Email: [email protected] www.cepr.org 9 781912 179138 Explaining Germany’s Exceptional Recovery CEPR Press Centre for Economic Policy Research 33 Great Sutton Street London, EC1V 0DX UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7183 8801 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cepr.org ISBN: 978-1-912179-13-8 Copyright © CEPR Press, 2018. Explaining Germany’s Exceptional Recovery Edited by Dalia Marin A VoxEU.org eBook CEPR Press Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) The Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) is a network of over 1,000 research economists based mostly in European universities.
    [Show full text]
  • Germany – the Sick Man of Europe? by Katinka Barysch
    CENTRE FOR EUpROPoEAN lREiFOcRM y brief Germany – the sick man of Europe? By Katinka Barysch ★ The main reason for Germany’s poor economic performance is a severe hangover from reunification. The cure – economic restructuring and reform – is taking effect slowly. ★ The foundations of the German economy remain strong. The country does well in terms of competitiveness, innovation, infrastructure, public services and social equality. ★ The EU can help Germany to get going again, for example through strengthening the Lisbon reform agenda, improving its macro-economic framework and shaking up the EU budget. Germany was once the economic motor of red tape. Others think that the euro is behind Europe. Its large domestic market offered Germany’s economic woes. Britain’s anti-euro business opportunities for its smaller neighbours. ‘No’ campaign suspects a link between the Its high-quality machines powered manufacturing introduction of the euro and the loss of all across Europe. Its sound budget policies set the 650,000 German jobs since then. Such analysis standard for the other EU countries. In the 1980s, is short-sighted and superficial. Germany is not however, the German motor began to sputter. It an economic basket case, nor is its future has since come to a standstill. In the second half entirely bleak. of the 1990s, German GDP grew by a paltry 1.6 per cent a year, a full percentage point less than the other EU countries. Since 2000 the German A hangover from reunification economy has hardly grown at all. Unemployment Germany’s main problem is that it is still nursing has risen relentlessly and now stands at 4.4 a severe hangover from its reunification party in million.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sick Man of Europe” the Ottoman Empire the Ottoman Empire the Ottoman Empire
    “The Sick Man of Europe” The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire Suleyman I (r. 1520- 1566) Reformed army and judicial system Doubled Ottoman territory Rising period for Istanbul Buildings created: Turkish baths Port of Golden Horn Succeeded by Selim II The Ottoman Empire Selim II (r. 1566-1574) Start of the decline of the empire Distracted emperor “Selim the Drunk” Continues downhill Selim III (r. 1789 – 1808) Can’t return Sultanate power Nationalism starts to emerge Greece in 1830s The European Perspective Europeans see OE as weak Major countries try to keep Russia from getting too much land Russia wanted land because wanted to trade in Mediterranean The Crimean War Russia wanted Black Sea port 1853 – Crimean War between Ottomans and Russians Britain and France fought with Ottomans to keep Russians from gaining land Defeated Russia Crimean War firsts: Women operated on the battlefield as nurses Covered by newspapers The Great Game The Great Game British tried to keep Ottomans strong (protect India) Maneuvering known as “Great Game” Britain push out of India and Russia push into India Clash in Afghanistan 1921 Britain agrees will not pass Khyber Pass Egypt: A Case Study Ottoman Empire Muhammad Ali – Ottoman officer 1805 - Seized power and created independent state Still HEAVILY influenced by OE Egypt: A Case Study Suez Canal Started by French (1798-1801) 1856 – Ferdinand De Lesseps received Act of Concession from Egyptian viceroy, Sa’id Pasha Allowed for construction Sold stock in the canal company to finance it Egypt: A Case Study British take interest in Egypt AFTER the canal is built Bought the Egyptian share of the stock (44%) Gets them safely and quickly to India British take control in 1882 Made British protectorate in 1914 .
