Initial Environmental Examination
May 2018
Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Greater
Mekong Subregion East-West Economic Corridor Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project
Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject, Songkhon District, Savannakhet Province
Prepared by the Department of Irrigation, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Asian Development Bank.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ABBREVIATIONS and GLOSSARY
ADB - Asian Development Bank AISP - Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project AP - Affected People ASEAN - Association of South East Asian Nations CEMP - Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan DAFO - District Agriculture and Forestry Office DCO - District Coordination Office DMH - Department of Meteorology and Hydrology DOI - Department of Irrigation DOWR - Department of Water Resources DPRA’s - Development Project responsible Agency E&M - Electrical and Mechanical EA - Executing Agency EDL - Electricité du Laos EMP - Environmental Management Plan EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMMP - Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EMMU - Environmental Management and Monitoring Unit EPL - Environmental Protection Law ESIA - Environment and Social Impact Assessment FWUGs - farmer water user groups GHG - Greenhouse Gases GMS-EWEC-AISP - Greater Mekong Sub-region East West Economic Corridor Agricultural Infrastructure Sector Project GWP - Global Warming Potential IA - Implementing Agency IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development GoL - Government of Lao PDR GRC - Grievance Redress Committee IMT - Irrigation Management and Transfer IWRM - Integrated Water Resources Management JICA - Japanese International Cooperation Agency LAC - Land Acquisition and Compensation MAF - Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MASL - meters above mean sea level MEM - Ministry of Energy and Mines MONRE - Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NBCA - National Biodiversity Conservation Areas NGO - Non-Government Organization NPA - National Protected Areas NPMO - National Project Management Office NSEDP - National Social and Economic Development Plan NT2 - Nam Theun 2 (Hydropower Project) NTFPs - Non-Timber Forest Products O&M - Operation and Maintenance PAFO - Provincial Department of Agriculture and Forestry PMO - Prime Minister’s Office PONRE - Provincial Office of Natural Resources and Environment PPMO - Provincial National Project Management Office PPTA - Project Preparation Technical Assistance RC - reinforced concrete SEDP - Socio-economic Development Plan 2010-2015
i Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
SPGC - Project Grievance Committee STEA - Science Technology and Environment Agency USD - United States Dollars UXO - Unexploded Ordnance VMCs - Village Mediation Committees WREA - Water Resources and Environment Administration WUG - Water User Group
ii Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction 1. The Greater Mekong Sub-region East West Economic Corridor Agricultural Infrastructure Sector Project (GMS-EWEC-AISP, or AISP in this document) will comprise improvements to agriculture infrastructure and provide technical and advisory support to beneficiary communities in formation and strengthening of water user groups, technical support and capacity building for extension services and support in post-harvest handling, product storage and marketing. It will provide project management support and capacity building for provincial and district level offices which will take a lead role in project implementation, in accordance with the Government’s decentralization policy of 2000. It is a sector project, with specific subprojects for the improvement of productive rural infrastructure in the two project provinces to be prepared and implemented. 2. This document is the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the Dong-Savang-Thong agriculture infrastructure subproject, which involves irrigation scheme rehabilitation and access road improvement. This subproject is one of twelve subprojects proposed for implementation under Phase II of the project. An Environment and Assessment Review Framework (EARF) 1 was prepared for the project setting out the procedures for screening and assessment of environmental impacts, reporting and management for subprojects in line with Government of Lao PDR (GOL, EIA Decree 2010) and ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) requirements. 3. The Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist from the Projects (EARF) was used to screen the subproject based on a literature review, site visits and discussion with local beneficiaries. This subproject was classified as Environment Category B. This document is the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the Dong-Savang-Thong agriculture infrastructure subproject, which involves irrigation scheme rehabilitation and access road improvement. The IEE is prepared according to the ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement of June 2009 and the GOL EIA decree of April 2010. This IEE document was prepared in June 2016 and updated during the period March to May 2017 following comments from ADB and as additional data has been collected. Description of the Sub-project 4. The Project is located in Songkhon District of Savannakhet province and was originally constructed in 1987. It is a pumped scheme served by a station operating from a moored pontoon located beside the Nong Louang, a natural lake with a total water surface area 700ha and an average depth of 3m. The total existing irrigable area (command area) in Dong Savang village is in the order of 170ha. Improvements are to include an extension of 330ha. The improved scheme is designed to have a command area of 500ha, yielding a dry season crop, and serving 210 households including Dong Savang, Songkhon, Vixaisong, Paksong and Laha Nam village. Present Condition and Characteristics of the Subproject 5. The existing Scheme has deteriorated and suffers from inadequate Operation and Maintenance (O&M). The Scheme is laid out in a ‘herringbone’ formation with a central main canal running along the spine serving a series of secondary canals. Water is delivered via a conventional electrically powered pumping plant using a pair of centrifugal pumps mounted on a floating pontoon, a technique commonly used. Water is pumped into a stilling basin from
1 https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/gms-ewec-agriculture-infrastructure-sector-project-earf
iii Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination where it discharges by gravity into the lined main canal. Flow is then distributed by gravity through a set of secondary canals. The estimated total length of main, secondary and tertiary canals is 4,947m, 3,392m, and 5,349m respectively. Flows in the earth canals are unregulated and the scheme is free-running apart from where temporary measures are used to route flows into specific farm units from some secondary canals. As a consequence, scheme efficiency is low and therefore would incur a higher pumping cost per hectare than necessary. 6. The access roads related with Dong-Savang-Thong subproject are Road No.1 (Songkhon village to Vixaisong village) and Road No.2 (Dong-Savang-Thong village to Doneyanong). The Road No.1 with a width of 6m is paved with gravel and currently in moderate conditions. On the other hand, Road No.2, 4m width, an important connection between villages, is partially paved with gravel, however, it is seriously deteriorated and not passable particularly in the wet season. Irrigation service road is available along the canal; however, some roads are deteriorated and maintenance works cannot be effectively carried out. There are no permanent bridges across the canals, instead villagers constructed temporary bridges by locally available materials. 7. Currently, a natural stream in the in the command area from Nong Hee to Nong Ma Chork flowing into Ta Lieng stream is utilized as the main drain of the system. 8. The scheme has significantly deteriorated due to lack of funds for the construction of an effective water distribution system and subsequently inadequate operation and maintenance. Currently only one pump is operational delivering sufficient water to irrigate 87ha of crops cultivated in the dry season. Improvements 9. The rehabilitation plan is aimed at improving the whole of the existing irrigation and drainage network (170ha) and extending the network northwards and eastwards with an extension of the main canal bringing an additional area (330ha) into production. The rehabilitation of water distribution system will include two main canals, three secondary canals, eight tertiary mains, and 33 quaternary (farm) canals. 10. Existing pumps and motors will be replaced with a suitable type and quantity. The existing pontoon will also be replaced. Headrace and suction basin will be improved, stilling basin will be reconstructed, the power supply system will be re-installed, and existing water impounding structures will be improved. 11. The agricultural access road upgrade will consist of construction of a narrow, but adequate width concrete pavement in residential area (approximately 4m), and improved drainage over 9.61 km of existing track. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 12. The 8th National Social and Economic Development Plan (8th NSEDP) emphasizes raising agricultural productivity as a development priority since the majority of the Lao workforce is currently engaged in agriculture. One of the biggest challenges that Lao PDR faces is the proper management and protection of the environment and natural resources (land, water resources, forests, minerals, biodiversity). Without adequate and sustainable planning and management of natural resources, the development actions proposed in the 8th NSEDP will cause serious ecological and socio-economic problems, lead to irreversible damage to the environment, and exacerbate poverty. To address this issue, the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment (MONRE) has developed the 10-year Natural Resources and Environmental Strategy, 2016-2025 based on national directions and policies (National
iv Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Social and Economic Development Plan, the National Strategies for Economic Development and Poverty Reduction, the IX Government Resolution and sectoral strategies) as well as on regional and global orientations and policies (Millennium Development Goals, climate change, and Multilateral Environmental Agreements). 13. Investment projects are categorized according to a schedule in the EIA decree into category 1 – small scale, requiring an IEE or category 2-large scale, requiring an environmental impact assessment (EIA). For irrigation projects, those with a command area of between 100 and 2000ha are in category 1, and those with a command area greater than 2,000ha are in category 2. The corresponding category to Lao Category 1 in the ADB’s classification system is B, which, similarly, requires an IEE and EMP. 14. According to the Regulation on Environmental Assessment in the Lao PDR, the IEE of the Project is required to be submitted to the Ministry of Nature Resources and Environment at the provincial level (PONRE) for approval through the issuance of an environmental certificate prior to the project commencement (no civil work is allowed prior to the approval). Description of the Environment 15. The Dong-Savang-Thong subproject is located in the Songkhon District in Savannakhet province. The area is generally flat beside the Nong Louang where the irrigation scheme is located. The elevation at Ban Dong-Savang-Thong is around 135MASL. As is common to the lowland areas adjoining the Mekong River in Southern Laos, underlying rock is mostly recently-deposited mudstone, underlain by older sandstone bedrock. Soil type along the canal alignment is clayey soil. Two similar soil types had been observed in the command area has high potential for increase agricultural production. 16. Lao PDR has a tropical monsoon climate which features a dry season (November to February) and a wet season (May to October). The dry season is generally cooler, though temperatures rise significantly in March and April prior to the onset of the rains. The average annual precipitation in Savannakhet is around 1,430 mm, although this is highly variable from year to year (1,295 mm – 1,739 mm in 10 years). Lowest temperature is around 15oC occurring in January and reaching 35oC in April. Monthly maximum temperatures are above 30oC for most of the year. 17. National Protected Area (NPA) doesn’t lie within 50 km of the Subproject site. Staff of DAFO, PPMO, DCO and people in Dong Savang village mentioned that no rare animals and plants are found in the area. Only seasonal birds and fish are recorded but endangered species have not been recorded. 18. The source of water is Nong Louang a natural lake with a water surface area of around 700ha and with the storage volume of 21,000,000m3 to supply water for dry season agricultural practices. During the rainy season the lake would be merged with flood water from three major rivers the Xe Banghiang, Xe Champhon and Xe Xamxoy. It was reported that the lake has an average depth of 3m. 19. National Protected Areas (NPAs) do not lie within 50km of the subproject site. 20. At subproject disclosure 11th May 2016 the local community reported only common species of fauna and flora were present in the area. At the request of ADB additional data on the fauna and flora of the subproject area was collected on a site visit, 17th October 2017. A review of the literature identified thirteen (13) species of bird, fish, reptile and amphibians recorded from village discussions were listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List: Coturnix japonica (Japanese Quail) is Near Threat; Psittacula alexandri (Red-Breasted Parakeet) is
v Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Near Threat; Arborophila charltonii (Chestnut-Necklaced Partridge) is Vulnerable; Columba punicea (Pale-capped pigeon) is a Vulnerable; Aguila heliaca (Imperial Eagle) is Vulnerable; Cirrhinus molitorella (Mud Carp) is Near Threat; Bagarius yarrelli (Goonch) is Near Threat; Ompok bimaculatus (Pa Seuam) is Near Threat ; the Probarbus labeamajor (Thick Lipped barb) is Endangered; and the cobra Naja siamensis (cobra) is Vulnerable; Malayemys subtrijuga (Mekong Snail-eating Turtle) is Vunerable; and Crocodylus siamenese (Siamese Crocodile) is Critically Endangered. It is not anticipated that the subproject agriculture infrastructure would adversely impact on these threatened species although the contractor would be instructed to prohibit their staff from hunting and fishing during their employment work on construction of the subproject. 21. The Dong-Savang-Thong subproject is located within the Xe Champhone Wetlands that provide a habitat from the Siamese crocodile, (Crocodylus siamensis SCHNEIDER, 1801), a Critically Endangered species. Because the Xe Champhone River has many deep-water ponds and marshes, the crocodiles can remain all year round despite dry conditions in other areas. An estimated 75 crocodiles live in the wetlands, and vital breeding areas for this species have been identified, including Kout Xelat, Kout Kean and Kout Markpeo. Further, sites were the presence of the crocodiles was recorded in Kout Kouang, Kout Koke and Nong Maehhang. Kout Kouang is located close to the newly developed irrigation area in rainfed paddy land. 22. During the wet season, when the water levels are high, the entire area may be considered wetlands. During the dry season, although the landscape is very different, scattered ponds and marshes remain. In the dry season, only the Xe Champhone River and its oxbow lakes retain water and thus provide fishing opportunities and a source of water for the crocodiles. 23. The main potential adverse impacts on the wetland ecology from the subproject would be excessive use of persistent herbicides and pesticides and inorganic fertilizer that could be washed out through the drainage water or flushed from the surface in the wet season by flood water polluting the wetlands. During discussions with Dong-Savang villagers (May 2016) they informed the environmental team that herbicides and pesticides were not used in paddy crop production but inorganic fertilizer was used to increase yields. 24. Many of the changes and threats to the wetlands are outside the scope of the Project to mitigate while others can be mitigated for potential subproject impacts through the civil work design. 25. The crocodiles are known to migrate within the wetlands during the wet season when the perennial water bodies, inhabited in dry season, are interconnected by flood water. Migratory routes have not been identified, this would require tracking that is not presently recommended. The continuity of flood water flow through the subproject would be maintained by cross drainage using box culverts rather than pipe culverts. Canal cross sections would be trapezoidal rather than rectangular with canal lining raised above the ground level to reduce the risk of crocodiles becoming trapped inside the canals. 26. Rehabilitation of the access road from Dong Savang village to Doneyanong village would be along the existing alignment and mainly outside the wetland. Access road cross-drainage would be provided by box culverts to maintain the continuity of flow through the wetlands and any migratory routes used by the crocodiles. 27. Advice to farmers, including emphatic discouragement of the use of persistent pesticides would continue through DAFO. The Government of Lao PDR is strongly supportive of the introduction of organic and green agriculture. PPMO and DCO staff would receive training in Integrated Pest Management and Soil Fertility Management that has used the three Phase I
vi Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination subprojects as a pilot for the introduction of the training program with assistance from the LIC. Subsequently DCO with assistance from the PPMO would continue the training program. 28. There are no known items of historical or archaeological significance, as confirmed in community consultations in 2016. Human and Economic Development 29. Villagers’ incomes are based on rice plantation or lowland farming, animal raising, fishery, and cash crop cultivation (corn, beans, and fruits such as water-melon). Over the 3-year period 2013 – 2015, total income from agricultural activities has remained relatively stable increasing slightly from LAK 680.4 million to 817.9 million while income from non-agricultural activities has also increased from LAK 1,200.1 to 1,265.2 million. The average annual household (HH) income from all sources has increased from LAK 46.2 million to 46.6 million over the same period. 30. In a wealth ranking the majority of HH (100%) were medium, among these there is only one female headed HH. 31. All households (100%) have annual rice sufficiency and a surplus (>12% of produce for sale). No household in Dong-Savang-Thong village has a deficiency. 32. The land use in the Project area is predominantly irrigated though other cash crops are also grown. The villagers are practicing only rice cultivation both wet and dry seasons. There are over 602ha of rainfed lowland paddy area of which 174ha are dry season irrigated areas and 157.4ha are irrigated from of Dong-Savang-Thong irrigation scheme. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 33. In the IEE, potential impacts were assessed by means of site visits, discussions with local authorities and beneficiaries and the use of secondary sources of information such as similar projects elsewhere. An Environmental Impact Matrix was developed based on current environmental laws and legislation including, without limitation, the Rules and Regulations of Lao PDR relating to: air; noise; water supply; land/soil; waste water; solid waste; land use; biodiversity; cultural; health; education; safety resettlement; income; ethnic groups, unexploded ordinance (UXO); and climate. The scoring indicated in the matrix reflects an impact scale of each parameters during the three phases of subproject development pre- construction, construction and operation. Negative impact is shown in yellow, orange and red while positive impact recorded is shown from light to dark green. Scale of the impact of each type (negative or positive) is classified by a score 0, ±5 and ±10. A score of 5-minor impact and 10-significant impact. 34. Rankings for the severity of impacts and effectiveness of mitigation measures were made. A summary of Environmental Impacts before and after mitigation is shown in the tables below. Potential environmental impacts and required mitigation are incorporated into the EMP, which would be part of all construction contracts, and in agreements with the WUG. The IEE also includes a detailed Environmental Monitoring Plan. 35. Potential permanent land and asset losses were identified in a Preliminary Measurement Survey (PMS) that was used to develop a preliminary Inventory of Losses (IOL). The preliminary IOL identified the loss of 12.1ha of productive land from 90AHs, 374.7m2 of residential land by 13AHs, two (2) secondary structures, farm huts, covering 48m2 from 2AH and 202m of wooden fencing from 9AHs. The preliminary compensation budget was estimated at LAK 505.6 million (US$ 62,036.8) including a 20 per cent contingency. This is detailed in Annex 7 (Land Acquisition and Compensation Plan).
vii Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
36. Construction of irrigation service roads and irrigation canals would result in the removal of topsoil and other material containing vegetative matter that is not suitable for re-use on the road but can be utilized locally for house construction and other common community uses within or near the village. Villagers confirm there is a substantial demand for this material. Environmental impacts related to construction would be temporary and can in most cases be mitigated before and during the construction period. Mitigation of any risks of sediment runoff would be achieved by Contract requirements. Surplus spoil should be used as fill, for example backfilling of culvert walls, wherever possible. 37. Construction operations would involve the temporary closure of the irrigation systems. Ensuring that local farmers are aware of the construction schedule would help mitigate the effects of temporary closure. It would not be feasible to maintain irrigation flows while civil works would be on-going. 38. Environmental negative impacts related to location and design are anticipated in land/soils, resettlement, and climate. The negative impacts in land/soils and resettlement can be mitigated with careful design and proper implementation of resettlement plan. Summary Matrix of Environmental Impacts
Activities and Project Impacts Table Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
Output/Activity t
Air
UXO
Noise
Water
Safety
Supply
Water Health Ethnic
Waste- Impact
Climate
Income
Cultural
Average Average
Land Use Land
Minorities
Education
Land/soils
Solid Waste Solid Biodiversity
Resettlemen ImpactTotal Pre-Construction Headworks 0 0 0 -5 0 0 0 -5 0 0 0 0 -5 10 0 0 -5 -10 -0.63 Main/secondary canals 0 0 0 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 10 0 0 -5 -5 -0.31 Access / village roads -5 0 0 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 10 0 0 -5 -10 -0.63 Canal service roads -5 0 0 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 10 0 0 -5 -10 -0.63 Drainage channels 0 0 0 -5 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 10 0 0 -5 -10 -0.63 Construction Headworks -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 0 -5 0 -5 -5 5 0 0 0 -50 -3.13 Main/secondary canals -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 0 -5 0 -5 -5 5 0 0 0 -50 -3.13 Access / village roads -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 0 -5 -5 -5 -5 0 0 0 0 -60 -3.75 Canal service roads -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 0 -5 0 -5 -5 5 0 0 0 -50 -3.13 Drainage channels -5 -5 0 -5 -5 -5 0 -5 0 -5 0 -5 -5 0 0 0 0 -45 -2.81 Operation Headworks 0 0 5 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 -5 10 0 0 -5 -5 -0.31 Main/secondary canals 0 0 5 0 0 -5 0 0 0 -5 0 -5 -5 10 0 0 -5 -10 -0.63 Access / village roads 0 0 0 0 0 -5 0 0 0 5 5 -5 -5 10 0 0 0 5 0.31 Canal service roads -5 0 0 -5 0 -5 0 0 0 -5 0 -5 -5 10 0 0 0 -20 -1.25 Drainage channels 0 0 5 -5 -5 -5 0 0 0 -5 0 -5 -5 10 0 0 0 -15 -0.94
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact Average total Impact 5 Pre-Construction -0.55 0 No significant impact Construction -3.28 -5 Operation -0.47 -10 Very negative impact
viii Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Summary Matrix of Environmental Impacts after Mitigation
Project Impacts Table - With Recommended Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
Output/Activity t
Air
UXO
Noise
Water
Safety
Supply
Water Health Ethnic
Waste- Impact
Climate
Income
Cultural
Average Average
Land Use Land
Minorities
Education
Land/soils
Solid Waste Solid Biodiversity
Resettlemen ImpactTotal Pre-Construction Headworks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 5 0.31 Main/secondary canals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 5 0.31 Access / village roads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 5 0.31 Canal service roads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 5 0.31 Drainage channels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 5 0.31 Construction Headworks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0.31 Main/secondary canals 0 0 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0.00 Access / village roads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0.31 Canal service roads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0.31 Drainage channels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 Operation Headworks 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 10 0.63 Main/secondary canals 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 10 0.63 Access / village roads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 10 0 0 0 20 1.25 Canal service roads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 0.63 Drainage channels 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 15 0.94
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact Average total Impact 5 Pre-Construction 0.31 0 No significant impact Construction 0.23 -5 Operation 0.78 -10 Very negative impact
39. Excavation works will result in localized concentrations of airborne particulate matter, which may pose a significant dust nuisance where it occurs in proximity to villages, schools, or dwellings. Where excavation operations carried out during dry and windy conditions are within 50m of an occupied dwelling, excavated sites should be sprayed with water to control dust release. Construction equipment is invariably diesel powered and exhaust fumes contain gaseous and particle pollutants. Lao PDR has legislation on vehicle exhaust emissions but testing facilities are not available within Lao PDR. Mitigation would be necessary ensuring equipment is well-maintained while trucks idling for over 15 minutes would not be allowed in populated areas. Similarly, as most construction will involve hand labor or small plant, noise nuisance is not expected to be significant. However, contractors will be prevented from working between the hours of 19:00 and 06:00 in populated areas, or near schools and hospitals. For temporary use of land owners will receive compensation in the form of rents payable during scheme construction period and land will be re-instated to pre-construction levels. Contractors are to protect sensitive urban, agricultural and natural areas during construction. 40. Contractors are to protect sensitive urban, agricultural and natural areas during construction especially from encroachment into forest and wetland areas and to avoid potential impacts on Nong Louang and in particular Koudkuang swamp, where sometime Siamese crocodile can be found. Sensitive areas will be clearly demarcated to minimize risk of encroachment. However, the proposed subproject would not post a major impact to its habitat and breeding ground. For Koudkuang swamp, the closest canal (tertiary canal) to be built is located on the north of Ban Done, reportedly about 3km from the Koudkuang swamp. 41. While the Contractor would be encouraged to engage local people for the works, some skilled workers and possibly supplementary labor would need to be brought to the site from elsewhere in Lao PDR or outside the country. Interactions with local residents can potentially lead to the spread of communicable diseases, or incidences of disharmony. Numerous mitigation measures are specified in the EMP, and the Contractor would develop and implement an appropriate Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan (CEMP), approved by the construction supervision engineer, to address these and other public health issues. The
ix Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination contents of the CEMP and the Contractors’ responsibilities with respect to environmental and social issues are specified in Annex 6.4 (Environmental and Social Clauses for Civil Works Contracts). Some construction activities would pose a small safety risk to workers and to local people. The CEMP would include an effective Health and Safety Plan and an appropriate Hydrocarbon and Hazardous Materials Management Plan. 42. Advice to farmers, including emphatic discouragement of the use of persistent pesticides should continue through DAFO. The GoL is strongly supportive of the introduction of organic and green agriculture. PPMO and DCO staff will receive training in Integrated Pest Management and Soil Fertility Management (Annex 2.3 Present Agriculture and Agricultural Development Plan) that will use the three Phase I subprojects as a pilot for the introduction of the training program with assistance from the LIC. Subsequently DCO with assistance from the PPMO will continue the training program. The expansion of the command area will increase the irrigated area of paddy fields that are seasonally inhabited by fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic insects. The project will improve the seasonal aquatic ecosystem in the agricultural land and have only minor impact on the lake at the pumped intake location. 43. In common with all irrigation schemes, an increase in soil salinity may occur as a result of the accumulation of salts that are dissolved in the irrigation water, and upward transport of salt deposits in lower soil horizons in the case of over-irrigation. These risks are low for the scheme, as any salt not taken up by growing plants will be subject to natural flushing by rainwater in the wet season. 44. Some studies indicate that paddy rice fields contribute approximately 9-13 percent of the global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), especially methane and nitrous oxide. The total carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions from the AISP would be well below the ADB’s significance threshold. However, it is recommended that the Project contact researchers in Thailand or others who are working on this issue to see if it would be feasible to have them come to the project areas to train farmers and the DAFOs in techniques that would reduce GHG emissions. 45. Climate risk screening (Annex 6.6 Rapid Environmental Assessment and Climate Change Checklist) carried out at the start of the subproject Feasibility Study scored the subproject risk as medium which requires consideration of mitigation and adaptation measures. The subproject has numerous features that are designed to mitigate the effects of climate change events, such as concrete structures built to survive periodic inundations and reduce seepage loses from irrigation water. The impact of the subproject on climate change is considered low while mitigation introduced through design would reduce adverse impacts of climate change on the subproject. 46. The subproject is vulnerable to flood and climate change models project an increase in the frequency and severity of flood and drought in southern Lao PDR. Flood prevention is beyond the scope of the subproject civil works and mitigation to reduce the severity of impacts has been addressed in the concept design (Annex 2: Concept Engineering Design) and is discussed below in section 5.7.2 (Impact of Climate Change and Project Adaption Measures, Design Mitigation). The continuity of natural drainage would be maintained through construction of culverts and aqueducts. The impact of drought would be mitigated through the introduction of dry season irrigation and supplementary irrigation in the wet season; and a reduction in water demand by lining canals throughout the distribution network thus reducing seepage loses. Further, crop diversification would be introduced to reduce crop water requirements, paddy has a high crop water requirement.
x Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
47. Data on bombs dropped by US forces between 1965 and 1973 is available from the National Regulatory Authority for UXO/Mine Action and has been reviewed. Records on any ordnance arising from ground fighting or from bombings by Southern Vietnamese, Lao or Thai air forces, are not available. These records do not show the locations of cluster bomb munitions. Staff of DAFO, PPMO, DCO and people in Dong Savang village mentioned that there is no record of any UXO in the area. Transboundary Issues 48. The controlled use of irrigation water and the use of potentially harmful chemicals in pest control are, to some extent, transboundary issues. Risks of the use of harmful substances or excessive use of less harmful substances in irrigated agriculture are heightened by ready availability from neighboring countries. These risks can be reduced by improved information on agrichemicals available on the local market, and dissemination on their proper use. 49. There are two other irrigation schemes using Nong Louang Lake. The cumulative withdrawals from the project and these other schemes will not degrade the lake condition to maintain the aquatic ecosystems. However, the detailed design consultants will be tasked with identifying all abstractions from the lake to ensure that there are no impacts, and to develop a fair water allocation program to be implemented by the PAFO. Analysis Alternatives 50. The “no subproject” alternative, while feasible, would simply mean the substitution of the Dong Savang Thong irrigation scheme and access road with an alternative subproject, likely to be based on a different irrigation scheme within Savannakhet province. Information Disclosure, Participation and Consultation 51. Consultations were conducted during visits Dong Savang village on 11 May 2016 which included a focus group discussion during which the Project was disclosed to community representatives and environmental and other issues discussed. The overall consensus is that the Project is needed and people want it to start as soon as possible. 52. Local community have no concern about environmental issues relating to the subproject but would like the project to have a proper design for the scheme, including building a road along each main canal in order to provide a good accessibility to them and it should ensure that there is enough water in each sub-canal/secondary canal in order to avoid conflict about water problems between people in upstream and downstream areas. They also would like to have an office specifically to use for the Water User Group. Grievance Redress Mechanism 53. The Project Grievance Redress Mechanism is operational, persons affected by the subproject activities, or concerned about environmental impacts, are entitled to lodge complaints regarding any aspect. Local stakeholders were asked whether they were aware of the Grievance Redress Procedures and if there had been any grievances to date. Generally, people are aware of the procedure and there have not been any reported grievances to date. 54. The objective of the grievance redress mechanism is to resolve complaints as quickly as possible and at the local level through a process of conciliation; and, if that is not possible, to provide clear and transparent procedures for appeal. 55. For temporary use of land, owners would receive compensation in the form of rents payable during scheme construction period and land would be re-instated to pre-construction levels.
xi Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Conclusions and Recommendations 56. The IEE process has found that the Dong-Savang-Thong subproject will not cause significant negative environmental impacts. Potential negative impacts relate mainly to the construction phase and can be managed and brought to acceptable levels through the implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. 57. The proposed subproject would provide a significant positive impact to the area, in particular enhancing agricultural production as well as contributing to flood and drought mitigation throughout the irrigation system. 58. It is recommended that the Contractors are to protect sensitive areas such as Nong Louang and in particular Koudkuang swamp, where sometime Siamese crocodile can be found during the construction. Sensitive areas will be clearly demarcated to minimize risk of encroachment. 59. No further environmental assessment is therefore required. The Project is therefore confirmed as Category B according to the ADB’s classification system.
xii Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abbreviations and Glossary i Executive Summary iii
1 INTRODUCTION A6-1 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT A6-1 2.1 Subproject Scope A6-1 2.2 Present Condition and Characteristics of the Scheme A6-3 2.3 Rehabilitation of the Agriculture Infrastructure A6-6 2.3.1 Climate Resilient Infrastructure Design A6-6 2.3.2 Improvements in Agriculture Infrastructure A6-7 3 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK A6-10 3.1 Environmental Policy A6-10 3.2 Relevant Laws A6-11 3.3 Decrees, Regulations and International Conventions A6-14 3.4 Government’s Requirement on IEE/EIA Approval in Lao PDR A6-16 3.5 Additional Project Requirements A6-16 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT A6-17 4.1 Physical Resources A6-17 4.1.1 Location and Topography A6-17 4.1.2 Geology and Soils A6-17 4.1.3 Climate A6-17 4.1.4 Water Resources A6-19 4.1.5 Ecological Resources and Landscape A6-20 4.1.6 Items of Historical and Archaeological Significance A6-36 4.1.7 Human and Economic Development A6-36 5 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES A6-41 5.1 Method of Assessment A6-41 5.2 Environmental Impacts Related to Location and Design A6-41 5.3 Environmental Management Plan A6-42 5.3.1 Environmental Impacts Related to Pre-Construction A6-42 5.3.2 Environmental Impacts Related to Construction A6-45 5.3.3 Environmental Impacts Related to Operation A6-50 5.4 Safety A6-52 5.5 Climate Change A6-53 5.5.1 Project’s Emissions of Greenhouse Gases A6-53 5.5.2 Impact of Climate Change and Project Adaptation Measures A6-54 6 Global, Transboundary and Cumulative Impacts A6-55 7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES A6-56 8 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND A6-57 PARTICIPATION 9 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM A6-59 10 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN A6-62 10.1 Responsibilities for Environmental Management A6-62 10.2 Approach to Environmental Monitoring A6-63 11 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION A6-64
xiii Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
SCHEDULE OF TABLES
Table A6.1: Pump Station Details A6.4 Table A6.2: Common Trees Species in the Subproject Area A6.21 Table A6.3: Common Birds Species in the Subproject Area A6.22 Table A6.4: Common Mammals in the Subproject Area A6.22 Table A6.5: Common Aquatic Species in the Subproject Area A6.23 Table A6.6: Reptile and Amphibian Species in the Subproject Area A6.24 Table A6.7: Summary Matrix of Environmental Impacts A6.43 Table A6.8: Summary Matrix of Environmental Impacts After Mitigation A6.44 Table A6.9: Environmental Management Plan Summary A6.46 Table A6.10: Factors Used for Calculating Emission Levels of Green House Gas from Paddy Fields A6.53 Table A6.11: Global Warming Potential for Dong Boun Subprojects A6.54 Table A6.12: Project Climate Change Adaptation Measures A6.55 Table A6.13: Project Main Steps of Grievance Mechanisms A6.60 Table A6.14: Environmental Monitoring Plan A6.64 Table A6.15: Water Quality Analysis Results A6.63 Table A6.16: Environmental Management Plan A6.72 Table A6.17: Persons Met in Songkhon District A6.106
SCHEDULE OF FIGURES
Figure A6.1: Location of the Subproject in Southern Lao PDR A6-2 Figure A6.2: Existing Irrigation Scheme Layout and Access Road A6-4 Figure A6.3: Condition of Existing Irrigation Structures A6-5 Figure A6.4: Concept Engineering Design Layout of the Rehabilitated Irrigation Scheme A6-9 Figure A6.5: Mean Monthly Rainfall and Evaporation in Savannakhet A6-18 Figure A6.6: Proportion of Households at risk for Drought A6-19 Figure A6.7 National Protected Areas Near the Subproject A6-21 Figure A6.8: Xe Champhone Wetlands A6.33 Figure A6.9 Xe Champhone Ramsar Site A6-34 Figure A6.10: Landscape of Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject A6-38 Figure A6.11: Land Use in Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject A6-39 Figure A6.12: Proposed Water Quality Sampling Sites A6-67 Figure A6.13 Pictures from 2016 IEE Mission A6-106
xiv Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEXES
Annex A6.1 Environmental Management Plan A6.69 Annex A6.2 Details of the Impact Assessment and Summary of Mitigation Measures A6.81 Annex A6.3 Information Disclosure, Participation and Consultation A6.101 Annex A6.4 Environmental and Social Clauses of Civil Works Contracts A6.109 Annex A6.5 Environmental and Social Monitoring Process A6.119 Annex A6.6 Rapid Environmental Assessment and Climate Change Checklist A6.133 Annex A6.7 Citations and References A6.139
xv Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
xvi Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
1 INTRODUCTION 1. The Greater Mekong Subregion East West Economic Corridor Agricultural Infrastructure Sector Project (GMS-EWEC-AISP, or AISP in this document) will comprise improvements to agriculture infrastructure and provide technical and advisory support to beneficiary communities in the formation and strengthening of water user groups, technical support and capacity building for extension services and support in post-harvest handling, product storage, and marketing. It will provide project management support and capacity building for provincial and district level offices which will take a lead role in project implementation, in accordance with the Government’s decentralization policy of 2000. It is a sector project, and specific subprojects for the improvement of agriculture infrastructure in the two project provinces, Savannakhet and Salavan, will be prepared and implemented. The Project is divided into three phases. Phase I has three representative subprojects, Phase II twelve subprojects and Phase III up to twelve subprojects. 2. This document is the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the Dong-Savang-Thong agriculture infrastructure subproject, which involves irrigation scheme and access road rehabilitation. The IEE is prepared according to the ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement of June 2009 and the GOL EIA decree of April 2010. This IEE document was prepared in May 2016 and was subsequently up dated between February 2017 and March 2018 in response to ADB comments. The IEE is an integral part of the subproject Feasibility Study. 3. The Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist from the Projects (EARF) was used to screen the subproject based on a literature review, site visits and discussion with local beneficiaries. This subproject was classified as Environment Category B. This document is the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the Dong-Savang-Thong subproject which involves rehabilitation of the irrigation scheme and access road within proposed irrigated area. 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SUB-PROJECT 2.1 Subproject Scope 4. The Dong-Savang-Thong irrigation scheme is located in Songkhon district (see Figure A6-1) and was originally constructed in 1987 through a joint initiative between the Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Department (PAFO), and the local Water Users Group (WUG). The Lao government provided funds for supply and installation of the pumping station and technical assistance for designing and constructing the scheme; while farmers provided in kind contribution for the construction of a basic distribution system which is mostly an unlined canal system without proper control structure. In the recent years PAFO has continuously provided some funds for major repair to the pump station and construction of concrete lining on a part of Right Main Canal with a total length of 500 meters. Like the majority of irrigation developments in the province, the scheme is served by a floating/pontoon pumping station located on a head race channel 18 meters wide and 300 meters long off Nong Louang.
