Frances Willard sity, at that time an a, 1839-1898 Evanslon with her mott classes on rhetoric and c cial problems forced the Frances Willard was born in Churchville, New York, as one of three children of step to which Willard as~ Josiah and Mary Willard. She had an older brother, Oliver, and a younger sister, in charge of the womens Mary. Her father, a successful businessman and farmer and also a devout Unfortunately, just at Methodist, sold his assets in Churchville in 1841 and moved the family to Oberlin, supported Willard's effm Ohio, so that he could prepare for the ministry at Oberlin College. His wife, who ment, resigned and was had been a schoolteacher before her marriage, also attended classes (Oberlin was ancc. Although the two h the only co-educational college in the United States at that lime). But in 1846 Josiah Fowler immediately oppc Willard contracted tuberculosis, and on doctor's orders the family moved lo an iso­ thority through administr lated farm near Janesville, Wisconsin, where it was hoped the fresh air would help lhe male Northwes1cm stu him. lion at lhe school untenab l Frances and her siblings were home-schooled by their mother and occasional tu­ Willard now found her lors until 1854, when Oliver went to Beloit College to prepare for the ministry and offered lo her, but they w1 the girls attended a school in Janesville organized by their falher. In 1857 Frances move her elderly mother, and Mary enrolled in the Milwaukee Female College, a teacher-training institute hood of her many friends established by Catharine Beecher. Their father found the school insufficiently reli­ Money was a consideratio gious, however, and transferred them in 1858 to Northwestern Female College in talc, having loaned large s1 Evanston, Illinois, a town near Chicago. The whole family moved to Evanston, and to help him find other wor Frances and her sister lived al home while attending school. problem. Willard gradualed from college in I 859, and in I 860 she took a teaching position Willard decided that ht in a rural school. For the next eight years she taught at various schools around the women. If she could not c \.\bl,\, WOV\titv Midwest. A Methodist minister who was a friend of her brother's, the Reverend other ways of affecting pl \i\tiw ~~ C,1-vi I Charles Fowler, proposed to her in 1861 and she accepted, but she broke the en- were very popular, and spc Wov, v.,\,.\f h gagemenl a year later. Her letters suggest that although she esteemed Fowler highly, the event and from salarie~ C(O~f CA,l/l."1Afl,\o,\-'lc,ul she did not lov~ him, and she could not bring herself t~ m~rry just b~cause .it was various reform societies. A1 () · the expected thing to do. At any rate, she was preoccupied m 1862 with the illness ing in the Midwest. The wii ~l LIMf ot-1--c.t-\and death of her beloved sister Mary. Willard left her teaching position lo nurse curb the liquor trade, the la )\;Ww;\l#-hHlw\ r ~ Mary, and then to write a memoir of Mary's life. had ever seen. Willard, whc I 'I> t In 1868 Kate Jackson, a fellow teacher from a wealthy family, invited Willard lo causes, was attracted to te ~el {1;vi~+ accompany her as her guest on a tour of Europe and the Middle East. Josiah Willard Woman's Christian Tcmperr tkf.Vvt. \w was reluctant to consent to the trip, but he died in this year, and Willard decided 10 a delegate taler that year t go. She and her friend were abroad for two years. While they were traveling, groups, which resulted in the f~\w Willard came to some decisions about her future. She fell that marriage was not for ance Union, of which she Wt Lr-r wl WW1[ her and that she wanted to dedicate herself lo work that would improve the position When temperance activisr I of women in the world. It seemed logical for the work to be that of education, a field primarily a women's issue, l,)C.i>Wl.f !.{, ) {t>r- for which she was already trained and in which she had some experience. Willard church, the Methodist, formt resolved lo make a career for herself as a women's educator when she returned to union of temperance groups, the United States. more than a million members Almost immediately, the ideal opportunity presented itself. In 1871, although she in the United States by the ti was only thirty-two years old, Willard was invited to become the first woman presi­ the legal restrictions these gr dent of a U.S. women's college. The new institution, the Evanston College for skyrocketed. Alcohol became Ladies, would replace the financially ailing Northwestern Female College from adult men in some urban area~ which she had gradua1ed and would be affiliated with nearby Northwestern Univer- her of daily saloon patrons cqt 1114 NINETEENHl·CENTURY RHETORIC sity, at that time an all-male instilution. Willard lived in the family home in Evanston with her mother and took up her new work with enthusiasm, teaching .. , J •• , classes on rhetoric and composition in addition to her administrative duties. Finan­

cial problems forced the school to merge with Northwestern University in 1872, a I~ t, It.(" ; one of three children of step to which Willard assented on condition that she and the female faculty remain 4 tMI~,• er, and a younger sister, in charge of the women students, many of whom were young teenagers. I II, .,i.,\ Jc,, ner and also a devout Unfortunately, just al this time, the Northwestern University president who had ,. I 1' 1' J • • ! , ..- I ed the family lo Oberlin, supported Willard's efforts, and with whom she had negotiated the merger agree­ 1 College. His wife, who ment, resigned and was replaced by the Rtwerend Charles Fowler, her former fi­ Jed classes (Oberlin was ancc. Although the two had parted on friendly terms, as far us Willard was aware, time). But in I 846 Josiah Fowler immediately opposed her plans for women's education. He reduced her au­ ! family moved lo an iso- thority through administrative changes, acquiesced in her harassment by some of .. the fresh air would help the male Northwestern students she was now teaching, and generally made her posi­ "' tion at the school untenable, finally forcing her resignation in 1874. nother and occasional tu­ Willard now found herself in an awkward situation. Other academic posts were pare for the ministry and offered to her, but they would have required leaving Evanston. She did not want to r father. In 1857 Frances move her elderly mother, for whom she was responsible, nor to leave the neighbor ­ teacher-training institute hood of her many friends and her brother Oliver, his wife, and their four children . ;chool insufficiently reli­ Money was a consideration, for upon his death her father had left a very small es­ !Slern Female College in tate, having loaned large sums to Oliver, first to launch him in the ministry and then i'k- "-~ .f moved to Evanston, and to help him find other work when his pastoral career faltered because of u drinking ~~'-'...... ,.­ I. problem. P-~~ c: <...... , '-' ! took a teaching position Willard decided that her main commitment was to improving the position of ~~,~ trious schools around the women. If she could not do so through education in a school setting, there were brother's, the Reverend other ways of affecting public opinion. Public lectures and evangelical meetings :d, but she broke 1he en­ were very popular, and speakers could cum money both from collections taken at esteemed Fowler highly, the event and from salaries, should they win positions as paid agents of the era's narry just because it was various reform societies. At this time, the reform issue of temperance was nourish­ I in 1862 with the illness ing in the Midwest. The winter of I 873- 74 brought a crusade by women seeking to .aching position 10 nurse curb the liquor trade, the largest public demonstration by women the United States had ever seen. Willard, who had already done some public speaking for Methodist "amily, invited Willard to causes, was attracted to temperance. She was elected president of the Chicago ddle East. Josiah Willard Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in the fall of 1874 and was sent as r, and Willard decided to a delegate later that year to the first national meeting of women's temperance 1ile they were traveling, groups, which resulted in the formation of the national Woman's Christian Temper­ that marriage was not for ance Union, of which she was elected corresponding secretary. mid improve the position When tempcrnnce activism in America began in the eighteenth century, it was not ! that of education, a field primarily a women's issue, but it was an important refonn cause. Willard's own ome experience. Willard church, the Methodist, formally endorsed temperance in I 832. By I 833, a national tor when she returned 10 union of temperance groups, led by men but with women's participation, numbered more than a million members. They were successful in curbing alcohol consumption !If. In 187 1, although she in the United States by the time of the Civil War. After the war, however, some of nc the first woman presi - the legal restrictions these groups had won were repealed, and liquor consumption 1e Evanston College for skyrocketed. Alcohol became big business. There was one saloon for every fifty 11 Female College from adult men in some urban ureas, and an 1895 survey in Chicago showed that the num­ by Northwestern Univer - ber of daily saloon patrons equaled one half of the city's total population. By the turn

FRANCES WILLARD 111 5 of the century Americans were spending over one billion dollars on alcohol, much Thus Willard helpc< more than they spent on public education ($200 million). Moreover, the liquor tmdc women helped each 0 1 protected itself politically; political meetingl'i were often held in saloons, and brew­ rhetoric Carol Matting!· ers, saloon keepers, and others in the liquor busines s were elected to local offices. find the courage to spe~ Alcohol constituted the great "drug problem" of the nineteenth century. Then as tics had progressed to t O••·•·U-i.,,.... now, the use of intoxicant s was deplored in part because it was felt to be morally Mrs. S. A. McCJees, eotJ debilitating, and in part because it was known to have grave social costs. Women )·•1M \.n.v... Women who hacl hut la increasingly spoke up about how they and their children bore the brunt of these -t--.t,.. \ their .1pecia/pleadings j costs . The alcohol problem was becoming a women's problem. Drinking was a facing vast audience s, s more exclu sively masculine activity than it is today, and alcohol abuse by men con­ thers anclbrethren of the tributed to the physical abuse and financial deprivation of women and children, and lent reverent cars since c ~"""''i...'\. ~ to many other social ills. Furthermore, women who suffered from their husbands' Willard's growing popul bu~ "14 th~··:""'---. abuse of alcohol had little legal recourse, given that married women's property laws citement women felt as 1 ~~-...-~\ often still gave everything, even a wife's wages, to the husband, and divorce laws 1 ~ awarded custody of children to the husband. Women could not vote and so could t!on she directed. Matlin! ~ not work directly for legislative remedies. j live organization for teac Instead, they adapted techniques developed in antebellum reform movements, Contr-Jry lo the wishc~ notably abolition - by using petitions, public demonstrations, lectures, and printed powerful speaker, began appeals. Twentieth +century perceptions of temperance activism arc clouded, per­ women's suffrage, she Anthony, who was also ' haps, by the movement's narrow focus on prohibition alone in the early twentieth . century. But during Willard's leadership the movement engaged a broad spectrum leaders), and who had ro, of social issues. When prohibition eventually became the Jaw of the land, it was a after being refused the rig dismal failure, so much so that temperance workers arc now often remembered with some struggle within the ridicule, when they arc remembered at all. In the late nineteenth century, however, was elected president of ti the temperance movement constituted the largest masi. movement of women ever in hold this position until hei the United States. Willard's biographer Ruth Bordin notes that although Willard be­ Willard placed the WC lieved in the goals of the temperance movement, at firsl it had nol appeared to be ous concerns, such as pro very high on her list of social reform priorities. As a young woman, at least, Willard ?f which was headed by a did not require total abstinence of herself, and she enjoyed the occasional glass of mg thus delegated many free to travel and prosely ll \ wine when she was in Europe. Bordin believes that the temperance movement at­ 1\-w.-. H..... loc.~I;- 4a-- tracted Willard in 1874 primarily because she saw it as a movement that empow­ first ten years of her presic at political party conventi ~ ~"'°"'-.fb..-"' - ered women. temperance meetings in cv ~lt~t..t"'1_...... """"-"-­ As corresponding secretary of the fledgling WCTU, Willard was so successful at Willard advocated whal ...... ~ .~ .fk.vli "'-- increasing membership that the national convention grew from 80 delegates in 1874 lo 200 in 1875, representing 21 slates and 7,500 members. Willard was a dynamic pcrancc work to a range of platform speaker, not flamboyant but utterly sincere and able to convince her hear· raising the legal age of con crs that she cared deeply about them even when the audience was large. She pro­ ditions for women factory jected powerful moral authority, a reflection, perhaps, of her desire to be a pulpit mcnt of anti-child-labor Ja, minister. She confessed to thii; desire in Woma11in the Pulpit (excerpted here), but programs for working mo she suppressed it because of the prejudices of the time. To improve her performance Willard's heart, and that sh fragc and labor unionism. · e..,./D Cc.<. "-•I,\., and strengthen her voice, she took elocution lessons from lhc director of the School "Home Protection," which I 15 prt.-s~t of Oratory at Northwestern. Willard also showed great talent at organizing new WCTU chapters and helping other women find their own public voices, as shown in \:l,l !.""..t ,•• l. 'Quoted in Carol Mattingly. the excerpt here from Woman and Temperance on how to organize a temperance (Carhondalc: S0u1hcrnIllinois Uni • ., ·--JJ\,...\: .. meeting and how to conduct oneself as the lead speaker. 'Maningly, p. 58.

1116 NINlff();EN'fll ·Cll.NT URY RHETORIC 11 "h u-uh o.. V\.c.l--....,...,..\t.,: ~h l~ ~s 11 o. '' \'\."'-'I .fo~ 1 6~ ~tlV~V\WM.A,vJ\- of­ ~ rl i:•\. ,t--\,u."'....-~ ..,...:P.~....· ~ ion dollars on alcohol, much Thus Willard helped to create a network of women's organizations in which "~'~ul- 1). Moreover, the liquor trade women helped each other come lo public voice, as chronicled by historian of r-ui ( ~,;::·-,.,I • , ;J. J • :n held in saloons, and brew­ rhetoric Carol Mattingly. At first, women needed all-female audiences in order to !re ciecled to local offices. find the courage to speak. Within several years, however, women's speaking abili­ r.·-J.•. ·-}-,,.,.,.~'..? J : nineteenth century. Then as ties had progressed to the point that one delegate to the annual WCTU meeting, • .. :, :d-N 1?.h use it was felt to be morally Mrs. S. A. McClees, could testify as follows: I , .• -~! .,,.J" 1.:. , ... • "'~· , 1 -~ ' , .... e grave social costs. Women Womenwho had hut lately found no wider sphere than the domesticor socialcircle for Jrcn bore the brunt of these lhcir J/1ec:i11Ipleading .1·in favorof all things good and true . .. suddenlyfound themselves 's problem. Drinking was a facing vast audiences, standingin sacred places, altars and pulpits, side hy side with fa. J.JJ.:;.r-,·~ ), li:,r-ltesthat although Willard be­ ,.t.a...L~) (J.~~ ous concerns, such as promoting temperance to children, into "departments," each rst it had not appeared to be -(.k~lf ,ung woman, at least, Willard of which was headed by a "superintendent" who had considerable autonomy. Hav­ ing thus delegated many administrative aspects of the organization, Willard was joyed the occasional glass of L.0:~o.~ free to travel and proselytize for temperance and other social refonn causes. In the 1e temperance movement at­ first ten years of her presidency, she spoke at an average of one meeting per day­ as a movement that empow- at political party conventions, conferences of many religious denominations, and temperance meetings in every U.S. state and territory. Willard was so successful at Willard advocated what she called "Do-Everything Reform." She attached tern• !W from 80 delegates in 1874 . perance work to a range of social issues, including stronger laws against rape, laws bers. Willard was a dynamic s11srv\l,\,V\I\. ! ) , of her desire to be a pulpit ment of anti-child-labor laws, free kindergartens and what we would call day-care programs for working mothers, and more. The two issues that were closest to i Pulpit (excerpted here), but Willard's heart, and that she was most influential in promoting, were women's suf­ To improve her perfonnance frage and labor unionism. To promote women's suffrage, Willard took the phrase Jm the director of the School !at talent at organizing new "Home Protection," which had referred to tariffs protecting American industry, and vn public voices, us shown in 1Quo1cdin Curo] Muningly , \Vefl-Tempcred \V11111e11: Ni11etee111f1,Ce1tlll l) ' Te11111cr,111ceRfrewri c ,w to organize a temperance (Curbondalc : Southern Illinois University Press , 1998), p, 50. empha 5is in urii:.inal. r. •Muttingty, p. 58.