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War
    Salve Regina University Digital Commons @ Salve Regina Pell Scholars and Senior Theses Salve's Dissertations and Theses 6-1-2009 The Sick Man’s Last Fight: The Role of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War Henry A. Crouse Salve Regina University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses Part of the European History Commons, and the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Crouse, Henry A., "The Sick Man’s Last Fight: The Role of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War" (2009). Pell Scholars and Senior Theses. 40. https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses/40 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Salve's Dissertations and Theses at Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pell Scholars and Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Crouse 1 The Sick Man’s Last Fight: The Role of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War “O Muslims, know that our Empire is at war with the mortal enemies of Islam: the governments of Muscovy, Britain, and France. The commander of the Faithful summons you to Jihad.” Henry A. Crouse HIS 490-01: Senior Seminar Brother John Buckley, FSC, Ph.D. June 5, 2009 Crouse 2 The Great War in 1914 to 1918 destroyed mighty empires, and created nations from their ashes. Both the Allied and Central Powers had been dominated by powerful empires. The Ottoman Empire, established by the Turks was at one point the largest empire in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe's Reluctant Hegemon
    SPECIAL REPORT GERMANY June 15th 2013 Europe’s reluctant hegemon 20130615_SRGermany.indd 1 03/06/2013 17:43 SPECIAL REPORT GERMANY Europe’s reluctant hegemon Germany, now the dominant country in Europe, needs to rethink the way it sees itself and the world, says Zanny Minton Beddoes IT IS NOT often that a single country dominates the nal of Europe’s Champions League, but on May 25th more than 360m people around the world watched Bayern Munich score in the 89th minute to beat Borussia Dortmund by two goals to one at London’s Wembley Stadium. The sym• bolism was powerful. For the rst time in its 58•year history, the nal of Europe’s most important football contest was a wholly German a air. From the football pitch to politics to the economy, Germany has be• come Europe’s most powerful country. Described by this news• paper as the sick man of Europe in 1999, Germany now appears to have the continent’s strongest as well as its biggest economy. It ac• counts for a fth of the European Union’s output and a quarter of its exports. From Volkswagen to SAP, Germany’s big companies CONTENTS are world•renowned. Many smaller German rms are global 3 Election brieng champions in niche markets such Colours of the rainbow as tunnel•boring machines and 4 Germany and Europe industrial cleaners. The Merkel plan Germany’s jobless rate, at 5.4% (using standardised OECD 6 The economy statistics), is less than half Eu• Dissecting the miracle rope’s average. Youth unemploy• 9 Energy ment, a scourge throughout Tilting at windmills much of the rest of the continent, is at a 20•year low in Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Health Reform in the Ottoman Empire and Egypt
    The Sick Man and his Medicine: Public Health Reform in the Ottoman Empire and Egypt The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation The Sick Man and his Medicine: Public Health Reform in the Ottoman Empire and Egypt (2003 Third Year Paper) Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10015270 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Sick Man and his Medicine: Public Health Reform in the Ottoman Empire and Egypt This paper is submitted in satisfaction of the Food & Drug Law course requirement and the third-year written work requirement at Harvard Law School. Layla J. Aksakal, Class of 2003 April 26, 2003 Mr. Peter Barton Hutt Abstract This paper examines the transformation of public health institutions in the Ottoman Empire and Egypt in the nineteenth century. I argue that the region’s political, financial, and military vulnerability in that period led to a wide-ranging institutional reform movement that also had a great impact on the public health system. As the state centralized, it began to intervene directly in the lives and bodies of its population with the purpose of developing a strong, healthy polity that would be able to compete in the international arena of states. Examples of this intervention included the establishment of professional medical and pharmacy schools and the implementation of compulsory vaccinations, quarantines, and rigorous inspection of food and drugs in the marketplace.
    [Show full text]
  • Still “The Sick Man of Europe”?
    Still “the sick man of Europe”? Trends in Scottish mortality in a European context Bruce Whyte, ‘Tomi Ajetunmobi PHINS Seminar September 2012 Background •‘Understanding the Health of Scotland’s Population in an International Context’ Leon et al, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, March 2003 – focused on understanding Scotland’s health in an international context. – a major component of this work was an analysis of mortality trends from 1950 to 2000 in 20 European countries Reasons for updating • Scottish data are now available for a full 60 year period from 1950 to 2010 • Data for the other Western European countries have been extended, allowing for a more up to date comparison of Scottish mortality within Europe • A comparison of mortality among younger working age adults (15-44 years of age) has been added, reflecting concerns about trends (and inequalities) in avoidable deaths in this age group Data Source • World Health Organisation Statistical Information System (WHOSIS): – The WHO Mortality Database contains counts of deaths by country, 5-year age group, sex, individual year and cause-of-death, coded according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) in use at the time of death registration in each country. – Mid-year population estimates were obtained from the same WHO website. Countries Region Countries UK Scotland, England & Wales, Northern Ireland Northern Europe Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden Western Europe Belgium, France, Ireland, The Netherlands Central Europe Austria, Germany, Switzerland Southern