A6-1 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Figure A6.1: Location of the Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject in Southern Lao PDR
Dong-Savang-Thong Sub- Project Area
A6-2 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
5. The scheme water source is Nong Louang which is a natural lake with total area of 700ha and average depth of 3m which is surrounded with several wetlands. There are two small water impounding dams that were built across drainage streams from the lake to control the water storage for dry season crop production. The pump station is equipped with two sets of 75 KW electric driven centrifugal pumps. The total existing irrigable area (command area) is approximately 170ha. Improvements are to enable dry season cropping in 330ha. The improved scheme is to have a command area of 500ha and serving 210 households covering an area of five villages: Dong Savang, Songkhon, Vixaisong, Paksong and Laha Nam village.2 2.2 Present Condition and Characteristics of the Scheme 6. The scheme has physically deteriorated due to a lack of funds for the construction of a proper distribution system at the beginning, and subsequently operation and maintenance. Only one of two pump sets was operating and running day and night to supply water for the last dry season crop production. A WUG is formally established for the subproject working jointly for preparing cropping and a water management plan with DAFO. The existing WUG is performing well, the irrigation system operation and maintenance (O&M) is moderately done and irrigation service fees are collected to fund O&M. It was reported during the field visit that some canal structures were built under the O&M fund and it was noted that the farmers are eager to participate in the rehabilitation of the existing irrigation system. 7. The scheme is located in the floodplain of three major rivers of Xe Banghiang, Xe Champhon and Xe Xamxoy with a total water surface area 700ha measured from Google image dated 25 December 2015. It was reported that the lake has an average depth of 3m and there are many small spring sources in it. There is inflow water from Vixaisong Irrigation Scheme, an irrigation system drawing water from Xe Banghiang to a command area of approximately 100ha on the eastern side of the lake which is about 1km north of Dong Savang village. It was also reported by Timmins (2014)3 “The Nong Louang has a hydrological system somewhat akin to the Tonle Sap of Cambodia, with water flowing into it when the Xe Champhone and Xe Banghiang systems are in flood. The storage capacity of the lake in the dry season is estimated at 21,000,000m3 while live storage is estimated at half this volume, 10.5 million m3. Presently stoplogs are used on the weir across the Houay Lamphone and rehabilitation of the weir would retain this increased height. It was established that there are two additional irrigation schemes extracting water from Nong Louang, Nongdeun and Nongboua irrigation schemes. The two irrigation schemes are respectively situated about 4.0km and 8.0km east of Dong Savang village. An estimation of water withdrawal according to DCO for the two projects are about 4,000,000m3/year for Nongboua and 1,800,000m3/year for Nongdeun respectively. The irrigated area for Nongboua is 180ha and Nongdeun is 50ha. A third irrigation scheme, Dong-Savang-Thong II is presently under construction with financial assistance from the Government of India. 8. The scheme is a ‘herringbone’ formation with a central main canal running along the spine serving a series of secondary canals. Water is delivered via a conventional electrically powered pumping plant using a pair of centrifugal pumps mounted on a floating pontoon, a technique commonly used. The existing scheme layout is shown in Figure A6.2.Water is pumped into a stilling basin from where it discharges by gravity into the lined main canal. Flow is then distributed by gravity through secondary canals.
2 Baseline Survey, September 2016 3 Timmins, R. J. (2014). The significance of the Xe Champhone Ramsar site (Savannakhet province, Lao PDR) and its surroundings for biodiversity conservation: Results of bird and mammal surveys, and implication for Ramsar site boundary revision. Vientiane, Lao PDR: IUCN. 114pp.
A6-3 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Figure A6.2: Existing Irrigation Scheme Layout and Access Roads
+
+
9. The scheme is served by a pump station operating from a moored pontoon. It is located on the head race channel of 18 meters wide and 300 meters long off Nong Louang. Pumping is via centrifugal units driven by electric motors powered off the national grid. Scheme pump station details are set down in Table A6-1. Table A6.1: Pump Station Details
Description Detail Pump (No) 3 Capacity (l/sec per pump) 389l/s Motor (No) 3 Motor (Kw per motor) 75 Theoretical pump head (m) 4.8 Delivery pipe dia. (m) 0.6
10. The total length of main, secondary and tertiary canals is 4,947m, 3,392m, and 5,349m respectively. Flows in the earth canals are unregulated and the scheme is free-running apart from where temporary structures are used to route flows into specific farm units from some secondary canals. As a consequence, scheme efficiency is low and therefore would incur a higher pumping cost per hectare than necessary. 11. The main canal is mostly earth with ungated division boxes. Most of the main canal is unlined and seriously eroded. The main canal with the length of 2.6km was originally constructed by villagers. The canal is fully functional but the elevation at some division boxes
A6-4 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination is below the adjacent paddy land so that water cannot be distributed in the paddy field. Turn- outs on main, secondary and field canals are ungated. The absence of water control structures at turn-outs results in inefficiencies in water distribution. The irrigation method is plot to plot basin irrigation. 12. The access road to the irrigation scheme is partially gravel paved with a width of 4m from Dong Savang village to Doneyanong village. The road pavement is seriously deteriorated and frequently impassable during the wet season. An irrigation service road is available along the main canal; however, some parts of the road have deteriorated and maintenance work cannot be effectively carried out. There are no permanent bridges across the canals, instead villagers constructed temporary bridges using locally available materials. 13. Currently, a natural stream in the command area from Nong Hee to Nong Ma Chork flowing into Ta Lieng stream is utilized as the main drain of the system. The field survey revealed that the drainage function is adequate and it is not necessary for the rehabilitation or improvement works. 14. The condition of the electrical and mechanical equipment at the head works is clearly deficient. One pump set is not functioning and the other is significantly damaged. The pontoon is in poor condition. The original steel rising main (150m) was seriously eroded and was replaced by PVC pipe with 500mm diameter in 2012 (Figure A6.3). The head works is 150m from the step-down transformer off the national grid and the electrical wiring was not correctly installed, this is a safety hazard. The only operational pump set can deliver sufficient water to irrigate 87ha of crops cultivated in the dry season. The scheme’s current command area (170 ha) is very unlikely to have been fully irrigated. 15. The two main canals with a total length of 2.6km are in poor condition. Most of the length of the canals is unlined in cut with undefined shape resulting in high seepage rates and water losses from the canals. The middle reach of the right main canal of approximately 500m has a rectangular lined section of 0.6m bed width which is too small. It was reported that water level at this section is lower than paddy field (critical level). Main canals feed directly to field canals without permanent regulating structures contributing to inefficient water distribution. There is no proper access for agricultural machinery and O&M service.
A6-5 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Figure A6.3: Condition of existing irrigation structures
Plate No. A6.1: Deteriorate pump set, center Plate No. A6.2: Broken main steel pipe background spoil from excavation of the head connected from the headworks race
Plate No. A6.3: Main canal heavily eroded Plate No. A6.4: Earth Head regulator across the Houay Sala with serious erosion on upstream and downstream faces
2.3 Rehabilitation of the Subproject 2.3.1 Climate Resilient Infrastructure Design 16. The projected impact of climate change is discussed in detail below in Section 5.5.2. Lao PDR is among one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. Increases in temperature and precipitation are forecast for the next 20-30 years by most of the climate models. The projected 13.5 per cent increase in precipitation would result in an increase in annual runoff causing increased flood events, while reduced dry season rainfall in southern provinces would increase the occurrence and severity of drought. 17. Mitigation against increased flood and drought events and their severity are incorporated into the agriculture infrastructure design for resilience and sustainability including:
• concrete lining of canals to increase their resilience and sustainability during periodic inundations of flood, and reduce dry season seepage loses conserving limited water resources;
• a concrete paved access road, and paved irrigation service roads where periodic flood damage, or dust, make this necessary;
A6-6 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
• the provision of bioengineering initiatives including grazing on the downstream slope of the dam and transplanting deep rooting trees for canal’s shoulder protection; and • provision of participatory water resources management planning.
18. The concrete lining of canals would afford greater water control particularly of seepage loses into the local water table and facilitate crop diversity into higher value crops that cannot withstand waterlogging. It would also reduce the costs of routine maintenance. 2.3.2 Improvement of Agriculture Infrastructure 19. The concept engineering design would rehabilitate the whole of the existing irrigation and drainage network (170ha) and extending the network northwards and eastwards with an extension of the main canal bringing an additional area (330ha) into production. The subproject area access road (6.8km) from Dong Savang village to Doneyanong village would be rehabilitated with a 4m wide re-enforced concrete pavement. The side drains down both sides of the road and all 13 cross drainage structures would be rehabilitated. 20. Two existing bridges would be replaced by 3-vent box culverts 3m x 3m. 21. The road would be constructed along the alignment of the existing road. It is not anticipated there would be any land acquisition associated with access road construction. 22. The rehabilitation of water distribution system would include two main canals, three secondary canals, eight tertiary mains, and 33 quaternary (farm) canals. Appropriate water control structures would be built to regulate discharge in the system. Irrigation service roads would be constructed along the main and secondary canals to provide machinery access to cropped areas and O&M of the irrigation infrastructure. The natural drainage network, streams and lakes, in the command area will be utilized as system drainage. Box culverts would be provided at appropriate locations as cross drainage to protect main, secondary and tertiary canals. 23. The existing head works would be replaced and relocated. Rehabilitation would include a new redesigned pontoon to accommodate three pump sets, including one standby pump set. Each pump would have a design discharge of 389l/s and a delivery head of 4.8m. The pumps would be powered by 75 KW electric motors drawing power from the national grid. The head race would be extended a further 100m towards the electricity supply transformer with the existing width of 18m and the entire length of the head race deepened to 3.7m. This would reduce the length of the rising main and the associated friction loses in the pipe line. 24. The headworks would consist of: a suction basin, three 6m flanged flexible pipes of 300mm diameter; a 6m wye pipe 600mm in diameter delivering water through a 30m pipeline of 600mm diameter to a stilling basin at the head of the gravity fed water distribution system. 25. Bioengineering channel bank protection would be afforded over an area of 400m2 at the relocated head works. 26. The earth dam across the Houay Lamphone would be raised by 1.20m to replace the temporary structure already in place and a spillway built for the control discharge of water from the lake back into the Houay Lamphone. The earth tailrace from the spillway to the Houay Lamphone would be converted to a grass waterway. A gated structure would be installed to release environmental flows to maintain the aquatic ecosystem of the Houay Lamphone. The protection against soil erosion at the dam and along the spillway would involve the planting of grasses that are tolerant to flooding as lake water level and water flow down the spillway vary
A6-7 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination in the wet and dry season. A variety of grasses are ready available that afford good erosion control and a selection would be made in consultation with the WUG depending on local availability and ease of propagation (Annex 2.6 Bio-engineering). 27. Water control structures would be constructed where appropriate within the canal distribution network. The structures reinforced mass concrete with steel gates would be installed on off-takes and canal regulators to enable water to be managed efficiently. In addition, measuring devices would be introduced at key locations to enable the WUG to apportion flows, quantify losses, and monitor usage. 28. A total of 91 water control structures, including stilling basin, 9 division boxes, 36 farm turnouts, 25 offtakes, 4 end structures, 15 walkway bridges/farm bridges and 1 road crossing would be built. 29. The concept engineering design (Annex 2 Concept Engineering Design) covers the whole potential irrigation area. The irrigation distribution system includes 5km of a new main canal, 2.6km of existing main canal, 3.4km of secondary canal and 5.35km of tertiary canals. Lining will be in reinforced concrete (RC). Gravel pavement irrigation service roads will be provided along the canals to ensure access to cropped areas and fulfill O&M requirement. The irrigation service road width would be 4.0 m for main canals and 3.0 m for secondary/tertiary canals. Primary alignments of quaternary canals would be identified in consultation with farmers during detail engineering design, and precast concrete rectangular sections would be supplied by the contractor for construction of field canals which will be carried out by farmers. 30. Natural streams in the command area would be utilized as a drainage system. Box culverts would be provided at appropriate locations for cross drainage to protect main, secondary and tertiary canals from washout by flooding. 31. The concept engineering design layout for rehabilitation of the subproject is presented in Figure A6.4 below. 32. The access road to the subproject irrigated area and head works is along the existing road between Dong Savang village and Doneyanong village. Part of the access to the head works would be from the subproject access road along the irrigation service road of the main canal. The access road would be 6.79km in length. The road is subject to flood and would require a reinforced concrete pavement. The access road would be 4m wide with a sub-grade of compacted borrow, a layer of compacted selected laterite and a reinforced concrete pavement. There would be side drains down both sides of the road. There are 13 cross drainage box culverts. Two existing bridges would be replaced by 3-vent box culverts 3mx3m. 33. The road would be constructed along the alignment of the existing road. It is not anticipated there would be any land acquisition associated with access road construction.
A6-8 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Figure A6.4: Conceptual Engineering Design Layout of the Rehabilitated Irrigation
A6-9 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
3 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK4 3.1 Environmental Policy 34. The 8th National Social and Economic Development Plan (8th NSEDP) emphasizes raising agricultural productivity as a development priority since the majority of the workforce is currently engaged in agriculture. One of the biggest challenges that Lao PDR faces is the proper management and protection of the environment and natural resources (land, water resources, forests, minerals, biodiversity). Without adequate and sustainable planning and management of natural resource, the development actions proposed in the 8th NSEDP will cause serious ecological and socio-economic problems and lead to irreversible damage to the environment and exacerbate poverty. 35. The Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment (MoNRE) has developed the “10-year Natural Resources and Environmental Strategy, 2016-2025” based on national directions and policies (National Social and Economic Development Plan, the National Strategies for Economic Development and Poverty Reduction, the IX Government Resolution and sectoral strategies) as well as on regional and global orientations and policies (Millennium Development Goals, climate change and Multilateral Environmental Agreements).5 36. The formation of MoNRE in June 2011 to replace the Water Resources and Environment Administration (WREA) with inclusion of the National Land Management Authority, the Geology Department and some divisions of the Department of Forestry was a move to strengthen environmental protection and management within government. Specific policy for environmental management of investment projects is stated in the objectives for the Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment, April 2010 and later this Decree has been superseded by Regulation on ESIA and IEE, No. 8030/MONRE and No. 8029/MONRE dated 17 December 2013 respectively which states that those investment projects and activities shall conduct the efficient initial environmental examination (IEE) or environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) process, contribute to the sustainable socio-economic development of the country and shall mitigate and enhance the global warming adaptation. 37. The law governing the protection of the environment, including the assessment and management of projects, is the Environmental Protection Law (EPL), (1999, revised in 2012). Responsibilities and procedures for Environmental Assessment, together with requirements for environmental monitoring of projects, have been revised and are set out in the Ministerial Instruction on ESIA and IEE dated 17 December 2013. In addition, compensation costs from such development will be followed Decree on Compensation and Resettlement People from Development Projects, no 84/gov dated 5 April 2016. 38. The decree sets out the principal institutional arrangements, assigning primary responsibility for undertaking environmental assessment of projects to the project developer, which may be an individual or private sector entity as well as a Government Department. In the case of development projects, the relevant line Ministry is responsible to review and assess draft environmental assessments and issue its own approval before submission to MoNRE and local administrations, as appropriate. The MoNRE is responsible for review and approval of environmental assessment reports, co-ordination of monitoring and evaluation, and issuance of compliance certificates, acting through the head office in Vientiane or through its provincial departments in the case of IEEs. The public is consulted in most environmental issues as required under the EPL and decrees. The ESIA Decree and subsequent Ministerial
4 The Project prepared “Environmental Assessment and Review Framework” received by ADB in May 2013 as a Draft. 5 MoNRE, Natural Resources and Environmental Strategy, 2016-2025
A6-10 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Instruction introduced an inclusive mechanism for public consultation and broader civil society participation in project design and implementation; while the instruction further elaborates the roles and responsibilities of key agencies and the timing of consultations 39. Key organizations and agencies involved in the EIA process include: the Government of Lao PDR (GoL); the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO); MoNRE [previously the Water Resources and Environment Administration (WREA), and before that the Science Technology and Environment Agency (STEA)]; the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF); the Water Resources Committee; the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM); the Ministry of Finance; the Department of National Land-use and Planning; the Ministry of Education and Culture; and the Provincial and District Governor(s) of the project locations. 40. Investment projects are categorized according to types of investment projects identified in tables of Ministerial Agreement on the Endorsement and Promulgation of List of Investment Projects and Activities Requiring for Constructing Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, no 8056/MONRE December 2013, Group 1 –requiring an initial environmental examination (IEE) or Group 2- requiring an environmental impact assessment (EIA). Where a project is of a type that is not listed, an investment application is submitted to MoNRE for screening. For irrigation projects, those with a command area of between 100 and 2000ha are in category 1 (such as this Project), and those with a command area greater than 2,000ha are in category 2. The corresponding category in the ADB’s classification system is B, which, similarly, requires an IEE and EMP. 41. The Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist presented in the Environmental Assessment and Review Framework 6 (EARF) was used to screen the subproject and establish it was Category B in the ADB classification requiring an IEE and EMP. The REA is presented in Annex 6.6 (Rapid Environmental Assessment and Climate Change Checklist). 3.2 Relevant Laws 42. The following Lao laws are pertinent to the AISP: 1. The Lao PDR Constitution (2015) promotes the protection of natural resources, rehabilitation of the environment that has been damaged and is deteriorated and develops then to be beautiful and sustainable. Every agency and citizen must protect, and conserve biodiversity and utilize natural resources in a sustainable manner, 2. The Environmental Protection Law No.29/NA, (2012). The law defines the environmental conservation responsibilities of other GOL agencies such as the Department of Electricity, Department of Forestry, etc. It directs that environmental management and monitoring units (EMMUs) be established at all levels of government, with responsibilities to include such things as: establishing and enforcing sector environmental plans; taking action to mitigate environmental damage; issuing orders to adjust, suspend, remove or close down activities that cause negative impacts. The overriding principles promulgated by the law are that:
• Environmental conservation comes before mitigation and restoration
• Those who generate an environmental impact are responsible for the resulting damage caused 3. The Water and Water Resources Law (1997) classifies all catchment areas for various uses and promotes protection and rehabilitation of forests, fishery resources
6 Environmental Assessment and Review Framework, Project Number 44138, May 2013
A6-11 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
and the environment. It suggests that EIA should be carried out on large-scale water development projects and requires that funds be provided for protecting and enhancing catchment area resources, and for resettlement compensation. 4. The Amended Forestry Law, No 06/NA (Dec. 2007): determines basic principles, regulations and measures on sustainable management, preservation, development, utilization and inspection of forest resources and Forestland, promotion of regeneration and tree planting, and increase of forest resources in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic aiming for maintaining the balance of nature, making forest and Forestland a stable source of living and use by the people, ensuring sustainable preservation of water sources, prevention of soil erosion and maintenance of soil quality, conserving plant and tree species, wildlife species as well as environment and contributing to the national socio-economic development. Article 18 Logging Survey of the law states: “For the construction of infrastructure, surveying all tree species with circumference over 15cm is required.” 5. The Wildlife and Aquatics Law, No. 07/NA (Dec. 2007) determines principles, regulations and measures on wildlife and aquatic life, promotes husbandry and breeding; specifies utilization of wildlife and aquatic life in sustainable manner, without harmful impact to natural resources and habitats; restricts the decrease and extinction of wildlife and aquatic life; encourages people to understand and recognize the value and significance of wildlife. The law requires the management, monitoring, conservation, protection, and utilization of wildlife and aquatics in sustainable manner to ensure a rich and vibrant ecosystem while improving livelihoods of the ethnic population and developing the national economy. In particular: Section II Categories of Wildlife and Aquatic Article 10. Categories of Wildlife and Aquatic Wildlife and aquatic life in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic comprises of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Insects. The Wildlife and Aquatic life regulations are divided into three categories: 1. Prohibition category wildlife and aquatic 2. Management category wildlife and aquatic 3. Common or general category wildlife and aquatic Article 11. Wildlife and Aquatic Prohibition Category Wildlife and aquatic Prohibition category are defined in the first (I) category list as rare, near extinct, high value and are of special importance in the development of social-economic, environmental, educational, scientific research. The animals in this category as stated above shall be managed, inspected, and preserved. The utilization of these animals shall be permitted by the government. Article 12. Wildlife and Aquatic Management Category
A6-12 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
The wildlife and aquatic management category are defined in the second (II) category list and are considered as beneficial in terms of national economic, social, environmental interests, and in addition are important for livelihoods of multi ethnic people and educational scientific research. The animals in this category as stated above shall be managed, inspected, preserved, protected and use will be controlled. Article 13. Wildlife and Aquatic General category The wildlife and aquatic general category are defined in the third (III) category list as wildlife and aquatic that are able to reproduce widely nature, and are very important for social - economic development, and educational scientific research. The animals in this category can be used in accordance with the law and shall guarantee the use not threaten specie numbers or adversely impact the ecological environment system. Wildlife and Aquatic Law National Assembly No 07/NA Vientiane Capital, dated 24 December 2007. 6. Land Law (1997) Land within Lao PDR is the property of the national community, and individuals are charged with the effective use and stewardship of the land. The law sets out the rights of those who have been allocated land, including the right to transfer that land, are protected by the State. Chapter IV of the Land Law specifically governs wetlands and provides the statutory definition of wetlands in Lao PDR:
Water area land [wetland] is land which is submerged or which surrounds bodies of water such as submerged land, land at river sources, river banks, islands, newly- formed land, land formed when water recedes, or land formed by a change or diversion of waterways. (Article 23) The law designates the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry as the authority responsible for administering wetlands. (Article 24)
The use of wetlands must comply with the following conditions:
1. Not cause erosion; 2. Not cause obstruction to waterways; 3. Not cause water levels to recede or to flood; 4. Not pollute or poison bodies of water; 5. Not cut trees or destroy the forest in water catchment areas; 6. Not dig or take away soil from swamps and wetlands, except in the case of necessity with prior authorization from the concerned organization. [sic] (Article 25)
The Land Law gives village administrations where wetlands are located the responsibility of ‘...studying and making proposals to the district or municipal administration concerning the allocation of such land to individuals or organizations for appropriate protection and use.’ (Article 26). District or municipal administrations, in coordination with village administrations, are responsible for allocating forest land use rights (Article 22). Land titles give people the right to develop their land and land title can be transferred.
A6-13 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
The law defines general penalties in Articles 83-84, in addition to the loss of the right to use land (Article 6). 7. Road Law (1999) Environmental protection is required during road activities. National and provincial authorities of the Ministry of Communications, Transport, Post and Construction are responsible for environmental protection on road projects. Reasonable compensation must be paid to individuals whose land is expropriated for road rights-of-way, relocation of replacement structures, and loss of trees and crops. 8. Law on National Heritage (2005) The Law on National Heritage determines the principles, regulations and measures for the administration, use, protection, conservation, restoration, [and] rehabilitation of the national heritage, and also determines the rights and duties of the State, social organizations and individuals to preserve the value of the national cultural, historical and natural heritage, with the aims of educating citizens with a conscious love for their nation and fine national traditions that is deeply embedded in their hearts and of assuring the elements for prosper sustainability of the nation 3.3 Decrees, Regulations and International Conventions 43. The following are relevant to the AISP: 1. Prime Minister’s Decree No. 164/1993 established eighteen protected areas and required that the government develop management plans for each area. Two additional protected areas, referred to as National Biodiversity Conservation Areas (NBCAs), have since been added and now one more additional NBCA as Nam Kane NBCA has been established making the total 21 NBCAs nationwide. The current area totals 3.4 million hectares or 14.3% of the country’s area. In addition, provinces and districts have also designated their own conservation areas and protection forests bringing the overall national total to 5.3 million hectares or 22.6% of the total land area. NBCAs are now known as National Protected Areas (NPAs). 2. Decree on the Preservation of Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage requires that in order to prevent exploitation of relics and antiquities, any person who discovers archaeological relics or a cultural site must inform the provincial and district offices within three days. 3. PM Decree No. 192/PM on the Compensation and Resettlement (2005) The decree comprises six sections and nineteen articles.
• Section I sets out the objective and fundamental principle for compensation, and relocation of project affected people. It also provides instructions and measurement procedure for mitigation and compensation for all potential negative socio-economic impacts and the livelihood of the affected people within or in the vicinity of the project areas. It defines and classifies affected groups e.g. the vulnerable and ethnic groups of affected people.
• Section II states and defines the right of project affected person in receiving compensation.
• Section III states and defines the compensation requirement and procedures, as well as assistance to be provided during the relocation, settlement and livelihood development.
A6-14 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
• Section IV defines resettlement and compensation components which states and emphasizes the significance of local culture and tradition, community participation in the process, grievance measure and budgetary consideration.
