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BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT 1. VEGETATION TYPES and ITS DISTRIBUTION 1.1 Methodology for Vegetation the Study Was Aimed at Enumerati

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BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT 1. VEGETATION TYPES and ITS DISTRIBUTION 1.1 Methodology for Vegetation the Study Was Aimed at Enumerati BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT 1. VEGETATION TYPES AND ITS DISTRIBUTION 1.1 Methodology for Vegetation The study was aimed at enumeration of the available plant resources and obtaining a broad representation of the existing floristic variations in the project affected area and surrounding project affected areas. Enumeration of the plant wealth was done by surveying the area through walking followed by collection and identification of plant specimens. Phyto-sociological aspects of the study were carried out by perambulating and sampling through quadrates method. Sample plots were selected in such a way to get maximum representation of different types of vegetation and plots were laid out in different parts of the areas within the mine area as well as the surrounding mine area. Selection of sites for vegetation data was done by random sampling procedure. Accordingly, equal number of quadrates of 10 m x 10 m for the study of tree layer in the project affected area and surrounding project affected area were laid. Within these sample plots, sub-plots of 3 m x 3 m were laid out randomly for studying the shrub layer and regeneration of tree species. For information on ground layer including herbaceous species, quadrates of 1 m x 1 m size were laid out within the tree quadrate. All species encountered during the transect walk were recorded. The girth at breast height (gbh) of all individuals in each quadrate was measured for all species of trees and woody climbers. All individuals with gbh > 10 cm were considered and recorded as trees (Parthasarathy and Karthikeyan, 1997). Individuals below 10 cm gbh were considered as saplings and shrubs. This concept was tested further during the fieldwork. Basal area of plants was measured following Philips (1959). The plants were identified using floras by Haines (1921-25), Saxena and Brahmam (1994-96). The primary data recorded on number of individuals in a species and girths were utilized to derive secondary attributes like density and frequency following standard phyto-sociological methods of Misra (1968). Relative values were calculated following Philips (1959). Important Value Index (IVI) was calculated by adding up relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance (Curtis, 1959). In the case of shrubs, herbs and saplings; IVI was calculated based only on relative values, i.e., relative frequency and relative density. Formulae used for various calculations are: Total number of individuals of a species in all the quadrats Density = ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total number of quadrats studied Total number of quadrats in which species occurred Frequency (%) = -----------------------------------------------------------------× 100 Total number of quadrats studied Total number of individuals of a species in all quadrats Abundance = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total number of quadrats in which species occurred C2 Mean basal area = -------------- (C= Mean of the circumference) 4π Total basal area = Mean basal area × Density Sum of all cbh of a species Mean of the circumference (C) = Total number of individuals of a species Density of a the species Relative Density = × 100 Total density of all species The frequency of a species Relative Frequency = ×100 Total frequency of all species Total basal cover of a species Relative Dominance = ×100 Total basal cover of all species Importance Value Index (IVI) = Relative Density + Relative Frequency + Relative Dominance 1.2 Flora of project affected area Floristic composition varies depending upon the site and its environmental features and it is one of the major characteristic features of any plant communities. A total of 40 quadrats were randomly laid for the data collection of the tree, shrubs and herbaceous species. A total three tree species were found with a total density of 566.66 trees/ha with a total basal area of 611153.56 m2/ha. The tree flora of the project affected area dominated by Pinus wallichiana followed by Picea smithiana (Annexure I, Table-1). The number of shrubs, and tree saplings together from project affected area was five species. The project affected area was dominated by Viburnum grandiflorum and Abies pindrow . The forest with open canopy cover and moist soil conditions do not favoured the growth of woody climbers and shrubs. The density values (stems/ha) for different species of shrubs varied from 246.91 to 6666.67 (Annexure I, Table-2). Abies pindrow recorded the highest IVI value (135.49). This particular shrub has very good capacity for regeneration. Herbaceous vegetation accounted for eight species in the project affected area. The stand density in the case of herbaceous species was 1586700 stems/ha (Annexure I, Table-3) and this strata was dominated by Trifolium repens (816700 stems/ha) followed by Fragaria vesca (633300 stems/ha) and Erianthus sp. (63300 stems/ha) (Annexure I, Table-3). Dominance and ecological success of a species is expressed as a single value in terms of Importance Value Index (IVI). This index utilizes three parameters viz., relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance or basal area. High IVI values of a species indicate its high regeneration capacity and greater ecological amplitude. Among trees species, Pinus wallichiana showed highest IVI (190.79) followed by Picea smithiana (92.85), and Abies pindrow (16.36). Among shrubs, highest IVI was recorded as 135.49 and 95.84 in the case of Abies pindrow and Viburnum grandiflorum respectively (Annexure I, Table-2). Highly regenerating species in the study site among shrubs was Abies pindrow . 