FRANCES WILLARD 1117 ( C.•~ l''"""'~ adapted it to refer to the vote for women, arguing that if women could vote, they 1892 was also the year 0""'"'"'.. ~ would vote for measures that would protect women, children, and the American shed year in her temperat .d.\SC.OIA.T'S~) home, including, among other things, regulation of the alcohol trade. mother, she became more a (sc.~ ~.6 Willard was also convinced that the American economic system was unjust and tional. In 189 1 Willard ha, itSt. ~c.r l~ un-Christian. From the late 1880s she referred to her own political beliefs as "Chris· women's temperance cont tian Socialism." She advocated a social order in which everyone took responsibility WCTU formed at the con +\.. f \ 4 't bc,c,ILJ for everyone else, as required by proper respect for God's laws, and she saw the or­ president of the British Wo came Willard's close frieni ·O"~t..S c.c...~ ganization of labor as a necessary step toward more equitable arrangements. On be­ half of the WCTU, she made overtures to Terence Powderly and the Knights of her invitation to visit her in Sbp½,;h~ t,-,.t.l\...~ Labor, an early union organization. The Knights already supported temperance and Henry made it possible fo1 ic.L....ka"~~ b., admitted women as equal members, working for equal pay for equal work and other She thus became less politi< the national reform scene, ~ w~\"\ @ \N .....-k .. women's issues. Willard persuaded them to adopt women's suffrage as well, :md she added the eight-hour day and other labor issues to the WCTU agenda. WCTU and continued to ap ~"-?}' (.(Al~ Historians have argued that the temperance movement as a whole was tinged During this period, 100, "'-4\ A s;<.c. t\-.\- ~ } with ethnic and racial prejudice, that it was primarily a rural, Protestant, native.born \ ished by her rapidly failing movement that tried to fend off perceived threats from urban Catholic immigrants. she died in New York City Willard attempted to guide the WCTU away from such prejudices, although she sail for England. Her dealh was not entirely free from them herself. People of color were admitted to the As her body was transporte WCTU on an equal footing with whites- indeed, noted African American activist of mourners at stops along t Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was a WCTU leader throughout the laller part of the Victoria. She was undoubte nineteenth century. Also, Willard made it national policy that Catholics and Jews her death, and her eminent J were welcome as members of the WCTU, and she extended overtures 10 Catholic tional amendments prohibit temperancegroups. Ycl Willard allowed most Southern chapters of the organization the vote to women ( 1920 ), r to remain segregated. Although she urged the WCTU to oppose lynching and other Frances Willard was the violent features of southern resistance lo Reconslruction, she also suggested that the had ever seen, and arguabl) ·r charges for which black men were lynched were sometimes true. African American tional and international reno· .., reformer Ida B. Wells attacked Willard repeatedly, even from the podium at 1hena­ rhetoric. On the one hand, n tional WCTU convention, for not taking a stronger stand against lynching, and al­ She presented herself as a ' though Willard tried to respond to these criticisms and finally persuaded the WCTU and love of home and chi to pass an anlilynching resolution in 1895, over southern members' protests, her sphere" deemed appropriate public slalemenl~never repudiated the false charges against lynch victims. and had no children of her< '. Willard obviously believed that women should take stands on public issues, in norms of female behavior d spite of complaints from WCTU conservatives that she was inappropriately politi· Mattingly has shown, Willa cizing the organization. Further, Willard saw that the various social reforms she cs· also made heavy use of trac pouscd, which were linked theoretically in the concept of Christian Socialism, American history, to idcntif needed to be linked politically into a single reform party if they were to inlluencc proached audiences gently, the American government. A Prohibition party had been active in the United embrace her positions,just a States since the Civil War, and Willard was one of its leaders. After its defeat in peels of the national agenda, the 1888 elections, Willard thought that the time was right lo promote fusion with On the other hand, Willa other reform efforts, notably the farmers' groups seeking national fiscal reform, American reformers. She c which became the Populist party. She urged the Populists to adopt platform marked contrast, for examr planks supporting temperance and women's suffrage and promised the support of more and more focused on , the Prohibition party and her very large women' s organi1.ation- about 200,000 safe issue, bearing religious members by 1890- if they would do so. But after several year1,of maneuvering, protection," Willard also pas in 1892 this fusion effort was finally defeated. treatment of prostitutes and

1118 NINETE6NTH-C ENT UKY KIIETOKIC if women could vote, they 1892 was also the year in which Willard's mother died, and it became a water­ hildren, and the American shed year in her temperance work. No longer tied to Evanston by care for her cohol trade. mother, she became more active on the international scene and less active on the na­ mic system was unjust and tional. In 1891 Willard had been instrumental in organizing the flrst international 1 political belie[,; as "Chris ~ women's temperance conference, where she became the president of the World veryone took responsibility WCTU formed at the conference, and there she had met Lady Henry Somerset, s laws, and she saw the or­ president of the British Women's Christian Temperance Union. Isabel Somerset be­ table arrangements. On be­ came Willard's close friend, and upon Willard's mother's death, Willard accepted .vderly and the Knight s of her invitation lo visit her in England. From 1892 until Willard's death in 1898, Lady supported temperance and Henry made it possible for Willard to spend more than half her time in England. 1y for equal work and other She thus became Jess politically active in the United States and less of a presence on 1en's suffrage as well, and the national reform scene, although she retained her presidency of the U.S. national : WCTU agenda. WCTU and continued to appear as a speaker for temperance and other reforms. ~nl as a whole was tinged During this period, too, Willard's effectiveness at home and abroad was dimin­ 1ml, Protestant, native -born \ ished by her rapidly failing health. Worn down by a whirlwind speaking schedule, irban Catholic immigrants. she died in New York City early in 1898, at the age of fifty-eight, while waiting to il prejudices, although she sail for England. Her death occasioned a tremendous outpouring of national grief. >lor were admitted to the As her body was transported back to Evanston for burial, it was greeted by crowds African American activist of mourners at stops along the way. Obituaries compared her status to that of Queen rl 1ghout the latter part of the Victoria. She was undoubtedly the most famous woman in America at the time of I ·y that Catholic s and Jews her death, and her eminent position was later cemented by the passage of Constitu­ 1dcd overtures to Catholic tional amendments prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages (1918) and granting lmptcrs of the organization the vote to women ( 1920), reforms that she was instrumental in bringing about. oppose lynching and other Frances Willard was the best-known female public speaker that the United States she also suggested that the had ever seen, and arguably no American woman to dale has surpassed her in na­ 1cs true. African American tional and international renown. The roots of her success lie in her approach lo public rrom the podium at the na- rhetoric. On the one hand, the keynote of Willard's oratory was always conciliation. 1 against lynching, and al­ She presented herself as a ''womanly" woman, with the special spirituality, purity, ally persuaded the WCTU and love of home and children that nineleenth•century ideologies of "woman's rn members' protest s, her sphere" deemed appropriate for the sex (ironically enough, since she never married 1st lynch victims. and had no children of her own). Thus women who feared to depart from accepted ,lands on public issue s, in norms of female behavior did not feel threatened ao; they entertained her ideas. As .vas inappropriately politi ­ Mattingly has shown, Willard and the temperance women who followed her lead ous social refonns she es­ also made heavy use of tmditional cultuml references, especially to the Bible and t of Christian Sociali sm, American history, to identify their reforms with accepted values. Willard also ap­ · if they were to influence proached audiences gently, emphasizing that they could choose whether or not to een active in the United embrace her positions, just as the WCTU allowed local chapters to decide which as­ :!aders . After its defeat in pects of the national agenda, in addition to temperance, they wished to support. ht to promote fusion witli On the other hand, Willard had a breadth of social vision equaled by very few 1g national fiscal reform, American reformers. She connected temperance to a broad range of issues, in •ulists to adopt platform marked contrast, for example, to supporters of women's suffrage, who became I promised the support of more and more focused on a single issue over time. lf temperance was a socially tization - about 200,000 safe issue, bearing religious endorsement and an obvious connection with "home ·al years of maneuvering, protection ," Willard al:m passionately supported more radical causes, such as better treatment of prostitutes and women criminals, whose very existence "respectable"

FRANCES WILLARD 1119 women were supposed lo ignore, and also women's suffrage and labor unionism, ministers praising the which had politically revolutionary implications. Thus listeners drawn in by tivcly, many lengthy Willard's conventionally feminine self-presentation might find themselves con­ women's ministry, man fronting surprisingly sweeping vistas of radical social change. Sociologist Janet scribing and defending Zollinger Gielc states: "Particularly in the smaller towns, the WCTU was the think­ of divinity, and a rcbutt ing woman's organization, allied with a number of progressive causcs,"J thus surrounds herself.,, After Willard's death, the WCTU retreated lo a position of supporting prohibi­ so arrogant as to defen d tion only, and younger women seeking reform outlets tended to look elsewhere. diminish the authority c Speech communication scholar Karlyn Kohrs Campbell has speculated that the even for criticism). Of 1 WCTU did not sustain Willard's reform agenda after her death because her rhetoric words. What follows is : was too conciliatory and did not make strong converts of women once they were re, moved from her charismatic personal influence . But one social change that Willard advocated did endure. Above all, she not only spoke out herself on reform issue.~. SUMMARY OF WOM, but encouraged other women to do so. Willard continually defended women's right Our first excerpt begins to speak in public, most coherently in her defense of women's preaching, Woman i11 biblical texts enjoining v the Pulpit. On the personal level, she promoted the speaking careers of her associ­ ' even sing in the choir . \\, ""'"~'"' .. \ S ....Pr"'r\-- ates and gave them sincere encouragement and support. On the organizational level, revolutionaries Martin Lt f--"4.S, , ...... _,.. \ she may have done more than any other nineteenth -century reformer to empower ing earthly powers, or tt large groups of women to conduct political business and to make their voices heard. tional male biblical cxeg, Practical advice on how women can become effective speakers is given in a some text.~ very lilcrally, chapter in Woman mu/ Temperance titled "How to Organize a WCTU" (excerpted one of which has special here). Willard focuses on how to conduct the initial meeting of a group of women nores the text im.Jicating ti who will form a new WCTU chapter. She offers specific hinL'>on how to structure a attending rigorously to the successful meeting and even provides an outline of a model opening speech (possi­ can be corrected by cncou bly echoing her earlier work as a rhetoric and composition teacher). She gives much Male interpreters read attention to gauging the audience and avoiding any appearance of superior knowl­ silence and subjection on!· .. edge, along with canny advice on how to deal with obtuse or hostile questioners. also profitable to men. Re; \,. ~- 4 ... Following this section in the chapter is one that gives similar advice on how to con­ egetcs have produced all k h' duct a public rally for temperance at which both men and women will be present. secs a trend, however, to\l Willard's book Woman in the Pulpit, also excerpted here, is her most complete we sec that literal reading statement on women and rhetoric. Her argument centers on a defense of ministerial spccted, arc now exploded. careers for women, still a radical idea opposed by most Christian denominations al Willard next discusses , the time, even though some ordained women were already serving. Perhaps she was to contravene common sen influenced by her experience with well-known Methodist preacher Phoebe Palmer sages. Willard provides a 1 (p. 1085). Willard first attacks bans on female ministry based on Pauline injunctions pear to limit women's part concerning women's silence in church, as had many defenders of women's speak­ ally. Another corrective is t ing before her, such as Margaret Fell and Sarah Grimkc (pp. 748, 1045), although at the time they were writ Willard appears to be unaware of their work. Willard then argues for the benefits meanings of words used 1 women will bring to the ministry, and finally disposes of the objection that women Church. Willard gives furthi ministers will not be fit mothers. prctations are irrationally mi Typical of her conciliatory approach, Willard cushions this radical argument, W~~1cn's rational and sp, presented in Chapters 1- 111,with an introduction comprising three letters from male oppos1tron to women's ordi first excerpt ends here.) )Janet Zollinger Giele, T,m PatfLr to 1Vomc11'.r E11111ilit )·: Tcmvermrce,S11ff m1ic, muf 1/,c Ori1iim of Chapter II is titled 'The s Modem Feminism(New York : Twnync, 1995), p. !19. bean apostle, he owed his ca