• Section V refers to enforcement procedures and
• Section VI sets out the implementation procedure as well as the institutional frame work and responsibility of all parties. 4. MAF Regulation Nº 0360/MAF.2003, on Management of National Biodiversity Conservation Areas, Aquatic Animals and Wildlife provides guidelines on NBCA establishment and zoning and also on restricted activities and development fund establishment and the rights and duties of state agencies in NBCA management. 5. Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment of Road Projects in Lao PDR (2004) Guidance for environmental assessment requirements and procedures, regulation for assessing a project, in road sector. 44. Lao PDR is signatory to the following international environmental agreements:
• ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; • Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage; • United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification; • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; • Convention on Biological Diversity; • Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; • Vienna Convention for the protection of the Protocol of the Ozone Layer; • Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; • Millennium Declaration; • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; • Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants; • Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention); and • Agreement on the Cooperation for Sustainable Development of Mekong River Basin. 60. The Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) has a number of relevant points relating to wetlands. Under the CBD, in-situ conservation, or conserving ecosystems and species where they naturally occur, is the priority. Among the multiple provisions of the CBD that apply to Xe Champhone, the following are particularly important:
• regulate or manage biological resources important for the conservation of biological diversity whether within or outside protected areas, with a view to ensuring their conservation and sustainable use (Article 8c);
• promote the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats and the maintenance of viable populations of species in natural surroundings (Article 8d);
• subject to its national legislation, respect, preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and promote their wider application with the approval and involvement of the holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices and encourage the equitable sharing of the
A6-15 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
benefits arising from the utilization of such knowledge, innovations and practices (Article 8j); and • protect and encourage customary use of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices that are compatible with conservation and sustainable use requirements (Article 10c). 3.4 Government’s Requirement on IEE/EIA approved in Lao PDR 45. According to the Regulation on Environmental Assessment in the Lao PDR, the IEE of the Project is required to be submitted to the Ministry of Nature Resources and Environment at the provincial level (PONRE) for approval through the issuance of an environmental certificate prior to the project commencement (no civil work is allowed prior to the approval). Therefore, the Project Developer, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) is required to consider the conditions and timing on the approval. 46. The first consultation with local beneficiaries is aimed at the collection of data concerning the local environment and opinions on environmental challenges and concerns in the subproject area and its surrounds. Annex 6.3 (Information Disclosure, Participation and Consultation) presents a questionnaire and responses used in preparation of the IEE. 47. The project proponent (MAF) after preparing and completing the IEE document will submit it to the Environmental Impact Assessment Division (EIA) of PONRE for its review and for its decision. PONRE will distribute the IEE to concerned provincial departments to review and provide comments within 40 days. 10 days of receiving comments from concerned provincial departments, PONRE will decide either to issue an environmental compliance certificate (ECC) for the project or not. The ECC will be issued with or without conditions for the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) measures and implementation. All conditions attached to the environmental compliance certificate will be the legal obligation of the project owner). 3.5 Additional Project Requirements 48. The EARF stipulates once the IEE is completed, a summary would be prepared in Lao. The IEE and Lao language summary should be distributed to the Khumbans7 and village government for their information and for display to the public for a period of thirty days. A presentation would be made to the local beneficiaries of the IEE. During the period of display comments, including any grievances concerning the IEE, or other aspects of the subproject, would be recorded and discussed at the end of the 30-day period. Where appropriate these comments would be addressed through changes in the IEE and/or design layout. 49. The IEE is an annex of the subproject feasibility study that is submitted to ADB for review and approval. ADB approval of the feasibility study is a pre-requisite to the start of subproject detailed design. 50. If during the detailed engineering design there are changes in the alignment of agriculture infrastructure an assessment of the environmental impact would be carried out by the engineering design consultant’s environmental specialist and the NPMO/LIC advised of any change in impacts. When necessary the Environmental Management Plan, see Section 5 below, would be amended to reflect these changes. Similarly, during construction additional
7 The EARF refers to Commune Councils but these are not part of the local government infrastructure in Lao PDR. A Khumban is a cluster of villages, a level of administration between the village and the district
A6-16 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination works or changes in the design alignments would require environmental impact assessment and where necessary changes in the EMP. 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 4.1 Physical Resources 4.1.1 Location and Topography 51. The command area of Dong-Savang-Thong is located in the Songkhon District Savannakhet province, at a distance of about 20km east of the Songkhon District center and about 95km from Savannakhet provincial capital to the south through Road 13 South. The area is generally flat beside the Nong Louang where the irrigation scheme is located (in dry season the lake is divided into two lakes and water source of the subproject is a smaller lake). The elevation at Dong-Savang-Thong is around 135MASL. 4.1.2 Geology and Soils 52. The geology of eastern Savannakhet province, extending further north to Thakhek and central Lao PDR is considered similar to that of Northeast Thailand, as these areas all lie within the Khorat Plateau, a large saucer-shaped basin tilted to the east. The Plateau consists of Mesozoic and Tertiary aged sedimentary rocks known as the Khorat Group. 53. As is common to the lowland areas adjoining the Mekong River in Southern Laos, underlying rock is mostly recently deposited mudstone, underlain by older sandstone bedrock. 54. Typically, soils on the command area are mostly derived from alluvial deposits and are classified as acrisols, which are strongly acidic, have good water holding capacity and have high activity clays in the subsoil and generally lack nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), as well as phosphorus (P) to a lesser degree. They are suitable to shallow rooting crops such as rice, and intensive irrigated and rain fed agriculture. Yields can be significantly improved through the application of fertilizer. Soil type along the canal alignment is clayey soil. Two similar soil types had been observed in the command area which is clayey loam and silty loam. Within the project, the command area has high potential for increase agricultural production. 4.1.3 Climate 55. Lao PDR has a tropical monsoon climate which features a dry season (November to February) and a wet season (May to October). The dry season is generally cooler, though temperatures rise significantly in March and April prior to the onset of the rains. 56. A series of meteorological data of Savannakhet Station for the past 10 years (2006 – 2014) has been collected from the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) which is used for estimating the scheme water balance. The average annual precipitation in Savannakhet is around 1,430mm, although this is highly variable from year to year (1,030 mm – 1,739 mm in 10 years). The peak period of rain occurs between May to September. However, the dry season is particularly pronounced, with rainfall in December and January almost insignificant, while evaporation rates are at their highest, Figure A6.5. 57. Lowest temperature is around 15oC occurring in January and reaches 35oC in April. Monthly maximum temperatures are above 29oC for most of the year.
A6-17 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Figure A6.5: Mean Monthly Rainfall and Evaporation in Savannakhet
Mean Rainfall and Evaporation 350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Mean Evaporation Mean Rainfall
58. Likely due to the effects of climate change, Lao PDR has been increasingly affected by natural hazards such as floods, droughts, and severe storms, leading to landslides, fires, outbreaks of animal diseases and mortality, damage to infrastructure, and increased food insecurity. Savannakhet is one of three provinces in Lao PDR identified in 20068 to have over 40 per cent of households at risk of drought, as seen Figure A6.6 below. These potential adverse impacts of climate change on the subproject are, as far as possible, addressed through design in the pre-construction phase. A checklist was used to carry out a preliminary climate risk screening of the Dong-Savang-Thong subproject (Annex 6.6 Rapid Environmental Assessment and Climate Change Checklist), overall there was a medium score. The subprojects impact on climate change e.g. the emission of Green House Gases is addressed in Annex 6.2 Climate (Details of the Impact Assessment and Summary of Mitigation Measures) the impacts are considered minor.
8 Source: WFP Lao PDR, CFSVA Community Survey, 2006
A6-18 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Figure A6.6: Proportion of Households at risk for Drought
4.1.4 Water Resources 59. Nong Louang is a natural lake located in the flood plain of three major rivers the Xe Banghiang, Xe Champhon and Xe Xamxoy. The lake has a water surface area 700ha measured from a Google Earth image dated 25 December 2015. It was reported that the lake has an average depth of 3m. The catchment area of Nong Louang was measured as 47.8km2 from a Google earth image with one main stream Houay Sala flowing into and through the lake. Houay Lamphone branches from Houay Sala and drains Nong Louang into a wetland area to the north of the lake. Timmins (2014)9 stated “Nong Louang has a hydrological system somewhat akin to the Tonle Sap of Cambodia, with water flowing into it when the Xe Champhone and Xe Banghiang systems are in flood.” The local community also report there are many small springs within the lake. There is inflow water from Vixaisong Irrigation Scheme, and irrigation system drawing water from Xe Banghiang River to a command area of
9 Timmins, R. J. (2014). The significance of the Xe Champhone Ramsar site (Savannakhet province, Lao PDR) and its surroundings for biodiversity conservation: Results of bird and mammal surveys, and implication for Ramsar site boundary revision. Vientiane, Lao PDR: IUCN. 114pp
A6-19 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination approximately 100ha on the eastern side of the lake which is about 1 km north of Dong Savang village. 60. A water balance evaluation was carried out that suggested the available water resources would be adequate to supply water to the four irrigation schemes planned or operational using Nong Louang as the water source. 61. Water samples from the subproject were collected from two locations, at the head works and near the end of the drainage system. The samples were testing by DOI on 6 June 2017 (see Section 10.1.1). Results indicate that in general water has a good quality. All pH, BOD, COD and fecal coliform meet with the recommend values, excepting from the head works that had a high level of fecal coliform (2,000/ml) than the recommendation (<1,000/ml). There is no immediate explanation of this high-level future monitoring would include a description of the vicinity and any potential sources of contamination, human or animal. 4.1.5 Ecological Resources and Landscape 62. There are no National Protected Areas (NPA) within 50km of the subproject site Figure A6.7. Staff of DAFO, PPMO, DCO and people living in Dong-Savang-Thong subproject area were not aware of any “animals and plants” of conservation significance in the immediate vicinity of the subproject area, only seasonal birds and fish are observed, 11th May 2016.
63. At the request of ADB additional data on the fauna and flora of the subproject was collected on a site visit, 17th October 2017. The village head discussed the flora and fauna species found in the area, these were listed, in Lao. The village head thought the area had only common plants and animals such as Javan Mongoose, mice, Large Indian Civet and Siamese Hare.
64. A review of the literature identified common and scientific names from the Lao names recorded. The species were checked against the IUCN Red List to establish the level of threat: Least Concern (LC); Near Threat (NT) Vulnerable (VU); Endangered (EN); and Critically Threatened (CR). A number of species were not evaluated (NE) in the Red List. Some species were only identified by their Lao name and these could not be identified further from the literature. The list of fauna and flora are presented in Table A6.2 to Table A6.6. The information on individual species is taken from the Red List, citations and references in the text are presented in Annex 6.7 (Citations and Bibliography).
A6-20 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Figure A6.7: National Protected Areas Near the Subproject
Songkhon District Sub-Project Area
Source: ICEM http://www.mekong-protected-areas.org/lao pdr/pa-map.htm
Table A6.2: Common Trees in the Subproject Area
Local Common No Scientific Name IUCN Referenced GPS Name Name 1 http://www.iucnr ໄມຈ້ ກິ Shorea obtusa Chik edlist.org/detail Wall. s/33027/0 2 Burmese sal, Shorea http://lulu.com/l LR ໄມຮ້ ງັ Ingyin siamensis Miq. ao_flora 3 Careya ໄມກ້ ະໂດນ http://lulu.com/l Tummy-wood sphaerica ao_flora Roxburgh 4 Dipterocarpus http://lulu.com/l ໄມຊ້ າດ Sat obtusifolius ao_flora 5 Eugenia jamboa http://lulu.com/l ໄມກ້ ຽງ Kieng L ao_flora 6 Gardenia http://lulu.com/l ໄມມ້ ອກ Cape jasmine philastrei Pierre ao_flora 7 Centrostachys http://lulu.com/l 16°17'32.63"N ກກົ ສວງ Suang aquatica ao_flora 8 Hymenocardia http://lulu.com/l 105°19'54.71"E ກກົ ຫລູ ງີ Hou ling punctata ao_flora Lagerstroemia http://lulu.com/l 9 Inthanin bok macrocarpa var ກກົ ກະເລາົ ao_flora macrocarpa 10 Bengal Terminalia http://lulu.com/l ກກົ ຫກູ ວາງ Almond catappa L. ao_flora 11 Spatholobus http://lulu.com/l ເຄອື ຈານ kheua Chan roxburghii Benth. ao_flora 12 ເຄອື ຫນູ Kheua Houn Cissus 13 Jambolan ໄມຫ້ ວາ້ Syzigium Plum 14 Indian http://lulu.com/l ຕນົ້ ຍໍ Morinda citrifolia Mulberry ao_flora
A6-21 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Local Common No Scientific Name IUCN Referenced GPS Name Name 15 Memecydon http://lulu.com/l ໄມເ້ ໝອື ດແອ Mueat chi edule ao_flora 16 http://lulu.com/l ໄມແ້ ດງ Daeng Xylia xylocarpa ao_flora 17 Aporosa http://lulu.com/l Muat nyai sphaerosperma ໄມເ້ ໝອື ດໃຫ່ ຍ ao_flora Gagnepain 18 Dendrolobium http://lulu.com/l ່ Dook eung lanceolatum ເບຍ້ ດກູ ອງີ ao_flora (Dunn) Schindler 19 ຕນົ້ ກລໍ ະປມົ Korapom 20 Bitter bush Chromolaena http://lulu.com/l ຫຍາ້ ຂວິ odorata ao_flora Table A6.3: Common Mammals in the Subproject Area
No Local Common Scientific Name IUCN Referenced Name Name 1 ຈອນຟອນ Javan Herpestes LC Mammals in Thailand, WCS Mongoose javanicus 2 ກະແຕ Northern Tree Tupaia belangeri LC http://iucnredlist.org/ Shrew details/21155/0 3 ໜູ ທອ້ ງຂາວ Roof Rat Rattus LC http://waza.org/en/zoo/visit- the-zoo/rodents-and- hares/rattus-rattus 4 ໜູ ິຊງ Lesser Rice Rattus losea LC http://iucnredlist.org/ Field Rat details/19341/0 5 ກະເລັ ນ Irrawaddy Callosciurus LC http://iucnredlist.org/ Squirrel pygerythrus details/21158/0 6 ເຫັ ງນແຜງ Large Indian Viverra zibetha LC Mammals in Thailand, WCS Civet Linnaeus 7 ເຫັ ງນອົ ບ 8 ກະຕ່ າຍ Siamese Hare Lepus peguensis LC Mammals in Thailand, WCS Table A6.4: Common Birds in the Subproject Area
Local No Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Referenced Name 1 Chestnut-Necklaced Arborophila Birds Identification ່ VU ນກົ ຂໍ Partridge charltonii Guideline, WCS 2 Quail Coturnix http://iucnredlist.org/ ນກົ ກະທາ LC details/22678944/0 3 Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica Birds Identification ນກົ ຂ ມ້ NT Guideline, WCS 4 Birds Identification ນກົ ເຂາົ Pale-capped Pigeon Columba punicea VU Guideline, WCS 5 ນກົ ປກີ Pik 6 Birds Identification ນກົ ເຈ່ າົ Great Bittern Botaurus stellaris LC Guideline, WCS 7 Red-whiskered Pycnonotus http://iucnredlist.org/ ນກົ ຫອນຈກ LC bulbul Jocosus details/22712634/0 8 Birds Identification ນກົ ອຽ້ງ Common Myna Acridotheres tristis LC Guideline, WCS 9 Birds Identification ນກົ ກດົ Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis LC Guideline, WCS
A6-22 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
10 Mesophoyx Birds Identification Intermediate egret LC ນກົ ຍາງ intermedia Guideline, WCS 12 Birds Identification ນກົ ແກວ້ Parakeets Psittacula alexandri NT Guideline, WCS 13 Spot-bellied eagle Birds Identification ນກົ ເຄາົ້ Bubo nipalensis LC owl Guideline, WCS 14 Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus Birds Identification ນກົ ຂກີ້ ະເດອື ນ LC Guideline, WCS 15 Birds Identification ນກົ ເປດັ Common Shelduck Tadorna LC Guideline, WCS 16 White Breasted Amaurornis Birds Identification LC ນກົ ໄກ່ ນາ Waterhen phoenicurus Guideline, WCS 17 Great-Spotted Birds Identification ນກົ ໄຊ່ Dendrocopos major LC Woodpecker Guideline, WCS 18 Orthotomus Birds Identification ນກົ ກະຈບິ Common Tailorbird LC sutorius Guideline, WCS 19 Zebra Dove or Geopelia striata http://iucnredlist.org/ ນກົ ເຂາົ ສະວາ LC Barrec ground Dove details/22690708/0 20 Racket-Tailed Crysirina temia Birds Identification ນກົ ກາ LC Treepie Guideline, WCS 21 Birds Identification ແຫຼວ Imperial Eagle Aguila heliaca VU1 Guideline, WCS
Table A6.5: Common Fish in the Subproject Area
No Local Common Name Scientific Name IUCN Referenced Name 1 ປາຈາດ Pa Chat Poropuntius spp. LC http://iucnredlist.org/ details/187904/0 2 ປາກົ ດ Pakod 3 ປານາງ Pa Narng Phalacronotus bleekeri LC http://iucnredlist.org/ details/180747/0 4 ປາ ່ຄ Striped Channa striata LC http://iucnredlist.org/ Snakehead details/166563/0 5 ປາດຸ ກ Walking Catfishes Clarias batrachus LC http://iucnredlist.org/ details/166613/0 6 ປາກະເີດດ Three Spot Trichogaster LC http://iucnredlist.org/ Gourami trichopterus details/187981/0 7 ປາແກດແ Silver carp Hypophthalmichtys NE1 http://iucnredlist.org/ ລບ molitrix details/166081/0 8 ປາຂາວ Thick Lipped Barb Probarbus labeamajor EN http://iucnredlist.org/ details/18183/0 9 ປາແກງ Mud Carp Cirrhinus molitorella NT http://iucnredlist.org/ details/166016/0 10 ປາສູ ດ Eye-spot Barb Hampala dispar LC http://iucnredlist.org/ details/181300/0 11 ປາິຊວ Minnow Phoxinus LC http://iucnredlist.org/ details/17067/0 12 ປາແຂ້ Goonch Bagarius yarrelli2 NT http://iucnredlist.org/ B. lica NE details/166503/0 B. niewenhuisi NE 2 1 13 ປາິນນ Mozambique Oreochromis NT http://iucnredlist.org/ Tilapia mossambicus details/63338/0 14 ປາໄນ Common Carp Cyprinus rubrofuscus LC http://iucnredlist.org/ details 15 ປາປາກ Silver Barb Carp Barbus chiloensis VU1 http://iucnredlist.org/ details/60413/0
A6-23 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
16 ປາຢອນ Pangasius Pangasius LC http://iucnredlist.org/ conchophilus details/181218/0 17 ປາເພ້ ຍ Black Labeo chrysophekadion LC http://iucnredlist.org/ Sharkminnow details/180648/0 18 ປາຕອງ Clown Chitala ornata LC http://iucnredlist.org/ Featherback details/181056/0 19 ປາຂະແຍງ Twospot Catfish Mystus castaneus Ng LC http://iucnredlist.org/ details/full/180709/0 20 ປາເືຊອມ Pa Seuam Ompok bimaculatus NT http://iucnredlist.org/ details/166616/0
Notes: 1. The species is native to Africa and reared extensively in aquaculture, in Lao PDR it is an invasive 2. It is currently unsure whether the populations in Southeast Asia represent only one or more species, several junior synonyms of B. yarrelli are available (B. lica, B. nieuwenhuisi), should these prove to be distinct from the Indian populations.
Table A6.6: Common Reptile and Amphibian in the Subproject Area
No Local Common Scientific IUCN Referenced Name Name Name 1 ູງເຫົ່ າ Cobras Naja spp VU http://iucnredlist.org/photos/2014 2 ູງິສງ Common Rat Ptyas NE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptyas_ snake mucosus mucosa 3 ູງ ສາທານ Ngu samthan 4 ູງປາ Ngu Pa 5 ູງຂຽວ Green Snake Trimeresurus LC https://nafclao.files.wordpress.com/ spp. 2016/08/50-handbook-of-wildlife- and-protect-area-edit-8th_lee-xiong- 18-8-2016_3-autosaved1.pdf 6 ູງດາງແຫ Ngou Dang Hae 7 ິຈໂກ໋ Skink Tropidophorus LC https://nafclao.files.wordpress.com/ laotus 2016/08/50-handbook-of-wildlife- and-protect-area-edit-8th_lee-xiong- 18-8-2016_3-autosaved1.pdf 8 ແຂ້ Siamese Crocodylus CR http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/56 Crocodile siamensis 71/0 9 ກົ ບ-ຂຽດ Common Rana rugulosa LC https://nafclao.files.wordpress.com/ Lowland Frog 2016/08/50-handbook-of-wildlife- and-protect-area-edit-8th_lee-xiong- 18-8-2016_3-autosaved1.pdf 10 ເຕົ່ າສາມສັ Malayan Snail Malayemys VU http://iucnredlist.org/details/39555/0 ນ eating Turtle subtrijuga http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK. 2000.RLTS.T39555A10248240.en 11 ເຕັ ນນ້ ອຍ Mekong Snail- Malayemys VU http://iucnredlist.org/details/39555/0 eating Turtle subtrijuga
65. There is only Pale-capped Pigeon that is vulnerable specie. It is reported that Siamese Crocodile, an endangered species, could be found near Koudkuang swamp, located on the edge of the proposed irrigated area to the northwest. However, the proposed subproject would not post a major impact to its habitat and breeding ground. For Koudkuang swamp, the closest canal (tertiary canal) to be built would be located on the North of Ban Done, is about 3km from the Koudkuang swamp10
10 Phone interview with Mr., Phetsamone, District Coordinator, AISP, on 10 and 16 January 2018 strongly confirm information that Koudkuang swamp lies about 3km from the subproject while location
A6-24 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
66. There was a total of 13 threatened species on the IUCN Red List, six (6) Near Threat (NT), five (5) Vulnerable (VU), one (1) Endangered (EN) and one (1) Critically Endangered (CR). (a) Birds
67. There were two were two (2) Near Threat and three (3) Vulnerable birds common to the subproject area: • Coturnix japonica (Japanese Quail) Near Threat. This species is an annual migrant. Little is known about the preferred habitat of this species, although it is thought to prefer open habitats such as meadows, steppes, and dry mountain slopes near water. It has also been recorded in grassland and cultivated land. Specific threats to the species are unknown, although it may be threatened by agricultural change in Asia (Duckworth 2009), hunting is likely to be a threat; • Psittacula alexandri (Red-Breasted Parakeet) Near Threat. This species uses a variety of forest and wooded habitats, including human-altered areas, usually below 2,000m. Habitats utilized by the species include dry forest, moist deciduous secondary forest, mangroves, cultivated areas with trees and human settlements. a moderately rapid population decline owing to on-going trapping pressure, persecution and habitat loss It is thought to have been previously widespread in northern Laos, but has disappeared largely from this region of the country; there is also strong evidence of range contraction within the south and center; • Arborophila charltonii (Chestnut-Necklaced Partridge) Vulnerable. This species inhabits lowland forest to 500 m, including disturbed forest. Habitat loss and degradation, in combination with trapping pressure, are suspected to be driving a moderately rapid decline in population; • Columba punicea (Pale-capped Pigeon) Vulnerable. It frequents a wide variety of habitats from the lowlands up to 1,600 m, chiefly primary or secondary evergreen forest, but also open, deciduous dipterocarp forest, bamboo, and agricultural fields, particularly in close proximity to forest. Recent records from deciduous dipterocarp forest in Cambodia indicate an association with riverine corridors of bamboo forest. It’s breeding range and seasonal movements are poorly understood, but in places it appears to be semi-nomadic, perhaps in response to food availability. Its decline is poorly understood but is suspected to be the result of hunting and habitat loss and fragmentation owing to commercial logging, small-scale timber collection, and clearance of forests for plantation agriculture, cash-crops, charcoal production and shifting cultivation. In Lao PDR the pigeon is reportedly sparsely distributed in the north and south of the country with sightings recorded in the Bolikhamxai (Nam Kading NBCA), on the Bolaven plateau (Nam Hiang and Xe Namnoy) and in Attapeu province. Sightings in Lao have been too few to definitively state whether it is resident or a migrant. The species was listed under the globally threatened species in Lao PDR11; • Aguila heliaca (Imperial Eagle) Vulnerable. This species is migratory with both adults and immatures being migratory, wintering across a wide range of territory including south east Asia. Wetlands are apparently preferred on the wintering grounds and are considered important areas for wintering. Birds are usually seen singly or in pairs, with small groups sometimes forming on migration or at sources of food or water. The main threats are hunting, poisoning, prey depletion, electrocution by powerlines and of the headworks area does not have a record of finding the crocodile or its breeding habitat near the area. 11 2016-MoNRE-IUCN -Fifth national report to the united nations convention on biological diversity – DFRM-MoNRE and Technical support: IUCN - Vientiane, Lao PDR
A6-25 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
collisions with vehicles and other mortality factors are also likely to pose threats along migration routes and in wintering areas.
(b) Fish
68. There are three (3) species Near Threat, one (1) Vulnerable and one (1) Endangered:
• Hypophthalmichtys molitrix (Silver carp) Near Threat. This species is native to China, Mongolia and the Russian Federation, is not native to Lao PDR. Its Near Threat status is from the rapid decline in China mainly resulting from dam construction. It has been introduced around the world for aquaculture and control of algal blooms. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction. This is probably an invasive species; • Cirrhinus molitorella (Mud Carp) Near Threat. Recorded from a number of basins in southeast Asia and southern China it is heavily impacted by fishery pressures and, probably, from the disruption of its migratory routes through the construction of dams. There is limited information available on population declines. Known to inhabit the midwater to lower depths of large and medium-sized rivers, occur in rapids and slow deep reaches. Moves into flooded forests during the wet season and grazes on algae, hytoplankton and detritus. Wild stocks are strongly migratory while the cultivated stocks probably have lost the migratory behavior. Prefers flowing water and not known to proliferate in reservoirs. This is an economically important species. It is also a cultured species in ponds, lakes and reservoirs. Large fish are marketed fresh, smaller ones are used to make fermented fish paste. This species is over-fished in the larger rivers such as in Viet Nam, and most likely in other basins as well. • Bagarius yarrelli (Goonch) Near Threat. Mainly based on studies in the Indian subcontinent. This species is considered to be very widespread by Roberts (1983), but there are indications that only one species is found in the Indian subcontinent (for which B. bagarius is a senior synonym), and that it is not conspecific with species from Southeast Asia. Although it is currently unsure whether the populations in Southeast Asia represent only one or more species, several junior synonyms of B. yarrelli are available (B. lica, B. nieuwenhuisi), should these prove to be distinct from the Indian populations. The only revisionary study by Roberts (1983) is an oversimplification of the taxonomy of the group and the taxonomic status of Bagarius from throughout the Indian subcontinent is badly in need of critical study. Justification: The taxonomic status of Bagarius is badly in need of critical study. Irrespective of the confusion surrounding the taxonomy of this species, the currently known populations of Bagarius yarrelli are harvested heavily in different parts of its range as food fish and for ornamental trade and as sport fish. Based on the study in West Bengal the status of the species, as it is currently understood, is assessed as Near Threatened. It is important that the species should be reassessed following resolution of its taxonomic uncertainty and the subsequent species identified may all then qualify for a threatened category. Habitat and Ecology: This species inhabits a variety of fluviatile habitats, although it is typically associated with swift, clear rivers with a substrate of rocks and sand. Use and Trade: This species is caught as a food fish in many areas of its distribution. Juveniles and subadults are often caught for the ornamental fish trade. Large adult catfish are also often caught as game fish by recreational anglers. Threats: As a large, predatory fish that is actively caught for food, this species is in some danger of being overexploited. Even though current indications are that this species is still relatively abundant, the current fishing pressure on this species (at least on the Indian subcontinent) is likely to be unsustainable; local declines reported in some studies for
A6-26 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
B. bagarius may refer to this species (Mishra et al. 2009). However, more empirical data is needed to support this claim. The effects of other potential anthropogenic threats such as habitat destruction and competition from alien species need to be further ascertained. • Ompok bimaculatus (Pa Seuam) is evaluated as Near Threat in the IUCN Red list but base the study of the population in only one location in India. Justification: A widespread species that has undergone significant decline due to overexploitation as a food fish. However, the problems in taxonomy and in extrapolating data from a single localized study for the entire subcontinent (to fully assess population decline) of populations known currently as Ompok bimaculatus make it impossible to accurately assess this species. However, until further taxonomic clarity is obtained on this species, due to its declines throughout its range from overfishing, the species is assessed as Near Threatened with urgent need for taxonomic, harvest and population studies. This species was previously thought to be widely distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent eastwards to Sundaic Southeast Asia (Haig 1952). However, evidence has been presented to show that the populations from Southeast Asia are not conspecific with those from India (Kottelat and Lim 1995). Confirmation that the Southeast Asian population is a distinct species (O. siluroides) has been presented by Ng and Hadiaty 2009). Habitat and Ecology: Inhabits plains and submontane regions, and is found in rivers, lakes, tanks and ponds. Use and Trade: This species is considered an esteemed food fish in the Indian subcontinent and is the subject of targeted fisheries. It is occasionally caught and exported as an ornamental fish. Threats: Overexploitation of this species for food is a major threat and has resulted in marked population declines (Mishra et al. 2009). The effects of other potential anthropogenic threats such as habitat destruction and competition from alien species need to be further ascertained. • Probarbus labeamajor (Thick Lipped Barb) is evaluated as Endangered. Justification: the species is endemic to the Mekong and is only known from the Mekong mainstream from Nakorn Phanom Province (Thailand) and Sambor District, Kratie District (Cambodia). It is also found in the Sesan, Sekong and Srepok tributaries of the Mekong. The species is very heavily utilized as a food fish in both subsistence and commercial fisheries throughout its range, but especially in the Mekong. The species is also impacted by habitat loss and degradation. A population decline across the species range of at least 50% (in the past 3 generations, 30 years) is inferred from catch data from the Khone Falls area (Baird 2006), from loss of local populations. In the Mekong basin, and from information from other parts of the species range. The species is assessed as Endangered based on known past population decline as a result of over-exploitation and loss and degradation of habitat. Habitat and Ecology, inhabits mainly the mainstream of large rivers, with sand or gravel substrates and abundant mollusk populations. Occurs in deep slow reaches. Undertakes short distance spawning and trophic migrations in the Mekong basin (Baird 2006). Trophic migrations occur throughout its occurrence range which takes place mainly at the onset of the flood season and are mainly undertaken by juveniles and subadults. The species spawns between November and January in the Mekong, and feeds on aquatic plants, insects and shelled mollusks (Baird 2006). The species is believed to benefit from the protection of deep water pools in the mainstream of rivers in the dry season (Baird and Flaherty 2005; Baird 2006). Use and Trade, highly commercial, and also found in subsistence and sports fisheries. An excellent food fish, sometimes consumed raw, but rather scarce so it fetches a high market price. Eggs are especially prized. May be caught individually or in small numbers of any size incidentally with gillnetting and other fishing activities, at virtually any time or place in the Mekong mainstream, but mostly
A6-27 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
caught during November-January spawning migration, when it is by far the most important species in fisheries catch (Baird 2006). The species is impacted by overfishing, habitat destruction, and large dams on the Mekong tributaries). Threats the species is impacted by overfishing, habitat destruction, and large dams (both future mainstream dams and existing dams on the tributaries). Passage through mainstream hydropower dams is considered unlikely, and the species is not expected to do well in reservoirs (Baird 2006).