1.3 Surrounding the Project Affected Area Floristic composition varies depending upon the site and its environmental features and it is one of the major characteristic features of any plant communities. Dachigam National Park is situated surrounding the project affected area. In respect of flora of surrounding project affected area we studied the phytosociological analysis of Dachigam National Park . Dachigam National Park is one of the most important protected area in Jammu and Kashmir state because it holds the last viable population of Hangul in world. The park spread over an area of 141 sq. km in the Zabarwan mountain ranges of great Himalayas. Dachigam National park harbors the last viable population of Hangul and one of the largest populations of Asiatic black bear. The name of the park comes from the Kashmiri word Dah which means 10, chi means are and gam means village so “ten village”. Before the existence of the park there were 10 villages which later on translocated from the area due to the formation of a game preserve of rakh by the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. The name of the National Park was given in the memory of these 10 villages. Inside the park there are many nallahs which are named after the translocation of those villages. This area was having diverse flora and fauna by keeping this in mind maharaja made it rakh for him and for this guests (hunting). Dachigam Wildlife sanctuary was upgraded to National Park on 4 February 1981 (state order no. FST/20) by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir. The management of Dachigam NP is handed over to the newly formed Department of Wildlife Protection, Jammu and Kashmir 1982 after separation from Forest Department. The park is divided into two administrative unit Lower and Upper Dachigam which are administered by Central and South Wildlife Division respectively. Today it is managed in IUCN category- II (National Park). LOCATION: Dachigam National Park lies between 340 05‟N - 340 11‟N and 740 54‟E -750 09‟E and the area comes under the civil jurisdictions of Srinagar, Anantnag, Pulwama districts. Its area comes in 2.38.12 (Himalayan Highlands) biogeographical province, and 2A Bio-geographic zone. It is 21Km north-east to Srinagar the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir state situated in Zabarwan mountain range of Great Himalayas. Nearest Airport and railhead stand 32 and 315 kms away respectively. THE STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Dachigam National Park is known world-wide because it holds one of the best populations of Asiatic black bear in Asia and the red deer sub- species Hangul. It also provides a natural habitat for a number of threatened and endangered species. Dachigam National Park is one single compact catchment area in the central Kashmir which has a highly unique and diverse type of fauna and flora. Dachigam occupies almost half of the catchment zone of the famous Dal Lake and is the main source of water for the Srinagar city. The National Park is significant in the sense that it is the only area in the world where last viable population of Kashmir Stag (Hangul) is in existence. Dachigam is a stupendous example which represent and preserves significant ecological and biological processes in the way of evolution and development of various ecosystems consisting of several communities of plants and animal species. Most significantly Dachigam national park provides suitable habitat for the in-situ conservation of Hangul which is critically endangered and needs attention for the conservation of species which have global importance such as Himalayan Grey Langur, Himalayan Yellow throated Marten, Asiatic black bear, Common Leopard. GEOLOGY, ROCK AND SOIL: The entire area of Dachigam NP is mountainous and has crystalline rocks such as granite, phyllites and schists with embedded lime stone. Which form the core of the Zanskar range, a fold of which encloses the Dachigam national park. The region from Khanmoh to mahadeo consists of calacarious slates, shale and blue limestone (Singh and Kachroo, 1976). Most of the sediments composing these ranges have been laid from Cambrian to tertiary (Wadia, 1939, 1961).The crystalline axis of the Himalayan system contains the oldest rocks and the northern flank of these crystalline axis are found fossiliferous sediments of marine origin. The soil depth in Dachigam on the slope from lower to middle reaches is less than 25 cm and hence falls under the category of very shallow soils (Bhat 1988).
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