1120 NINETEENTH-CENTURY RHETORIC suffrage and labor unionism, ministers praising the project and four concluding chapters that present, respec­ Thus lislencrs drawn in by tively, many lengthy excerpts from the writings of male ministers supporting might find lhcmselvcs con­ women's ministry, many lengthy excerpts from the writings of women ministers de­ :ial change. Sociologist Janet scribing and defending their vocation, a critique of her argument by a male doctor vns, the WCTU was the think­ of divinity, and a rebuttal of this critique by another male professor of religion. She Jgressive causes."J ' thus surrounds herself with testimony on her behalf, implying that she would not be osition of supporting prohibi­ so arrogant as to defend a radical position alone, and also that she does not wish to ~ l..:+kc. ~ ets tended to look elsewhere, diminish the authority of male ministers (since she calls on them for support, and ~.; 'ooc>k..l.L)C,~ pbell has specula1ed that the even for criticism). Of the book's seven chapters, then, only three are entirely her ~~~~\A.w,l.. her death because her rhetoric words. What follows is a synopsis of Willard's three main chapters. ... . of women once they were re­ Vt.L<.a,~c-<.... me social change that Willard SUMMARYOF WOMAN IN THE PULPIT, CHAPTERS I-III ~~ out herself on reform issues, ually defended women's right , Our first excerpt begins with Chapter I: "The Letter Killeth." A literal reading of ,omen's preaching, Woman i11 biblical texts enjoining women's silence in church might mean that they could not )caking careers of her associ- even sing in the choir. Willard implies that this view is as absurd as supposing that l. On the organizational level, revolutionaries Martin Luther and George Washington violated texts against resist• ;entury reformer to empower ing earthly powers, or that slavery is defended by certain texts. Moreover, tradi­ ' 1d to make their voices heard. tional male biblical exegesis is contradictory in that, whereas it insists on reading :ctive speakers is given in a some texts very literally, it interprets others quite loosely. Willard gives examples, rganize a WCTU" (excerp1ed one of which has special value to her as a temperance leader: Literal exegesis ig­ oeeting of a group of women nores the text indicating that unleavened bread was served at the Last Supper, while 'ic hints on how lo structure a auending rigorously to the text indicating that wine was served. Such contradictions nodel opening speech (possi ­ can be corrected by encouraging women, too, to write interprelations of the Bible. tion teacher). She gives much Male interpreters read texts literally where the texts appear to argue for female >pearance of superior knowl- silence and subjection only because such a view of women is culturally current and ~..,~ -4-d, o• • 1btuse or hostile questioners. also profitable to men. Readings informed by the various prejudices of the male ex­ 1 imilar advice on how to con- egetes have produced all kinds of harmful discords in the Christian Church. Willard pn--~ of.~ •.• ~::Q' nd women will be present. sees a trend, however, toward more liberal readings. This is to be expected, since d here, is her most complete we see that literal readings made by the early Church leaders, even the most re­ rs on a defense of ministerial spected, arc now exploded. ,t Christian denominations at Willard next discusses various correctives to biblical interpretations that appear 1dy serving. Perhaps she was 10 contravene common sense. One is to compare texts from different biblical pas­ list preacher Phoebe Palmer sages. Willard provides a table comparing texts on women, placing those that ap­ based on Pauline injunctions pear to limit women's participation in a context that makes them read more liber­ efenders of women's speak­ ally. Another corrective is to read texts in light of the social customs that prevailed ce(pp. 748, w45), although at the time they were written. Another remedy is to look carefully at the exact then argues for the benefits meanings of words used to describe women's activities in the early Christian of the objection that women Church. Willard gives further examples of readings in which literal and loose inter­ pretations are irrationally mixed. 1ions this radical argument, Women's rational and spiritual powers are clearly equal to those of men. Clerical ising three letters from male opposition to women's ordination, then, may be due to fear of competition. (Our first excerpt ends here.) ·a11ct•,Srif!ragt•, mu/ the Origi11.tof Chapter II is titled "The Spirit Giveth Life." Although Christ called no woman to be an apostle, he owed his earthly existence only to God and a woman; he associated

FRANCES WILLARD 1121 with women throughout his ministry (Willard gives examples), and he gave lo a weeded out of all professi , woman the honor of announcing his resurrection. Also, women were present among world well within the physi the earliest Christian gatherings and received the Pentecostal fire of prophecy along Indeed, a change is corr with men. Clearly, then, Christ intended women, as well as men, to be his ministers nority. Willard notes that s on earth. To oppose women's ministry risks opposing the divine will. position. She thanks men Men have controlled the earth since ancient times (our second excerpt begins they now practice, and sl here), and when we sec how white men behave toward all the other peoples of the Northwestern University, t earth, we sec that they desperately need the corrective of a loving woman's vision. theology). She confesses lt Even if no women were apostles, Protestant,; do not believe that today's ministers have liked to train for the arc the heirs of the apostles, so women's early absence from that role should be no such a call to answer il no" bar to their ministry now. Male prejudice has deformed the Christian Church with Chapter III is tilled ''Th, celibacy, hierarchy, and oppression. Women's innucncc is needed to restore com· good mother? Willard cit~ passion. Men have warped the Church with empty ritual; women arc needed to other professions. Morcov show how to live the faith. They arc especially needed now that so many people woman to reconcile with n have turned away from religion and dedicated themselves only to making money. for the brief periods when ~ -Sdv..-h.. ,....,. ' ~·~ ' People come more readily to hear a woman speaker. are healthier and stronger ti 1r Since both sexes must be saved, both sexes must preach. Male preachers have surd female fashions - wh + r~""''t;'

1111 NINETEENTH-CENTURY RHETORIC example.~). and he gave to a weeded out or all professions. Modem trunsportation makes ministry all over the 1, women were present among world well within the physical capabilities of women. ecostal fire of prophecy along Indeed, a change is coming, and men who oppose it are increasingly in the mi­ ::II as men, to be his ministers nority. Willard notes that she has no wish to offend the many men who support her the divine will. position. She thanks men for educating women for the many learned professions , (our second excerpt begins they now practice, and she specifically praises coeducational Oberlin College, ·d all the other peoples of the Northwestern University. and Garrett Biblical Institute (Northwestem's school of ~ of a loving woman' s vision. theology). She confesses that had it been possible when she was young, she would Jelicve that today's ministers have liked lo trnin for the ministry herself, and she urges young women who feel c from that role should be no such a call to answer it now. cd the Christian Church with Chapter Ill is titled "The Earth-Born Argument." But can a womun minister be a 1cc is needed to restore com~ good mother'! Willard cites many examples of good mothers who have excelled in ritual; women ure needed to other professions. Moreover, the ministry is a particularly easy profession for a ed now thul so many people woman to reconcile with motherhood. She can easily find a substitute in the pulpit !Ives only to making money. for the brief periods when she is incapacitated by pregnancy and childbirth. Women are healthier and stronger than people think, even when incommoded by today's ab­ preach. Male preachers have surd female fashions- which, it is 10 be hoped, will be sensibly modified now that women preachers arc needed more women arc entering professions. Jgnize this need, if not by or­ A wife and mother who is also a minister will be ideally suited to nurture her r scope or service in almost household. Her children will be poets and philosophers. At the same time, the trials :re.) The women of today are and sacrifices or motherhood will open the mysteries of Christian love to her in whom Paul opined, and thus ways few male ministers can ever experience. Hardened, materialistic mule congre­ 11again and both church und gants will listen to the mother-minister because of their memories of their own lov­ worship with men. ing mothers. Willard here inserts a lengthy quote from a woman minister confirm­ 1 Elizabeth Cady Stunton und ing her points about the positive mutual influence between the roles of mother and 1ppression of women within minister but :ilso pointing out that the mothcr~minister will need help with domestic 's gospel. (Our third excerpt chores if she is to give of her best to both family and congregation, Willard follows ggested by their present suc. with another long quote from a temperance book by Senator Henry Blair, in which aking before large audiences he urgucs for giving women the vote precisely because their role as mothers helps triumphs (Willard gives ex~ them see what the state needs. Willard suggests applying Blair's argument by mak­ •er will neglect their beloved ing an analogy between voting and preaching. for good by driving pious (Our fourth excerpt begins here.) Male ministers appear to talk only lo men. For >roselytizing for the WCTU. the entire human family to be included in the pulpit address, women must preach. (Our fourth excerpt ends here.) Jain women, women will or~ illy ordained by established 1ed to form their own church Selected Bibliography 'angelists now serve all over life, including downtrodden Willard's autobiography,Gli111p.1· es of Fifry Years, 1839- 1889 ( 1889), provides interesting informationon her developmentas a speaker and writer. Woman and Tempera11cewas first 1 should officially recognize publishedin Hartfordin 1888; our excerpt is taken from this edition.No modemreprints of md enjoy the benefit of their thesework s exist. Woman in rhe Pulpir was firstpubli shed in Boston in 1888; ourexcerpt is taken from this edition, There is abo a modem reprint (ed. Zenger, 1978).Many of ns. Many have such talents, Willard's .speechesand other writingsare availublein the microfilmcollection Temperance mt, as the incompetent are and ProhibitionPaper s, compiled by the WCTU, the Michigan HistoricalSociety, and the

FRANCESWILLARD 1123 Ohio Historical Society; sec Guide to the Microfilm Editio11of the Temperance and Prohibi­ and trembling, in singl tion Papers, ed. Randall C. Jimerson, Francis X. Blouin, and Charles A. (setts ( 1977). Sill of Christ;" (and "bond ­ Willard's speeches arc collected in Richard W. Lceman's "Do Everythi11g"Refonn: The Or­ meaning as slated in th atory of Frances E. Willard (1992), which also contains a helpful biographical introduction Side by side with and analysis and notes on the speeches. Willard's speech "A White Life for Two" can be which would enforce 1 found in Karlyn Kohrs Campbell's collection, Man Ca1111otSpeak for Her, Volume II: Key mulgatcd by the same Te.tis rif the Early Feminists (1989). other, which may be ca The standard biography of Frances Willard is Ruth Bordin's France.f Willard: A Biogra· fast and loose, and whic phy (1986}. Also helpful is Bordin's history of women's temperance cffons, which focuses In the Sennon on th, on Willard and the WCTU, Woma11mul Temperance: The Quest for Power and liberty, a specific command no 1873- 1900 (1981, 1990). In Two Paths to Women's Equality: Temperance, Suffrage, and the is struck; not to go to I, Origins of Mm/em Feminism (1995), Janet Zollinger Giclc helpfully compares the temper­ keth; not to tum away ance and suffrage movemenL~ and their different, lhough effective, versions of feminism. row; and to suffer pcor Lori Ginzbcrg places the temperance movement in lhe larger conlcllt of women's benevolent cause only; yet every o activities before and after the Civil War in Wome11and the Work of Benevolence ( 1990). On ing from Christ himsel the evangelical Christian religious background of the women's temperance movement, sec stantly violated by past, Barbara Epstein's The Politics ,if Domesticity ( 1981) and Nancy Hardcsty's Women Called out penalty. In the Gos to Wimes.f(1984). For a history of the entire temperance movement from 1784 to 1980, sec explicitly states one of 1 Jack Blocker,American Temperance Mo11eme111s(1989). in the following langua Carol Mattingly's Well-Tempered Women: Ni11ctee11tl1-Ce11111ryTemperance Rhetoric and Lord, and ye say w, (1998) analyzes the rhetorical strategics of Willard and other tcmpcr,mcc speakers, provides your Lord and Master, h a detailed account of the controversy with Ida B. Wells, and includes chapters on temperance ought also to wash one , fiction and on press coverage of the tcmpcmnce movement; her bibliography on women and given you an example, social reform is also helpful. For further analysis of Willard's rhetorical strategics, sec also have done to you." But ; Bonnie Dow, "Fr.mces E. Willard" (in IV0111e11Pub/it · Speakers i11tlie U11itedStates sect that is loyal to this c 1800-1925: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook, ed. Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, 1993), and the chapter In I Cor. vii., Paul s on Willard in Karlyn Kohrs Campbell's Man Ca111101Speak for Her, Volume I: A Critical literally interpreted, cer Study of Early Fcmi11i.~tRhetoric (1989). above marriage and wi riagc, but exegetical op with the great Apostle, 1 of the church, else not or be alive to stale the fact; From Woman in the Pulpit gymen been known lo r lance of conscience in r ceremony in general, or 1 J, THE LEITER KILLETH (Rom. xiii.) that "whosoever rcsisteth the power upon themselves, nor h resistelh the ordinance of God; and they that re­ come apparent when a The First Congregational Church organized in sist shall receive to themselves damnation." This volved in taking a second New Jersey ordered its chorister "not to allow anathema is based upon the statement that "there In establishing the sr any females to sing in the choir, because Paul is no power but of God; the powers that be are Supper, we know, beyo1 had commanded women to keep silence in the ordained of God," and hence follows the com­ Christ used unleavened churches." This is the most illustrious instance, mand, marvellously sweeping and conclusive, drcds of disquisitions ha\. so far as I know, of absolute fidelity to a literal "Let every soul be subject unto the higher pow­ that he did 1101 use unferr exegesis concerning woman's relation to public ers." A similar degree of reverence for the letter to learn of a Protestant e~ worship. By the same rule of interpretation, furnished the argument upon which excellent ec­ as our duty to furnish unit Luther and Washington must have treasured up clesiastical authority claimed the divine origin of tor who provides it, and y unto themselves wrath against the day of wrath African slavery, for docs not Paul say, in Ephe­ ence at the table where ti when, in church and state, they severally pro­ sians vi. 5, "Servants, be obedient to them that ~ut~d. Nevertheless, many ceeded lo "resist the power," for it is declared are your masters according to the flesh, with fear ms1st on fermented wine,

thI":> '(vt WL 15 (,bfy\V\ 1124 NINETEENTH ~CENTURY RHETORIC !.'" H'"t-4· o r- ?)"'1 e, 1eTemperance a11dPro/Jibi­ and trembling, in singleness of your heart as unto gard our Saviour's plain example and command, ulcs A. !setts (1977). Six of Chris1;" (and "bond -servants" is clearly the and put him to an open shame." very1hi11g"Reform: The Or­ meaning as slated in the eighth verse). In I Tim. ii. 9, Paul says: "I desire ... that ul biographical introduction Side by side wilh the method of exegesis women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with Vhite Life for Two" can be which would enforce 1hb literal view, and pro­ shamefastness and sobriety; not with braided ak for Her, Volume II: Key mulga1ed by the same class of exegetes, is anT hair, and gold or pearls or costly raiment;" and , , olher, which may be called lhe melhod of playing adds, "Let a woman learn in quietness with all Frances Willard: A Biogra­ fast and loose, and which is thus illuslraled: - subjection. But I permit not a woman to teach, , 1 rance efforts, which focuses ln the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. v.) there is nor to have dominion over a man, !mt to be in rest for Power and Liberty, a specific command not 10 strike back when one quietness. For Adam was first formed, then Eve." mpera11ce,Sr,jfrage, and the is struck; not lo go to law; lo give lo him that as· But our exegetes and pulpit expounders, while Jfully compares the temper­ kelh; not to turn away from him that would bor· laying the most solemn emphasis upon the last :ti ve, versions of feminism. row; and to suffer people 10 be divorced for one part of this command as an unchangeable rule of 1text of women's benevolent cause only; yet every one of lhese precept!. com T faith and practice for womankind in all ages and , of Be11evolence( I 990 ). On ing from Christ himself is specifically and con­ in all places, pass over the specific commands temper.mcc movement, see stantly violated by pastors and people, and with· relative lo braided hair, gold, pearls, and expen· - \ y Hardesty's Women Called out penally. In the Gospel of John (xiii.) Christ sive attire, and have a thousand times preached to 't: 1 ~ , nent from 1784 to 1980, see explicitly states one of the duties of his disciples women who were violating every one of them, CJ in lhe following language: "Ye call me Master, without uttering the slighlest warning or reproof. ltllry Temperu11ceRhetoric and Lord, and ye say well: for so I am. If I then, In Genesis, the Lord says to Cain, the elder 11peranccspeakers, provides your Lord and Master, have washed your feet, ye brother, speaking to him of Abel, "Unto thee udes chapters on temperance ought also to wash one another's feet. For I have shall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over him," bibliography on women and given you an example, that ye should do as I but our exegetes do not find here divine autho · ·hetorical strategics, see also have done to you." But I know of only one small rization of an elder brother's supremacy, and yet :1ker.~ in tire U11itedStates sect that is loyal to this command. they construe the same expression when the Lord Jbell, 1993), and the chapter In I Cor. vii., Paul sets forth a doctrine that, speaks to Eve, as the assertion, for all time, of a r Her, Volume 1: A Critical literally interpreted, certainly elevates celibacy woman's subjection to her husband; moreover, above marriage and widowhood above remar ~ they do this in face of the explicit declaration that riagc, but exegetical opinion does not coincide God said, "Let us make man in our image, after with the great Apostle, neither does the practice our likeness: and Jet them have dominion ... so of the church, else not one of its adherents would God created man in his own image, in the image be alive 10 stale the fact; nor have Proteslant cler­ of God created he him; male and female created gymen been known to manifest the least reluc ­ he them." tance of com,cience in performing the marriage Take the sixth chapter of I Cor. and note its ceremony in general, or in taking marriage vows explicit and reiterated commands to Christians .oever resisteth the power upon themselves, nor has such reluctance be­ never to go to Jaw, beginning with Pauline vigor: of God; and they that re­ come apparent when a widow was thereby in· "Dare any of you'!" Where is the "sweet reason • mselves damnation," This valved in laking a second marriage vow. ableness" of gliding softly over these inspired 1 the statement that "there In establishing the sacrament of the Lord's mandales, and urging those of the eleventh chapT d; the powers that be are Supper, we know, beyond a peradventure, that ter in the same epistle as though they formed part hence follows the com­ Christ used unleavened bread. But while hun­ of a creed for the subjection of women'! My weeping and conclusive, dreds of disquisitions have been written to prove brethren, these lhings ought not so to be. ject unto the higher pow­ that he did not use unfermented wine, J have yet In presence of these multiplied instances, and of reverence for the letter to learn of a Protestant exegete who prescribes it many others that might be named, what must a upon which excellent ec- as our duty to furnish unleavened bread, or a pas­ plain Bible-reading member of the laity con· :iimed the divine origin of lor who provides it, and yet none dispute its pres­ elude? For my own part, I long ago found in es not Paul say, in Ephe­ ence at the table where the ordinance was insti · these two conflicting methods of exegesis, one of be obedient to them that luted. Nevertheless, many of the same clergymen which strenuously insisted on a literal view, and ling to the flesh, with fear insist on fermented wine, "lest we should disre · the other played fast and loose with God's word