(c) Reptiles and Amphibians
69. There is one (1) reptile that is Vulnerable and one (1) amphibian that is Vulnerable and one (1) amphibian that is Critically Endangered:
• One (1) reptile cobra (Naja siamensis) is Vulnerable. This species is listed as Vulnerable on the basis that the species has experienced high rates of decline per cent throughout its range, estimated at over 50 per cent in parts of its range and likely to be between 30-50 per cent globally over the past 15-18 years, which equals three generations assuming a generation length of 5-6 years, and the cause of decline (overharvesting) has not ceased. This species inhabits lowland and upland forest and cultivated areas, including rice paddies. It is found in deciduous, disturbed and open forest, and is absent from closed-canopy evergreen forest. Generation length in this species is uncertain, but captive specimens have been reported to exhibit generation lengths of 4-5 years. Generation length in the wild is probably longer and is here estimated at 5-6 years. This species is heavily harvested in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Lao PDR for both domestic use and export to China, where it is used in traditional medicine (Li and Li 1998, Li and Wang 1999 [as Naja naja]). The species is also exported between Indochinese countries for medicinal use. This snake is sometimes harvested for the skin trade, and it is also exploited for snake wine, where it is among the most commonly-found species (Somaweera and Somaweera 2010). • One (1) amphibian Malayemys subtrijuga (Mekong Snail-eating Turtle) is evaluated as Vulnerable. It is also noted that from the Lao name the turtle Malayemys macrocephala was identified in the literature. Malayemys subtrijuga (Mekong Snail Eating Turtle) and Mayayemys macrocephala (Malayan Snail Eating Turtle), Brophy (2004) separated M. subtrijuga from M. macrocephala which was previously considered as a synonym of M. subtrijuga. According to Brophy (2004) the two forms have different characteristics that were detailed in the cited reference. Turtles from the Mekong River Basin retain the name Malayemys subtrijuga (Schlegel and Müller,1844), whereas those from the Chao Phraya and Mae Klong river basins, coastal areas of south-eastern Thailand, and the Malay Peninsula are assigned the name M. macrocephala. Most of the available information classifies both as Malayemys subtrijuga. Malayemys subtrijuga is considered Vulnerable in its native range Cambodia; Indonesia; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Thailand; Viet Nam. Malayemys macrocephala (Malayan Snail Eating Turtle) Not Evaluated IUCN Red List. Habitat and Ecology, the turtle is found in slow-moving bodies of water with muddy bottoms and lots of vegetation, such as marshes, swamps, rice paddies, and irrigation canals. The Malayan Snail-eating Turtle helps to control snail populations, which form almost its entire diet. It is preyed upon by monitors, and the young can be preyed on by large fish, snakes, and some birds. Uses and Trade, are widely eaten by people. Many populations of Malayemys species are exploited for food and in some areas the eggs are also collected for consumption (IUCN/SSC and Traffic). The Malayan snail-eating turtle is also often captured to be released into ponds at Buddhist temples. This
A6-28 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
exploitation has apparently caused numbers to decline throughout its range, particularly in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam. Finally, habitat deterioration due to pollution and accidental capture in fishing nets are also contributing to this species’ vulnerable status. Conservation status and threats: The Malayan Snail-eating Turtle is subject to habitat destruction in its native river valleys and is under pressure from collection for food markets and Chinese medicine. While it is still common in Thailand, it is becoming rare in neighboring counties and outside of Thailand it has been assessed as “Vulnerable” by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is also listed in CITES Appendix II. • Crocodylus siamenese (Siamese Crocodile) is evaluated as Critically Endangered. Justification: Crocodylus siamenese is among the most threatened crocodilians. In 1992 it was reported as virtually extinct in the wild (Thorbjarnarson 1992) and in 1996 was accorded the IUCN Red List status of ‘Critically Endangered' (Baillie and Groombridge 1996). This status remains unchanged. Field surveys, nearly all conducted since 2000, have confirmed that extant populations persist, but that all are severely diminished and fragmented. Over the past decade new information on the ecology of the species has been documented, although C. siamensis remains one of the least known crocodilians. Commercial hunting for the skin trade and collection of live animals to stock crocodile farms, in the mid- and late twentieth century respectively, are considered to be the principal causes for its decline. Current threats include illegal collection of eggs, juveniles and adults, habitat loss, incidental capture with fishing gear, and the inherent vulnerability of remnant populations due to their small size. This species qualifies as Critically Endangered. Global populations have been severely reduced, almost certainly by over 80 per in the past 75 years / three generations (assuming a generation time of 25 years), principally due to hunting. All remnant subpopulations are small and fragmented. Most current threats, including illegal collection and habitat loss or degradation, are ongoing, suggesting that without conservation interventions, extant populations will continue to decline. Range Description: Crocodylus siamensis historically occurred over much of mainland Southeast Asia as well as parts of Indonesia. Its current distribution is greatly diminished and fragmented. Most locations occur between 50 and 200 m elevation. In Lao PDR field surveys conducted between 2003 and 2008; confirmed C. siamensis localities are from nine river systems in five provinces, but extant populations are known from only seven river systems in four provinces (Bezuijen et al. in press). Surveys confirmed previous reports (Salter 1993, Sawathvong 1994) that many local populations are now extirpated. Extant populations are in the Xe Champhone, Xe Banghiang, Xe Bangfai and Xe Xangxoy river systems (Savannakhet Province), Xe Pian-Xe Khampho river systems (Attapu Province), Xe Don River (Salavan Province) and Phou Khaokhouay National Protected Area (Bolikhamxai Province) (Bezuijen et al. in press). Most wetlands in Lao PDR remain unsurveyed for crocodiles and it seems likely that other C. siamensis localities will be documented. Population in Lao PDR, may support 100 – 300 adults. Nesting has been documented at eight localities but successful recruitment was confirmed at only five sites (Bezuijen et al. in press). Of four clutches examined in Lao PDR, three were infertile (Bezuijen et al. in press), indicating low female fertility and/or the absence of males. Habitat and Ecology Crocodylus siamensis occurs in a wide range of lowland freshwater habitats, including slow-moving rivers and streams, lakes, seasonal oxbow lakes, marshes and swamps (Smith 1931; Daltry et al. 2003; Platt et al. 2002, 2006; Bezuijen et al. in press). During the wet season, individuals disperse across flooded landscapes (one radio-tracked individual in Cambodia moved up to 25 km before returning to a dry season site; Simpson et al. 2006b). The species has been recorded up to 600 m elevation (Daltry
A6-29 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
et al. 2003). Crocodylus siamensis is a medium-sized species, with most individuals attaining a total length of less than 3.5 m (Smith 1919). Nesting ecology is poorly documented and fewer than a few dozen wild nests have been located to date. Wild nests recorded in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Thailand were mounds located on floating vegetation mats or on the banks of lakes or rivers (Platt et al. 2006, Simpson et al. 2006a, Starr et al. 2010, Bezuijen et al. in press). Nesting occurs in the late dry season and wet season. Clutch size observed in wild nests ranged from 11-26 eggs (Simpson and Han 2004, Starr et al. 2010, Bezuijen et al. in press). Hatchlings emerge in the wet season after 70-80 days incubation (Brazaitis and Watanbe 1983, Platt et al. 2011, Bezuijen et al. in press). Fidelity to nesting sites has been recorded (Simpson et al. 2006a). Similar to many other crocodilians, C. siamensis feeds on a wide variety of prey such as invertebrates, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals, including carrion (Daltry et al. 2003, Bezuijen 2010). Use and Trade Crocodylus siamensis is listed under Appendix I of CITES. The species is well represented in captivity. In Lao PDR, the only known captive population is at Ban Kuen Zoo, which contains around 1,000 individuals, most of which are suspected to be hybrids (Phothitay et al. 2005, Cox and Phothitay 2008). In Lao PDR, infrequent and low-level trade of captive crocodiles or products has been recorded, although surveys between 2003 and 2008 did not detect any evidence of trade (Bezuijen et al. in press). Threats Commercial hunting in the mid-twentieth century for the skin trade is considered to be the principal cause for the historical decline of C. siamensis. Current and ongoing threats in virtually all range states include the illegal collection of eggs and crocodiles, habitat loss and degradation, and incidental capture/drowning in fishing gear. In Cambodia, most river systems with extant C. siamensis are targeted for large-scale hydroelectric dams. Construction of some of these dams has already begun and has resulted in the loss of breeding habitat and increased collection and killing of crocodiles. Conservation Actions Most conservation efforts for C. siamensis were initiated in the past decade and are relatively recent. Elsewhere, status surveys were conducted in Lao PDR between 2003 and 2008, conservation priorities were identified (Bezuijen et al. in press) and a management plan to protect breeding sites was prepared for one province (Cox and Somvongsa 2008). Community workshops were held in 2006 and 2007 to document local knowledge of crocodiles (Bezuijen et al. 2006, Mollot et al. 2007). Most C. siamensis localities in Lao PDR are outside the national protected area system and conservation will rely on community-based approaches.
70. There are five (5) threatened bird species, two (2) Near Threat and three (3) Vulnerable, two species are migrant. The main general threats to all are hunting and loss of habitat; the control of hunting is beyond the scope of the Project. Two (2) of the species Cotumix japonica (NT) and Aguila heliacal (VU) are migrants over wintering in Lao PDR both are threatened in their native habitat and on migratory routes to Lao PDR. Cotumix japonica prefer open habitat while Aguila heliacal have a preference for wetlands. Both landscapes can be found in the general area of the subproject that would not impact adversely on their habitat. The part of the existing irrigation scheme is within the wetlands but the expansion would be into higher land above the wetland that is presently used for rainfed paddy production. The other three (3), Psittacula alexandri, Arborophila charltonii and Columba punicea are native to Lao PDR and their preferred habitat is forest. The subproject would not adversely impact on any forest areas.
71. There are four (4) threatened species of fish, three (3) Near Threat, and one (1) Endangered. Overexploitation from commercial and subsistence fish is considered the main threat. Cirrhinus molitorella (NT), Bagarius yarrelli (NT) and Ompok bimaculatus (NT) are
A6-30 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination native to Lao PDR although there is conjecture on identification of the latter two species, see above. The subproject would have no impact on these species. Probarbus labeamajor (EN) is endemic to Lao PDR. The species is impacted by overfishing, habitat destruction, and impacts on short distance spawning and trophic migrations in the Mekong basin. The subproject would not have any adverse impacts on the species habitat as it is mainly on the Mekong main stream and its larger tributaries.
72. There are three (3) threatened species of reptiles and amphibians, one (1) reptile is vulnerable while of the amphibians one (1) is Vulnerable and one (1) Critical Endangered. Naja siamensis (VU) has a wide range of habitat that is found in the subproject and its surrounding area. Overexploitation for commercial use is thought to be the main reason for the rapid decline of the species. Rehabilitation of the subproject would not directly impact on the species while education on hunting is beyond the scope of the Project. Of the amphibians Malayemys subtrijuga (VU) has a range of habitat found in slow-moving bodies of water with muddy bottoms and lots of vegetation, such as marshes, swamps, rice paddies, and irrigation canals the landscape of the subproject and the surrounding area. The species are exploited for food and in some areas the eggs are also collected for consumption. The main cause is habitat destruction in its native river valleys and it is also under pressure from collection for food markets and traditional medicine. Habitat deterioration due to pollution is also a threat. Impacts on the landscape would be limited and mitigation of potential impacts are included in the EMP and concept engineering design. No information was known about M subtrijuga migration in the subproject area, however, the continuity of drainage and flood flows would be maintained through the installation of cross-drainage structures while the control of persistent agrichemicals would be addressed through an IPM program and soil fertility management practices. Impacts on the landscape would be limited and mitigation of potential impacts are included in the EMP and concept engineering design. Crocodylus siamenese (CR) is the most significant species in the area and is discussed in detail below. 73. Dong-Savang-Thong subproject is located in the Xe Champhon wetlands, see Figure A6.8. The Xe Champhone Wetlands includes one of Lao PDR’s first two sites to be recognized under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Significance, see Figure A6.9. The wetlands cover an area of 12,400 hectares (ha), with core areas amounting to 1,500 ha. The wetlands are a large plain containing perennial and seasonal rivers as well as scattered lakes, ponds, fresh water marshes, and rice paddy fields. These become interconnected during the wet season, and the wetlands complex extends into other wetlands areas, including Nong Louang, Kout Koung and Kout Koke. The northern part of Xe Champhon includes rice paddy fields and two large reservoirs, while the southern part contains extensive vegetation, including open woodland, mixed semi-evergreen forest, as well as shrubs and grasses. Nong Louang, in the south of the wetlands, has a hydrological system somewhat akin to the Tonle Sap of Cambodia, with water flowing into it when the Xe Champhone and Xe Banghiang systems are in flood. 74. During the wet season, when the water levels are high, the entire area may be considered wetlands. During the dry season, although the landscape is very different, scattered ponds and marshes remain. In the dry season, only the Xe Champhon River and its oxbow lakes retain water and thus provide fishing opportunities and a source of water. 75. Most the Xe Champhone Wetlands are open, although some are closed with thick bamboo forest. Some closed wetlands in the area are part of what are considered sacred sites, such as Bung Sangha and Nong Maehang, as well as another three sites located outside the Ramsar site boundaries (Nong Louang, Kout Louang and Kout Koke) (Cox and
A6-31 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Phothitay,2008). These sacred sites contain deep water levels and form habitat for Siamese crocodiles. 76. The Siamese crocodiles, (Crocodylus siamensis SCHNEIDER, 1801), is a Critically Endangered species that inhabit the wetlands. Because the Xe Champhone River has many deep-water ponds and marshes, the crocodiles can remain all year round despite dry conditions in other areas. An estimated 75 crocodiles live in the wetlands, and vital breeding areas for this species have been identified, including Kout Xelat, Kout Kean and Kout Markpeo (Cox and Phothitay 2008, cited in WREA 2011). Further, sites were the presence of the crocodiles was recorded in Kout Kouang, Kout Koke and Nong Maehhang. 77. In a preliminary status review of the Siamese crocodile in Lao PDR12 a priority ranking was given for conservation of the crocodiles. The report states:
• “Conservation of C. siamensis in Lao PDR would require at least two approaches: a landscape-level approach for management of a range of permanent and seasonal wetlands utilized by crocodiles, between provinces and possibly national borders (especially with Cambodia); and, protection of documented nesting sites, particularly where successful breeding is occurring.” 78. The 2006 study (Bezuijen, Phothitay, Hedemark and Chanrya) identified two sites in the wetland as high priority areas for future surveys13 that are in close proximity the Projects subprojects including Dong-Savang-Thong Boun. The Xe Banghiang river system especially in its lower reaches near the confluence with the Xe Champhone records reported since the 1960s suggests crocodiles persist and the Xe Champhone river system with breeding occurring along the river. This is one of the most important river system for crocodile conservation in Lao PDR.
12 Bezuijen, M.R., C. Phothitay, M. Hedemark and S. Chanrya (2006). Preliminary status review of the 32Crocodile (Crocodylus Siamese Schnieder, 1801) (Reptillia: Crocodylia) in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use Programme, Vientiane, Lao PDR, 114pp 13 The most recent survey was carried out in January 2018 but the results are not yet available
A6-32 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Figure A6.8: Champhone Wetlands
A6-33 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Figure A6.9: Xe Champhone Ramsar Site
Source: Water Resources and Environment Administration (WREA), 2011, Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS): Xe Champhone Wetlands. January 2011
79. There are a number of factors (past, present or potential) adversely affecting the wetlands ecological character and the sustainable use of natural resources, including changes in land and water use:
• Conversion of the wetlands and surrounding areas by removing forests and/or draining the wetlands for agriculture and gardening purposes (except the sacred wetland areas which seem relatively well protected from conversion); • The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture is wide spread around the wetlands; • The Siamese crocodile, a key species, has become more threatened, as hatching areas on the shores have been disturbed and collection of crocodile eggs has been reported; • Some parts of the wetlands are flooded due to the construction of weirs, such as Phai Cheo (which also destroyed a crocodile hatching area). Irrigation weirs, pumps and
A6-34 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
canals also affect the wetlands and the Xe Champhone River through the diversion of water to agricultural uses; • Population growth may be expected to generate increased pressure on the wetlands’ natural resources. Increased numbers of cattle, particularly buffalo, may also generate more pressure on the carrying capacity of the wetlands; • Insufficient human and financial resources to implement management of the wetlands, apart from the well protected sacred wetlands. As in other parts of Lao PDR, the government departments charged with managing wetlands, the environment more generally and local planning, are often under-funded and poorly equipped. This can lead to patchy implementation of laws, policies and plans; • Environmental and social issues which may be associated with tourism expansion have not been properly studied or addressed, such as the impact on turtles, monkeys and crocodiles in the wetlands. The Ramsar status of Xe Champhone, along with improved infrastructure and increased tourism numbers more generally, can be expected to boost the number of visitors in the future. Further assessment of the environmental and social risks of tourism in the area is required, along with measures to ensure that negative impacts are minimized while benefits are shared among the communities of the wetlands. If well managed, tourism can offer an important contribution to local livelihoods and the management of the site; • Flooding and drought, as the Xe Champhone Wetlands are in an area of the country prone to these natural impacts. Climate change may exacerbate floods and drought in the area. Increasing salinity is also a concern in the area; and • Invasive species, particularly plants such as Mimosa pigra and water hyacinth, are found in many parts of the wetlands; the flood and drought conditions of the wetlands encourage the spread of these invasive plants, which have become worse in recent years. 80. The rehabilitation of Dong-Savang-Thong irrigation system would be within the footprint of the existing command area, a large part within the wetland, with expansion into rainfed paddy areas to the north of the existing system. The subproject expansion area is to the south of an area of ox-bow lakes, ponds and wetlands in an area at the confluence of the Xe Champhone and Xe Xangxoy, see Figure A6.8, above, identified as a priority for future Siamese crocodile habitat survey. 81. The main potential adverse impacts on the wetland ecology from the subproject would be excessive use of persistent herbicides and pesticides and inorganic fertilizer that could be washed out through the drainage water or flushed from the surface in the wet season by flood water and pollute the wetlands. During discussions with Dong-Savang-Thong villagers (May 2016) they informed the environmental team that herbicides and pesticides were not used in paddy crop production but inorganic fertilizer was used to increase yields (Annex 6.3 Information Disclosure, Participation and Consultation). 82. Many of the changes and threats to the wetlands are outside the scope of the Project to mitigate while others can be mitigated for potential subproject impacts through the civil work design (Annex 2 Concept Engineering Design) and agricultural practices (Annex 3 Present Agriculture and Agricultural Development Plan). 83. The crocodiles are known to migrate within the wetlands during the wet season when the perennial water bodies, inhabited in dry season, are interconnected by flood water. Migratory routes have not been identified, this would require tracking that is not presently recommended. The continuity of flood water flow through the subproject would be maintained by cross drainage using box culverts rather than pipe culverts. Canal cross sections would be
A6-35 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination trapezoidal, rather than rectangular and has canal lining raised above the ground level, to reduce the risk of crocodiles becoming trapped inside the canals. 84. Rehabilitation of the access road from Dong-Savang-Thong village to Doneyanong village would be along the existing alignment and mainly outside the wetland. Access road cross- drainage would be provided by box culverts to maintain the continuity of flow through the wetlands and any migratory routes used by the crocodiles. 85. Advice to farmers, including emphatic discouragement of the use of persistent pesticides would continue through DAFO. The Government of Lao PDR is strongly supportive of the introduction of organic and green agriculture. PPMO and DCO staff would receive training in Integrated Pest Management and Soil Fertility Management (Annex 2.3 Present Agriculture and Agricultural Development Plan) that would use the three Phase I subprojects as a pilot for the introduction of the training program with assistance from the LIC. Subsequently DCO with assistance from the PPMO would continue the training program. 86. The landscape of the area surrounding Dong-Savang-Thong subproject is shown in Figure A6.10. In general terms is divided into two distinct areas lowland in the east dominated by the cultivation of rain fed rice to the north and northwest. A higher land with a forested area to the south of Xe Xangxoy River. Rehabilitation of the canal system and their associated irrigation service roads would have no encroachment on forest land. 87. National Protected Areas (NPAs) do not lie within 50km of the subproject site. Staff of DAFO, PPMO, DCO and people in Dong Savang village mentioned that no rare animals and plants are found in the area. Only seasonal birds and fish are recorded. However, the Xe Champhon Wetland is located about 10 km to the north east from the subproject area. Part of the Xe Champhon Wetland was designated as a Ramsar site in 2010. The wetland is one of a few places in Laos where the critically endangered Siamese crocodile have been found. The population of 75 crocodiles recorded in the wetlands would be the largest population of this species in Laos. Purple herons, a few species of kingfishers, Starlings, White-breasted waterhens, Common Moorhen and a number of waterfowls are also found. The wetland is an important area for fish spawning and provide habitat for fish during critical stage of their life. Substantial fish species are found in the wetland. 4.1.6 Items of Historical and Archaeological Significance 88. There are no known items of historical or archaeological significance, as confirmed in community consultations in 2016. 4.1.7 Human and Economic Development 89. The Baseline Data and Social Impact Assessment (Annex 8) used two main surveys to collect and compile data on the human and economic development of the subproject. An inventory of socio-economic data from all households in the 5 main villages benefiting directly from the rehabilitation of the irrigation system, called a “Village Master List” in Annex 8 was compiled by the village government and a sample socio-economic survey of members of the WUG was conducted by the Social Impact Assessment (SIA) consultants. Unless otherwise stated the summary of human and economic development is based on the “Village Master Lists”. (a) Local Economy 90. A socio-economic survey found that the villagers’ income is mainly from non-agricultural sources averaging 62 per cent over the three (3) years 2013 – 2015 while income from agricultural activities average 38-9 per cent over the same period. Although the main source
A6-36 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination of income is from non-agricultural activities villagers stand to benefit significantly from the irrigation and market access improvements. 91. Over the 3-year period 2013 – 2015, total income from agricultural activities has fluctuated declining from 2013 – 2014 from LAK 704.5 to 680.4 million and increasing to LAK 818.0 million in 2015. There has been a steady increase in income from non-agricultural activities from LAK 1,162.2 to 1,265.3 million over the same period. The average annual household (HH) income from all sources has increased from LAK 46.2 million to 46.6 million over the same period.
92. Over the period 2013 – 2015 annual HH expenditure increased from LAK 5.75 – 12.64 million. The largest portion of HH expenditure was food stuff and drinking water ranging widely from 24 per cent (2013), 32 per cent (2014) and 16 per cent (2015); education the second largest expenditure ranging from 13 – 17 per cent; followed by medicals/health 10 – 11 per cent, the expenditure on transportation/tele-communication was 5-11 per cent and on house repair/furnishing ranged from 2-41 per cent. (b) Agricultural Land Use 93. The land use in the immediate subproject area is shown in Figure A6.10 and Figure A6.11. The land use of the Dong-Savang-Thong subproject area in general terms is divided into four distinct areas: (1) lowland in the west dominated by the cultivation of rain fed rice; (2) higher land in the northeast and the southwest with a forested area; (3) wetland in the east of the subproject and (4) lake/pond area tends to be found mainly in the south of the irrigated area. The main canals of the irrigation scheme constructed under the existing scheme have an established right of way through paddy areas and some sections passing through forest land, especially the right main canal to the northeast of the scheme. Rehabilitation of the main canals and their associated irrigation service roads would be within the footprint of the existing canals and roads. There would be no encroachment on forest land. The main area of irrigation would be to the north and west of the Nong Louang Lake. The irrigated area is in the proposed original command area and would not involve the development of any land not already used for rain fed cultivation of paddy.
A6-37 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Figure A6.10: Landscape of the Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject
A6-38 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination Figure A6.11: Land Use in Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject
Plate No. A6.5: Condition of unstocked forest Plate No. A6.6: General condition of the Plate No. A6.7: Main access road to the in the subproject irrigation area headworks
Plate No. A6.8: Existing power supply to the Plate No. A6.9: Land use along the access Plate No. A6.10: Wooden deck on bridge headworks road to the headworks
A6-39 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
94. In Dong Savang village, the villagers are only practicing rice cultivation in both wet and dry season. There are over 602ha of rainfed lowland paddy of which 174ha are dry season irrigated areas, 157.4ha are irrigated in the Dong Savang Thong Irrigation scheme.
(c) Quality of Life
95. The demographic characteristics of Dong-Savang-Thong subproject show that HHs generally comprise of one family, with only 27 HHs (8%) having 2 families. The average household size is 7 persons. There are 70 (21.5%) female headed HHs.
96. There are 75 landless HHs (39.27%) of which 16 (5%) are headed by females.
97. The majority of residents 315 HH (96.9%) live in permanent housing constructed of brick, concrete masonry or wood (a little bamboo) walls with iron or tile roofing. Only one (1) HH lived in a traditional (wood/bamboo) house while 9 HH resided in modern housing with concrete walls and galvanized iron or tile roofing.
98. One (1) HHs owned 4-wheeled tractors (2 units) for use in agriculture and transport, seven (7) HHs (2.2%) had trucks and one (1) HHs had a pickup for their access to the towns and transportation of produce. Three (3) HHs owned commercial rice mills that milled rice for the local community and also purchased and processed paddy for sale beyond the immediate area. A total of 257 motorbikes were owned by 210 HHs (64.6%), all 325 households (100%) had color televisions, all 325 HHs (100%) have more than 650 mobile phones (average of 2 unit/HH), 250 HHs (76.9%) have refrigerators and all 325 HHs (100%) had fans. Water pumps for domestic water supplying are used by 45 HH (13.8%). 289 HHs (88.9%) have pour flush toilets.
99. In a wealth ranking14 the all 325 HH (100%) were medium.
100. All households (100%) had an annual rice sufficiency and 39 HHs (12%) a surplus of produce for sale). No household in Dong-Savang-Thong village had a rice deficit.
101. The literacy rate is low 1,583 people (69.5%) of the total population are literate. The majority of literacy population 1,298 (82%) had graduated from primary school while 276 (17.4%) had graduated from secondary school. Only 9 (1%) had graduated from college or university. The reason was reportedly due to the location of school facilities with the primary school located in the village while the secondary school (lower and upper) is located in Songkhon village, a village next to Dong-Savang-Thong. However, colleges and universities are located in provincial towns, far from the village, where attendance is expensive.
102. There are relatively few landless households 75 (23%) including 16 (6.8%) landless female headed households. The average household land holding is 2.3 and 0.86ha of lowland rain and irrigated lowland, respectively.
103. Rehabilitation of the irrigation system and improved road access would improve agriculture-based incomes through increased production, greater crop diversity, improved quality of produce linked with improved understanding of and information about market conditions. Increased foreign and domestic direct investment in commercial activities around the province as well as in Savannakhet provincial center, especially the special economic zone, are providing improved economic prospects through the creation of employment opportunities.
14 Poverty Status: "1" - Poor; "2" - Middle; and "3" - Rich. Based on village authority categorization of: "1" - Poor, Household income is below 2001 poverty line income of 85,000 kips/month/person; "2" - Medium, Household income is within 2005-2009 poverty line income of 85,000 to 180,000 kips per month per person; "3" - Rich, income is above 180,000 kips per month per person.
A6-40 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
(d) Unexploded Ordnance. 104. Data on bombs dropped by US forces between 1965 and 1973 is available from the National Regulatory Authority for UXO/Mine Action. Records on any ordnance arising from ground fighting or from bombings by Southern Vietnamese, Lao or Thai air forces, are not available. These records do not show the locations of cluster bomb munitions. Staff of DAFO, PPMO, DCO and people in Dong Savang village mentioned that there is no record or reported incidence of UXO in the area. 5 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 5.1 Method of Assessment 105. Potential impacts have been assessed by means of site visits, discussions with local authorities and beneficiaries and the use of secondary sources of information including similar projects elsewhere. This section summarizes the potential environmental impacts and required mitigation, which are incorporated into the Environmental Management Plan. An Environmental Impact Matrix for subprojects was developed based on current environmental laws and legislation including, without limitation, the Rules and Regulations of Lao PDR relating to: air; noise; water supply; land/soil; waste water; solid waste; land use; biodiversity; cultural; health; education; safety resettlement; income; ethnic groups, unexploded ordinance (UXO); and climate. The scoring indicated in the matrix, Table A6.7 and Table A6.8, below, reflects the impact scale of each activity during the three phases of subproject development pre-construction, construction and operation. Negative impact is shown in yellow, orange and red while positive impact recorded is shown from light to dark green. Scale of the impact of each type (negative or positive) are classified by score 0, ±5 and ±10. Score of 5-minor impact and 10-significant impact. 106. The severity of impacts and effectiveness of mitigation measures ranking developed is detailed in Annex A6.2 (Details of Impact Assessment and Summary of Mitigation Measures). Detail on mitigation, responsibilities of the contractor(s) and guidance on environmental monitoring are included in Annex A6.4 (Environmental and Social Clauses for Civil Works Contract) and Annex A6.5 (Environmental and Social Monitoring Process) respectively. 5.2 Environmental Impacts Related to Location and Design 107. Environmental negative impacts related to location and design are anticipated in land/soils, resettlement, and climate. The negative impacts in land/soils and resettlement can be mitigated with careful design and proper implementation of resettlement plan. 108. The subproject is vulnerable to flood especially the area around Nong Louang. Climate change models project an increase in the frequency and severity of flood and drought. Flood prevention is beyond the scope of the subproject civil works and mitigation to reduce the severity of impacts has been addressed in the concept engineering design (Annex 2: Concept Engineering Design) and is discussed below in section 5.5.2 (Impact of Climate Change and Project Adaption Measures, Design Mitigation). The continuity of natural drainage would be maintained through construction of culverts and aqueducts. This would reduce the period of inundation of paddy land during flood and the risk of flood damage to crops. In part, the impact of drought would be mitigated through a reduction in water demand by lining canals throughout the distribution network thus reducing seepage losses. Further, crop diversification would be introduced to reduce crop water requirements, paddy has a high crop water requirement. 109. Construction of the access roads and irrigation canals/irrigation service roads would result in the removal of topsoil and other material containing vegetative matter that is not
A6-41 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination suitable for re-use on the road but can be utilized locally for house construction and other common community uses within or near the village. Villagers confirm there is a substantial demand for this material. 110. A minor local increase in greenhouse gas emissions (methane and nitrous oxide) can be expected from increased rice cultivation in the area. 5.3 Environmental Management Plan 111. The subproject Environmental Management Plan is shown in Annex A6.1. The Plan is sub-divided into the three main phases of subproject implementation: pre-construction; construction; and operation. The table shows the potential environmental impacts, mitigation measures, and cost allocation and responsibility for implementation. A summary of the plan is shown in Table A6.9. 5.3.1 Environmental Impacts Related to Pre-Construction 112. Contractors mobilization would include appointment of health and safety staff, the Environmental Safeguards Officer and liaison officer to consult and work with the impacted communities. 113. The contractor would prepare a site-specific Contractors Environmental Management Plan within 30-days of signing the contract that would include a Health and Safety Plan, a Hydrocarbon and Hazardous Waste Management Plan, Camp Management Plan and other necessary and relevant management plans. The requirements are detailed in Annex 6.4 (Environmental and Social Clauses for Civil Works Contracts). The contractor’s staff would be trained in Health and Safety requirements and procedures including the risks of communicable diseases. The siting of labor camps, storage areas and construction site access routes would be agreed with landowners, either farmers or the local authorities, and rental agreements for the land use drawn up and signed. Copies of the rental agreements must be provided to the NPMO through the PPMO. On completion of the construction works the land used for camps, storage and access routes must be returned to their original condition. 114. The contractors Environmental Safeguards Officer would be appointed within 15-days of signing the contract after the officer’s CV had been presented and accepted by the LIC. 115. Potential permanent land and asset losses were identified in a Preliminary Measurement Survey (PMS) that was used to develop a preliminary Inventory of Losses (IOL). The preliminary IOL identified the loss of 12.1ha of productive land from 90AHs, 374.7m2 of residential land by 13AHs, two (2) secondary structures, farm huts, covering 48m2 from 2AH and 202m of wooden fencing from 9AHs. The preliminary compensation budget was estimated at LAK 505.6 million (US$ 62,036.8) including a 20 per cent contingency. This is detailed in Annex 7 (Land Acquisition and Compensation Plan). 116. Following ADB approval of the subproject detailed engineering design a Detailed Measurement Survey will be conducted to establish the extent of asset losses to be mitigated through compensation agreed with affected-households. The Land Acquisition and Compensation Plan will be revised and submitted to ADB for approval before the disbursement of compensation is carried out. Disbursement of compensation (mitigation) must be completed, report and approved by ADB before civil works construction can be started. Reporting is through the Land Acquisition and Compensation Report.