    [Show full text]
  • The Sick Man of Europe: Diagnosis and Therapy of a Kathedersozialist
    © Ifo Institute for Economic Research 2003 PRESS, PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES Robert Koll Tel. +49-89-9224-1422 Fax +49-89-9224-1901 Email [email protected] Lecture Series: Deutsche Rede The Sick Man of Europe: Diagnosis and Therapy of a Kathedersozialist Hans-Werner Sinn Ifo Institute and Munich University (LMU) Schloss Neuhardenberg Foundation Neuhardenberg, Brandenberg 15 November 2003 DeutschlandRadio Berlin Broadcast live on AM on 15 November 2003, 5.00 p.m. and various FM broadcasts on the same day In the lecture series entitled “Deutsche Rede”, the speakers present their positions on the economy, culture, politics and society in Germany. The series is organised by the Schloss Neuhardenberg Foundation and recorded and broadcast live by DeutschlandRadio Berlin. The presentations are both the commencement and climax of a programming week of DeutschlandRadio Berlin in which more than 70 individual contributions examine and discuss the relevant issue of the week. The label “Kathedersozialisten” (socialists of the chair) was assigned derogatorily to the German professors of economics who laid the foundations for Bismarck’s social reforms. In 1873, these economists founded the Verein für Socialpolitik, which in the course of time became the prominent organisation of German-speaking economists. Hans-Werner Sinn was chairman of the Verein für Socialpolitik from 1997 to 2000. 1 What ever happened? Courage and fortune have become rare in Germany. The economy is stagnating, the bad news is mounting. Month by month there are new bankruptcy records, many companies are in deep crisis, unemployment is mounting, and yet, the poor of the world struggle to enter the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Your Regular Paper Inside →
    BUSINESS WITH PERSONALITY BIT OF MUSCLE GETTING HIS LEG OVER A BRITISH ICON NEW ATHLETICS STAR GETS BACK ON HEADS FOR LONDON P24 THE ROAD P21 FREE YOUR TUESDAY 3 MARCH 2020 ISSUE 3,568 CITYAM.COM REGULAR KHAN EYES POWER TO PAPER → FIX RENTS STEFAN BOSCIA ministers have blocked us from intro- supply is the only way to deal with ducing our plans for rent controls in unaffordable rents. @Stefan_Boscia London — and have simply said no.” Rico Wojtulewicz, head of housing SADIQ Khan will launch his re-elec- “They have refused to give us the at the National Federation of JACK WELCH Legendary General tion campaign today by pledging to powers we need to make rent controls Builders’s House Building Associa- INSIDE happen,” the mayor will add. tion, said a cap on rents would in fact win powers to implement rent con- trols in London if he is returned to Rents have risen 27 per cent for hit supply by squeezing builders. Electric boss passes away aged 84 the capital’s 2.54m renters “[House builders] with projects in the capital’s top job. EDWARD THICKNESSE Dubbed Neutron Jack in the 1980s Launching his campaign since 2010. the pipeline could suffer, as rent caps To combat the problem may push down land prices, leaving for his appetite for job cuts — a at a Hackney housing @edthicknesse nickname he later said he found estate, Khan will say of housing affordability, many who have already purchased land with unviable projects,” he said. JACK Welch, the architect of General “unappealing” — Welch bought and that his victory would sold scores of businesses during his represent an “undeni- Khan says he has been Dr Kristian Niemietz, head of politi- Electric’s (GE) rise to becoming at one barred from introducing cal economy at the Institute of Eco- time the most valuable company in tenure.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Germany: the Real Sick Man of Europe. Why the 'German Model
    Planning and Developing a fairer future_Body 06/11/2014 11:14 Page 49 3. Germany: the real sick man of Europe. Why the ‘German model’ cannot – and should not – be a template for other countries Thomas Fazi Germany, written off as the ‘sick man of Europe’ when the euro was launched in 1999 3, is today considered by most to be the continent’s most successful economy. But this is a dangerous misconception. As Matt O’Brien recently wrote in The Washington Post : ‘It doesn’t seem like it, but Germany is still the sick man of Europe. It’s just that everybody else is terminally ill now’. 4 Let’s start by looking at the most recent economic data available. In August, the country reported its biggest tumble in exports since 2009, falling by 5.8 per cent. Chart 3.1: Monthly changes in German exports 2008-2014 Source: Quartz. 3 , ‘The sick man of the euro’, 3 June 1999. The Economist 4 Matt O’Brien, ‘Germany is killing its economy – and Europe’s too’, , 9 October 2014. The Washington Post Germany: the real sick man of Europe. Why the ‘German model’ 49 cannot – and should not – be a template for other countries Thomas Fazi Planning and Developing a fairer future_Body 06/11/2014 11:14 Page 50 That same month, a similar reading on industrial production collapsed, falling by 4 per cent, in its biggest monthly decline since January 2009. Chart 3.2: German GDP growth rate and Monthly industrial production growth 2007-2014 Source: Quartz. This has put German industrial production back at December 2006 levels.
    [Show full text]