W\b\lt l-5 ttJ'M'MOO ·bu(~"II,\, tll,c:, WILLARD I WOMAN IN 'I HE PULPIT 1125 ~~nu..+ of: ~l)l.\ {)\1'(;\ lA..sbU>L,\,n'~"-'1-s ll lo~ ,Sbn.Lc.,f a.1,•1,-0,-}0Vt,r:.lf3'11 h·"' 1 ~,, • S"'tt-~·c, t;U>()l-c., according to personal predilection, a pointed il­ celibacy are powerless as the proverbial straw in scholar as Dean Alford, -* lustration of the divine declaration that "it is not presence of chc imperious Niagara. the New Testament, has t ...._._~good for man to be alone." We need women From all of which considerations the plain the "Curiosities of Lite lu-u­ commentators lo bring out the women's side of wayfaring woman cannot help concluding that which is here given to sh1 CatlC., the book; we need the stereoscopic view of truth exegesis, thus conducted, is one of the most time­ learned exegete is rcduc 1 lC4;,lof, in general, which can only be had when woman's serving and man -made of all sciences, and one of literalism meet in his mi1 -~~ eye and man's together shall discern the perspec ­ the most misleading of all arts. It has broken of absurdities: - tive of the Bible's full-orbed revelation. Christendom into sects that confuse and astound r""'-1" Woman, if she uncovc I do not at a\1 impugn the good intention of the the heathen world, and to-day imposes the heavi­ in such an assembly, dist est yoke now worn by woman upon that most good men who have been our exegetes, and 1 mw1, . .. by apparently bow humbly in presence of their scholarship; but, faithful follower of Him who is her emancipator and if lhis be so, lhc Ap, while they turn their linguistic telescopes on no less than humanity's Saviour. But as the farther and cut off her truth, r may be allowed to make a correction for world becomes more deeply permeated by the token of this subjection the "personal equation" in the results which they principles of Christ's Gospel, methods of exege­ edged to be shameful (it espy. sis arc rcvi,~cd. The old texts stand there, just as tcresses ), let the further Study Che foregoing illustrations, and find in before, but we interpret them less narrowly. Uni­ covering be conceded them one more proof of that "humanness of the versal liberty of person and of opinion arc now glory; He has put in him saints," which is a factor in all human results. conceded to be Bible -precept principles; Oncsi­ sents God on earth; wor mus and Canaan arc no longer quoted as the from the 111a11, shining 1 Given, in heredity and environment, an estab ­ God, bul wilh light derive slave-holder's main -stay; the theory of unfer­ lished theory of Che subjection of woman, and cause," on account or w how easily one finds the same in Paul's epistles; rnented wine as well as bread is accepted by our preceding verses), by w given an appreciation of the pleasantness of temperance people generally; the great Russian woman has been proved, wine, and how naturally one dwells upon the writer, Count Tolsto"i, stands as the representative power on her head (thal duty of iL'i use at the communion, to the exclu ­ of a school that accepts the precepts of Christ's .mbjectim1:shown by the , sion of special thought about the duty of retain ­ Sermon on the Mount with perfect literalness, The token or power indi ing anything so tasteless as unleavened bread; and theologians, not a few, find in the Bible no and such token is the co• given the charm that men find in "stylish" dress, warrant whatever for the subjection of woman in gels, that is, because in carefully arranged hair, and beautiful jewelry, as anything. holy angels of God arc pr Exegesis is defined as being "especially the due order and subordinal shown in the attire of women, and it becomes servants, and by a violati perfectly natural that they should not censure scientific interpretation of the Holy Scriptures." be giving offence to therr these manifestations, but expatiate, instead, upon It is in no sense an inspired work, hut grows in the more pleasing theory of woman's silence and breadth and accuracy with the general growth of Now, let any rcasom.1 subjection. Given the custom of being waited on, humanity. For instance, it seems to us almost in­ this exegesis, and remcn and slavery is readily seen to be of divine author­ credible that St. Augustine "thought it his duty to the graduates from our gr, ity; given the unpleasantness of washing people's guard especially the whole theory of the waters ucation arc women; that feet, and that hallowed ordinance speedily passes above the heavens," or that St. Ambrose declared crs in these schools arc w into innocuous desuetude; given the fathomless that "the firmament is a solid vault, and the thun­ fourths of our church me quantity of unconscious selfishness still regnant der is caused by the winds breaking through it," in good men, and the heavenly precepts of the and taught that if the vault revolved this "water is Sermon on the Mount become "largely tinctured just what is needed to luhricate and cool its axis." PAUL In like manner Tcrtullian and his disciples con­ with oriental imagery, and not to be taken in their I Tim. ii. I I. severely literal sense;" given in the dominant sex tended that lightning is identical with hell-fire, "But I pcnnit not a womm the quenchless love of individual liberty, and and adduced, in proof thereof, the sulphurous teach, nor to have dominion Luther finds a way of interpreting in harmony smell attending it. Scripture texts were made the a man, hut to he in quictncs~ with his purpose texts which he cannot ignore, basis of all this, and St. Augustine declared that and Washington, in face of these same texts, is "nothing is to be accepted save on the authority conscious that he docs God's service; given the of Scripture, since greater is that authority than resistless force of attraction between man and all the powers of the human mind." '"I permit not a woman to tc woman, and Paul's special precepts about Even in our own enlightened days, so great a our day. The lilcratistprove s lor

1126 NINETEENTH-CENTURY RHETORIC as the proverbial straw in scholar as Dean Alford, in his commentary on through the modern Sunday-school women have us Niagara. the New Testament, has the following addition to already become the theological teachers of the considerations the plain the "Curiositie:; of Literature" ( 1 Cor. xi. 5), future church; and that, per mntra, out of about not help concluding that which is here given to show the straits to which a sixty thousand persons in our penitentiaries fifty­ d, is one of the most time­ learned exegete is reduced when prejudice and five thousand are men; that whiskey, beer, and of all sciences, and one of literalism meet in his mind to produce a cyclone tobacco to the amount of fifteen millions of dol­ 1f all arts. It has broken of absurdities: - lars worth per year arc consumed almost wholly that confuse and astound by men; and then see if the said reasonable to-day imposes the heavi . Woman, if she uncovers herself (that is, unveils) human being will find much mental or spiritual in such an assembly, dishonors her head, that is, the 1 woman upon that most pabulum in the said learned exegesis. A pinch of 1111111,• • • by apparently casting off his headship, common-sense forms an excellent ingredient in ct n who is her emancipator and if this be MJ, the Apostle proceeds, why not go y's Saviour. But as the farther and cut off her hair, which of itself is a that complicated dish called Biblical intcrprela- c-u~ deeply permeated by the token of this subjection'! But if this be acknowl ­ tion, wherever it is set forth at the feast of reason, --.....,l"'\ iospcl, methods of cxege • edged to he shameful (it was a punishment of adul · especially if it is expected at all to stimulate the ""l. I texts stand there, just as !cresses), let 1he further decency of the additional now of soul! : them less narrowly, Uni- covering he conceded likewise. Man is God's A reasonable exegesis could never so have 1 and of opinion arc now glory; He has put in him His Majesty, and he repre ­ stumbled. The modern impulse toward "real Jrecept principles; Onesi ­ sents God on earth; woman is 11u111's glory; taken facts," which has already reconstructed the sci­ no longer quoted as the from the 111,m,shining not with light direct from ence of medicine, is already doing the same for God, but with light derived from man .. . . "For this ay; the theory of unfer­ the science of theology. In olden time the "quin­ came," on account of what ha.~just been said (in ; bread is accepted by our preceding verses), by which the subordination of tessence of toads" was prescribed for the cure of 1erally; the great Russian woman hus been proved , lhe woman ought to have cancer, a serpent's skin steeped in vinegar for tands as the representative power on her head (that is, the sign of power or toothache, and wrapping the patient in scarlet .s the precepts of Christ's .ml>jec1io11 : shown hy the context to mean a veil) .... was the professional remedy for small-pox . . with perfect litemlness, The token of power indicales being 1111derpower , Analogies not less grotesque prove that in the few, find in the Bible no and such token is the covering . Because of the an ­ realm of exegesis the wildest fancies have in 1e subjection of woman in gels, that is, because in Christian assemblies the many instances usurped the throne of reason. holy imgels of God arc present and delighting in the The devil's first argument with the Lord was k... ! as being "especially the due order and subordination of the ranks of God' s based on a Scripture quotation, andin the meshes servants , and by a violation of that order we should of the Holy Scriptures." of a quotation he entangled Eve. But when a be giving offence to them. ,pired work, but grows in greater than Solomon was here, he answered i1ith the general growth of Now, let any reasonable human being read Satan's "it is written" by his divine "Again it is , it seems to us almost in­ this exegesis, and remember that two·thirds of written," thus teaching us to compare Scripture :ine "thought it his duty to the graduates from our great system of public ed­ with Scripture. hole theory of the waters ucation are women; that two-thirds of the teach ­ Perhaps the difficulties in the way of literal ­ that St. Ambrose declared ers in these schools are women; that nearly three ­ ism may be best set forth in tabulated form, , solid vault, and the thun­ fourths of our church members are women; that showing the Bible's "it is written again":- inds breaking through it," ,ult revolved this "water is 1bricate and cool its axis." PAUL OTIIER SCRll'TURES PAUL an and his disciples con­ I Tim, ii. I J. J11dg. iv. 4, 5. Gal. iii. 28. s identical with hell-fire, "But I permit not a woman to "Now Deborah , a prophetess, ''There canbe no male and ft:. f thereof, the sulphurous leach , nor to have dominion over the wife of Lappidoth, she male; for yeare an one 11umin pture texts were made the a man, but 10 be in quietness."' judged Israel at that lime .... Christ Jesus." t. Augustine declared that And the children of Israel came 1ted save on the authority up to her for judgment : · ater is that authority than man mind." '"'I pennil not II woman to teach~ i~ a plnin dcclaratio11. But women ~onslilulcmore than half theSunduy-school workersor lightened days, so great a our day. The li1t:rali~1 proves too rnud1 by his urgument. rcrhup~ he sola~es himselfby keeping all theorficcs in his own hands,

WILLARD I WOMAN IN THE PULPIT 1127 l'AUL OTHER SCRll'TURF.S PAUi, PAUi.