A6-42 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Table A6.7: Summary Matrix of Environmental Impacts
Activities and Project Impacts Table Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
Output/Activity t
Air
UXO
Noise
Water
Safety
Supply
Water Health Ethnic
Waste- Impact
Climate
Income
Cultural
Average Average
Land Use Land
Minorities
Education
Land/soils
Solid Waste Solid Biodiversity
Resettlemen ImpactTotal Pre-Construction Headworks 0 0 0 -5 0 0 0 -5 0 0 0 0 -5 10 0 0 -5 -10 -0.63 Main/secondary canals 0 0 0 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 10 0 0 -5 -5 -0.31 Access / village roads -5 0 0 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 10 0 0 -5 -10 -0.63 Canal service roads -5 0 0 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 10 0 0 -5 -10 -0.63 Drainage channels 0 0 0 -5 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 10 0 0 -5 -10 -0.63 Construction Headworks -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 0 -5 0 -5 -5 5 0 0 0 -50 -3.13 Main/secondary canals -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 0 -5 0 -5 -5 5 0 0 0 -50 -3.13 Access / village roads -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 0 -5 -5 -5 -5 0 0 0 0 -60 -3.75 Canal service roads -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 0 -5 0 -5 -5 5 0 0 0 -50 -3.13 Drainage channels -5 -5 0 -5 -5 -5 0 -5 0 -5 0 -5 -5 0 0 0 0 -45 -2.81 Operation Headworks 0 0 5 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 -5 10 0 0 -5 -5 -0.31 Main/secondary canals 0 0 5 0 0 -5 0 0 0 -5 0 -5 -5 10 0 0 -5 -10 -0.63 Access / village roads 0 0 0 0 0 -5 0 0 0 5 5 -5 -5 10 0 0 0 5 0.31 Canal service roads -5 0 0 -5 0 -5 0 0 0 -5 0 -5 -5 10 0 0 0 -20 -1.25 Drainage channels 0 0 5 -5 -5 -5 0 0 0 -5 0 -5 -5 10 0 0 0 -15 -0.94
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact Average total Impact 5 Pre-Construction -0.55 0 No significant impact Construction -3.28 -5 Operation -0.47 -10 Very negative impact
A6-43 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Table A6.8: Summary Matrix of Environmental Impacts After Mitigation
Project Impacts Table - With Recommended Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
Output/Activity t
Air
UXO
Noise
Water
Safety
Supply
Water Health Ethnic
Waste- Impact
Climate
Income
Cultural
Average Average
Land Use Land
Minorities
Education
Land/soils
Solid Waste Solid Biodiversity
Resettlemen ImpactTotal Pre-Construction Headworks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 5 0.31 Main/secondary canals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 5 0.31 Access / village roads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 5 0.31 Canal service roads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 5 0.31 Drainage channels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 5 0.31 Construction Headworks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0.31 Main/secondary canals 0 0 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0.00 Access / village roads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0.31 Canal service roads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0.31 Drainage channels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 Operation Headworks 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 10 0.63 Main/secondary canals 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 -5 10 0.63 Access / village roads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 10 0 0 0 20 1.25 Canal service roads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 0.63 Drainage channels 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 15 0.94
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact Average total Impact 5 Pre-Construction 0.31 0 No significant impact Construction 0.23 -5 Operation 0.78 -10 Very negative impact
A6-44 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
118. Access to construction sites might require the contractor’s machinery travelling across agricultural land. Repeated passes of heavy machinery across the same land would result in soil compaction and damage to the soil structure. The alignment of access tracks to construction sites would be agreed with landowners before the start of construction and land would be restored after completion of construction. 5.3.2 Environmental Impacts Related to Construction 119. Environmental negative impacts related to construction will be temporary and can in most cases be mitigated before and during the construction period. The impacts, mitigation, responsibility and budget source are presented in Table A6-9 (Environmental Management Plan Summary). Mitigation measures are listed in Environmental Management Plan Annex 6.1 and details of the Impact Assessment and Summary of Mitigation Measures are presented in Annex 6.2. Detailed responsibilities and contract clauses for the contractors are found in Annex 6.4 (Environmental and Social Clauses for Civil Works Contract). 120. Excavation work associated with farm access road construction, the preparation of canals for the installation of lining, and borrow areas would result in the movement and deposition of silt away from the source in run-off, except when works are carried out during dry conditions. However, if the works are well supervised and timing of works is controlled, quantities would be small, and would either be carried away by the irrigation water when the scheme is completed, or would settle on roads, paths and fields where it would not cause a problem. The use of silt fences may be required at spoil disposal and borrow sites if there is a risk of moderate erosion as a result of surface water flows that would discharge into streams or local water bodies. Each borrow or disposal site must be addressed individually to determine whether silt fences or other mitigation works are required. Silt fences would generally not be necessary for canal lining operations but careful placement of excavated material would be essential in order to reduce the likelihood of sediment movement into adjoining agricultural land. It is essential that borrow pits are left safe and sanitary. Steep sided borrow pits are prone to collapse causing erosion into the surrounding area while ponded water in burrow pits presents an ideal breeding ground for mosquito’s and dangerous disease vectors. 121. Mitigation of any risks of sediment runoff will be achieved by (i) the Contractor site supervisor being on site for all excavation work, (ii) confining excavation operations to the dry season (iii) use of silt traps where warranted, according to instructions from the construction supervisors and supervising agency and (iv) disposal of spoil from excavation works at sites approved by the construction supervising agency. Surplus spoil should be used as fill, for example backfilling of culvert walls, wherever possible. 122. Construction operations occurring during the irrigation season may involve the temporary closure of the existing irrigation systems. This may have significant impact on the crop and livestock production and on local livelihoods for those currently having access to irrigation so it is critical that user communities be involved in scheme planning and construction. Ensuring that local farmers are aware of the construction schedule will further mitigate the effects of temporary closure.
A6-45 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Table A6.9: Environmental Management Plan Summary
Potential Environmental Responsibility f o r Mitigation measure(s) Cost Allocation Impact Implementation Pre-Construction Stage Construction Contractor Safety Hazards to workers and Preparation of plans by the Contractor, allocating responsibilities for safety, health and Cost local people, and effects of welfare to senior staff; preparation of plans for first aid and emergency procedures; temporary worker populations preparation of plans for satisfactory accommodation of workers, and of information and in the area instruction to be disseminated to workers regarding risks of communicable diseases. RF budget NPMO / Effects on homes and property Completion of land acquisition and compensation tasks as detailed in the Resettlement Consultants Framework for the sector project RF budget NPMO / Effect of the extraction of Hydrological simulation of the amount of extracted water from the lake during peak time Consultants water during the dry season and whole irrigation period, confirming the change of the lake area and depth. Design task PAFO / PPMO / Effects of the construction of a Selection of the alignment of the access track to minimize extent of earthworks (negligible DCO temporary vehicle access necessary; securing of agreements with affected landowners cost) track Impacts from Construction Note: Most Construction Issues will be covered in the CEMP and Contract clauses (see Annex 6.4) Construction Contractor Effects associated with the (i) Re-use of excavated material to the extent practicable, (ii) obtaining materials from Cost extraction of materials licensed quarries and (iii) forming appropriate agreements with landowners for borrow sites, and landscaping works to used borrow sites, in accordance with the agreements made with landowners. Construction Contractor Release of silt (i) Adequate supervision of the works, (confining excavation works to the dry months, (iii) Cost discretionary use of silt traps where warranted and (iv) careful placing of excavated material Construction Contractor Temporary closure of the Use of temporary diversions using pipes and pumps where necessary; involvement of Cost irrigation system scheme users in planning of the works Construction Contractor Dust generation Wetting of excavation sites and stockpiled material during dry and windy weather, when Cost within 50m of an occupied dwelling and where there are people out working in the fields
Construction noise Contractors will not be permitted to work between the hours of 19:00 and 06:00 within Construction Contractor 500m of populated areas, or near hospitals. Vehicles are to be well maintained with Cost adequate mufflers.
A6-46 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Potential Environmental Responsibility f o r Mitigation measure(s) Cost Allocation Impact Implementation Construction Contractor Use of land for storage and as Compensation to landowners according to the LARP and restoration of land to former Cost works depots condition or better, according to agreements formed with landowners Construction Contractor Effects of construction of (i) Careful supervision of earthworks to ensure minimal damage to farmland and Cost temporary vehicle access vegetation, (ii) reuse of surplus spoil, distribution to users in or near the Project area, or track disposal at a site approved by the PAFO / PPMO.
Construction Contractor Effects of temporary worker (i) Consultation with local people on acceptable areas for siting of facilities, (ii) installation Cost populations of suitable toilets such as pit latrines and grey water drainage facilities such as soakage pits (iii) arrangements for collection of solid waste, (iv) briefing of workers and awareness raising of the local population on dangers of communicable diseases and (v) assignment of responsibility for worker and local peoples’ welfare to a senior member of the Contractor’s staff.
Construction Contractor Safety hazards to workers and Allocation of responsibility for site safety to the Contractor’s site supervisors staff, who Cost local people will ensure that all reasonable safety measures, such as use of safety clothing and equipment and placing of hazard warnings are taken.
Impacts from Operation
Included in Contractor / PAFO Erosion and scour Grass planting on embankment slopes as a bioengineering measure. project design Included in PAFO Obstruction of water flows in Support to water user groups so that users discourage or prevent any placing of material project design the canals from sediment or or solid waste in the canals. other deposits
Included in PAFO Extraction of water during the Monitoring of the lake water level, ensuring that an adequate wetland (lake) condition is project design dry season maintained.
Included in PAFO Competition for use of Reliable collection of information on water levels in the reservoir and canal system, to project design irrigation water and with other enable sound planning of further water use development plans water uses
Included in PAFO Collapse of canals Routine and periodic maintenance, according to a well-designed and adequately project design resourced maintenance program
A6-47 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Potential Environmental Responsibility f o r Mitigation measure(s) Cost Allocation Impact Implementation Included in PAFO Leaching of nutrients Promotion of sustainable irrigated agriculture and soil management methods project design Included in PAFO Occurrence of water related (i) Promoting improved operation and maintenance of the irrigation scheme and road project design diseases through water user groups (ii) raising awareness on hazards posed by poor sanitation, water logging and use of untreated irrigation water for drinking.
Included in NPMO Risks of increasing road Awareness-raising among roadside and road user populations on road traffic hazards project design accidents resulting from and their avoidance. increased traffic
Conflicts arising from Detailed design consultants will be tasked with identifying all abstractions from the Included in NPMO and PAFO competition or complaints lake to ensure that there are no impacts, and to develop a fair water allocation project design from downstream water program to be implemented by the PAFO. users due to the Project’s abstraction of too much water
A6-48 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
123. Excavation works would result in localized concentrations of airborne particulate matter, which may pose a significant dust nuisance where it occurs in proximity to villages, dwellings or farm works in fields. Where excavation operations are carried out during dry and windy conditions within 50m of these locations, excavated sites should be sprayed with water to control dust release. Contractor’s equipment would be expected to be well-maintained. Although minimum emission standards are available in the Agreement on the National Environmental Standards15 there are no testing facilities in Lao PDR to monitor compliance. Consequently, good maintenance of equipment is essential. Trucks idling for over 15 minutes would not be allowed in populated areas. 124. Noise nuisance is not expected to be significant. However, contractors will not be permitted to work between the hours of 19:00 and 06:00 within 500m of populated areas, or near clinics or hospitals. 125. For temporary use of land, owners will receive compensation in the form of rents payable during scheme construction period, and land will be re-instated in accordance with the Resettlement Framework and the Project’s Resettlement Plan. The contractor is to protect sensitive urban, agricultural and natural areas during construction; especially any encroachment onto forest and wetland areas and avoid potential impacts on Nong Louang. Sensitive sites would be clearly demarcated to minimize risk of encroachment. 126. While the Contractor will be encouraged to engage local people for the works, some skilled workers and possibly supplementary labor will need to be brought to the site from elsewhere in Lao PDR or from outside the country. These workers are likely to be accommodated in buildings rented by the Contractor, though temporary accommodation may also be built. Interactions with local residents can potentially lead to the spread of communicable diseases, or incidences of disharmony. Temporary toilet facilities can release raw sewage. These potential effects can be avoided or mitigated by (i) consultation with local people on acceptable areas for the siting of facilities, (ii) installation of suitable toilets such as pit latrines and grey water drainage facilities such as soakage pits (iii) arrangements for collection of solid waste, (iv) briefing of workers and awareness raising of the local population on dangers of communicable diseases and (v) assignment of responsibility for worker and local peoples’ welfare to a senior member of the Contractor’s staff. The Contractor will have and implement an appropriate Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan (CEMP), approved by the supervisory engineer, which will include an appropriate Camp Management Plan. The contents of the CEMP and the Contractors’ responsibilities with respect to environmental and social issues are specified in Annex A6.4 (Environmental and Social Clauses for Civil Works Contracts). 127. Each village impacted by the subproject development has appointed two liaison officers, one male and one female, who would work with the contractor to address community grievances. The WUG would appoint a Health and Safety officer who would work with the contractor on implementation of the contractors Health and Safety Plan. 128. Contractor’s would prepare and implement an appropriate site-specific Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan (CEMP), approved by the Loan Implementation Consultant which would include an appropriate Camp Management Plan, Hydrocarbon and Hazardous Waste Management Plan, and a Health and Safety Plan. The contents of the CEMP and the
15 Agreement on the National Environmental Standards Prime Minister’s Office Water Resources and Environment Administration No2734 /PMO.WREA Vientiane Province, dated 7 Dec 2009
A6-49 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Contractors’ responsibilities with respect to environmental and social issues are specified in Annex A6.4 (Environmental and Social Clauses for Civil Works Contracts). 129. Some construction activities, including excavations, the use of plant and the use and handling of fuels or other hazardous materials, will pose a small safety risk to workers and to local people. These will be mitigated by the allocation of responsibility for site safety to the Contractor’s site supervisory staff who will ensure that all reasonable safety measures are taken, such as use of safety clothing and personal protective equipment and placing of hazard warnings and fencing, where appropriate. The Contractor will have an appropriate Health and Safety Plan (part of the CEMP) to address these issues, approved by the LIC. 130. The incidence of waterborne diseases in local communities is significant. Risks would come both from waterborne pathogens, and from any increase in ponding that may result from inappropriate disposal of waste water in camps and on the construction site. Standing water provides a habitat for insect vectors of disease. These risks can be mitigated by (i) promoting improved sanitation in contractors’ camps with appropriate drainage of waste water (ii) raising awareness, during training of staff on health and safety; and (iii) contractors ensuring that borrow pits, not used for fish culture, are left in a stable condition with drainage to ensure water does not pond in the pits during the wet season 131. Hydrocarbons and other hazardous materials may also cause soil contamination or pollution of waterways. These risks can be mitigated by having a clearly defined and lined storage site at least 20m from any watercourse that is surrounded by a compacted earth bund of a suitable size, such that it is able to contain the total volume of fluids stored within. The use of commercial fuel providers operating in the area is another option for the management and storage of these materials on the construction site. All waste hydrocarbons, including fuel and oil filters, will be deposited in sealed containers and removed from the site for recycling or safe disposal as appropriate. 5.3.3 Environmental Impacts Related to Operation 132. Agriculture practiced by beneficiary farmers would intensify in areas beyond the current effective command area. This would bring significant long-term benefit to users. Users who are not currently using irrigation water would begin to practice irrigated agriculture, or to resume irrigated agriculture if they were in areas where irrigation water was formerly available. The potential for the increased use of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizer) would be addressed by the subproject agricultural development plan (Annex 3 Present Agriculture and Agricultural Development Plan) which includes training in Integrated Pest Management and soil fertility management practices. A Training of Trainers course for staff from the PPMO, in Savannakhet and Salavan and staff from the twelve (12) DCO on Integrated Pest Management and the use of organic fertilizers in crop production was held 22nd – 31st January 2018, led by the LIC Agronomist. A pilot training program for farmers at the Phase I subprojects was also conducted, led by the DCO staff and mentored by the LIC Agronomist. The agricultural staff from PPMO/DCO would conduct the training at Dong-Savang-Thong subproject in late 2019 prior to the irrigated crop production in late 2019. 133. Water quality monitoring would be continued on a quarterly basis with the PPMO sending water samples to the NPMO for analysis at the DOI, Vientiane Capital. 134. During the operation, water from Nong Louang Lake would be extracted to use for the subproject. Excessive amounts of extracted water from the lake would lead to severe negative impacts to species living in the lake. However, it is anticipated that the subproject would cause a minimal impact upon the species including Siamese crocodile and ecology of the lake.
A6-50 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
135. Although historically the introduction and rehabilitation of irrigation systems has led to encroachment on forest land the occurrences have generally occurred where canals transverse forested areas. This is unlikely in Dong-Savang-Thong as there is little non- agricultural land adjacent to the irrigated areas that is in command from the rehabilitated canals. In addition, proper mitigation measures have also been prepared to address this issue. Contractors would be required to conduct a survey of all trees with a circumference greater than 15cm within the footprint of the irrigation scheme and road construction. Where necessary permits would be acquired before the trees could be felled. 136. The expansion of the command area will increase the irrigated area of paddy fields that are seasonally inhabited by fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic insects. The project will improve the seasonal aquatic ecosystem in the agricultural land and have only minor impact on the lake at the pumped intake location. 137. While the intensification of agriculture often leads to greater use of inorganic fertilizers, extension activity in the area by DAFO has raised awareness of the risks of excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and provided training on appropriate application rates. Training on crop nutrition (fertilizers and soil fertility) and the production of organic fertilizer would be provided by the PPMO/DCO (Annex 3 Present Agriculture and Agricultural Development Plan). Risks associated with the use of inorganic fertilizers such as raising the nutrient status of the water released at the outflow of the system, increasing the chemical oxygen demand of the water, are therefore not considered significant. A water sampling program to test water quality at the subproject was established, see Section 9.2 (Approach to Environmental Monitoring) and would continue throughout the Project lifecycle. 138. The incidence of waterborne diseases in local communities is significant. Irrigation water is used as a supplementary source for domestic purposes like clothes washing, and this practice will increase after construction when more water may be flowing through the system. Risks will come both from waterborne pathogens, and from any increase in ponding that may result from wastages, as ponds provide a habitat for insect vectors of disease. These risks can be mitigated by (i) promoting improved operation and maintenance of the schemes as part of the training and support provided to water user groups so that canal blockages or failures of the canal walls that can result in ponding of water are rapidly repaired, and (ii) raising awareness, during training and support to water user groups, on the hazards posed by poor sanitation, water logging and use of untreated irrigation water for drinking or bathing. 139. Nong Louang is drained by two streams the Houay Sala and the Houay Lamphone but no information is available on dry season discharge. The construction of water retaining structures across both streams suggests dry season discharge is limited so their aquatic and riparian ecosystems are not maintained. A guideline of 0.1m3/sec/100km2 of catchment area for maintenance of aquatic and riparian ecosystems was recommended in a previous ADB study16 and was used to estimate the minimum riparian environmental flow. The catchment area of the lake was measured from a Google Earth image as 47.8km2 requiring environmental releases of 4.78l/s to sustain the aquatic and riparian ecosystem of the streams. This was included in the water balance calculation for Nong Louang, Annex 2 (Concept Engineering Design). 140. Competition with other water uses, population growth and increasing incomes would place increasing demands for domestic water supply, as well as for irrigation. At present, the water for domestic use is obtained from a variety of sources including open wells and from
16 ADB (2009): TA 6456-REG: Preparing the Greater Mekong Subregion Flood and Drought Risk Management and Mitigation Project.
A6-51 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination streams. There is limited domestic use of water from the irrigation canals. Drinking water is mainly commercially sourced bottled water, while two (2) domestic water supply systems managed by the village serve 261 (80.3%) of households. The remaining households 64 (19.7%) prefer to use their own open wells. However, with increasing population and use of irrigated agriculture, the demand for irrigation water will grow and potentially lead to conflict among users, there are four irrigation schemes drawing water from Nong Louang. There are no water allocation plans at the district or provincial level. At the project level the WUGs are responsible for water allocation plans. This potential conflict can be substantially reduced by collaborative action among users to optimize the use of irrigation water and to ensure that allocations to all users, including those situated at the periphery of the network, are fair. The detailed design consultants will be tasked with identifying all abstractions from the lake and determine cumulative impacts to the lake users and to the Project, as well as a fair and workable water allocation plan among these users. It will be the responsibility of the PAFO to ensure that this plan is implemented so as to reduce or eliminate negative impacts related to the lake. 141. In common with all irrigation schemes, an increase in soil salinity may occur as a result of the accumulation of salts that are dissolved in the irrigation water, and upward transport of salt deposits in lower soil horizons in the case of over-irrigation. These risks are low for the scheme, as any salt not taken up by growing plants will be subject to natural flushing by rainwater in the wet season. Over-irrigation is prevented both by the relative shortage of irrigation water towards the edges of the command area, and by water regulation for areas closer to the primary canal. While salt build-up may occur in these areas, risks of widespread soil salinity over irrigated fields are low. 142. Risks of increasing erosion and scour are minimal. Land either side of the canal alignment is gently sloping and not readily prone to erosion. There may be some risk to water flows by the deposition of material excavated for house building or other construction purposes, or from dumping of solid waste into the system. The road alignment follows flat terrain. Some minor erosion may occur on embankments, which is mitigated by inclusion of planting as a bioengineering measure, in the road improvement design. 143. Table A6.7 and Table A6.8 above, present a summary of environmental impacts before and after mitigation measures are applied for the Pre-Construction, Construction, and Operation phases. Details of the analysis and additional information are found in Annex 6.2 (Details of Impacts and Summary of Mitigation Measures). 5.4 Safety 144. The existing and proposed irrigation improvements can pose safety concerns both to the workers during construction and to the nearby communities during construction and operation. These impacts include:
• Potential impacts from work-place accidents to workers, local community. • Possible increase in vehicular accidents on service, access and village roads due to increased speeds. • Potential minor impacts from accidents in the vicinity of pump stations due to poor control of access to the sites or to their electrical equipment. • Possible increase in accidental drownings of children or animals. 145. The Contractor’s mitigation measures for this during construction are to be taken by the Contractors as part of their required CEMP Health and Safety Plan and will include:
• Training and awareness-raising for workers on occupational health & safety.
A6-52 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
• Provision of adequate personal protective equipment to workers. • Adequate signage, lighting, and control of construction sites. • Traffic control measures to ensure public safety. • Establishment of efficient emergency/ contingency plans, adequate facilities & equipment & trained staff for handling emergencies. 146. During the scheme operation, PAFO will be responsible for:
• Carrying out training and awareness-raising for community on dangers of the pump stations and canals. • Adequate signage and fencing to keep people and animals away from stilling basins and other potentially dangerous structures. 5.5 Climate Change 147. There are two considerations in the climate change impact analysis: first, how much greenhouse gases are emitted by the project and, second, what is the likely impact of climate change on the project, and what adaptation mechanisms and resiliency are built into the project design. 5.5.1 Project’s Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 148. Paddy rice fields are thought to contribute approximately 9-13 percent of the global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG)17. Methane and nitrous oxide are the dominant GHG emissions largely from flooded paddy fields and the energy needed to pump water. Rice emits, for example, between 3 and 8 times the emissions of wheat.18 149. Numerous studies have provided mechanisms for calculating yearly emission levels of the principal GHG related to paddy rice cultivation, methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O). For this Project, the following factors are used are shown in Table A6.1019: Table A6.10: Yearly Emission Levels of the Principal Greenhouse Gas Related to Paddy Cultivation
CH4 66 kg/ha
CO2 690 kg/ha
N2O 1.93 kg/ha
150. Global Warming Potential (GWP) is expressed in terms of equivalent levels of CO2 using the following formula:
Global warming potential (GWP) = CO2 emissions + CH4 emissions*21 + N2O emissions*310 151. Table A6.11 shows the GWP for the Dong-Savang-Thong subproject. The total GWP for the 27 sub-projects of AISP is roughly estimated with multiplying the GWP for this subproject by 27, and it is approximately 23,800 tons CO2e/year, which is less than ADB’s
17 “Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options from Rice Field” Sirintornthep Towprayoon, The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi Bangmod, Bangkok, Thailand 10140 18 “Greenhouse gas emissions from rice”, RGTW Working Paper Number 3, 2013, Alfred Gathorne- Hardy 19 “Initial Environmental Examination, Cambodia: Uplands Irrigation and Water Resources Management Sector Project” prepared for ADB, July 2015
A6-53 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
20 significance threshold value of 100,000 tons CO2e/year, and therefore no further monitoring is required. Table A6.11: GWP for Dong-Savang-Thong Sub-Projects
Increase in Rice CH4 emissions CO2 emissions N2O emissions GWP Paddy area (ha) (kg/year) (kg/year) (kg/year) (tons/year CO2e) 330 21,780 227,700 637 882
152. Encouraging farmers to grow other crops that produce less GHG may help reduce GHG emissions, but rice agriculture will predominate and is, after all, the main purpose of this Project. Many different mechanisms for controlling methane emissions have been proposed, including varietal choice and fertilizer use, but water management and modifying quantities of organic amendment are the most important according to the available literature.21 The Project is proposing to introduce recommended water management practices that have been demonstrated to reduce GHG emissions in paddy production. Training on climate-friendly agricultural methods would be built into the Project's overall capacity-building program which includes appropriate study tours. 5.5.2 Impact of Climate Change and Project Adaptation Measures 153. Lao PDR is among the most vulnerable locations with respect to climate change. Increases in temperature and precipitation are forecast for the next 20-30 years by most of the climate models. The Mekong River Commission estimates that the most likely effects of climate change in the region will include22:
• “Basin-wide temperature increase of 0.79°C, with greater increases in colder catchment areas in the north • Annual precipitation increase of 200 mm (a 13.5% rise) • Increase in dry-season precipitation in northern catchments and decrease in southern catchments • Total annual runoff increase of 21% • Increase in flooding in all parts of the Basin with the greatest impact on downstream catchments of the Mekong River • Climate change is expected to affect natural ecosystems and agriculture throughout the Mekong River Basin, thereby exacerbating the challenges of meeting the increasing demand for resources from growing populations.” 154. Based on these and other potential impacts Table A6.12 shows adaptation measures that have been built into the Project and will be finalized in the detailed design.
20 Projects emitting more than the threshold are required to carry out an annual quantification of GHG emissions in accordance with internationally recognized methodologies and evaluate technically and financially feasible and cost-effective options to reduce or offset project-related greenhouse gas emissions during project design and operation, and pursue appropriate options (SPS, 2009). 21 “Greenhouse gas emissions from rice”, RGTW Working Paper Number 3, 2013, Alfred Gathorne- Hardy 22 http://www.mrcmekong.org/mekong-basin/climate/
A6-54 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Table A6.12: Project Climate Change Adaptation Measures
Climate Change Effect Project Measure
Likely temperature increase of up Project capacity building and linkage with research institutes to 1°C (Lao-IRRI) to include adaptation measures to enable the rice plant to perform optimally under adverse climatic conditions through suitable cultural and genetic strategies.23 24 Improved varieties tolerant to higher and low temperatures would be introduced as they are released by the research institutes. Training of farmers would also include mitigation measures to reduce GHG emissions, such as cultivating crops other than rice that may emit less GHG and employing better water management for rice.
Likely increases in annual Project implementation to include careful monitoring of water precipitation sources to strive for optimal use of the resource. This will need to be incorporated into Basin Management or Water Allocation Plans developed and implemented by PAFO, based on the recommendations of the detailed design engineers for managing water in the source streams.
Increases in flooding Flooding of the subproject area is a concern for the Dong- Savang-Thong. Measures built into the project include:
• Lining of canal distribution system with concrete to reduce damage during periodic inundations; • Maintaining and improving drainage continuity and cross drainage; • Paving all subproject access roads with concrete and paving parts of the service roads where potential flood damage (or dust) makes this necessary; and • Providing bioengineering or gabion bank protection at head works, and providing sodded dirt backfill for concrete canals to reduce flood damage.
Improved varieties tolerant to crop submergence during flood would be introduced as they are released by the research institutes.
Increases in occurrences and The Project is designed to help farmers in the area during severity of droughts droughts by providing irrigation water during the dry season and supplementary water if necessary during the wet season. Water allocation among users at the provincial level will be the responsibility of the PAFO. Extensive canal lining will reduce seepage loses and hence the demand for water, as will crop diversification with the introduction of crops with a lower crop water requirement.
6. Global, Transboundary and Cumulative Impacts 155. The controlled use of irrigation water and the use of potentially harmful chemicals in pest control are, to some extent, transboundary issues. Risks of the use of harmful substances
23 http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/strategies-for-boosting-rice-yield-in-the-face-of-climate- change-in-india-jrr.1000105.php?aid=18969 24 Rice in Southeast Asia: Facing risks and Vulnerabilities to Respond to Climate Change, Suzanne
A6-55 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination or excessive use of less harmful substances in irrigated agriculture are heightened by ready availability from neighboring countries. These risks can be reduced by improved information collection on agrichemicals available on the local market, and dissemination on their proper use. The Agricultural Development Plan (Annex 3 Present Agriculture and Agricultural Development Plan) includes training on IPM. 156. Irrigation schemes always cause some reduction of water resource in other areas as a result of water being pumped out of water source. For a small scheme such as this one at Dong-Savang-Thong scheme, the transboundary impact is minimal but any successful promotion of efficient use of irrigation water will both minimize wastage in the scheme itself and also provide a source of knowledge for adoption by practitioners of irrigated agriculture in the neighboring area. 157. There are three other irrigation schemes (Nongdeun, Nongboua and Dong-Savang- Thong II irrigation schemes) using Nong Louang. The cumulative withdrawals from the subproject and these other schemes will not degrade the lake condition to maintain the aquatic ecosystems. However, the detailed design consultants will be tasked with identifying all abstractions from the lake to ensure that there are no impacts, and to develop a fair water allocation program to be implemented by the PAFO. 158. Similarly, any improvements in managing irrigation systems, use of agrichemicals and in group capacities for co-operative action will have a potentially cumulative impact in the area, by contributing to a build-up of knowledge and skills among communities who interact with neighboring communities. 7. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 159. The Dong-Savang-Thong scheme is one of a number of candidate subprojects selected for the GMS-EWEC-AISP. Alternative subprojects that meet the agreed selection criteria are mainly irrigation schemes with agricultural access road improvement. Other rural infrastructure improvement subprojects could comprise of any combination of irrigation, agricultural access roads. The Dong-Savang-Thong irrigation scheme and access road improvements has been identified by the Savannakhet PAFO and selected through a screening process that included site visits and consultations with principal stakeholders of other candidate subproject sites. 160. The existing irrigation system, including pumping equipment, control structures, main canals and secondary and tertiary canal network requires rehabilitation to improve efficiency and overcome difficulties with distribution of water due to seepage losses and failed control structures. The Nong Louang Lake is the only viable water source for the scheme. While groundwater is used in some towns in Savannakhet province, for water supplies, it is generally unreliable in the dry season and there are no indications from geological information that any substantial groundwater reserves exist in the area. The proposed scheme makes use of existing infrastructure, is relatively simple to construct and inexpensive to operate. 161. The “no project” alternative would, in this case, would simply mean the substitution of the Dong-Savang-Thong irrigation scheme and access roads with an alternative subproject, likely to be based on a different irrigation scheme within Savannakhet or Salavan provinces.
K. Redfern, Nadine Azzu and Jesie S. Binamira FAO www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/.../climate/Rice_Southeast_Asia.pdf
A6-56 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
8. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 162. Consultations were conducted during visit a Dong Savang village on 11 May 2016 which included a focus group discussion. At the consultation, which took place to undertake subproject screening, the subproject was disclosed to communities involved in the scheme and environmental and other issues discussed, Annex A6.3 (Information Disclosure, Participation and Consultation). 163. Meetings on potential environmental issues were held with local community representatives including office holders of the water user group and village leaders to discuss potential environmental and other issues arising from irrigation scheme rehabilitation and road improvements. Respondents were keen for the subproject to go ahead, anticipating a range of benefits including improved access to the fields, better distribution of irrigation water among the users and a sufficient supply of water for an irrigated area of 500ha. 164. Asked about potential negative effects during construction, respondents saw no significant issues as most construction will follow the existing footprint and it is general construction that will not use any harmful chemical/substance in the proposed construction activities which would cause negative impact on the environment in the area. Though, construction of secondary canal (TC5) which would end close to Koudkuang swamp, a habitat of Siamese Crocodile, that sometimes can be found in the swamp. Discussion with local people during data collection on 16-20 October 2017 had no concern about impact on the crocodile from the proposed subproject as the people have been practicing agricultural cultivation in the area for many years. 165. The main concerns of the local community raised during consultations in May 2016 related to subproject design, the construction of WUG office and employment opportunities during construction:
• Local villagers would like the project to build a road along each main canal in order to provide good accessibility for people; • They would like the project to construct an office for Water User Group • The project should consider encouraging contractor to recruit local people here to work with them for non-skilled position. 166. The concerns of the local community are addressed in the Feasibility Study. Irrigation service roads and canal bridges would be provided for main, secondary and tertiary canals, Annex 2 (Concept Engineering Design). An office would be constructed for the WUG. The Project Design and Monitoring Framework (Annex 1) stipulates “$8 million in local wages generated from project construction activities, with 30 per cent of the wages for women under equal pay conditions. Payment in local wages would be approximately 21 per cent of the contract price. The contractor’s payment of local wages is monitored in the Project monitoring program. The requirement is also detailed in Annex 6.4 (Environmental and Social Clauses for Civil Works Contracts). 167. The areas of the existing irrigation scheme within the wetlands area is vulnerable to annual flooding although little damage is reported, the flooding prevents wet season paddy production. Drainage continuity would be maintained and the impact of flooding would not be increased. The last severe floods recorded were in 1996 and 1978. 168. WUG would receive support from the PAFO/DAFO under a Memorandum of Understanding between the EA and PAFO and the DAFO and WUG. The support would be in two distinct sections - routine O&M and replacement/catastrophic maintenance. The support for routine O&M would be over the first four years of subproject operation with the DAFO
A6-57 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination contribution to the budget 100 per cent in Year 1 and subsequently decreasing by 25 per cent each year. In Year 5 the full cost of routine O&M would be paid by the WUG from irrigation service fees. Replacement, and repair of scheme infrastructure following catastrophic events would be paid by DAFO. The DAFO would be responsible for monitoring the O&M activities of the WUGs. 169. During construction and operation, communities in and around the subproject area will be kept informed of construction activities that are likely to cause noise and dust nuisance, or disruption to irrigation flows or roads and pathways. 170. The overall consensus is that the Project is needed and people want it to start as soon as possible. 171. The procedure for IEE preparation and approval is described in Article 10 of the EIA Decree25 and is summarized as follows: “(i) The project developer prepares the IEE report, in cooperation with other stakeholder agencies and including consultation at village, district and provincial levels; (ii) On completion of consultations at district level and subsequent updating of the IEE report based on comments received, the project developer should send the IEE report to the relevant line ministry; (iii) The line ministry should review the IEE report within 10 days and either accept or instruct the project developer to provide further information or make revisions; (iv) Once accepted by the line ministry, the project developer should submit 15 hard copies and a soft copy of the IEE to the line ministry; (v) The line ministry should send the IEE report to the local administration and concerned agencies within five days of receipt; (vi) Recipients of the IEE report must send any comments on the IEE reports within 20 working days of receipt; (vii) The line ministry should convene a technical workshop to review the IEE and, if necessary, undertake a field visit, following which comments are sent to MONRE with a recommendation as to the acceptability of the IEE; and (viii) MONRE decides whether to issue a certificate of compliance, instruct the project developer to amend the IEE report, instruct the project developer to undertake further investigations, or to reject the IEE report”26. 172. The draft IEE Executive Summary was translated into Lao and presented to beneficiaries from the subproject, district and provincial officials, including PONRE, 9th January 2018. The presentation was attended by 81 subproject beneficiaries including 55 females (67.9%) and 10 government officials, 3 females (30%), including staff from PONRE/DONRE. The meeting was held at Dong-Savang village Church hall. The IEE, including the EMP were presented and copies distributed. The beneficiaries were request to review the documents in
25 Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment Prime Minister’s Office No. 112/PM. Vientiane Capital, 16 February 2010 26 Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Greater Mekong Subregion East West Economic Corridor Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (Draft) Project Number: 44138, May 2013 quotes the same text
A6-58 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination preparation for a visit in March 2018 when their concerns and suggestions would be discussed. 173. A review meeting was held at Dong-Savang village Church hall on the 13th March 2018 attended by 96 beneficiaries including 57 females (59.4%). Eight Project staff including three (3) females (37.5%) from the NPMO, PPMO and DCO also attended the meeting. The main concerns relating to the environment were: the contractors vehicles should not drive across villager’s land during construction but use alternative routes; the contractors vehicle should not drive at high speed; contractor should regularly spray water on the roads to reduce dust generation; the contractor should employ local beneficiaries to work on implementing the subproject but they would not work on Sunday’s. 174. All the concerns and issues raised by the local community are covered in the EMP and would be included in the contractors site specific EMP (CEMP) that is monitored regularly by the DCO, EDC-2, LIC and the contractors Environmental Safeguards Officer. 175. PONRE issued the Certificate of Environmental Compliance No. 489 along with a letter on the Terms and Conditions of Use 28th March 2018. 176. Supporting evidence for is presented in Annex 6.3 (Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation). 177. During construction communities in and around the subproject area would be kept informed of construction activities that are likely to cause noise and dust nuisance, or disruption to irrigation flows or roads and pathways. 9. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 178. A well-defined GRM27 has been established to resolve grievances and complaints in a timely and satisfactory manner. All affected persons would be made fully aware of their rights, and the detailed GRM procedures would be publicized through an effective public information campaign. This would include a wide distribution of a revised Public Information Booklet and the display of the GRM on noticeboards at contractor’s camps and work sites and in villages at prominent locations e.g. temples. 179. The Grievance Redress Mechanism has been developed to provide a redress mechanism for grievances that may arise over effects on private property and the environment. Persons affected by the subproject activities or concerned about environmental impacts are entitled to lodge complaints regarding any aspect of the subproject development. 180. The objective of the grievance redress mechanism is to resolve complaints as quickly as possible and at the local level through a process of conciliation; and, if that is not possible, to provide clear and transparent procedures for appeal. 181. The grievance redress process includes five steps, as illustrated in Table A6.13. Complaints would ideally pass through only four stages before they are elevated to a court of law as a last resort. However, complainants are entitled to lodge complaints regarding any aspect of the preparation and implementation of the project activities without prejudice to their right to file complaints with the court of law at any point in the process.
27 Follow discussions with ADB 9th February 2017 it was agreed the GRM would be revised to include more entry points a process now implemented.
A6-59 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Table A6.13: Project Main Steps of Grievance Mechanisms
Steps, Actions and Levels of Intervention Time ▼ V I L L A G E
1.1 Complainant explains problem/issue verbally. 1.2 In communities existing village mediation committees (VMCs) would be the first contact for
affected persons (APs), or complainants on environmental matters, to address their concerns. 1.3 VMC would be responsible for land acquisition and compensation (LAC) issues or the village 5 1 would establish a Project related village LAC committee. days 1.4 The committee aims at clarifications and solution within its village and with the complainant. 1.5 This mediation aims at a Project internal immediate solution. If the complaint cannot be solved at this stage, the next step is to apply. ▼ S U B – P R O J E C T If not solved before: 2.1 Complainant presents complaint/s or grievance/s verbally or in writing.
2.2 A Project grievance committee (SPGC) would be the second contact for Further complainants to address their concerns. 2 10 2.3 Registration of the complaint by SPGC. days 2.4 In collaboration with VMC and complainant this SPGC would elaborate on the complaint. 2.5 This mediation aims at a Project internal amicable solution. If the complaint cannot be solved at this stage, the next step is to apply. ▼ D I S T R I C T If not solved before: 3.1 APs would address their complaints to the Grievance Redress Committee (GRC). Further 3.2 Involvement of authorities and departments 3 10 3.3 Collaboration with complainants, SPGC and village committee. days 3.4 This mediation aims at a mutual arrangement to solve the complaint. If the complaint cannot be solved at this stage, the next step is to apply. ▼ P R O V I N C E If not solved before: 4.1 Complainants with or without support from CSO/NGO, but with assistance
from the Project would address their complaints to the provincial departments and possibly governor’s office. Further 4.2 Shall involve GRC. 4 10 4.3 Can involve independent, external advice on the issues of the complaint. days 4.4 At this level, a formal agreement would be the objective to agree upon. 4.5 Before applying step 5, provincial and district staff should make final efforts to find an agreement with the AP. If the complaint cannot be solved at this stage, the next step is to apply. ▼ C O U N T R Y If not solved before: Open, 5.1 Final step to solve land acquisition, boundary and/or compensation issue. but 5.2 Court will take note and register the case. 5 further 5.3 Court to provide final juristic decision. 20 5.4 In case of required actions the complainant and/or Project proponent days have to follow.
Notes N-1: Concerning step 1 the village should decide about its internal approach and time required N-2: The shown approach is in line with the Technical Guidelines on Compensation and Resettlement of Affected People by Development Project, March 2010. N-3: The shown days per step should be understood as a maximum duration. N-4: The grievance procedures are also applied for environment related complaints.
A6-60 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
182. To ensure that potential environmental problems are detected and addressed appropriately, environmental monitoring would take place during construction and operation. During construction, the key tasks are monitoring the compliance with environmental mitigation measures in the environmental management plan which shall be done by the environmental monitoring team, Annex 6.5 (Environmental and Social Monitoring Process). During operations, responsibility for monitoring shall rest with the WUG and the district departments. 183. Complaints would ideally pass through only four stages before they are elevated to a court of law as a last resort. However, complainants are entitled to lodge complaints regarding any aspect of the preparation and implementation of the resettlement plan or of other project activities without prejudice to their right to file complaints with the court of law at any point in the process. 184. It is recognized that, in many cases, complainants do not have the writing skills or being able to express their grievances verbally, however, complainants are encouraged to seek assistance from the independent monitor, the nominated local NGOs or other family members, village heads or community chiefs to have their grievances recorded in writing and to have access to the project documentation, to ensure that where disputes do occur all the details have been recorded accurately enabling all parties to be treated fairly. 185. The NPMO would pay all administrative costs incurred in the resolution of grievances and complaints within the project-level grievance redress mechanism. If the complainant seeks grievance redress through country-level judicial and administrative mechanisms, the requirements and procedures applicable to the relevant jurisdiction shall apply. All complaints and resolutions will be properly documented by the concerned resettlement committee and be available for the public and review for monitoring purposes. 186. Safeguard monitoring reports will include the following aspects pertaining to progress on grievances: (a) number of cases registered with the Grievance Redress Committee (GRC), level of jurisdiction (first, second, and third tiers), number of hearings held, decisions made, and the status of pending cases; and (b) lists of cases in process and already decided upon may be prepared with details such as name, ID with unique serial number, date of notice, date of application, date of hearing, decisions, remarks, actions taken to resolve issues, and status of grievance (i.e. open ,closed, pending). ADB’s Accountability Mechanism will also be explained to people from households that will be affected by the project. The AISP website has a link to the mechanism http://www.adb.org/Accountability-Mechanism/default.asp. 187. Local stakeholders were asked during the 12th May 2016 field visit whether they were aware of the Grievance Redress Procedures and if there had been any grievances to date. Generally, people are aware of the procedure and there have not been any grievances to date. The GRM has subsequently been revised and presented to beneficiaries in consultation on land acquisition and compensation see Annex 7 (Land Acquisition and Compensation Plan). To date no grievances have been recorded. 188. There have been grievances, often considered by village authorities as minor, that have not been recorded. The need to maintain a record has been stressed but to no avail. It is thought the use of the words grievance or complaint in Lao PDR are seen as negative and there is reluctance of the authorities to record what are thought negative comments about the subproject. The use of the Lao language used in the GRM is being reviewed to enable comments of concern about the subproject to be made and recorded without the inferred negative attitude.
A6-61 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
10. MONITORING OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 10.1 Responsibilities for Environmental Management Monitoring 189. Table A6.9, above, summarizes the mitigation measures required for design, construction and operation of the scheme, as well as the cost and responsibility allocation arrangements. Overall responsibility for implementing the Environmental Management Plan rests with PAFO, which during construction and operation would be supported by the provincial project management office (PPMO) in Savannakhet province and DAFO of Songkhon District and through DCO and the scheme users. Responsibility for incorporating mitigation into scheme design rests with NPMO, supported by the Project implementation consultants who will have appropriate specialists based at the NPMO in Vientiane. 190. In the pre-construction stage fulfilment of the contract conditions relating to the EMP are the responsibility of the NPMO supported by the LIC. 191. To ensure that potential environmental problems are detected and addressed appropriately, environmental monitoring would take place during construction and operation of the subproject. During construction, the key tasks are monitoring the compliance with environmental mitigation measures in the environmental management plan for each subproject, which shall be done by the contractors’ resident Environmental Safeguards officer and the EDC construction supervision team. With oversight by the DCO/PPMO and NPMO/LIC. During scheme operation, responsibility for mitigation rests primarily with the scheme users (WUG), supported by DCO while the overall responsibility would be with the PAFO through the PPMO. The NPMO supported by the LIC would have oversight on implementation. 192. Responsibility for ensuring that environmental mitigation of construction impacts is carried out again rests with the PAFO, as the agency responsible for construction supervision. However, the EMP should form part of the works contract documentation so that the contractor in each case incorporates the cost of mitigation into the bid price, including provision of staff and equipment necessary to carry out all mitigation tasks in full. These plans must be approved and adhered to throughout construction and will be monitored with the assistance of the staff of the District Coordination Office (DCO) established within the Songkhon DAFO under the supervision of the Safeguards Officer appointed to the Provincial Project Management Office (PPMO). Being closer to the construction site, the staff of the DCO will be the main point of contact for the PPMO with delegated responsibility for: (i) assisting with community development initiatives through the associated investments; (ii) coordination of resettlement activities; (iii) coordination of environment management activities; (iv) coordination of all other safeguard and gender activities; (v) assistance in the identification of associated investments; (vi) monitoring of implementation of the Project; and (vii) reporting on progress of implementation. 193. The contractor would appoint a resident Environmental Safeguards Officer (ESO) responsible for monitoring civil works implementation and compliance with the CEMP. The ESO would maintain a daily log covering civil works activities and compliance with the CEMP. The EDC-2 construction supervision engineer would be responsible for checking and reporting on daily maintenance of the log. Copies would be sent to the NPMO, monthly, for review by the Environment officer and LIC. The LIC environmental specialist would verify the log on the quarterly monitoring site visits. 194. A more detailed list of mitigation measures that are to be taken as part of this EMP is shown at the end of Annex 6.2. For the construction phase, Annex 6.3 presents all necessary measures on protection of the environment that shall be carried out by the Contractor including
A6-62 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination the contents of the “Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan” (CEMP), and environmental clauses that shall be part of the Contract. 10.1.1 Approach to Environmental Monitoring 195. Environmental monitoring will cover (i) compliance monitoring, to ensure that mitigation specified in the EMP is carried out to an adequate standard, (ii) community feedback to obtain views and information on relevant environmental parameters and (iii) water quality testing. The Environmental Monitoring Plan is presented in Table A6.14 below. Guidance on monitoring procedures and sample checklists are found in Annex 6.5. (Environmental and Social Monitoring Process) 196. Water quality testing is necessary to detect any deterioration of water quality and it is inevitable that some scheme users would use the water in the irrigation system as a supplementary source of domestic water supply, to ensure that it is not dangerous for that purpose. Testing against drinking water quality standards is therefore not warranted. In order to determine the safety of the water, it should be tested for levels of coliform bacteria, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). The parameters and recommended limits along with the analysis results are shown in Table A6.15. 197. Samples were taken in the 2017 wet season, 5th June, and delivered to the laboratory for analysis 6th June. The samples were taken from Nong Louang (source of irrigation water) at the proposed head works and near the end of the irrigation scheme drainage system, see Figure A6.12, below. 198. Future monitoring of water quality would be carried out in the dry season (2017/2018, twice yearly during construction and semi-annually during operation and taken to an appropriate laboratory for analysis. Table A6.15: Water Quality Analysis Results Parameters and Range of Values for Water Quality Testing
Parameters SP Name Date Date of 1 Sample Sample Recommended Range SP No. Sample Fecal Collection Delivered pH COD mg/l BOD mg/l collection Point to Lab Col/1000ml 5.5-9 <35mg/l <25mg/l 1000/100ml SP17 Dong-Savang-Thong Head Works 06-Jun-17 07-Jun-17 6.32 13.73 10.3 2000
End of Drainage06-Jun-17 System 07-Jun-17 6.83 7.667 5.88 200 Notes: pH potential hydrogen COD chemical oxygen demand BOD (20oC) biological oxygen demand Col coliform bacteria 1 see Annex A6.5
199. With the exception of the fecal coliform bacteria at the head works all sample values were within the range recommended. There is no immediate explanation. 200. Samples should be taken prior to, during and after construction (beginning and end of irrigation season) and taken to an appropriate certified laboratory for analysis. For the Dong- Savang-Thong Subproject it is recommended that sampling take place at the beginning of the irrigation scheme (for example at the stilling basin receiving water from the pumps) and at the end (at or near the end of the drainage channel).
A6-63 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Table A6.144: Environmental Monitoring Plan
Impact to be Monitored Parameters Location Measurements Frequency Responsibilities
Design and Preconstruction Phase
Selected sample sites pH; Fecal Coliform; in the command area (near the start of the Collection of Quarterly, Level of pathogens in Biological Oxygen scheme, such as the sample and approximately 12 water for irrigation / Demand (20oC) and PAFO stilling basin, and at laboratory months prior to domestic use Chemical Oxygen Demand the end of the scheme analysis construction drain. See Figure A6- 11
Health and safety and All work sites / welfare of workers and the Compliance with EMP worker Compliance Once PAFO / PPMO public accommodation
Construction Phase
Changes as perceived To be decided by by irrigation scheme Participating villages Consultations PAFO / PPMO at the PAFO / PPMO users start of the works
Prevention of accumulation Selected sample sites of excessive pathogens in pH; Fecal Coliform; in the command area water for irrigation / (near the start of the Collection of Biological Oxygen domestic use o scheme, such as the sample and Demand (20 C) and Twice yearly PAFO / DAFO Chemical Oxygen stilling basin, and at laboratory Demand the end of the scheme analysis drain. See Figure A6- 11
A6-64 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Impact to be Monitored Parameters Location Measurements Frequency Responsibilities
Adequacy of and effectiveness To be decided by of the scheme: quantity of Opinions of users Participating villages Consultations PAFO / PPMO at the PAFO / DAFO water; increases in crop yields; start of the works occurrence of disputes
Implementation of To be decided by Compliance with the EMP construction mitigation All work sites Consultations PAFO / PPMO at the PAFO / DAFO and CEMP measures detailed above start of the works
Operation Phase
To be decided by PAFO / Changes as perceived by Participating villages Consultations PPMO at the start of the PAFO irrigation scheme users works
Prevention of accumulation of Selected sample sites in excessive pathogens in water for pH; Fecal Coliform; the command area (near
irrigation / domestic use the start of the scheme, Collection of sample Semi-annually (before and Biological Oxygen Demand PAFO / WUG / o such as the stilling basin, and laboratory at the end of irrigation (20 C) and Chemical WUA Oxygen Demand and at the end of the analysis season) scheme drain. See Figure A6-11
To be decided by PAFO / Adequacy of and effectiveness of Opinions of users Participating villages Consultations PPMO at the start of the WUG / WUA the scheme: quantity of water; works increases in crop yields;
occurrence of disputes PAFO / DAFO / Water depth monitoring Nong Louang Measurements Monthly WUG
A6-65 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Impact to be Monitored Parameters Location Measurements Frequency Responsibilities
PAFO / DAFO / Water flow monitoring Weir outflow Measurements Monthly WUG
Presence of water ponding PAFO / DAFO / from leaks or canal Throughout the scheme Observations Monthly WUG collapses
A6-66 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Figure A6.12: Proposed Water Quality Sampling Sites
Plate No. 11: Water quality sampling site at Plate No. 12: Water quality sampling site near Dong-Savang-Thong head works the end of the drainage channel
11. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 201. The IEE process has found that the Project will not cause significant negative environmental impacts given proper mitigation. Potential negative impacts relate mainly to the construction phase and can be managed and brought to acceptable levels through the implementation of the Environmental Management Plan. 202. The proposed subproject would provide a significant positive impact to the area, in particular enhancing agricultural production as well as contributing to flood and drought mitigation throughout the irrigation system. The expansion of the command area would increase the irrigated area of paddy fields that are seasonally inhabited by fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic insects that provide a source of varied nutrient to local beneficiaries and increase the biodiversity. The subproject would improve the seasonal aquatic ecosystem in the agricultural land. 203. Potential negative impacts relate mainly to the construction phase and can be managed and brought to acceptable levels through the implementation of the EMP. One of a number of important issues for this proposed site is that detailed design should carefully consider bank erosion protection work at the head works and the lake head regulators on the Houay Sala and Houay Lamphone. It is also essential that construction impacts on Nong Louang, a sacred lake, and the wet land surrounding the subproject are not adversely impacted during construction and operation. Mitigation is covered in the EMP. Overall, negative impacts from the proposed project activities are minimal and can be successfully mitigated through an EMP. 204. The subproject is vulnerable to flood, drought and climate change models project an increase in the frequency and severity of flood and drought. Flood prevention is beyond the scope of the subproject civil works and mitigation to reduce the severity of impacts has been addressed in the concept engineering design. The continuity of natural drainage would be maintained through construction of culverts and aqueducts. The water distribution canal network would be lined throughout and irrigation service roads would have a natural armored gravel pavement on a compacted sub-based increasing resiliency to flood inundation.
A6-67 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
205. In part, the impact of drought would be mitigated through a reduction in water demand by lining canals throughout the distribution network thus reducing seepage losses. Further, crop diversification would be introduced to reduce crop water requirements, paddy has a high crop water requirement. 206. The increased area of dry season paddy cultivation would increase greenhouse gas emission. Although relatively small, emissions can be reduced by changes in cultural practices. The Project is reviewing the most appropriate method of introducing these practices to the farming community. 207. Main negative impacts generating from activities of the proposed project are associated with air and dust pollution, land use impact, solid waste and wastewater from construction camp and construction sites, encroachment to Nong Louang and road safety. However, these impacts are not severe and have been addressed in the EMP. 208. No further environmental assessment is therefore required. The Project is therefore confirmed as Category B according to the ADB’s classification system. This refers to projects that are judged to have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those for Category A projects. 209. It is recommended that the Environmental Management Plan and the contents of Annex 6.5 (Environmental and Social Monitoring Process) would be included in contract documentation for works contracts, and the EMP and monitoring plan be included in agreements formed with water user groups. Emphasis should be placed on regular monitoring of the mean lake water depth.
A6-68 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.1 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.1 Environmental Management Plan
A6-69 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.1 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
A6-70 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.1 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.1: Environmental Management Plan 210. This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is developed for the Dong-Savang- Thong subproject. It identifies the potential project environmental impacts and defines mitigation measures and monitoring requirements for the design, construction, and operational stages of the project. All potential negative impacts from the project throughout the implementation of the project including preconstruction, construction and operational phase have been anticipated with proper mitigation measures also had been addressed in order to prevent, reduce, or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and risks. Detail of work plan with mitigation measures for the EMP indicated in Table A6.16 below.
A6-71 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.1 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Table A6.15: Environmental Management Plan Item Environmental Impacts and Issues Mitigation Measures and/ or Safeguards Responsibility for Supervision of Budget Implementation Implementation 1.1 Design Stage / Pre- construction Final Detailed Design EDC-2 NPMO/LIC Design costs Final Detailed design of irrigation system layout including canal alignment and control structure location will be completed taking into account the EMP Final Detailed Design Final Detailed design of irrigation system layout including EDC-2 NPMO/LIC Design costs canal alignment and control structure location will be completed taking into account the EMP Irrigation Operation and Maintenance Operation and maintenance planning and practices for NPMO/LIC NPMO/ADB Planning (move) irrigation water allocation and drainage will be documented and approved by the EA and ADB before completion of construction and handing over to the system to the WUG. This will include an MOU between the province, the subproject WUG and MAF.
Baseline water quality Establish baseline water quality for surface water (see PPMO NPMO/LIC Project budget Environmental Monitoring Plan) Air Quality Air Quality: Minor increase in air Ensure vehicles well maintained PPMO / NPMO / LIC / PPMO / NPMO / LIC Project / pollution from survey and consultation EDC-2 / EDC-2 consultants teams visiting the subproject budget Increase in dust from unpaved roads Design appropriate road pavement in relation to location: NPMO / LIC / EDC-2 NPMO / LIC NPMO / LIC / irrigation service roads in agricultural areas with natural EDC-2 budget gravel and in urban areas with Double Bituminous Surface Treatment (DBST) or where areas prone to flooding concrete
Noise None None required Water Supply None None required Land/soils Poor design of downstream Appropriate design of headworks bioengineering NPMO / LIC / EDC-2 NPMO / LIC Project / bioengineering protection leading to protection and crest road to avoid erosion consultants erosion. Poor design of road across budget dam leading to erosion on dam embankments. Waste Water Minor - none None required Solid Waste None None required
A6-72 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.1 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Item Environmental Impacts and Issues Mitigation Measures and/ or Safeguards Responsibility for Supervision of Budget Implementation Implementation Land Use Impacts on productive land resulting Minimize impacts in detailed design phase. Compensation NPMO / LIC / EDC-2 NPMO / LIC Project / from land acquisition for canals and paid to affected-households as detailed in the Land consultants irrigation service roads. Acquisition and Compensation Plan budget Biodiversity Potential minor impact to aquatic Design repairs to intake and regulating at the outlet NPMO / LIC / EDC-2 NPMO / LIC Project / ecology at the headworks distribution structure to protect aquatic life. consultants budget Culture Minor - none None required Health Minor - none None required Education Minor - none None required Safety Minor - none None required Resettlement Minor acquisition of land, commercial Land Acquisition and Compensation Plan including NPMO / EDC-2 / NPMO / EDC-2 / Project / trees and field structures, and loss of compensation budget prepared for identified preliminary DAFO DAFO consultants dry season crop. loses, following ADB Safeguards Policy and the Lao budget Resettlement Decree regarding resettlement. Compensation to be completed prior to construction. Income Subproject is designed to provide None required significant income improvements from allowing two rice crops per year to the beneficiaries. Ethnicity Project is designed to provide significant None required income improvements from irrigated agriculture to beneficiaries, including to ethnic minorities. UXO PPMO PPMO PPMO / UXO None required None required Lao Climate Minor local increase in greenhouse gas None likely to be practical or feasible at subproject design NPMO / LIC NPMO / LIC NPMO emissions (methane) from increased level. However, farmer training on methods developed in rice cultivation Thailand to reduce GHG from paddy rice should be investigated and applied Potential increase in frequency and Irrigation supply canals from main to field canals lined to NPMO / LIC / EDC-2 intensity of drought in dry season reduce water losses from seepage in design. Increased and intensive rain fall in wet All access roads vulnerable to flooding designed with a NPMO / LIC / EDC-2 NPMO / LIC /EDC-2 NPMO / season could result in flooding of concrete pavement and enhanced cross drainage Consultants access roads resulting in damage to the Budget road pavement and reducing road use
A6-73 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.1 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Item Environmental Impacts and Issues Mitigation Measures and/ or Safeguards Responsibility for Supervision of Budget Implementation Implementation Increased and intensive rain fall in wet Design of scheme to ensure continuity of existing drainage NPMO / LIC / EDC-2 NPMO / LIC NPMO / LIC season could result in flooding of and where appropriate construction of additional drainage productive land and crop damage channels
1.2 Construction Air Quality Exhaust gases Ensure all construction vehicles and equipment are well- Contractor NPMO / PPMO / Project / maintained; and do not idle for more than 15 minutes in DACO / EDC-2 / LIC Consultants populated areas Budget Dust Contractors to control dust during construction through Contractor NPMO / PPMO / Project / regular watering of exposed areas; Cover all trucks DACO / EDC-2 Consultants carrying dispersible materials to or from the site; Budget Noise Noise impact on sensitive areas from No construction between 21:00 and 06:00 near residential Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / equipment and vehicles accessing and or other sensitive areas. Trucks to be maintained and Consultants working on site have effective silencers on exhausts. Budget Water Supply Minor amounts needed for construction Contractors to acquire water from available nearby Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / acquired from village sources could surface water sources as approved by local authorities Consultants cause local shortages in dry season Budget Land/soils Impacts to soils from erosion increases Contractors to provide adequate erosion control during Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / due to inappropriate construction construction. For construction materials such as sand, Consultants procedures and improper management stone, and fill soil contractor should choose legal service Budget of borrow pits. Impact on land adjacent providers who have exploitation licenses and to the construction footprint resulting in environmental protection commitment issued by local compaction and damage to vegetation authorities. Contractor to operate within a narrow working including standing crops. footprint outside the infrastructure area
Waste Water Minor increase in wastewater from Contractors to manage wastewater discharges at Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / construction camps that could contain construction camps. Site camps so as to avoid impacts to Consultants petroleum/chemical pollution or other surface and groundwater. Monitor surface and Budget contaminants resulting in contamination groundwater quality at or near camps. Use temporary of surface water. diversion drains & bunds, temporary silt traps and ponds to prevent contamination of surface water. Stockpile spoil in flat areas away from drainage routes
Solid Waste Minor local impacts from improper Contractors to use best practice with respect to waste Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / disposal of solid waste from management at the camps and construction sites, Consultants construction activities or workers including proper disposal of solid waste at locations Budget approved by local authorities
A6-74 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.1 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Item Environmental Impacts and Issues Mitigation Measures and/ or Safeguards Responsibility for Supervision of Budget Implementation Implementation
Land Use Minor impacts to local land uses during Contractor to protect sensitive urban, agricultural and Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / construction natural areas during construction, pay for any temporary Consultants use of land, and restore to original condition any land used Budget temporarily Biodiversity Minor / temporary negative impacts Contractors to protect sensitive natural areas, especially Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / during construction at the dam, TC6 close to Koudkuang swamp during the subproject Consultants construction camps and nearby water construction Budget courses Culture No impacts are anticipated Health Possible increase in STDs or other Contractors to screen and educate workers for HIV and Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / diseases from construction workers other STDs, implement malaria control at work sites and Consultants interacting with local population. c amps, and provide adequate toilet facilities and clean Budget Potential increased breeding grounds water for workers. for vectors of water borne diseases if Contractors to stabilize and provide permanent borrow pits not stabilized and drained. sustainable drainage of borrow pits unless alternative productive use agreed e.g. to use as fish pond.