I Cor. xiv. 34. Joel ii. 28, 29. 1 Cor. .ti. 5. 1Cor. .ti . 3. "Let the women keep silence in "And it shall come to pass af- "Bui every woman praying or 'The head of every m. the churches; for it is not permit - terward . .. that your ... daugh- prophesying with her head un- Christ ; and the head of ti tcd unto them to speak." ters shall prophesy, ... and upon veiled dishnnorcth her head." woman is the man; and t the handmaids will I pour out my of Christ is Goel." spirit." Ep/1. 1•. 23. "For the husband is th I Cor. xii>.35. L11keii. 36-38 . Pltil. iv. 3. nf the wife, as Christ als1 "It is shameful for a woman to "And there was one Anna, a "I beseech thee also ... help of the church." speak in the church." prophetess, ... which departed these women, for they labored not from the temple, worship - with me also in the Gospel." ... ping with fastings and supplica- lions night and day. And coming up at that very hour she gave thanks unto God, and spake of him to all them that were looking for the redemption of '111c word "servant" is Jerusalem ." two females, "who were ca c11uivalcn1 to prcm:hercsses. I Tim. ii. I I. Act.t xviii. 26. Rom. xvi. 3, 4. "Let a woman learn in quiet - "Apollos ... begun to speak "Salute Prisca and Aquila, my ness with all subjection." boldly in the synagogue. But fellow-workers in Christ Jesus, when Priscilla and Aquila heard ... unto whom not only I give And yet, be it nol him they took him unto them, thank s, but also all the ehurchc~ who would outlaw as and ex.pounded unto him the way of the Gentiles." did not believe Christ of God more carefully." [This Trinity of which the seems to have been the first thco- world is one (declarin logical school .] . ' very God," etc.) do n< the heresy that womar I Cor. xiv. 34, 35. Act.f xxi. 9, w. I Cor. xi. 11. when Paul distinctly d "Now this man [Philip the "Howbeit neither is the woman Let them be in subjection, as man is the same as that also saith the law. And if they Evangelist] had four daughters, without the man, nor the man would learn anything let them virgins, which did prophesy . without the woman in the Lord. Take the descriptic ask their own husbands at And as we tarried there many For as the woman is of the man. mult, and confusion, : home." days" [i.e., Paul and his com- so is the man also hy the woman; chapter of I Cor., anc puny]. hut all things arc of God ." meeting had been the· the ages have rung witl for eye-witnesses can 1estify that not in Sum.lay-school conventions only. but in the great national conv entions or publ ic ~dmol the soul of woman? B teachers, where nine thousand women assemble, and Jess than one thousand men, the laller, under thc suhjcction lhcory. into seemly behavior of nt4 which they were drilled from the beginning, proceed to distr ihutc the positions nf "honor and pmfil " almost wholly among of the doctrine for man lhemselves. TI1csc lhings would be grolcsque IO look upon if they were not so sad, and laughable if lhey J id nnl. in the minds nf thoughtful women, fuligue indignation and exhaust pity. !Au.I ,1Moshcim, in his lfi.ttory men t "Every dmrch was parts : f.irst, tc.ichcrs, who w~ mcnt of the community, acer tcrs of cm:/1 fe.t: and third, also says : ''111e church had e very first rise, il class of min thcr sex. and whn were ter The eminent rnrnmenliltor I early church was fom1cd qu 11w,lelas upon that of the syr

1128 NINETEENTH -CENTURY RHETORIC l'AUI. l'AUI . OTIIER SCRIPTURES PAUL

I Cor. .ti. 5. 1C11r• .ti. J. Johll i. I,]. Rom. .n•i. 1. "But every woman prnying or "The head orevery man is "In the beginning was the "I commend unto you Phcrbc prophesying with her head un­ Christ; and the head of !he Word, and the Word wus with our sister, who is a servant• of veiled dishnnorcth her head." woman is the man; and the hc:11..I God, and the Word was God. All the church that is al Cenchrea:." of Christ is God." things were made by Him, and [The Epistle lo the Romans was written from Corinth, and sent £/1/1.I'. 2J. without Him was not anything "For the husb:md is the head made that hath been made." by Plucbe. The greatest of !'hi/ , i,•.J. of the wife, as Christ also is head Jol,11xi,•. 9. Epistles was carried from Corinth lo Rome by a woman, a journey "I heseech thee also .. . help of the dmrch." "I-le that hath seen me hath these women, for they lahored seen the Father." involving a sea•voyage, and a visit to a foreign country.] with me also in the Gospel." ' l Col. ii. 9. I' I ( "In Him dwellcth all the ful­ ncss of the Godhead bodily." Joli11x. 30. "I and the Father arc one."

l ' 'I •The wurd "servant" is mnrc justly tmnslated deaconess, or 111i11i.f/m.We lind that Pliny writes (A.O. 104) !hat he selected ... ! 1wofc1m1lcs, "who were called 111inis1r:c,ministrcsses," for conure, to extract information against Christians. Prophetesses is cquiv:ilcnl to prcacherc ~\L"i, IAu .I '?om, xvi, 3, 4. "Salute Prisca and Aquila , my 'cllow-workcrs in Christ Jesus, .. unto whom not only I give And yet, be it noted, the same theologians as the basis of a binding rule of church discipline hanks, but also all the churches who would outlaw as unorthodox any one who in reference lo the conduct of the men in public •fthc Gentiles ." did not believe Christ an equal member of that worship? Trinity of which the Supreme Creator of the How great a difference here we see, world is one (declaring Him to be "very God of 'Twixt Tweedle•dum and Tweedle·dce! very God," etc.) do not only preach but practise the heresy that woman is in subjection to man ,:l Reasoning from the present customs of orien- Cor. .ti. II. when Paul distinctly declares that her relation to tal countries, we must conclude that places of "Howbeit neither is the woman worship, in the age of the Apostles, were not built 1ithout the man, nor the man man is the same as that of Christ to God. a.o;they are with us, but that the Wl''llen had a cor­ rithout the woman in the Lord . Take the description of men's babbling, tu· 'or as the woman is of the man , mull, and confusion, as given in the fourteenth ner of their own, railed off by a close fence reach ­ :>is the man also by the woman; chi1pter of I Cor., and imagine that a woman's ing above their heads. It was thus made difficult ut all things arc of God." meeting had been therein described; would not for them lo hear, and in their eager, untutored the ages have rung with an exegesis harrowing to slate, wholly unaccustomed to public audiences, llional convcminns nfpublic school the soul of woman'! But whoever heard this un­ they "chattered" and asked questions. Upon this :r, under !he subjection theory , into seemly behavior of men referred to as the basis light foundation behold a doctrine built that r and . prulit"' ulmost wholly amnni: of the doctrine for man's .subjection to woman, or would subject and silence two-thirds of Christ's mhlc 1fthcy did no!, in !he minds of disciples in the free and intelligent English • +\-1'!: 1 JMusheim, in his 1/1.l"ltJr)'tJf Clirfati1111ity, makes this state ­ speaking world! ' w \ l).ll ment: ··Every church was wmpnscd nf three constiluent As woman's prophesying (literally, "speaking °""LS pans: First, teachers . who were also intrusced with the govem ­ mcnt of the community . according to !he laws ; second, minis· forth") is plainly authorized, lei us inquire what v.t1'~rf11 tcrs of e11d1se.t; and third, !he muhitudt: of lhc people ." He this word means. Alford, who certainly does not Yl> o also says: "n1e church had evcr hdonging lo it, even from it~ lean to our side of the question, says: "The fore- l)\'Y\ very fiN risc, a class of ministers cumpo~ed of persons of ei­ telling of future events was not the usual form HDij ther ~ex. and who were termed deacons and dcaconcsse.~ " which their inspiration look, but that of an exalted pv'l,11\CIMt 11,c eminent cnmmcntalur Lange :;ays: "It is clear that the early church was funned quite .is much upnn the lrmuelm{J and superhuman teaching ... the utterance of t,\,jili.ft.S 11w,lela ~ upon that of the synagogue ." [Au.} their own conscious intelligence informed by the

" WILLARD I WOMAN IN THE PULPIT 1129 Holy Spirit." "The prophets give utterance in Why not insist upon the deliverance "which while men crucilicd th< glowing and exalted but inlelligihlc language to seemed good unto the Holy Ghost and to 11sto Lois and Eunice, who , those things which the Holy Spirit leaches them, lay upon you (the Gentiles) no greater burden ministerial office; of "' and which have the power to instruct, com.fort, than these necessary things - to abstain from and the beloved Persis. encourage, rebuke, correct, sti11111la1etheir hear­ meats offered lo idols and from things strangled these all stand forth the t ers. "4 But more convincing still arc Paul's own and from blood'!" We arc Gentiles, but surely our brethren of God's manifc definitions of the word, 1 Cor. xiv. 3: "He that con~cienccs would not be wounded by eating There arc thirty or fo prophcsicth speakcth unto men lo edification and meal set before an Eao;t India idol, partaking of a woman's public work f1 exhortation and comfort;" verse 4: "He that chicken that had had iL~ neck twisted, or of a against it, and these not prophesicth cdificth the church." And in view of steak so "rare" that blood was palpably present understood. But, in the fa the foregoing statements, and the careful direc ­ therein. Indeed, minister s arc famous for doing arguments, it is objected tions of the Apostle as to the manner of dress of some or these very things! Tim. ii. 2) men only as t women when they prophesied, or preached, 1 Cor. The same writers who exhaust the resource~ things that thou hast hear xi. 5, there can be no doubt that they did preach of language to deride the dogma of apostolic sue· mit thou to faithful mer, in the early church. But these points will hardly cess ion rigidly enforce that of the male pries!· teach others also." But th, be emphasized as we could wish until women hood, for which the Bible give.<;them just as little is the same as that in th share equally in translating the sacred text. Thal warrant Their hierarchy is man-made from lirst mandeth men cvcrywher they should do this is most desirable, and young to lasl. When Luther disavowed it, the deed was the literalisls will admit women of linguistic talent ought lo make a spe ­ done forever; but the tendency of man's mind. people, "commanded to r cialty of Hebrew and New Testament Greek in unchecked by woman's, to run riot in the realm in again the "fast and loo the interest of their sex.~ A returned missionary of force, is !-.CCII in the rank ecclesiasticism of the talion; for preachers aln from China assures me that of four separate very church which to-day bears Luther's name. women of their audience translations of the New Testament into Chinese, The call of the Apo stle.~ (whose supreme author­ and what "a man" was ant all change Paul's words, Phil. iv. 3, "I intreal ization, ''whose soever sins ye remit they arc re­ amusing instance of this thee, also, true yoke-fellow, help those women mitted unto them, and whose soever sins ye re· ing at an audience occun which labored with me in the Gospel," inlo "help lain they arc retained," no Protestant minister once attended a meeting i those true yoke-fellows," etc., leaving out the claim s to have received) was no clearer than that and the good (young) Pn idea of women altogether. A leading (male) mis­ which came to the one hundred and twenty in the audience of perhaps half sionary was asked the reason of this, and he Pentecostal chamber, and in that number women enty or more women, k na"ivcly replied, "Oh, it would not do, with the were clearly and indisputably included. When rallied upon this af1 ideas of the Chinese, lo mention women in this The man who argue s that, ''Adam being first bon lady of his parish, connection." formed," woman should he in perpetual subjec· swercd, "Certainly, I said Who can tell what weight a similar motive tion to the one who, before she was created, was had been no one present may have had with transcribers of the New Tes­ warned against eating of the tree of knowledge. have said 'brethren' still. tament in the uncultivated ages of the early who sinned by her side, and was dismissed with the theological seminary. church'! Indeed, in translating the word else­ her from Eden, should remember that this literal­ never occurred to this exc where called "deaconess," and indicating a high ness of rendering makes it his personal duty, day to his theological profes office in the church, as ".~en•ant," when it applies by day, actually to "cat his bread in the sweat of reasoning women should to Phebe, evidence of this tendency is given. his face." The argument is a two-edged sword, prerogative accorded to and cuts both way s. New Testament! Christ ct Time would fail me to tell of Miriam, the lirst colored man, but this lai 4 Grimm's lcxicrm . [Au.I prophetess, anti Deborah, the first judge; of never been urged against< 'instructinn is now given lo women in the theological Hannah, whose answered prayer brought Samuel alone is it made to do d seminaries named hclow: Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio: Boston University. Boston, Mass.; Garrett Biblical lnMilute, lo be the hope and stay or a dejected nation; of later on that if he called Evanston, Ill.; the Chautauqua School nf l11enlngy, Dean Esther. the deliverer of her people; of Judith. called those belonging to Wright, 38 Bromfield Street, Bo~ton. Most Uniturian and their avenger; of the gracious group of Marys scnted by his only earthly Universalist schools of theology admit them also. The Soci­ that clustered around her who w,1s blessed among Much is made of the \I ety of Friends has no such institutions, but reports three hun­ 11 I dred and fifty women ministers, who have all the privileges women; of Elizabeth. and Anna; of Martha, and Tim. ii. and Pct. iii. enjoyed by Quaker preachers who arc men. [Au.[ those "daughters of Jerusalem" who lamented other place where all men

1130 NINETEENTII -CllNTURY IUIHORIC n the deliverance "which while men crucilied the world's Redeemer; of meant, "Yea, all of you be subject one to an­ Holy Ghost and lo 11s to Lois and Eunice, who trnined Timothy for the other." That is, strive all to serve each other. The ntiles) no greater burden ministerial office; of "Tryphena and Tryphosa same word is in Eph. v. 21, and is applied to things - to abstain from and the beloved Persis." Suffice it to say that men: "Submitting yourselves one to another in 1nd from things strangled these all stand forth the equal stewards with their the fear of God." re Gentiles, but surely our brethren of God's manifold grnce. The New Testament has no record of a t be wounded by eating There are thirty or forty passages in favor of woman's meeting. That dreary institution is a India idol, partaking of a woman's public work for Christ, and only two witty invention of modern hierarchs. "They were its neck twisted, or of a against it, and these not really so when rightly all with one accord in one place" when Christ )Od was palpably present understood. But, in the face of all these embodied sent the promised Pentecost. A "female pmyer­ !rs are famous for doing arguments, it is objected that Paul specifies (in 2 meeting" in those days was a species as unknown ~s! Tim. ii. 2) men only as his successors: "And the as "female religion" itself. Regenerate hearts are ho exhaust the resources things that thou hast heard of me, the same com­ of the common gender, and, under the original c dogma of :1postolic sue - mit thou to faithful me11,who shall be able to dispensation of the Master, so are the ministers that of the male priest ­ teach others also." But the word translated "men" of the regeneration. It is left for Fulton Street ·le gives them just as little is the same as that in the text, "God now com­ prayer-meeting, with its modern Sanhedrin, to y is man-made from first mandeth me11everywhere to repent," and even quench the spirit and to despise prophesyings un­ savowecl it, the deed was the literalists will admit that women are, of all less uttered in a bass voice. A learned pastor :endency of man's mind, people, "commanded to repent"! But here comes wrote as follows in a scholarly exegetical trea­ ,, to run riot in the realm in again the "fast and loose" method of interpre ­ tise, "We do sometimes find a man's head on a ank ecclesiasticism of the tation; for preachers almost never refer to the woman's shoulders, but it is a great misfortune to lay bears Luther' s name. women of their audiences, but tell about "men," her." Such an uttenmce from a man of intelli ­ , (whose supreme author ­ and what "a man" was and is and is to be. A most gence and kindness would be a distinct form of s ins ye remit they arc re• amusing instance of this oncaeyed way of look­ blasphemy were he not too much the victim of whose soever sins ye re~ ing at an audience occurred in Georgia, where I denaturalizing theories to intend it otherwise than " no Protestant minister once auended a meeting in the "week of prayer," as a friendly warning to women of intellectual ) was no clearer than that and the good (young) Presbyterian pastor, in an power. For such a view reverses nature's order. 1undred and twenty in the audience of perhaps half a dozen men and sev­ Life sleeps in minerals, dreams in vegetables, 1d in that number women enty or more women, kept saying "brethren." wakes in animals, and speaks in man. If it be a uably included. When rallied upon this afterward, by a white-rib ­ misfortune to a woman to have unusual reason ­ s that, "Adam being first bon lady of his parish, he very seriously an­ ing powers, then it is better to dream than wake; j be in perpetual subjec ~ swered, "Certainly, I said 'brethren;' and if there then a tadpole is better off than a thinker, and a ·ore she was created, was had been no one present but women, I should trilobite outrnnks both in the scale of being and >f the tree of knowledge, have said 'brethren' still. I was so instructed in of blessedness. All such utterances are bowlders . and was dismissed with the theological seminary, and so I do." But it in the rushing stream of thought; relics of that emember that this literal ~ never occurred to this excellent young man, nor reign of force which hastens to be gone; fossils ; it his personal duty, day to his theological professors, that by parity of that will be pointed at with incredulity by the his bread in the sweat of reasoning women should be included in every manhood of the Gospel Age now at our doors. 1t is a two-edged sword, prerogative accorded to the "brethren" by the If they would be consistent, all ministers who New Testament! Christ called no Gentile and no accept the evolution theory - and a majority of .o tell of Miriam, the first colored man, but this lack of a precedent has them seem to have done so- must admit that not ·ah, the first judge; of never been urged against either. In woman's case only was woman made out of better material than :d prayer brought Samuel alone is it made lo do duty, and we shall find man (which they doubtless will cheerfully of a dejected nation; of later on that if he called anybody whatever, he grant!), but that, coming lust in the order of cre­ f her people; of Judith, called those belonging to the same class repre ­ ation, she stands highest of all. ,. racious group or Marys sented by his only earthly parenl. In life's prime and pride men like to quote .. · who was blessed among Much is made of the word "subjection" (in I "Adam was first formed, then Eve," but at the 1d Anna; of Martha, and Tim. ii. II and I Pet. iii. 1). But it occurs in an­ grave they are ready to declare that "man, born of rusalem" who lamented other place where all members of the church are woman, is of few days and full of trouble."