Education Minor negative impacts from possible Contractor required to maintain safe access to education Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / impaired access to schools during facilities at all times. Consultants construction Budget Safety Potential impacts from work-place Training and awareness raising for workers on Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / accidents to workers, local community, occupational health & safety. Contractor to provide Consultants or vehicles. adequate personal protective equipment to workers. Budget Adequate signage, lighting, and control of construction sites. Traffic control measures to ensure public safety. Contractor to establish efficient emergency/ contingency plans, adequate facilities & equipment & trained staff for handling emergencies. Resettlement Potential for temporary impacts due to Contractor to pay rent for temporary use of land. Only Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / contractors' use of land. Temporary vacant land to be used. Use of land will not disturb Consultants closure of irrigation system during dry businesses. Land temporarily used will be restored to pre- Budget season impact on crops and livestock project condition or improved. Contractor will work with WUG to minimize impact of temporary irrigation system closure.
A6-75 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.1 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Item Environmental Impacts and Issues Mitigation Measures and/ or Safeguards Responsibility for Supervision of Budget Implementation Implementation Income Potential temporary loss of access to Contractor to employ local workers with about 21 per cent Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / irrigation water in dry season. of contract price paid in wages. Contractors to provide Consultants Temporary increase in income for access to shops / businesses / homes at all times. Budget beneficiaries employed by the contractor. Multiplier effect in local economy from increased disposable income. Ethnicity None anticipated since no members of none required ethnic minority community impacted UXO Minor chance or none to find a UXO in the subproject none required Climate Minor or none, assuming proper waste See Air Quality and Waste Management (Construction) Contractor DAFO / EDC-2 Project / management and lower emission above Consultants vehicles Budget
1.3 Operation Air Quality Damage to gravel road pavement of DAFO and WUG to Control use of the service roads to WUG DAFO Irrigation irrigation service roads by unauthorized authorized vehicles only to reduce damage to road. Service Fees or overloaded vehicles resulting in dust especially in the dry season Noise Minor or none none required Water Supply Minor positive impact from additional none required (non-potable) water, including ground water, available near canals and drains during dry season. Land/soils Inadequate maintenance leading to Adequate maintenance and care of landscaping of: the WUG DAFO Irrigation erosion of: headworks dam dam embankments; vegetative cover on canal Service Fees embankment erosion; canal side slopes embankments and raised sections of the access roads; especially where canals are in deep cut; pavement of irrigation service; cross-drainage structures; gravel pavement on irrigation service and channels of the irrigation drainage network roads; the drainage network
A6-76 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.1 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Item Environmental Impacts and Issues Mitigation Measures and/ or Safeguards Responsibility for Supervision of Budget Implementation Implementation Waste Water Drainage from irrigated fields in which Develop an on-going capacity-building program to instruct WUG / DCO DAFO DAFO large amounts of fertilizers and people not to use drainage water without testing for pesticides have been used could contaminants. Train farmers in methods for Integrated contaminate water which might be used Pest Management and crop nutrition. Coordinate with downstream by other farmers or even Agriculture Extension Centre to ensure that farmers are for domestic use. trained in correct use and storage of fertilizer, pesticides, and other potentially hazardous substances
Solid Waste Impacts from improper disposal/ Develop an on-going capacity-building program to raise WUG / DAFO / LIC DAFO DAFO dumping of solid wastes in canals, along awareness of local communities of the impacts of the access and irrigation service roads and disposal/dumping of waste in the canals, drains and along in drainage channels. This could lead to roads. reduced efficiency of flow in canals and drains
Land Use Encroachment on non-agricultural land, The WUG/WUA responsible for monitoring illegal irrigation WUG DAFO Irrigation especially forest land, near supply water supply off-takes and associated land clearance Service Fees canals and the illegal off-take of irrigation water supply Biodiversity Improved biodiversity of paddy fields None required under irrigation Culture minor to none none required Health Potential negative impact from the Farmers to be instructed in the control of mosquito and WUG / DCO DAFO DAFO / provision of additional open surface water borne diseases, especially breeding sites. Water Irrigation water that can lead to increased flow in canals should not be impeded, and stagnant Service Fee incidence of mosquitos and water-borne ponding from overflows should be avoided and drained. diseases. Improvement in health from paving and None required reducing dust from village roads, and from improved access to health facilities Potential for increase in waterborne WUG / DCO DAFO DAFO / diseases if drainage channels are Training program to instruct farmers and other residents in Irrigation allowed to stagnate or are purposefully the control of mosquitos and water borne diseases. Water Service Fee ponded. Possible negative health flow in drainage channels should not be impeded and impacts from the use of contaminated stagnant water ponding should be avoided. drainage water for domestic purposes. Residents should be instructed to avoid using drainage water for domestic purposes due to the possibility of contamination from fertilizer and other agrichemicals.
A6-77 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.1 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Item Environmental Impacts and Issues Mitigation Measures and/ or Safeguards Responsibility for Supervision of Budget Implementation Implementation Education Positive impacts from improved access None required to education facilities, especially secondary schools. Safety Possible increase in accidental DCO to carry out training and awareness raising for WUG / DCO DAFO DAFO / drownings of people or animals in the community on dangers of open water in reservoir. Irrigation reservoir due to poor control of access Adequate signage and fencing to keep people and Service Fee to the area. animals away from the dam embankment and reservoir water discharge mechanism.
Possible increase in accidental DCO to carry out training and awareness raising for WUG / DCO DAFO DAFO / drownings of children or animals in community on dangers of the canals. Adequate signage Irrigation canals and large structures and fencing to keep people and animals away from stilling Service Fee basins and other potentially dangerous structures. Possible increase in vehicular accidents Road safety training. Local authorities to control traffic WUG / DCO / NPMO DAFO DFO / Irrigation due to increased speeds on paved speeds in villages, possibly with speed-reduction methods Service Fee access roads such as speed humps. Possible increase in accidents from Road safety training. Local authorities to control traffic use WUG / DCO / NPMO DAFO DAFO / improper use or damage to the irrigation on irrigation service roads. Irrigation service roads Service Fee / Project Budget
Possible increase in accidental DCO to carry out training and awareness raising for WUG / DCO / NPMO DAFO DAFO / drownings of children or animals community on dangers of the drainage channels. Irrigation Adequate signage and fencing to keep people and Service Fee animals away. Resettlement Possible on-going disputes or Establish and fully implement the Grievance Redress Village Mediation DAFO / NPMO Village grievances Mechanism be in force for the life of the project Committee if Government / necessary continue DAFO / Project through Budget implementation of Grievance Redress Mechanism Income Significant income improvements from Can also promote aquaculture development and crop WUG / DCO DAFO DAFO / allowing two or more rice crops per year diversification into higher value crops with sustainable Irrigation to the beneficiaries. Multiplier effect in water supply. Service Fee local economy from increased disposable income.
A6-78 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.1 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Item Environmental Impacts and Issues Mitigation Measures and/ or Safeguards Responsibility for Supervision of Budget Implementation Implementation Ethnicity Project is designed to provide significant None required income improvements from irrigated agriculture to beneficiaries, including to ethnic minorities. UXO None None required Climate Minor local increase in greenhouse gas DCO to provide awareness-raising for local population of WUG / DCO / NPMO / DAFO / NPMO / LIC Project Budget emissions from increased rice the increased emissions of methane from rice cultivation LIC / Consultants cultivation and encouragement to change methods or raise other Budget crops. Possibly invite researchers from Thailand who have developed paddy rice methods that reduce GHG
Increased and intensive rain fall in wet Village Maintenance Committee to maintain cross Village Maintenance DAFO Village season could result in flooding of drainage structure and road side drains Committee Government / access roads resulting in damage to the DAFO road pavement and reducing road use Increased and intensive rain fall in wet WUG/WUA to maintain all cross-drainage structures and WUG DAFO Irrigation season could result in flooding of drainage channels to maintain continuity of drainage Service Fee / productive land and crop damage system DAFO
A6-79 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.1 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
A6-80 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.2 Details of the Impact Assessment and Summary of Mitigation
Measures
A6-81 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
A6-82 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.2: Details of the Impact Assessment and Summary of Mitigation Measures
Air Quality (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
# Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Anticipated Mitigation Measures
Rating
mitigation Ratingwith
Pre-Construction Headworks None; pumps are electric and power comes from None required 0 0 the national grid which is primarily hydropower. Main/secondary canals None 0 None required 0 Access / village roads Increased air pollution in villages Design traffic measures to reduce emissions. -5 0 Pave roads to reduce dust in dry seaason Canal service roads Increased dust from unpaved roads -5 Design gravel roads to minimize dust 0 Drainage channels None 0 None required 0 Construction Headworks Minor air quality impacts from construction Construction vehicles to meet Euro 2 emission vehicles (emissions). standards. Contractors to control dust during construction through regular watering of exposed areas; -5 0 Cover all trucks carrying dispersible materials to or from the site; Ensure all construction vehicles and equipment are well-maintained; Main/secondary canals Minor air quality impacts from construction Construction vehicles to meet Euro 2 emission vehicles (emissions) and dust in dry season standards. Contractors to control dust during construction through regular watering of exposed areas; -5 0 Cover all trucks carrying dispersible materials to or from the site; Ensure all construction vehicles and equipment are well-maintained; Access / village roads Minor air quality impacts from construction Construction vehicles to meet Euro 2 emission vehicles (emissions) and dust in dry season standards. Contractors to control dust during construction through regular watering of exposed areas; -5 0 Cover all trucks carrying dispersible materials to or from the site; Ensure all construction vehicles and equipment are well-maintained; Canal service roads Minor air quality impacts from construction Construction vehicles to meet Euro 2 emission vehicles (emissions) and dust in dry season standards. Contractors to control dust during construction through regular watering of exposed areas; -5 0 Cover all trucks carrying dispersible materials to or from the site; Ensure all construction vehicles and equipment are well-maintained; Drainage channels Minor air quality impacts from construction Construction vehicles to meet Euro 2 emission vehicles (emissions) and dust in dry season standards. Contractors to control dust during construction through regular watering of exposed areas; -5 0 Cover all trucks carrying dispersible materials to or from the site; Ensure all construction vehicles and equipment are well-maintained; Operation Headworks None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals None 0 None required 0 Access / village roads None 0 None required 0 Canal service roads Increased dust from unpaved service roads PAFO and WUG to Control use of the service -5 roads to authorized vehicles only to reduce 0 damage to road and dust in dry season. Drainage channels None 0 None required 0
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-83 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Noise (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
# Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Anticipated Mitigation Measures
with with
Rating Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Headworks None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals None 0 None required 0 Access / village roads None 0 None required 0 Canal service roads None 0 None required 0 Drainage channels None 0 None required 0 Construction Nuisance noise from equipment and vehicles No construction between 21:00 and 06:00 near accessing the site. residential or other sensitive areas. Headworks -5 0 Trucks to be maintained and have appropriate mufflers. Nuisance noise from equipment and vehicles No construction between 21:00 and 06:00 near accessing the site. residential or other sensitive areas. Main/secondary canals -5 0 Trucks to be maintained and have appropriate mufflers. Nuisance noise from equipment and vehicles No construction between 21:00 and 06:00 near accessing the site. residential or other sensitive areas. Access / village roads -5 0 Trucks to be maintained and have appropriate mufflers. Nuisance noise from equipment and vehicles No construction between 21:00 and 06:00 near accessing the site. residential or other sensitive areas. Canal service roads -5 0 Trucks to be maintained and have appropriate mufflers. Nuisance noise from equipment and vehicles No construction between 21:00 and 06:00 near accessing the site. residential or other sensitive areas. Drainage channels -5 0 Trucks to be maintained and have appropriate mufflers. Operation Headworks None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals None 0 None required 0 Access / village roads None 0 None required 0 Canal service roads None 0 None required 0 Drainage channels None 0 None required 0
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-84 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Water Supply (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
# Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Headworks None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals None 0 None required 0 Access / village roads None 0 None required 0 Canal service roads None 0 None required 0 Drainage channels None 0 None required 0 Construction Minor amounts needed for construction and dust Contractors to acquire water from available Headworks control acquired from village sources could cause local -5 nearby surface water sources as approved by 0 shortages in dry season local authorities Minor amounts needed for construction acquired from Contractors to acquire water from available Main/secondary canals village sources could cause local shortages in dry -5 nearby surface water sources as approved by -5 season local authorities Minor amounts needed for construction and dust Contractors to acquire water from available Access / village roads control acquired from village sources could cause local -5 nearby surface water sources as approved by 0 shortages in dry season local authorities Minor amounts needed for construction and dust Contractors to acquire water from available Canal service roads control acquired from village sources could cause local -5 nearby surface water sources as approved by 0 shortages in dry season local authorities Drainage channels None 0 None required 0 Operation Minor positive impact from additional (non-potable) None required Headworks 5 5 water available near canals during dry season. Minor positive impact from additional (non-potable) None required Main/secondary canals 5 5 water available near canals during dry season. Access / village roads None 0 None required 0 Canal service roads None 0 None required 0 Minor positive impact from additional (non-potable) None required Drainage channels water available near drainage channels during dry 5 5 season.
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-85 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Land/soils (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
# Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Poor design of bank protection leading to riverside Careful design of headworks to avoid bank Headworks -5 0 erosion erosion Improper siting of canals and access roads to Careful design of canals to avoid erosion Main/secondary canals -5 0 them leading to erosion Improper siting/design of roads leading to erosion Careful siting and design of access roads to Access / village roads -5 0 avoid erosion Improper siting/design of unpaved service roads Careful design of canals and their service Canal service roads -5 0 leading to erosion roads to avoid erosion Improper siting/design of drainage channels Careful design of drainage to avoid erosion Drainage channels -5 0 leading to erosion Construction Impacts to soils from erosion increases due to Contractors to provide adequate erosion inadequate construction procedures and improper control during construction. For construction management of borrow pits. materials such as sand, stone, and fill dirt, Headworks -5 contractor should choose legal service 0 providers who have exploitation licenses and environmental protection commitment issued by local authorities. Impacts to soils from erosion increases due to Contractors to provide adequate erosion inadequate construction procedures and improper control during construction. For construction management of borrow pits. materials such as sand, stone, and fill dirt, Main/secondary canals -5 contractor should choose legal service 0 providers who have exploitation licenses and environmental protection commitment issued by local authorities. Access / village roads same as above -5 same as above 0 Canal service roads same as above -5 same as above 0 Impacts to soils from erosion increases due to same as above Drainage channels -5 0 inadequate construction procedures Operation Inadequate maintenance of headworks leading to Adequate maintenance and care of Headworks -5 0 bank erosion landscaping of riverbanks Main/secondary canals none 0 none required 0 Access / village roads none 0 none required 0 Inadequate maintenance of gravel roads leading Adequate maintenance and care of service Canal service roads -5 0 to erosion roads Inadequate maintenance of drainage leading to Adequate maintenance and care of drainage Drainage channels -5 0 erosion
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-86 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Waste Water (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
# Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Headworks Minor to None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals same as above 0 None required 0 Access / village roads same as above 0 None required 0 Canal service roads same as above 0 None required 0 Drainage from irrigated fields in which large Design should require PAFO to instruct people amounts of fertilizers and pesticides have been not to use drainage water without testing for Drainage channels used could include contaminated water which -5 contaminants 0 might be used downstream by other farmers or even for domestic use. Construction Minor increase in wastewater from construction Contractors to manage wastewater discharges camps, including petroleum/chemical pollution. at construction camps. Contamination of surface water. Site camps so as to avoid impacts to surface and groundwater. Monitor surface and groundwater quality at or Headworks -5 near camps. 0 Use temporary diversion drains & bunds, temporary silt traps and ponds to prevent contamination of surface water. Stockpile spoils in flat areas away from drainage routes Main/secondary canals same as above -5 same as above 0 Access / village roads same as above -5 same as above 0 Canal service roads same as above -5 same as above 0 Minor increase in wastewater from construction same as above Drainage channels camps, including petroleum/chemical pollution. -5 0 Contamination of surface water. Operation Headworks None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals same as above 0 None required 0 Access / village roads same as above 0 None required 0 Canal service roads same as above 0 None required 0 Drainage from irrigated fields in which large PAFO to develop an on-going capacity-building amounts of fertilizers and pesticides have been program to instruct people not to use drainage used could include contaminated water which water without testing for contaminants. might be used downstream by other farmers or PAFO to train farmers in methods for reducing even for domestic use. the use of chemicals. Drainage channels -5 0 Coordinate with Agriculture Extension Centre to ensure that farmers are trained in correct use and storage of fertilizer, pesticides, and other potentially hazardous substances
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-87 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Solid Waste (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
# Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Headworks none 0 none required 0 Main/secondary canals none 0 none required 0 Access / village roads none 0 none required 0 Canal service roads none 0 none required 0 Drainage channels none 0 none required 0 Construction Minor local impacts from improper disposal of Contractors to use best practice with respect solid waste from construction activities or workers to waste management at the camps and Headworks -5 construction sites, including proper disposal of 0 solid waste at locations approved by local authorities Main/secondary canals same as above -5 same as above 0 Access / village roads same as above -5 same as above 0 Canal service roads same as above -5 same as above 0 Drainage channels same as above -5 same as above 0 Operation Headworks none 0 none required 0 impacts to canals from improper PAFO to develop an on-going capacity-building disposal/dumping of solid wastes in canals program to instruct people not to dump waste in the canals. Main/secondary canals -5 Coordinate with Agriculture Extension Centre 0 to ensure that farmers are trained in correct methds for storage of fertilizer, pesticides, and other potentially hazardous substances impacts to roads from improper disposal/dumping PAFO to develop an on-going awareness- Access / village roads of solid wastes on and along roads -5 raising program against littering 0
impacts to roads from improper disposal/dumping PAFO to develop an on-going awareness- Canal service roads of solid wastes on and along roads -5 raising program against littering 0
impacts to drainage channels from improper PAFO to develop an on-going capacity-building Drainage channels disposal/dumping of solid wastes which could lead -5 program to instruct people not to dump waste 0 to reduced efficiency of the drains in the drainage channels.
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-88 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Land Use (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
# Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction No effect on land use since headworks will not none required Headworks 0 0 require land acquisition. No effect on land use since irrigated areas are none required Main/secondary canals 0 0 already being farmed. Access / village roads same as above 0 none required 0 Canal service roads same as above 0 none required 0 Drainage channels same as above 0 none required 0 Construction Minor impacts to local land uses during Contractor to protect sensitive urban, construction agricultural and natural areas during Headworks -5 construction, pay for any temporary use of 0 land, and restore to original condition any land used temporarily Minor impacts to local land uses during Contractor to protect sensitive urban, construction agricultural and natural areas during Main/secondary canals -5 construction, pay for any temporary use of 0 land, and restore to original condition any land used temporarily Minor impacts to local land uses during Contractor to protect sensitive urban, construction agricultural and natural areas during Access / village roads -5 construction, pay for any temporary use of 0 land, and restore to original condition any land used temporarily Minor impacts to local land uses during Contractor to protect sensitive urban, construction agricultural and natural areas during Canal service roads -5 construction, pay for any temporary use of 0 land, and restore to original condition any land used temporarily Drainage channels none 0 none required 0 Operation Headworks none 0 none required 0 Main/secondary canals none 0 none required 0 Access / village roads none 0 none required 0 Canal service roads none 0 none required 0 Drainage channels none 0 none required 0
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-89 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Biodiversity (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Potential minor impact to aquatic ecology at the Design the the pump and headworks to Headworks -5 0 headworks and pump station protect aquatic life. Main/secondary canals Minor to none 0 none required 0 Access / village roads Minor to none 0 none required 0 Canal service roads Minor to none 0 none required 0 Drainage channels Minor to none 0 none required 0 Construction Minor / temporary negative impacts during Contractors to protect sensitive natural areas Headworks construction at the River, construction camps and -5 during the Project construction 0 nearby water courses Minor / temporary negative impacts during Contractors to protect sensitive natural areas Main/secondary canals construction at the River, construction camps and -5 during the Project construction 0 nearby water courses Minor / temporary negative impacts during Contractors to protect sensitive natural areas Access / village roads construction at the River, construction camps and -5 during the Project construction 0 nearby water courses Minor / temporary negative impacts during Contractors to protect sensitive natural areas Canal service roads construction at the River, construction camps and -5 during the Project construction 0 nearby water courses Minor / temporary negative impacts during Contractors to protect sensitive natural areas Drainage channels construction at the River, construction camps and -5 during the Project construction 0 nearby water courses Operation Headworks Minor to none 0 none required 0 Main/secondary canals Minor to none 0 none required 0 Access / village roads Minor to none 0 none required 0 Canal service roads Minor to none 0 none required 0 Drainage channels Minor to none 0 none required 0
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-90 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Cultural Resources (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
# Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Headworks Minor to None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals Minor to None 0 None required 0 Access / village roads Minor to None 0 None required 0 Canal service roads Minor to None 0 None required 0 1 Drainage channels Minor to None 0 None required 0 Construction Headworks Minor to None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals Minor to None 0 None required 0 Access / village roads Minor to None 0 None required 0 Canal service roads Minor to None 0 None required 0 1 Drainage channels Minor to None 0 None required 0 Operation Headworks Minor to None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals Minor to None 0 None required 0 Access / village roads Minor to None 0 None required 0 Canal service roads Minor to None 0 None required 0 1 Drainage channels Minor to None 0 None required 0
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-91 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Human Health (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
# Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Headworks Minor to None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals Minor to None 0 None required 0 Access / village roads Minor to None 0 None required 0 Canal service roads Minor to None 0 None required 0 Drainage channels Minor to None 0 None required 0 Construction Possible increase in STDs or other diseases from Contractor to implement a CEMP, approved by construction workers interacting with local population Engineer Contractors to screen and educate workers for HIV Headworks -5 0 and other STDs, implement malaria control at work sites and camps, and provide adequate toilet facilities and clean water for workers. Possible increase in STDs or other diseases from same as above Main/secondary canals construction workers interacting with local population -5 0
Potential minor and temporary negative health impacts same as above from reduced access to health facilities in villages. Access / village roads Possible increase in STDs from construction workers -5 0 interacting with local population
Canal service roads same as above -5 same as above 0 Drainage channels same as above -5 same as above 0 Operation Headworks Minor to None 0 None required 0 Potential minor negative impact from the provision of Farmers to be instructed in the control of additional open surface water that can lead to mosquito and water borne disease control by increased incidence of mosquitos and water-borne PAFO. Main/secondary canals -5 0 diseases. Water flow in canals should not be impeded, and stagnant ponding from overflows should be avoided. Improvement in health from paving and reducing dust None required Access / village roads from village roads, and from improved access to health 5 5 facilities Minor negative impact from increased dust from Service roads to be maintained and surfaced with Canal service roads unpaved roads during dry season. -5 non-dust-producing materials in villages, or 0 watered during dry season Potential for increase in waterborne diseases if PAFO should have an ongoing program to instruct drainage channels are allowed to stagnate or are farmers and other residents in the control of purposefully ponded. mosquito and water borne diseases. Possible negative health impacts from the use of Water flow in drainage channels should not be contaminated drainage water for domestic purposes. impeded, and stagnant ponding should be avoided. Drainage channels -5 0 Residents should be instructed to avoid using drainage water for domestic purposes due to possibility of contamination from fertiizers and pesticides.
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-92 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Education (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Headworks Minor to None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals Minor to None 0 None required 0 Access / village roads Minor to None 0 None required 0 Canal service roads Minor to None 0 None required 0 Drainage channels Minor to None 0 None required 0 Construction Headworks Minor to None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals Minor to None 0 None required 0 Minor negative impacts from possible impaired Contractor required to maintain safe access to Access / village roads -5 0 access to schools during construction education facilities at all times. Canal service roads Minor to None 0 None required 0 Drainage channels Minor to None 0 None required 0 Operation Headworks Minor to None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals Minor to None 0 None required 0 Minor positive impacts from improved access to None required Access / village roads 5 5 education facilities Canal service roads Minor to None 0 None required 0 Drainage channels Minor to None 0 None required 0
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-93 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Safety (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
# Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Headworks Minor to none 0 Not required 0 Main/secondary canals Minor to none 0 Not required 0 Access / village roads Minor to none 0 Not required 0 Canal service roads Minor to none 0 Not required 0 Drainage channels Minor to none 0 Not required 0 Construction Potential impacts from work-place accidents to Contractor to implement a CEMP approved by workers, local community, or vehicles. Engineer Training and awareness raising for workers on occupational health & safety. Contractor to provide adequate personal protective equipment to workers. Adequate signage, lighting, and control of Headworks construction sites. Traffic control measures to ensure public safety. Contractor to establish efficient emergency/ contingency plans, adequate facilities & equipment & trained staff for handling -5 emergencies. 0 Potential impacts from work-place accidents to same as above Main/secondary canals workers, local community, or vehicles. -5 0 Potential impacts from work-place accidents to same as above workers, local community. Access / village roads Possible increase in vehicular accidents on access and village roads. -5 0 Potential impacts from work-place accidents to same as above workers, local community. Canal service roads Possible increase in vehicular accidents on access and village roads. -5 0 Potential impacts from work-place accidents to same as above workers, local community. Drainage channels Possible increase in vehicular accidents on access and village roads. -5 0 Operation Potential minor impacts from accidents in the PAFO to carry out training and awareness vicinity of pump stations due to poor control of raising for community on dangers of the pump Headworks access to the sites. operations. Adequate signage and fencing to keep people -5 and animals away from the pump stations. 0 Possible increase in accidental drownings of PAFO to carry out training and awareness children or animals raising for community on dangers of the canals. Main/secondary canals -5 0 Adequate signage and fencing to keep people and animals away from stilling basins and other potentially dangerous structures. Possible increase in vehicular accidents due to Local authorities to control traffic speeds in Access / village roads increased speeds on paved roads -5 villages, possibly with speed-reduction 0 methods such as speed humps. Possible increase in accidents from improper use PAFO and local authorities to control traffic Canal service roads -5 0 or damage to the unpaved roads use on service roads. Possible increase in accidental drownings of PAFO to carry out training and awareness children or animals raising for community on dangers of the Drainage channels -5 drainage channels. 0 Adequate signage and fencing to keep people and animals away.