WILLARD I WOMAN IN THE PULPIT 1131 S()etr't>~o-h·,~ !

f...-,;~ t"U\IM~ f

The whole subjection theory grows out of the willing that they should be doctors, and the doc­ early declared woman one-sided interpretation of the Bible by men. tor thinks they may plead at the bar if they desire banished her from the , God declares a fact that man in his lapsed estate to do so, but each prefers to keep them out of his pircd to holiness, and, t will rule over woman; but God docs not speak own professional garden-plot. This is true of ralizing heresy of a eel with approbation of this act, and the whole tenor ministers with added emphasis, for here we have possible for the doc of the Scriptures is to show that in Christ the the pride of sex plus the pride of sacerdotalism. fatherhood to be so un world is to be restored to the original intent of its "Docs a woman think to rank with me?" That is that it should become \ creation when "there shall be no more curse." the first question, and the second is like unto it as It is men who have , Pushed to its logical conclusion, this literal the­ to its animus: "Docs a woman think she has a womanhood, in the per ory of subjection proves too much, as it is illus­ right to stand with me in the most sacred of all and nun, of the right l< trntcd by the passage, I Pct. v. 5: "Yea, all of you callings'!" But if the purest should be called to men who have invented be subject one to another, and be clothed with purest ministries, then women, by men's own fishcnnan as God's vice humility." Eph. v. 21: "Submitting yourselves showing, outrank them in actual fitness for the rial fires, and made the one to another in the fear of God." pulpit, and the fact is that woman's holiness and man of war. It is men wl A stream cannot rise higher than its source, wholesomeness of life, her clean hands and pure loving, tender Gospel o and it is rank disloyalty to the race when any man heart, specially authorize her to be a minister of suited to be the proclam asserts that the possession of unusual reasoning God. So much for the negative side. Now for the and translated it in t powers is a misfortune to a woman. As late as positive .... dogma, and martyrdorr 1874, in the Sarah Smiley case, the Brooklyn given us the dead lette Presbytery reaffirmed in the following language II. THE SPIRIT GIVETH LIFE Gospel. The mother -hea a decision of the General Assembly dating back known to the world unti to 1837: "This Presbytery having been informed ... "We want the earth," is the world-old mollo speech by mothcr whearte that a woman has preached in one of our of men. They have had their desire, and we be­ will never balance in th churches, 6 on Sabbath, at a regular service, there­ hold the white male dynasty reigning undisputed woman's hand shall hold fore, resolved: that the Presbytery feel con­ until our own day; lording it over every heritage, Men preach a creed; strained to enjoin upon our churches strict regard and constituting the only unquestioned "apostolic II\life. Men deal in formul. to the following deliverance of the General As­ succession." Only one thing can end the dire en­ have alway s tithed mint sembly: 'meeting of pious women by themselves, chantment we arc under, and that is lo know the their exegesis and their c, for conversation and prayer,' we entirely ap­ truth, for truth alone makes free. And the truth of world's heart has cried c prove. But let not the inspired prohibition of the God, a thousand times repeated by the voice of giveness, and sympathy great Apostle, as found in his Epistles to the hislory, science, and every-day experience, re­ & left head s committed to Corinthians and to Timothy, be violated. To sounds louder to-day than in all preceding ages: ~ heart s hard as nether teach and to exhort, or to lead in prayer in public "It is not good for man to be alone!" Suppose it bishop who said, "My en and promiscuous assemblies is clearly forbidden be admitted that the dual -natured founder of life you have nothing to to women in the holy oracles." Christianity, in whose character the force that sentence two thousand y A general and deep -seated peculiarity of smole the money -changers of the temple was Men reason in the abstr. human nature is illustrated in the foregoing "dc­ commingled with the love that yearned to gather cretc. A syllogism symbc livcrnnce." The position, in fact (never formu­ Jerusalem as a hen gathers "her chickens under the other. In saying this lated, of course, by any ministerial association, her wings," chose as his apostles the only ones claim any attack upon t~ and probably not realized by our honored who in that barbarous age would be tolerated in allusion to the highest ar brethren), is just this: Christian women are at lib­ preaching it. Be it remembered that Protestantism am speaking only of the ii erty to work in any way that does not interfere recognizes the apostles as having had no succes­ ment that has handicappc with ecclesiastical prerogative, and does help to sors. Hence, any argument built on man's pri­ earliest ages even until nc build up the interests of the church, financially or macy as related to them and the manner of their more severely criticised spiritually. It is a whimsical fact that men seem choosing falls to the ground. It is curious, consid­ the church than by any we comparatively willing that women should enter ering certain exegetical literalism, that their Religion is an affair of any profession except their own. The lawyer is method of choosing by Jot should not have been hungry for the comfort o insisted upon as a part of the divine order! thirsty for its every -day 1 ~Rev. Dr. T. L. Cuyler·~. IA u.) In the revolt from Roman license, the clergy ness which alone consti

1132 NIN ETEENTll ·CENTURY IUIETOIUC * 114"a.tGt-c,ss·, VV\1~~ LL~ ~r{,4.~~ of ~, ' ~h/5 \iv.?.,\\.'~ ~ \:,i\r\i?~

Jld be doctors, and the doc­ early declared woman a delusion and a snare. have lost faith in themselves and each other. lead at the bar if they desire banished her from the company of men who a~­ Boodlerism and "corners" on the market, greed :fcrs to keep them out or his pired to holiness, and, by introducing the denatu­ of gain, passion for power, desire for drink, im­ irden-plot. This is true of r.ilizing heresy of a celibate clergy, made it im­ purity of life, the complicity of the church, emphasis, for here we have possible for the doctrine of God's eternal Protestant as well as Papal, with the liquor traf­ the pride or sacerdotalism. fatherhood to he so understood by the preacher fic, the preference of a partisan to aconscientious !cto rank with me?" That is that it should become vital in the hearer's heart. ballot, have combined to make the men of this the second is like unto it as It is 111e11 who have defrauded manhood and generation faithleso; toward one another. The , a woman think she has a womanhood, in the persons of priest and monk ma~ses of the people have forsakenGod's house, 1e in the most sacred of all and nun. of the right to the sanctities of home; and solace themselves in the saloons or with the purest should be called to men who have invented hierarchiei., enthroned a Sunday newspaper. But the mas~es will go to !n women, by men's own fisherman as God's vice-regent, lighted inquisito­ hear women when they ~peak, and every woman :m in actual fitness for the rial fires, and made the Prince of pc.ice u mighty who leads a life of week-day holincs~.and has . that woman's holiness and mun of war. It is men who have taken the simple, the Gospel in her looks, however plain her face c, her clean hands and pure loving, tender Gospel of the New Testament, so and dress may be, has round her head the sweet •rize her to be a minister or suited to he the proclamation of a woman's lips, Madonna's halo, in the eyes of every man who ! negative side. Now for the and translated it in terms of sacerdotalism, secs her, and she speaks to him withthe sacred dogma, and martyrdom. It is men who have cadence of his own mother's voice. The devil given us the dead Jetter rather than the living knew what he was doing when he exhausted VETH LIFE Gospel. The mother-heart of God will never be sophistry to keep woman down and silent. He known tn the world until translated into terms or knew that "lhe only consecr.ited placeon earth is rth," is the world-old motto speech by mother-hearted women. Law and love where God's Spirit is," and that a Christian ,ud their desire, and we be­ will never balance in the realm of grace until a woman's heart enshrines that holy Guest more Jynasty reigning undisputed woman·s hand shall hold the scalei.. ~urely than many a "consecrated" pulpit. rding it over every heritage, Men preach a creed; women will declare ,1 Men have been preaching well-nigh two thou­ nly unquestioned "apostolic \\\ life. Men deal in formulas, women in focts. Men sand years, and the large majorityof the converts e thing can end the dire en­ have always tithed mint and rue and cummin in have been women. Suppose now that women der, and that is to know the their exegesis and their ecclesiasticism, while the should share the preaching power, might it not be 11akesfree . And the truth of world's heart has cried out for compassion, for­ reasonably expected thal a majorityof the con• !s repeated by the voice of giveness, and sympathy. Men's preaching has vert.'iunder their administmtionwould be men? In· every-day experience, re­ left heads committed to a catechism, and left deed, how else arc the latter to havea fair chance than in all preceding ages: heart~ hard as nether millstones. The Greek at the Gospel'! The question is a,kedin all serious­ an to be alone!" Suppose it bishop who said, "My creed is faultbs, with my ness, and if its practical answer ~hallbe the equip· e dual-natured founder of life you have nothing to do," condensed into a ping of women for the pulpit, it maybe reasonably ,e character the force that sentence two thouliUndyears of priestly dogma. claimed that men's hopes of hea~enwill be im­ angers of the temple was Men reason in the abstract, women in the con­ measurnbly increased. Hence, one who urges the love that yearned to gather crete. A syllogism symbolizes one. a rule of life taking-off of the arbitrnry ruling which now ex­ :athers "her chickens under the other. In saying this I wish distinctly to dis­ cludes woman from a choice portionof her king­ his apostles the only ones claim any attack upon the clergy, any slighting dom may well claim to have manifested especial s age would be tolerated in allusion to lhe highest and holiest of callings; I considerateness towardthe intcreM~of men. 1embered that Protestantism am speaking only of the intolemnt sacerdotal ele­ The entrance of woman upon the ministerial !S as having had no succes~ ment that has handicapped lhe church from the vocation will give to humanity just twice the .ument built on man's pri­ earliest ages even until now, and which lms been probability of strengthening and comforting em and the manner of their more severely criticised by the best element in speech, for women have at least as much sympa­ :round. It is curious, consid­ the church than by any words that I have penned. thy, reverence, and spirituality as men, and they tical liternlism, that their Religion is an affair of the heart. The world is have at least equal felicity of manner and of ut­ >y lot should not have been hungry for the comfort of Christ's Gospel, and terance. Why, then, should the pulpit be shorn of t of the divine order! thirsty for its every-day bcatitudei. of that holi­ half it~ power'! Roman license, the clergy ness which alone constitutes happinesi.. Men To 1heexegesis of the cloister we oppose that

WII I AIU> I WOMAN IN I HE l' ULl'rl 1133 .. , . , ...

of common life. To the Orienlalism that is pass­ nificent success as a teacher, a philanthropist, and cian. a philanthropist, bu ing off the stage, we oppose modern Christianity. a physician, by which means she lakes the part of all, and cannot deny hers In our day, the ministers of a great church7 have foster-mother to myriads of children orphaned or cations she has still be, struck the word "obey" out of the marriage ser­ worse than motherless. Their fear that incompe T points of heaven and vice, have made women eligible to nearly every tent women may become pastors and preachers knows that, beyond almt rank except the ecclesiastic, and arc withheld should be pul to night by the survival of the ter is one who lives at he from raising her to the ministerial office only by church, in spite of centuries of the grossest in­ people arc his week-day the inOucnce of a few Jcaders, who arc insecurely competency in mind and profligacy in life, of near his own door, and it seated on the safety-valve of that mighty engine, men set apart by the laying-on of hands. Their by the people's revcrcn Progress. In our day, all churches, except the hi­ anxiety lest too many women should crowd in is make it of all others the r erarchical Presbyterian, Episcopal, and Roman mcl by the method of choosing a pastor, in which with woman's character. Catholic, have made women eligible as members both clergy and people must unite to attest the fit­ When will blind eyes I of their councils, leaders in their Sunday-school ness and acceptability of every candidate. measurable losses that th, systems, in several cases have set them apart to Formerly the voices of women were held lo claiming for her altars the ministry, and in almost all have opened their render them incapable of public speech, but il has hearted daughters, who, pulpits to them; even the slow-moving Presbyter­ been discovered that what these voices lack in equivocal relation lo he1 ian having done this quite generally in later sonorosity they supply in clearness, and when other lines of work or ti years, and the Episcopal, in several instances, women singers outrank all others, and women from the evangelistic depi granting women "where lo stand" in its chapels, lecturers arc speaking daily lo assemblie s num­ Christian Temperance U outside the charmed arc of its chancel-rail. ... bering from one lo ten thousand, this objection ing that woman should g "Behold, I make all things new;" "the letter vanishcs. 11 Lack of special preparation is but a gotten, but not to the affl killeth, the spirit giveth life." These arc his temporary barrier. When we sec Agnata Ramsay, they willing that women words, who spake not as man spcakcth; and how an English lady but twenty years old, carrying off minister the sacrament i1 the letter killeth to-day, let the sectarianism, the the Greek prize from the students of Cambridge but not at the elegant alta saccrdotalism, and the woman-silencing of the University, Pundita Ramabai mastering Sanskrit they aware that thousarn church bear witness. The time has come when and four other languages. and Toru Dutt, another each Sabbath by whilc-ri those men in high places, "dressed in a little brief high-caste Hindu, writing choice verses in rcfonncd men and their authority" within the church of Christ, who seek French and English before she was twenty -one: will come if you will s to shut women out of the pastorate, cannot do so when we study the consensus of opinion from with impunity. To-day they arc taking on them­ presidents of universities as to the equality and selves a responsibility in the presence of which even the precedence of the girls in scholar ship, they ought to tremble. To an earnest, intelligent, we sec how nimsy is this argument. and devout element among their brethren they But some men say it will disrupt the home. As seem to be absolutely frustrating the grace of well might they talk of driving back the tides of From Womari God. They cannot fail to sec how many ministers the sea. The mother-heart will never change. neither draw men to the Gospel feast, nor go out Woman enters the arena of literature, art, busi­ into the highways and hedges seeking them. ness, what you will, becomes a teacher, a physi- Chapter XXXV They cannot fail to sec that, although the novelty How to Organize c of women's speaking has worn off, the people ~It is prnhably no more "natural .. to women tu have feehle rally to hear them as to hear no others, save the voices than it is for them to lmve lnn !,l.hair. 111c Greek priest s How Ought a Loce, most celebrated men of the pulpit and platform; of the East, not being allowed to cut their hair, wear it braided to Conduct a Publi in lung cues. even as our forcf.n her,; wore theirs. "Nature .. and that especially is it true that "the common has been saddled with the disabilit ics of women to an e1ltent I. THE PRELIMINARII people hear them gladly." The pica, urged by tlmt must make the thoughtful nne~ munng them smile. 111c some theologians with all the cogency of physio ~ truth is clearly enou gh proved from the analogies nf Crc , The se arc of two kinds: Fi logical illustration, that woman is born lo one vo­ atinn's lower orders that this gradous ,mi.Iimpartial dmne has lie. Second, Opening cxcn cation, and one alone, is negatived by her mag- given wmmm but ;1 single di\ahility, viz: she can never he a Your notice s should be father; and this she has offset by man's single disability, he can never he ;1 mother. lgnornnec . prejudice, and tyranny paper s at least one week I 7'fhc Methodist Episcopal, w ith two millina~ nrmemh crs. have put upon her all 1he rest, mul these .ire wearing off with each pulpit on the Sabbatl [Au.] cncournging rapidity, IAu.I ing form is recommended :

1134 NINETEENTH +CHNTURY RHETORI C teacher, a philanthropist, and cian, a philanthropist, but she is a woman first of church, because they have rented pews, and be­ ~ means s~e takes the part of all, and cannot deny herself. In all these great vo­ cause we cannot dress well enough; but we'll tads of ch1klren orphaned or cations she has still been "true to the kindred come to hear you"? Have they observed that ss. Their fear that incompe­ points of heaven and home;" and everybody W.C.T.U. halls, reading-rooms, and tabernacles ::ome pastors and preachers knows that, beyond almost any other, the minis­ for the people arc being daily multiplied, in ght by the survival of the ter is one who lives at home. The firesides or the which the poor have the Gospel preached to ·enturies of the grossest in­ people are his week-day sanctuary, the pulpit is them'! Do they know that the World's W.C.T.U ., I and profligacy in life, of near his own door, and its publicity is so guarded with Margaret Bright Lucas, of England, at its ! laying-on of hands. Their by the people's reverence and sympathy as to head, is steadily wending its way around the 1 women should crowd in is make it of all others the place least inharmonious globe, and helping women to their rightful recog­ · choosing a pa~tor, in which with woman's chamcler and work. nition as participants in public worship and as le must unite to attest the fit­ When will blind eyes be opened lo see the im­ heralds of the Gospel? . . . { of every candidate. measurable losses that the church sustains by not :cs of women were held to claiming for her altars these loyal, earnest­ e of public speech, but it has hearted daughters, who, rather than stand in an Ill. THE EARTH-BORNARGUMENT what these voices lack in equivocal relation to her polity, are going into ... The average preacher almost never mentions >ly in clearness, and when other lines of work or taking their commission women. "A man must do so and so;" "when a mk all others, and women from the evangelistic department of the Woman's young man starts out in life his aim must be thus g daily to assemblies num­ Christian Temperance Union'! Or are they will­ and thus;" "a youth should trust his father's en ~housand, this objection ing that woman should go to the lowly and for­ God" - this method of discourse is familiar to pec1al prepamtion is but a gotten, but not to the afnuent and powerful? Are women's ears as the Doxology or Benediction. hen we see Agm11aRamsay, they willing that women should baptize and ad· But when women themselves speak, they repre- venty years old, carrying off minister the sacrament in the zenanas of India, sent not world-force so much as home-force; the ·\'ht.. the students of Cambridge hut not at the elegant ahars of Christendom'! Are home includes both man and woman, youth and nai.!-i..v11.( tamabai mastering Sanskrit they aware that thousands of services are held maiden, boy and girl; hence it is natural to ges, and Toru Dun, another , 1 each Sabbath by while-ribbon women, to whom women to make all feel themselves included in writing choice verses in reformed men and their wives have said: "We the motherly uttemnce that not only remembers :>eforeshe was twenty -one; will come if you will speak . We don't go 10 but recognizes all. ::onsensus of opinion from iti~s as I~ the equality and ol the girls in scholarship this argument. ' it will disrupt the home. As Jf driving back the tides of From Wonian and Temperance ·-heart will never change. cna of literature , art, busi­ >ecomes a teacher, a physi - Chapter XXXV To the laclic.rof -- : How to Organize a W.C.T.U. The National W.C.T.U. has twenty-five auxilar· "natural" to women to have feeble ies, and is the largest and most inlluentiul society have long hair. The Greek priesti How Ought a Local W.C.T.U. ever composed and conducted exclusively by ed to cut theirhair, wear it braided to Conduct a Public Meeting? women. It has nearly three thousand local auxil­ forefathers wore theirs. ..Nature" iaries and hundreds of juvenileorganizations . It i!.a lisahilities of women to an eJttem tfol ones among them smile . The I. THE PRELIMINARIES lineal descendant of the great temper.mce crusade of 1873- 4, and is a union of women from all de­ wed from the nnnlogie.~ of Cre­ These are of two kinds: First, Notices to the pub­ s. gra~i.ous and impartial dumc has nominations, for the purpose of educating the Jisabrhty, viz: she can never he a lic. Second, Opening exercises. young, forming a better public ~entimcnt, refonn· sc1 by man's single disability , he Your notices should be printed in all the local ing the drinking clas ses, transforming by the power inorance, prejuclic:c:, and tyranny papers at least one week beforehand, and sent to of Divine grace those who are enslaved by alcohol, i.t, and these urc wearing off with each pulpit on the Sabbath previous. The follow­ and removing the dram-shop from our streets by ing form is recommended: law.

WILLARD [ WOMAN AND TEMPERANCE 1135 ' Mn,. --- of --- , duly authorized hy none of their beautiful gifts so much as that they learn of Dr. Dio Lewi -- W.C.T.U. lo undertake this work. will arc indeed workmen who need not be ashamed. W.C.T.U. woman, and speak in-- on-- at-- o'clock on the rightly dividing the Word nf God. From Mrs. Portland that I might sit history. aims, and methods of this society. All Leavitt of Cincinnati, with her "Saloon Keeper· s" But ull this is hardly 1 ladies arc earnestly requested to allend. The pres­ Psalm (the tenth), to Mrs. Carhart of Iowa. read­ elation of failure (after I ence of pastors is respectfully invited. ing Miriam's Song :al the jubilee in June; whether in our ranks) made to me On the same slip put the following: it be Sanballat. Gideon's Band, Deborah :and a dear old lady down ir Barak. Queen Esther, Joel (second chapter). or had talked an hour by 1111 ATrENTION, DOYS ANO GIRLS! the Prodigal Son, and Good Samaritan, our work· Methods of the W.C.T .l You have a friend who would like very much to crs have proved themselves mighty in the Scrip­ quy, as she scrawled her meet and talk with you al-- on-- al tures ever since those wondrous school days ship card: "I'm sure I do - o'clock. She will show you some interest­ when they learned to read their Bibles in the us to do. but I reckon it' ing experiments, blackboard exercises and charts. grog -shops of the land. Their "Crusade Psalm" :mce work as it is in goi , Please come. and we will try lo organize a Band of (the 146th) is unrivaled for expository use. It i~ dark night - I can 't ,,;cc Hope. Yours for clear heads and true hearts. capable of being wrought into a delightful Mrs.-- when I' vc taken one !.let evening's "Bible Reading," but this must be lantern's there too, and This should be sent lo Sunday-schools and greatly abridged in your opening exercise:.. Sup· next. So if the Lord has : public schools as well a,; to pulpit and press. h is pose you study its ten ven,es for the purpose of me to do he'll give me a false - let us rather say an ignorant - delicacy linding our bugle cull. our key word . exhortation. then. dear temperance w< which hesitates to give full information through basis, complete plan of work. prophecy. and phi­ specialists you arc safe all legitimate channels, of the time, place. and losophy. and snng of juhilee - li.1r all of these group of good women h: object of any attempt to build up Christ's king­ and vm,tly more arc there! thimble. and about as dom by benefiting the race for which he died. If a pastor is present ask him to offer prayer. scope and working and But our workers have gone hundreds of miles Their interest is general, to form a local union only to find a single stray come on purpose to lind II. THE ORGANIZATION line in the comer of one newspaper as the only ness (not theirs) to know . notice given. or a brief mention at a rainy Sunday And now, with preliminaries urranged, the spirit for granted save that cw morning service their only herald. Not thus docs of praise and prayer evoked. a secrctury pm tem. with brain and heart and c the enemy permit his opportunities to go by de­ appointed to keep the important record of "lirst arc to act by knowledge, 1 fault. things," and a group of women gathered around Second, Don 't assum, Second, The opening exercises. Let these be you in home or church parlor. what ure you to Teach wilhout seeming I informal, but full of earnestness. Many a time say and do that they shall love our cause and around all such "hard w have I seen the devotional spirit frozen out by the work with u,'! "I call your attention ," "C mechanical air of the leader, added to the slow First, Don't take too much for granted. Don't on no account conclude : process of hunting up and distributing hymn think because these arc women of general intelli· tating grammatical nond< books, waiting for the organ key to be ~nt for; gencc and Christian experience they arc also self in the attitude of a le. persuading some reluctant musician to come for­ clear in 1heir respective minds as to the history. Thus your style will be ~ ward, and so on to the doleful climax of failure. mystery, and melhods of the W.C.T.U. On that rather than authoritative , Suppose you just omit all that - come forward at subject you had better take it for granted they arc never forget Bishop Wan once with some pleasant allusion to a familiar outside barbarian s. At lea~t I was of this descrip­ room full of young peop hymn as "one of the special favorites in our tion when the crusade of 1874 struck the classic He stood before them w work," strike up yourself, or have some one suburb of Evanston. Fancy the ignorance of one and benignant. and gent ready to do so without loss of time. As to Scrip­ who had never . that she knew of, seen a saloon students ." tural selections, I could spend a whole day ex­ and yet had lived for nearly twenty years within a Third. Don't despise I hibiting the choice cabinet of jewels in delightful few miles of Chicago. lnmgine the illiteracy that You have no reason to I variety and marvelous adaptation to our needs, had never once laid eyes upon a temperance your audience is small. I which the past years of study have disclosed. As paper nor heard the name of J. N. Stearns. Con­ women into a weak sm I listen to our women, East and West. in local ceive of the crudity that led me in my sober strong one. Well do I rec, meetings and conventions, I am impressed by scm,cs to make a hcc line lo Boston, that I might 1870, when. complying ,

1136 NINETHENTH •CCNT U RY RHETORIC gifts so much as 1ha1lhey lcam of Dr. Din Lewis the whole duty of a ously given by my lirst Bible class teacher (of 1vhoneed not be ashamed, W.C.T.U. woman, and for lhc same reason to auld tang sync), Mrs. Governor Beveridge, as we Nord of God. From Mrs. Portland that I might sit at the feet of Neal Dow. call her now, half a score women of Evanston 1vi1hher "Saloon Keeper's" But all this is hardly more absurd than the rev­ went to a missionary meeting in that lady's par­ tlrs. Carharl of Iowa, read­ elation of failure (after 1 thought myself a veteran lor. Its object was to organize a Woman's For­ he jubilee in June; whether in our rnnks) made lo me the most unwillingly by eign Missionary Society, and though I had trav­ :on's Band, Deborah and a dear old lady down in Delaware, who, after I eled in several Oriental countries, and as a tourist Joel (second chapter), or had talked an hour by the clock on lhe "Aims and seen something of evangelistic work there, I :iood Samaritan, our work­ Methods of the W.C.T.U." said in a droll solilo­ found myself rudimentary in knowledge beside ;elves mighty in the Scrip­ quy, as she scrawled her name upon my member­ one who had made the subject a specialty and ;e wondrous school days ship card: "I'm sure I don'! know whal she wants brought Mrs. Willing's thoroughnessof grasp to , read their Bibles in the us 10 do, bul 1 reckon il's a good deal in temper­ the theme of woman's martyrology in lands un­ ti. Their "Crusade Psalm" :mce work as it is in goin' to prayer meetin' of a sunned by Christ. Less than a dozen names were :d for expository use. It is dark night- I can't see but a step to a time, bu! that day enrolled 10 fonn our local auxiliary. A rought into a delightful when I've taken one step, why I'm there and the dozen years have passed, and through the inHu­ 1ding," but this must be lantern's there 100. and we just go along to the ence- direct and indirect- of this society, ur opening exercises. Sup­ next. So if the Lord has got temperance work for nearly forty young people have gone out from , verses for the purpose of me 10 do he'll give me light to do it by." Learn Evanston to the foreign field, to say nothing of our key word, exhortation, then, dear tempcmnce workers, that in this day of thousands of dollars gathered and dispensed f work, prophecy, and phi­ specialists you arc safe in assuming that your through its treasury. jubilce - for all of these group of good women have minds as vacant as a Fourth, Don't fail thoroughly to premeditate ere! thimble, and about as much expanded on the your "impromptus." The Holy Spirit seems better t ask him to offer prayer. scope and working and laws of the W.C.T.U. pleased to inspire the process of reflection and Their interest is general, not specific; they have composition than to atone for what Miss Ophelia come on purpose In find out what ii is your busi­ called "shiftlessness," by an eleventh hour inspi­ ,TION ness (not theirs) to know. Therefore, take nothing ration. We want no scauering fire in our public 1inaries arranged, the spirit for granted save that each of them is lilted oul utterances, but lhe sober second thought of your voked, a secretary pm tem. with brain and heart and conscience on which you brightest and most studious hours. As a general important record of "first arc 10 act by knowledge, sympathy, conviction. outline speech I would offer the following: :>fwomen gathered around Second, Don't assume the role of Sir Oracle. ;h parlor, what arc you 10 Teach without seeming to do so. Carefully skip 1. Very brief allusion to the origin and prog­ shall love our cause and around all such "hard words" as "Take notice," ress of temperance movements, with "I cull your attention," "Do you understand'!" and earnest acknowledgment of what has been 10 much for granted. Don't on no account conclude a sentence with that irri­ done by the Church, the Washingtonian e women of general intclli­ tating grammatical nondescript "See?" Put your­ movement, Good Templars,Catholic Total experiencc they arc also self in the altitude of a learner along with the rest. Abstinence Society. etc. ve minds as to lhe history, Thus your style will be suggestive and winsome 2. Brief and pictorial {not abstract) account ; of the W.C.T.U. On 1ha1 rather 1han authoritative and disagreeable. I shall of the Woman's Crusade. lake it for granted they are never forget Bishop Warren's opening words lo a 3. Organization as its sequel- origin of Na­ least I was of this descrip- room full of young people in a southern school. tional W.C.T.U., al Chautauqua in 1874. : of 1874 struck the classic He stood before them with a face wise, kindly, 4. Growth of lhe Society in the United States, ~ancy the ignorance of one and benignant. and gently called them "Fellow in Canada, England, and elsewhere, evolu­ ,he knew of, seen a saloon s1udents." tion of its work, number and variety of itc; ,early twenty years within a Third, Don't despise the day of small things. departments; notwithstanding this general . Imagine the illiteracy that You lmve no reason to be discouraged because unifonnity, the National like a photograph eyes upon a temperance your audience is small. I have organized seventy of imperial size; the State a cabinet, the ame of J. N. Stearns. Con­ women into a weak society and seven into a local a carte de visite. that led me in my sober strong one. Well do I recall a winter afternoon in 5. Why we have superintendents instead of line to Boston, that I might 1870, when, complying with an invitation previ- committees to insure individual responsi-

WILLARD I WOMAN AND TEMrERANCE 1137 bility. Illustrate by blackboard with our de­ tary, at 53 Bible House, New York, furnishes the ularly. The use to be ma partments written out. best.) After a 11ivavoce vote on this, read with distinctly staled . Draw ;: 6. Reasons why women should join us. I emphasis our pledge. It includes total abstinence blackboard - or make a have often given these in anecdotal form, from wine, beer, and cider as a beverage. Explain and have it hung up. Di· telling just what women, old and young, about the annual membership fee of fifty cents; representing that one of t grave and gay, had said to me about the exhibit Our U11io11-Sig11al,stating price, and send in the local work, the o convictions resulting from their own ob­ out ladies previously appointed to solicit mem­ treasury to extend the servation and experience which had led berships and subscribers. one -fifth of it is taken c them into temperance work. This moment is the crucial lest. To it every­ tional W.C.T.U. lo cafr! 7. Appeal from considerations embodied in thing has pointed-failing to secure its objects that the National has nev, our motto I. For God; 2. For home; 3. For you will fail indeed. But just at this point we arc until within three years, native land. too often unpardonably heedless. Whal would be current expenses of its C said of the angler whose awkwardness at the crit­ at the headquarters, 53 E This address, mixed with the Word of God ical moment should frighten away the fish he was ward Our U11io11-Sig11ala and prayer, both in its preparation and recital, about to impale'! Or the farmer who should forget the national organ; speak should be followed by a humble petition for His his scythe when going to the hay-field'! But how portrait and exhibit the tc blessing. often have we seen such a stale, llal, and unprof­ which children so readil Fifth, Don't fail to suit the action to the word. itable half hour succeed the aforementioned ad­ requisite to secure a cop} Ask for a motion to organize, stating it in due dress, that it seemed as though a premium was ercnccs to the National · form and requesting any lady who has the matter put upon a general stampede of the auditors. House, 58 Reade Street, at heart to make it. Get a second to the motion "Has any one a pencil lo lake names'!" is a ques­ Cook, Chicago, by no mt and make a few incidental remarks about the im­ tion equally pregnant and imbecile, while vandal literature department, co portance of that etiquette of assemblies which we hands have made a raid upon stray hymn-booksr man, at 76 Bible House, call parliamentary usage. Recommend them lo and their fly-leaves have been ruthlessly confis­ the Annual Leaflet of t: buy Roberts' Rules of Order, and learn a little of cated to take the place of the enrolling tablets, which has all needed inf< it at each meeting. When it comes to a vote after conspicuous for their absence. The best way is where arc our superinten, the parliamentary interval for remarks, mention for the leader of the meeting to keep up a running there i.~ a piece of fine m that you are tired of your own voice and anxious fire of pleasant explanation or of reply to ques­ have an interesting speak, to hear theirs, adding in your clearest tones, "All tions invited by her from the pews. Among the self, it will be well to me, in favor of that motion will please to say aye," questions which her clear-cut preliminary state­ counlcr •induccment to the and let your final word be in the most decided ments should anticipate arc: "Must we pay the But all these exercises sense a rising circumflex. You will be surprised membership fee when we give our names'!" (No, your closing Be11edicite, to sec the readiness with which you can thus call not unless it is convenient.) "Can young ladies cato, and must be made out the voices of the timid, partly out of good na­ join'!" (Most gladly.) "Does this mean all kinds group of guests (for such, ture and partly because their musical perceptions of cider'!" (It docs.) "Then f cannot join." Well, will file out and hie itself lead them to put a climax to your incomplete in­ you can at least attend the regular meetings of the one exercise to another, if flection by their own. Do not go through the union to follow this, in which the cider lealleL~ ingenuity to avoid jumb dumb show of "the lifted hand," nor the imbecil ­ will be discussed, and become an associate if nol your audience, but most ity of "manifest it by the usual sign" (when there a regular member (only the laucr arc eligible lo compliance with the sugg, are several signs), but call out that most inspiring office). It should be explicitly stated that by our Sixth, Don't fail to k response, the human voice divine. Remember new basis of organization, adopted al Washing­ and patience well to the too, that thus you educate women out or the si­ ton, we arc entitled in the National Convention come to you then and tt lence which has stifled their beautiful gifts so (beside our State officers) to one delegate for gossip, with legends am long. Next follows the form of constitution for each five hundred members, and as we desire for previously organized am local auxiliaries, which should be gone over a large 'representation, we arc anxious lo enroll the prayer-meeting kille , rapidly, reading only the important points, .and the names of all women who arc sufficiently in­ will stray in and begin hh remarking that this is the form usually adopted telligent and devoted friends of lcmpcmnce to your fcchle banking of a and subject to revision ar their regular meetings. take the pledge and pay the fee, even !hough they lrctcmp s, of the contrar (Mrs. Buell, our National Corresponding Sccre - are unable to do any work or to meet with us reg- objection s to the pledge

1138 NINETEENTH-CENTURY RHETORIC ~e. New York, furnishes the ularly. The use to be made of the fee should be feel called upon to explain that she never was 7cc vote on this, read with distinctly stated. Draw a fifty-cent coin on the , cursed with this demon in her own home and It includes total abstinence blackboard - or make a drawing of the same ­ therefore can not, etc., etc., drowsily oblivious cider as a beverage. Explain and have it hung up. Divide it into equal parts, of the statement you- should- have made, that rnbership fee of fifty cents; representing that one of these remains to be used ninety per cent. of our members share the ex­ i:11al,stating price, and send in the local work, the other going lo the State emption which she, with small good taste, pa­ appointed to solicit mem­ treasury to extend the organization, save that rades. Now is the time to prove what manner of ers. one-fifth of it is taken out and sent to the Na­ spirit you are of. Does your courage rise with 1e crucial lest. To it cvery­ tional W.C.T.U . to carry on its work . Explain danger? Are you fertile in resource? You are 'ailing to secure its objects that the National has never had a salaried officer being tested now as they test steam engine boil­ But just at this point we are until within three years, and now but pays the ers. The force is applied - the tension noted ­ ly heedless. What would be current expenses of its Corresponding Secretary and the strong , well wrought metal holds its lsc awkwardness al lhc crit­ at the headquarters, 53 Bible House. Bring for. own, but the thin, naw-eaten, gives way in its ·ighten away the fish he was ward Our U11io11-Si,:11a/and solicit subscribers to weakest part. Are you master of the situation '! 1e farmer who should forget the national organ ; speak of the Hayes memorial "He that ruleth his spirit is better than he who g to the hay-field'! But how portrait and exhibit the ten cent a share cards by taketh a city ." Now is your chance for mastery. 1ch a slale, nat, and unprof­ which children so readily raise the five dollars Many of these annoyances may be prevented by !ed the aforementioned ad- requisite to secure a copy of the same. Give ref­ circulating the question papers before the meet ­ as though a premium was erences to the National Temperance Publishing ing opens and asking that any query. comment, stampede of the auditors. House, 58 Reade Street, New York, and D. C. or criticism be written and placed in the ques ­ I to take names'!" is a ques­ Cook, Chicago, by no means forgetting our own tion-box, to be circulated before the meeting is and imbecile, while vandal literature department, conducted by Miss Col­ closed. This gathering up of questions, as well as lid upon stray hymn-book s, man, at 76 Bible House, New York. Distribute 1 the circulation of the various documents I have mvc been ruthlessly confis­ the Annual Leallet of the National W.C.T.U., mentioned , should be attended to by the Secre­ ce of the enrolling tablets, which has all needed information as to who and tary pro tem. - to be appointed at the opening of · absence . The best way is where are our superintendents of departments. If the meeting. 1ceting to keep up a running there is a piece of fine mm,ic prepared, or if you Seventh, Don't be precipitate in choice of .nation or of reply to ques­ have an interesting speaker present besides your­ standard bearers . In this choice will be involved from the pews . Among the self, it will be well to mention that attraction as a the success or failure of your entire movement. clear-cut preliminary state­ counter-inducement to those inclined to go. You are trying to launch a life-boat, but if the ate are: "Must we pay the But all these exercises , from your first bow to captain be near-sighted and the mate a blunderer , 1 we give our names '!" (No, your closing /Jenedicite, must be marked srac­ your craft will swamp before it get~ beyond the enient.) "Can young ladies caro, and mu.~t be made brief and crisp, or your breakers. The worst of it is that you are at the "Doe s this mean all kinds group of guests (for such, do not forget, they are) mercy of the raw hands who must select these of­ 'Then I cannot join ." Well, will file out and hie itself away . The change from ficers from their own newly-enlisted crew . In this I the regular meetings of the one exercise to another, if effected with sufficient choice the element of deliberation is important, in which the cider leaflets ingenuity to avoid jumbling, will help to hold for while you will be often urged to select the of­ I become an associate if not your audience, but most will depend upon your ficers then and there, "for fear we cannot get the tly the latter are eligible to compliance with the suggestion - women together again," my experience is that in !xplicitly stated that by our Sixth , Don't fail to keep your wit, wisdom, the Jong run we get better results by a careful ation, adopted at Washing­ and patience well to the front. Somebody will canvass of the pros and cons. Too often when we n the National Convention come to you then and there will be sotw voce try to finish up the business of electing at first 'icers) to one delegate for go!lsip, with legend s and histories of societies meeting , we discover, later on, that the finish was mbers, and as we desire for previously organized and now fossiliferous, or an extinguisher. From a recent confidential letter ,, we are anxiou s to enroll the prayer -meeting killer of the neighborhood I make this extract: 1en who are sufficiently in­ will stray in and begin his sanguinary work upon I friends of temperance to your feeble banking of a society; or Miss Con­ A W.C.T.U. was recently organized in our vil­ 1y the fee, even though they tretemps, of the contrary part, will state her lage and there isn't a quarrel in the neighborhood vork or to meet with us reg- objections to the pledge, or Madame Pharisee that was not representedon our board of officers.

WILLARD I WOMAN ANO TEMPERANCE 1139 As you will naturally conclude, I do not ex­ duties, the preparation of u plan of work for the Alexander B pect the liquor traffic in that locality need stand society, and the organizer should furnish it with a 1818- 1903 in special fear of said society. This was away model from our State or National minutes, with a down cast, but a remark made 10 me on the fron­ leaHet of the National containing our list of su­ Adams Sher: tier has in it equal food for renection. It was from perintendents of departments. In appointing the a new worker, and was so simply said, and with list of Vice-Presidents, insist on one from each 1833- 1910 so much of large-eyed wonder "for the cause," denomination, including Catholics, Jews, etc., that if not so tragic I would have deemed it vastly and appoint one "at large" to represent the great comical: "Why, do you know, that until our new and kindly outside fraternity which has this cause Changing the emphasis President was elected I did not know that any­ at heart. Insist on a Superintendent of Temper ­ curricular reform of som, body could be an officer at all and yet be such a ance Literature, who shall also be Librarian of R. Boyd urged "this Radii poor one!" your Loan Library and agent for our journalistic the change was already ur Alas for the applications of this utterance, organ. Make these Superintendents members of published, but even with1 which all of us have seen! Now, while we cannot your Executive Commiuec - which should meet Campbell, Blair, and Wha weekly, while the W.C.T.U. meels monthly and hope to avoid these calamities in the present par­ and composition were tau1 has a religious, literary, and business programme. tially developed condition of woman's work; leges in the United States while it is doubtless true that girls now acquiring Fix the government of both meetings at five- so (with the exception of Eng the systematic training of our public schools and that the exceeding deference which causes our colleges will make the more efficient officers of good women to lose so much time rather than of schooling were changin our future work, it is nevertheless possible for us "act without the prescribed number," may not en­ Why was the developm to secure, in a majority of inslances, excellent danger their results of work. Wear the white rib­ cation meant instruction i services from the good women of the present. bon yourself, and urge all to do the same. Close vernacular meant a shift in But here, as always, the preliminary part of the your meeting by singing "Blest be the Tie that ture and away from Latin . recipe is: "First catch your hare," and I am confi­ Binds." reduced the curricular spat dent a choice specimen will be caught by ap­ I have suggested that you follow this meeting departments of learning (r pointing (by previous consullation) such a com­ at once by another for the children. This is of important than speaking, b paramount importance for its own sake; also to mittee on nomination as will represent the of knowledge. conciliale public sentiment and give your new different churches and social circles, and ad­ Rhetoric instruction thu journing to a day not distant when said commit­ society that sine qua 11011 of its existence, to say several colleges were offer tee shall report. It should also include, among its nothing of its success - somelhing to do. ical persuasion. Early in ti of speech and communical t'~t "'t"- L A,$ ~ "I r-;;. c:iv. r\. that focused on writing, thi "t°,..~""'-e'-t,.(;\b<>.,. I \h.-.1--- the old rhetoric had treatc. edged the new scenes of a " 5 <>~h'"'";"\ l • ~---..J " 11 tory - which, unlike the c< The composition textbc to apply the available ele1 belletristic and epistemoloJ ---> AS 1,o,.><..-L.l-<-- l,\,U>\.AA.-1\. ~°'1 as the basis for correct anc fh.>"""--\k E:i,,,\..~ "'-+-(,..._"""'1.,...\- usage, emphasizing perspi images for additional effec tion in rhetoric, though m faculties arc used to divide t,,J<- ()V-4... er-!.\-•~L.-l..S <-v'" agcry (for imagination) . A +. c,. t-k,...•\- t"'-- L ., f- ,e,f--•d scription, exposition, and a

D"'-,.{ V\.l>}-l>"'-~. H. \>1'1-J.(,"" ~ '6 t,r (,,b"'-"~·o > 1140 NINETEENTH·C F.NTURY RH ETORIC