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-94 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Resettlement (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
# Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Minor land acquisition may be required for the Resettlement Plan has been prepared to define headworks. compensation, following ADB Safeguards Policy and the Lao Resettlement Decree regarding resettlement. Compensation to be completed Headworks -5 0 prior to construction. In some cases, local authorities have carried out a land exchange program to provide affected people with suitable alternative land nearby. Minor acquisition of land, trees, or fences may be same as above Main/secondary canals -5 0 required. Minor acquisition of land, trees, or fences may be same as above Access / village roads -5 0 required. Minor acquisition of land, trees, or fences may be same as above Canal service roads -5 0 required. Minor acquisition of land, trees, or fences may be same as above Drainage channels -5 0 required. Construction Potential for temporary impacts due to - Contractor to pay rent for temporary use of land. contractors' use of land - Only vacant land to be used - use of land will not disturb businesses Headworks - land temporarily used will be restored or improved to pre-project condition -5 0 Potential for temporary impacts due to same as above Main/secondary canals contractors' use of land -5 0 Potential for temporary impacts due to same as above Access / village roads contractors' use of land -5 0 Potential for temporary impacts due to same as above Canal service roads contractors' use of land -5 0 Potential for temporary impacts due to same as above Drainage channels contractors' use of land -5 0 Operation Possible on-going disputes or grievances Establish and fully implement the Grievance Headworks -5 Resolution Process to be in force for the life of the 0 project Possible on-going disputes or grievances Establish and fully implement the Grievance Main/secondary canals -5 Resolution Process to be in force for the life of the 0 project Possible on-going disputes or grievances Establish and fully implement the Grievance Access / village roads -5 Resolution Process to be in force for the life of the 0 project Possible on-going disputes or grievances Establish and fully implement the Grievance Canal service roads -5 Resolution Process to be in force for the life of the 0 project Possible on-going disputes or grievances Establish and fully implement the Grievance Drainage channels -5 Resolution Process to be in force for the life of the 0 project
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-95 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Income (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Project is designed to provide significant income none required Headworks improvements from allowing two rice crops per year to the beneficiaries. 10 10 Main/secondary canals same as above 10 none required 10 Access / village roads same as above 10 none required 10 Canal service roads same as above 10 none required 10 Drainage channels same as above 10 none required 10 Construction Headworks Some people are hired as casual labor. 5 none required 5 Main/secondary canals same as above 5 none required 5 Some people are hired as casual labor. Contractors to provide access to shops / Access / village roads Posible minor negative impact to income for shops businesses / homes at all times. due to lack of access during construction. 0 5 Canal service roads Some people are hired as casual labor. 5 none required 5 Drainage channels Minor to none 0 none required 0 Operation Significant income improvements from allowing Can also promote aquaculture development Headworks two or more rice crops per year to the due to sustainable water supply. beneficiaries. 10 10 Main/secondary canals same as above 10 none required 10 Access / village roads same as above 10 none required 10 Canal service roads same as above 10 none required 10 Drainage channels same as above 10 none required 10
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-96 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Ethnic Minorities (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Project is designed to provide significant income none required improvements from irrigated agriculture, including Headworks to ethnic monrities. However, there are no identified ethnic minority villages in the project area. 0 0 Main/secondary canals same as above 0 same as above 0 Access / village roads same as above 0 same as above 0 Canal service roads same as above 0 same as above 0 Drainage channels same as above 0 same as above 0 Construction None anticipated since there are no ethnic none required Headworks minority villages 0 0 Main/secondary canals same as above 0 same as above 0 Access / village roads same as above 0 same as above 0 Canal service roads same as above 0 same as above 0 Drainage channels same as above 0 same as above 0 Operation Project is designed to provide significant income none required improvements from irrigated agriculture, including Headworks to ethnic monrities. However, there are no identified ethnic minority villages in the project area. 0 0 Main/secondary canals same as above 0 same as above 0 Access / village roads same as above 0 same as above 0 Canal service roads same as above 0 same as above 0 Drainage channels same as above 0 same as above 0
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-97 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
UXO (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Headworks There is no record about UXO in this area. 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals same above 0 same above 0 Access / village roads same above 0 same above 0 Canal service roads same above 0 same above 0 Drainage channels same above 0 same above 0 Construction Headworks None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals same above 0 same above 0 Access / village roads same above 0 same above 0 Canal service roads same above 0 same above 0 Drainage channels same above 0 same above 0 Operation Headworks None 0 None required 0 Main/secondary canals same above 0 same above 0 Access / village roads same above 0 same above 0 Canal service roads same above 0 same above 0 Drainage channels same above 0 same above 0
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-98 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Climate (ratings are based on expected Project effects, based on current design and proposed mitigation) Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Project
# Output/Activity Principal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures
with
Rating Rating
Pre-Construction Minor local increase in greenhouse gas emissions none likely practical or feasible at project (methane) from increased rice cultivation design level. However, farmer training on Headworks methods developed in Thailand to reduce GHG from paddy rice should be investigated and -5 applied -5 Minor local increase in greenhouse gas emissions same as above Main/secondary canals (methane) from increased rice cultivation -5 -5 Minor local increase in greenhouse gas emissions same as above Access / village roads (methane) from increased rice cultivation -5 -5 Minor local increase in greenhouse gas emissions same as above Canal service roads (methane) from increased rice cultivation -5 -5 Minor local increase in greenhouse gas emissions same as above Drainage channels (methane) from increased rice cultivation -5 -5 Construction Minor or None, assuming proper waste See "Air" section for lower emission vehicles Headworks management and lower emission vehicles 0 recommendation 0 Minor or None, assuming proper waste See "Air" section for lower emission vehicles Main/secondary canals management and lower emission vehicles 0 recommendation 0 Minor or None, assuming proper waste See "Air" section for lower emission vehicles Access / village roads management and lower emission vehicles 0 recommendation 0 Minor or None, assuming proper waste See "Air" section for lower emission vehicles Canal service roads management and lower emission vehicles 0 recommendation 0 Minor or None, assuming proper waste See "Air" section for lower emission vehicles Drainage channels 1 management and lower emission vehicles 0 recommendation 0 Operation Minor local increase in greenhouse gas emissions PAFO to provide awareness-raising for local from increased rice cultivation population of the increased emissions of methane from rice cultivation and encourage Headworks to change methods or raise other crops. Possibly invite researchers from Thailand who have developed paddy rice methods that -5 reduce GHG -5 Minor local increase in greenhouse gas emissions same as above Main/secondary canals from increased rice cultivation -5 -5 Access / village roads Minor to none 0 none required 0 Canal service roads Minor to none 0 none required 0 1 Drainage channels Minor to none 0 none required 0
Impact Ratings: 10 Highly positive impact 5 0 No significant impact -5 -10 Very negative impact
A6-99 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.2 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
A6-100 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.3 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.3 Information Disclosure, Participation and Consultation
A6-101 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.3 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
A6-102 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.3 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.3: Information gathered During the May 2016 field visit Dong-Savang-Thong Environment Questions and Stakeholder Answers: 211. Please describe the current pump operations. Is there a legal Water Users Association (WUA) or a Water Users Group (WUG)? There are two (2) pumps still operating in Dong-Savang-Thong. In a normal condition when the transformer is functioning properly, the pumps are operating daily from 6:00 to 17:00, but right now only one pump is being operating due to insufficient electricity (problem with the transformer). The current irrigated areas cover an area of around 210ha. There is a Village Water Users Group which manages the use of water and pump set operation/maintenance for the subproject. According to a discussion with the subproject, there will be a new WUG established as soon as possible. They are going to discuss this matter and its role with concerned parties. 212. Is the Grievance Redress mechanism used during the land acquisition process operational now? What are the roles (coordination, reporting, etc.)? Are there any unresolved grievances about the land acquisition? Any other issues such as traffic, environment, noise, etc.? There is no Grievance Redress mechanism at the moment, but all villages have been clearly informed by the project about this mechanism process. The project is going to establish the Grievance Redress mechanism starting from the village level which would be chaired by head of the village or head of Khumban. Any complaints will be settled at the village level first, if not solved then the complaints will be sent to the higher levels such as to the District and Province respectively. So far, there is no complaints from any villagers, as they are very happy and fully willing to participate in the subproject. They are eager to get the subproject started as soon as possible. All people that have their lands/structures affected by construction activities are willing and happy to give land ownership to the subproject. 213. What are main environmental issues or concerns here? Normally, there is a regular flood in the paddy fields almost every year but the scale of its impact is not harsh. The last severe floods being recorded in Songkhon in 1978 and 1996. The flood lasted for a few days and did not cause any major impacts to the area. 214. Are there any important cultural features in Songkhon district that might be affected by the project? No, all the important cultural features such as protected areas, temple and village cemetery are far from the construction area and would not be affected. The construction work will only improve the existing work head and canals to improve their capacity. 215. Is there a hospital in Dong-Savang-Thong? Is it on a road that might be improved by the Project? There is no a dispensary in Dong-Savang-Thong. Most people here normally use the service of Khumban Songkhon dispensary, it is about 1-2 km from the area.
A6-103 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.3 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
216. Has water quality been tested locally (in canals, river, ponds, and/or drains)? When and how often? How about groundwater testing (by Ministry of Health or others)? Where do people get their water for drinking, cooking, bathing, clothes washing, animals, and gardens? Do people spray water on local dirt roads to reduce dust in the dry season? The water quality either surface or ground water has never been tested locally. Local people only use the water from the canal for gardening. The water quality seems to look muddy but no smell. The drinking water source is from bottled water. Some family still use deep wells and well water (boiled) for their drinking and household consumption. 217. Source of water to be used for the proposed subproject will be from Nong Louang Lake. Is there a Basin Management Plan (BMP)? If so, how is it being used? No activities relating to a Basin Management Plan have been carried out. 218. What other projects are on the Nong Louang Lake? Irrigation schemes (how much do they withdraw)? Hydropower? There are two other projects: Nongdeun and Nongboua Irrigation projects that also rely on Nong Louang as a source of water. An estimation of water withdrawal (Mr. Phetsamone, DCO) for the two projects are about 4,000,000 m3/year for Nongboua and 1,800,000m3/year for Nongdeun respectively. The irrigated area for Nongboua is 200ha and Nongdeun is 90ha. 219. Besides rice, what are the main forms of income? Are these agriculture based (other crops, livestock and poultry)? Apart from rice cultivation as the main income source for the people in the area, seasonal crops such as bean, water melon and corn. 220. Are there any important cultural features in Songkhon district that might be affected by the project? There is no record of such important cultural features here. 221. Is there a hospital in Dong Savang village? Is it on a road that might be improved by the Project? There is neither a dispensary nor hospital in the village. The villagers normally travel to the District hospital for treatment depending on cases. Yes, one access road would go to the district center. 222. Are there any national or provincial protected areas near the Project? How much do people use these? (farming, hunting, NTFP, recreation, other?) Is there good access into the protected areas from the Project area? Are there other NPAs nearby, including provincial? How are these used? There are no provincial protected areas near the subproject. The closet protected area is provincial protected, about 6-7km away traveling by village access road. Local people only use the area for NTFP and source of timber for their house construction. 223. What rare animals and plants can be found there? Is it possible to do a brief visit to the protected area to see its condition?
A6-104 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.3 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
No rare animals and plants found in the area. Only seasonal birds and fishes record in the subproject area. 224. What ethnic groups/minorities live in Songkhon district? What about nearby villages that may benefit from the project? Ethnic groups live in the area and nearby villages are Lao. 225. The project will extend the irrigated area by 290ha (total irrigated area is 500 ha). Is this expanded area already being farmed or is there some other land use there? The extended area does not have enough water for irrigation only rainfed paddy is grown. 226. How much chemical fertilizers and pesticides are being used for rice? Is this likely to remain the same after project is implemented? Local people in the area do not apply herbicide or pesticide for their paddy fields as they are well aware of impact leading to health problems. They mainly use chemical fertilizers to increase rice production where needed. 227. Where is the rice grown in the Songkhon project area marketed? Do the buyers come to the farm gate? On average, how long does it take farmers to get from their farms to the place where rice is marketed? For rice grown here there will be buyers coming to the farm gate the selling price is 2,000 LAK/kg. 228. What capacity building programs are going on now? Are there extension services from PAFO or DAFO on use of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizer? Any other training, particularly related to environment? People seem to be well aware on the use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizer. Every year there will be staffs from District Agriculture and Forestry office visiting the site many times to train farmers on how to use agrichemicals and self-prevention when applying the chemicals. 229. Is there any fish farming in the area? Does it use water from the canals? There is no fish or livestock farming in the area because there is a high risk of flood. 230. Is there livestock production in the subproject area (pigs, cattle)? If so, where is the water for this obtained? Where does drainage go? Where do solid wastes go? How and where are animals taken to market? There is not any livestock production in the area. All livestock production here is only for household consumption. 231. Have there been any recent UXO incidents in Songkhon district or the general project area? Is there any UXO program going on now in or near the site? So far there is no record or reported UXO in the area. 232. Any other issues or concerns? - Local villagers would like the project to build a road along each main canal in order to provide a good accessibility for people.
A6-105 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.3 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
- They would like the project to construct an office for Water User Group - The project should consider encouraging contractor to recruit local people here to work with them for non-skilled position. - All villagers are very happy with the proposed project and they are strongly willing to participate and support it to happen as soon as possible. Figure A6.13: Pictures from the 2016 IEE Mission
Plate No. 13: Kick-off meeting in Songkhon Plate No. 14: Meetings with DCO and WUG district (DCO) members in the village Temple
Plate No. 15: Meeting with DCO and WUG Plate No. 16: Head works pump station members in the field (near stilling basin)
Table A6.16: Persons Met in Songkhon District, May 2016
Contact No. Name and Surname Organization Position number
1 Mr. Sengsouvan PPMO Social Safeguard 22310997 2 Mrs. Sosomphone PPMO Gender 22310997 3 Mr. Zanoulath DCO, Songkhon Deputy Office 92316284 4 Mr. Phetsamone DCO, Songkhon Coordinator 99887998 5 Mr. Khounmee Dong Savang Deputy Village 97378041 Village Head 6 Mr. Oum Dong Savang Head of Water 97395892 Village Users Group
A6-106 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.3 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Figure A6.14: Persons Met in Songkhon District, October 2017
A6-107 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.3 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
A6-108 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.4 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.4 Environmental and Social Clauses for Civil Works Contracts
A6-109 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.4 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
A6-110 Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.4 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.4: Environmental and Social Clauses for Civil Works Contracts 233. The Mitigation Measures of the IEE and EMP provide general and specific guidance on protection and mitigation of potential environmental damage. The EMP is attached to the Technical Specifications and shall be considered as binding on the Contractor. All necessary measures on protection of the environment shall be carried out by the Contractor in accordance with the order of competent authorities, the EMP, and instructions of the Engineer (Supervision Engineer as appointed by the NPMO). 1. Obligations of the Contractor 234. The general environmental and social obligations of the Contractor within this Contract, without prejudice to other official provisions in force, include the following: ▪ Respecting and abiding by the environmental, health, safety and labor regulatory provisions in force in Lao PDR (including those announced during the execution of the works if imposed by the Engineer), the contractual provisions of this Contract as well as the conditions fixed by the various authorizations or approvals required; ▪ Respecting and abiding by national and international labor codes, including the ILO Conventions ratified by Lao PDR and ensure that it and its sub-contractors make available employment opportunities for both men and women and ensuring a gender- sensitive work environment, and employment opportunities for local villagers; ▪ Assuming full responsibility for the consequences of its choices and actions; in particular, and without prejudice to the regulatory provisions in force, it guarantees, if necessary, the repair at its cost and according to the most appropriate technologies and deadlines, notably with regard to the level of sensitivity of the site concerned, of damage caused to the environment and residents by failure to respect regulatory and/or administrative provisions and/or the applicable technical specifications, as well as the payment of fines, damages or other penalties which may be incumbent upon it; ▪ Agreeing with the Engineer and implementing technical approaches and solutions to the design of the Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Scheme (the subproject) where the Project will encroach on private or communal lands. Preference shall be given to the technical solutions that do not require taking or demolition of temporary and permanent properties. In case the taking or demolition of property cannot be avoided the Contractor shall notify the Engineer and cease the works in that particular section of the Project. Construction activities may only proceed with approval of the Engineer. ▪ Taking all measures to ensure the environmental quality of operations which are the subject of this contract and not disrupt the quality of life of the adjacent villages, in particular by applying the applicable specifications and provisions. The Contractor shall consider the execution of works or the implementation of environmental and social provisions as an integral part of the operations relating to the general construction program of the works; ▪ Providing appropriate information and training for Contractor personnel, including management staff, with regard to the environmental and social quality of operations; ▪ Informing the local authorities (village heads, district governor) and the affected population on planned construction activities, sites and schedule at least 2 weeks in advance of any planned construction activities (including signage);
A6-111
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.4 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
▪ Holding information meetings at least 2 weeks before entering any village area for planned construction activities, to inform and consult with the villagers regarding the nature of the forthcoming works, their duration and all effects such as dust, smoke, interruption of irrigation water, or noise that will be felt in the village, the mitigation measures that will be applied, and provide villagers with opportunities to ask questions and express concerns; ▪ Providing a medium for ongoing communication with villagers, including a point of contact/ liaison to address any potential issues during construction with the physical works or with subcontractors, and provide a plan for mediation of any problems that arise in relation to the works under this Contract and documenting concerns and resolution of these. ▪ Refraining from destroying, removing or clearing trees, timber, scrub, crops and other flora to any extent greater than is approved by the Engineer as being necessary for the execution of this Contract and shall take such measures as may be necessary to prevent its employees from hunting, fishing, disturbing, capturing or destroying stock, crops and such flora as may be protected by relevant statutes; ▪ Siting borrow pits or other similar excavations as well as waste accumulation and disposal sites only in locations approved by the Engineer; ▪ Controlling pollution, noise and nuisances generated by the works. No construction to be carried out between 19:00 and 06:00 near (minimum 500m) residential, hospital, or other sensitive areas; ▪ Re-using materials available on the existing site each time the technical and financial conditions allow for this in a satisfactory manner from the point of view of the Engineer. Recycling and reuse of wastes (e.g. lubricants, plastic bottles, paper) is encouraged where appropriate. Strictly banning the use of fire for clearing and grubbing and cleaning sites, except for the treatment of organic waste as approved by the Engineer; ▪ Preserving to the maximum extent possible natural resources and minimizing the use of space, soil and vegetation, in particular by minimizing cleared and stripped surfaces, by the passage of blades at a high level (5 cm above the natural ground level) each time that a simple clearing or a provisional storage of material is required, by controlling logging, including any tree removals, by the appropriate management of the topsoil, by driving and working the machines perpendicular to the slope, by the maintenance on the sites of naturally grassed areas, and by the control of site erosion; ▪ As appropriate, systematically stripping topsoil of all work sites unless (with prior consent of the Engineer) the soil structure of the surface, predominantly organic matter ("topsoil" or mud), does not exist or has a thickness less than the working height adjustment of the blade of the excavator or machine used, taking into account the state of the terrain (eroded soil, gravel, soil with rocks that prevent the passage of the machine, etc.); ▪ Respecting, for the whole of its site (including borrow sites and disposal areas, quarries and installations) the zones, areas, elements and periods which are environmentally sensitive, including, but not limited to locations and areas identified in the EMP. In the project areas adjacent to specially protected areas, machinery shall not go beyond the work zone as approved by the Engineer; there shall be no waste accumulations and waste disposal sites in the same areas; and there shall be no use and storage of explosives and toxic and chemical substances.
A6-112
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.4 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
▪ Discharging or disposal of used water, mud, grout, bituminous products, pollutants of any kind, etc. into wells, boreholes, surface water or groundwater, water courses, natural streams, drains, ditches, etc. is strictly forbidden; ▪ Not creating a dam or altering a permanent or temporary watercourse for the requirements of the site (unless otherwise specified in the Design), without authorization of the Engineer; ▪ Ensuring that all construction vehicles shall travel at low speed (as specified in Lao PDR regulations) within 100m on either side of any areas around villages where children are present; ▪ Ensuring that all construction vehicles are well-maintained and that idling of trucks shall not exceed 15 minutes when in populated areas within 100m on either side of any areas around villages; ▪ Controlling health risks relating to the works and personnel of the Contractor, in particular the adoption of minimum hygiene rules at the work sites and camps and for the benefit of residents in the affected communities, the control of dust emissions in populated areas and the control of stagnant waters as specified in the EMP; ▪ Exercising every reasonable precaution to protect persons or property from injury. The Contractor shall erect and maintain all necessary temporary fencing, barricades, barriers, signs and lights and provide fire alarm, fire extinguishing and firefighting services at strategic points on the Site. The Contractor shall also be responsible for erecting and maintaining structures for storage and containment of hazardous materials or liquids. The Contractor shall adopt and enforce such rules and regulations as may be necessary, desirable or proper to safeguard the public, all persons engaged in the work and its supervision. The Contractor shall be responsible for the flagging and control of traffic and he shall comply with the requirements of the Engineer and competent authority in these matters. The Contractor shall keep clear and in good working order all temporary access road structures, bridges, culverts, drains and other waterways necessary for the execution of the works during the term of the Contract; ▪ Ensuring, in as far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of its personnel including those of its subcontractors and of all other persons on the Site or crossing the site. The Contractor shall provide protective clothing and equipment to workers that are appropriate to the workers’ tasks. The Contractor shall be fully responsible for ensuring necessary first aid services to its staff and workers, including transport for injured personnel to hospital or other appropriate accommodation as and when required. The organization of the construction sites and work places, and the Contractor’s approach to the aspects listed below, shall be included in the Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) to be prepared by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer. ▪ Cleaning, restoring and then, if necessary, providing for the appropriate rehabilitation or redevelopment of work sites, camps, quarries and borrow pits released by the Contractor as the work progresses. This obligation, which includes possible drainage of stagnant water and the completion of compensatory tree plantations (if envisaged by the design), is a condition of the acceptance of the works; ▪ Taking appropriate sanctions against personnel violating the applicable specifications and provisions on environmental and social matters;
A6-113
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.4 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
▪ Checking, by regular inspection, that all stipulated environmental and social provisions are being adhered to; ▪ Systematically and in a timely manner informing the Engineer of each incident or accident, damage or degradation caused to the environment, workers or residents or their assets, in the course of the works. Contractor shall also take appropriate measures, as approved by the Engineer, to address the incident or accident in timely fashion; and ▪ Providing environmental and social monitoring of the works and the writing of corresponding monthly reports. 2. Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan 235. The Contractor shall establish a Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) in order to meet his obligations concerning this matter; the CEMP shall include in particular the following: 1. Management Acknowledgements; 2. Organization & Staffing; 3. Communications and Reporting; 4. Environmental, Health and Safety Management Provisions; 5. A camp management sub-plan; 6. A hydrocarbon and hazardous waste sub-plan; 7. A quarry and borrow pit management sub-plan; 8. A disposal area management sub-plan; and 9. An erosion and sediment control sub-plan. 236. The Contractor shall prepare and submit for the Engineer’s approval a CEMP within 30 days of the commencement date. The Engineer may require periodic reviews, including updating of the CEMP during the Works. 2.1 Management Acknowledgement 2.1.1 Certification and Commitment 237. The CEMP submitted by the Contractor shall provide a signed statement from the Contractor’s Managing Director(s) attesting to a commitment that all environmental protection, safety, and occupational health aspects of the Contract will be given highest priority in the discharge of contractual obligations and certifying a commitment to the provisions in the EMP and CEMP as approved by the Engineer. 2.1.2 Statutory Understanding and Compliance 238. The Plan shall provide a statement attesting the firm’s understanding of, and means of ensuring due compliance with, the statutory regulations relating to construction work in Lao PDR, specifically in regard to compliance with: (a) All safety and occupational health legislation including, without limitation, the Rules and Regulations of Lao PDR and the authorities having jurisdiction.
A6-114
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.4 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
(b) All current environmental laws and regulations, including both national and local regulations, related to the following, but not limited to: ▪ Noise; ▪ Vibration; ▪ Air pollution; ▪ Water contamination; ▪ Solid and hazardous waste disposal; ▪ Liquid waste disposal; ▪ Sanitary conditions (water supply, sewerage, etc.); ▪ Use of explosives; ▪ Protection of public traffic; ▪ Protection of the environment, and of historical, cultural and archaeological monuments/sites, ▪ Resettlement, land acquisition, servitude, temporary use of land and compensation, etc. 2.1.3 Availability of Documents 239. The Plan shall state where copies of safety and occupational health regulations and documents will be available on the construction site and verify that all regulations and documents have been or will be available. 2.1.4 Management of Subcontractors 240. The requirements of this and related sections and obligations therein shall be required for execution of parts of the Works by the approved subcontractors while the Contractor shall: (a) Provide subcontractors with copies of the CEMP, incorporate such provisions into all sub-contracts, and ensure compliance with such plan under the Contract. (b) Require all subcontractors to appoint a safety representative who shall be available on the site throughout the operational period of the respective sub-contract and ensure as far as is practically possible that staff and employees of subcontractors are conversant with appropriate parts of the CEMP and the statutory regulations. 2.2 Organization and Staffing 2.2.1 Organization Chart 241. The Plan shall include an organization chart identifying (by job title and by the name and contact information of the individual) the personnel to be engaged solely for environmental protection, health, safety and traffic control. The chart and the supporting text shall identify participants and their areas of responsibility and contact details. 2.2.2 Appointment of Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) 242. The Contractor shall submit for approval the name and details (full CV) of its proposal for an ESO to the Engineer within 14 days of the commencement date. The ESO shall be responsible for day-to-day issues of environmental management for the duration of the
A6-115
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.4 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Contract. The Contractor shall obtain approval of such person being appointed, who shall be in position to carry out his duties prior to Works activities commencing on site except as may be agreed in exceptional circumstances in writing with the Engineer. The ESO will not be removed from the site without the express written permission of the Engineer. Within fourteen (14) days of any such removal or notice of intent of removal, a replacement ESO will be nominated for approval by the Engineer and LIC. 243. The ESO shall be empowered to instruct employees of the Contractor and Subcontractors to cease operations and shall take the appropriate action as is necessary and within his limits of delegation by informing others as may be appropriate to prevent unsafe working practices or other infringements of the Plan or the statutory regulations. The ESO shall maintain a daily site diary comprehensively recording all relevant matters concerning site environmental management, safety and traffic control, inspections and audits, related incidents and the like. The site diary shall be available at all times for inspection by the Engineer and his staff. 2.2.3 Communication and Reporting 244. The Contractor shall prepare and submit to the Engineer for his approval monthly progress reports on compliance with implementation of EMP and CEMP. It is expected that these reports will include information on: ▪ Environmental, social, health, and safety management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; ▪ Problems encountered in relation to environmental, social, health, and safety aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); ▪ Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; ▪ Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to environmental, social, health, and safety aspects; ▪ Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to environmental, social, health, and safety management during site meetings; ▪ Chance historical, cultural and archaeological finds; ▪ Follow-up on the status and efficacy of remedial measures and/or corrective actions identified in Incident Reporting Forms included in EMPs or otherwise; and ▪ Follow-up, including remedial measures, status of measures and their efficacy, related to lack of compliance with contract requirements. 2.4 Environmental, Health and Safety Management Provisions 245. The CEMP should include, as a minimum, the methodology and resources to meet the requirements of these Technical Specifications including but not limited to the following: ▪ Stakeholder communication (including nearby affected residents) and mechanism for documenting public concerns in relation to the works under this Contract and resolution of these through the Grievance Redress Mechanism; ▪ Relevant staff training; ▪ To the extent possible, maintaining farmers’ access to irrigation water if the works are implemented during the irrigation season;
A6-116
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.4 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
▪ Maintaining vehicle access to the communities; ▪ Pollution control (including spill prevention, dust abatement, noise, etc.); ▪ Provision of portable water and washing/toilet facilities to workers; ▪ Provision of lodging and insecticide-treated mosquito nets to workers as appropriate; ▪ Provision of health care to workers and treatment for injuries and infections; and providing workers with access to condoms; ▪ Assessing importance of, and reporting and investigating, chance historical, cultural and archaeological finds; ▪ Immediately ceasing work and notifying the Engineer in any part of the Project Site where UXO is discovered or suspected to be present, marking the location and controlling access to it; and ▪ Inspection and monitoring. 2.5 HIV-AIDS provisions 246. The Contractor shall: ▪ Require its personnel to attend the HIV Awareness Program provided by the UNAIDS and/or the National Committee for the Control of AIDS (NCCA) which is developing the new National Strategic and Action Plan on HIV/AIDS/STI 2016-2020. Attendance shall be in the course of their employment and during their normal working hours or any period of overtime provided for in the relevant employment contracts and uses all reasonable endeavors to ensure this instruction is followed; ▪ Deliver to all employee’s HIV/AIDS leaflets available through UNAIDS and/or the NCCA. ▪ Give all reasonable cooperation to the UNAIDS and/or the NCCA office on providing the HIV Awareness Program if any planned, by providing suitable space for delivery of the Program and do nothing to dissuade the personnel from attending the Program; ▪ Encourage voluntary HIV/STD testing. 247. The Contractor shall not be required to undertake or pay for treatment or medication for personnel found to be suffering from HIV/AIDS. Such personnel shall not be discriminated against however (including discrimination in employment opportunities, employment retention, treatment, etc.) 2.6 Income 248. The Borrower shall cause the Project Provinces to ensure that their relevant records of labor employment (disaggregated by gender and ethnic groups) are properly maintained and tracked in the Project performance monitoring system, and compliance is strictly monitored28.
28 Project Loan Covenant
A6-117
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.4 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
249. The contractors would pay approximately 21 per cent of the contract price in local wages generated from the project construction activities, with 30 per cent of the wages for women under equal pay conditions29. 250. To fulfill the conditions set out in this paragraph above, the contractor must provide full details of staff employed on a monthly basis to the Provincial Project Management Office (PPMO). The details must include:
• Name and unique identity;
• Gender and ethnicity;
• Permanent residency;
• Age;
• Period of employment
• Position of employment;
• Salary paid and any deductions;
• Date of salary payment; and
• Any other employee details requested by the PPMO.
29 Monitoring and Design Framework
A6-118
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.5 Environmental and Social Monitoring Process
A6-119
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
A6-120
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.5: Environmental and Social Monitoring Process 251. Environmental monitoring will take place on a quarterly basis during construction and semi-annually during operation of the Project. The Environmental Monitoring Process for the Dong-Savang-Thong Irrigation Subproject is as follows: a) Establish the Monitoring Team (suggestions: the PAFO-PPMO and/or DAFO representative, M&E officer, supervision engineer, specialized consultants as needed, and an officer from DONRE who will act as a technical reference but may not participate in the field work unless there are significant environmental problems) b) Select the Team Leader (TL). This person will be responsible for convening the team and scheduling monitoring sessions at least once per quarter. The TL will also ensure that appropriate resources are needed for the monitoring process, such as transport. c) Carry out the field monitoring every three months:
1 Visit the site. Visually inspect those aspects that can cause impacts, as specified in the EMP. Use the attached site visit visual inspection checklists to record EMP and CEMP compliance with the stated mitigations measures. 2 Water Testing (for irrigation schemes): Water is to be tested: (i) for monitoring of quality in schemes where canals pass through or near to built-up areas, (ii) to identify changes of the presence of surplus fertilizer compounds as a means of monitoring improvements in proper use of fertilizers, and (iii) to detect traces of hazardous pesticide, herbicide or fungicide substances, as a means of monitoring improvements in proper use of these chemicals. The following parameters and limits are recommended for this purpose:
Parameters Range/Maximum Value pH 5.5 - 9 Fecal Coliforms <1,000 per 100 ml Biological Oxygen Demand (20oC) <25 mg/l Chemical Oxygen Demand <35 mg/l
Samples should be taken twice, at six-monthly intervals during the twelve months prior to construction, quarterly during construction and at appropriate intervals during operation, and taken to a certified laboratory for analysis. Samples shall be taken from a point midstream in one of the canals at each site. A single sample is sufficient. The cost of one set of tests, including packaging, courier costs and laboratory fees is approximately $250. 3 Interview the farmers or other beneficiaries to ensure that they are following the requirements of the EMP. Use the attached interview checklist on the next page. 4 Interview neighbors (2 or 3, or more if there have been complaints) to determine if there are any complaints or grievances that have not been resolved. 5 Ensure that mitigation measures are being implemented by the Contractor. Suggest and document additional mitigation measures to address unforeseen problems.
d) On the basis of the visual inspection, water testing, and interviews determine if there are significant environmental problems that need to be addressed. If so, contact the PONRE or DONRE representative for advice and action.
A6-121
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
e) Within 30 days of the end of the field mission, the TL (or his designee) writes the Monitoring Report as outlined in this template document f) TL submits Monitoring Report to the NPCO headquarters, local authorities, and ADB, and addresses any comments or questions. 252. Checklists to be used for the monitoring during the construction and operational stages are on the following pages. One checklist is to be completed for each Project component.
Sample Questions to be Posed to Beneficiaries and Persons Involved in Monitoring
1. What is your name, contact details (phone or email) and responsibility? (such as contractor, IA, beneficiary, affected person, etc.)
2. What are your primary concerns regarding the project and the monitoring process?
3. From your observations, is project IEE and EMP monitoring for environmental and safeguards compliance being carried out by responsible parties (contractor, sub-contractor, IA, other government agency, local community members, NGOs, etc.)?
4. Were any suggestions or directives given to the project implementers regarding environmental or social issues?
5. How often was monitoring done? When was the last monitoring?
6. What equipment was used for monitoring?
7. Were there sufficient resources, such as transport, to do the monitoring?
8. What are your primary concerns regarding the project and the monitoring process?
9. Where were the monitoring locations?
10. What parameters or indicators were addressed, such as water quality, air, noise, biodiversity, etc.? Was a checklist used?
11. Were there any concerns, complaints, or grievances expressed by you or anyone affected by the project? If so, how were these addressed?
12. Have you seen the IEEs, EMMPs, all the monitoring reports/notes? Can copies be made available?
A6-122
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Sample Questions to be Posed to Beneficiaries and Persons Involved in Monitoring 13. Discussion of other topics or questions raised by the interviewed persons.
A6-123
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Greater Mekong Subregion East-West Economic Corridor Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Dong-Savang- Thong Subproject EMP COMPLIANCE MONITORING CHECKLIST (Construction) Sub-Project: Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Date: Location: Name of Contact person: Contractor:
Name, designation Contact information: Monitoring TL: Monitoring team members
Persons Met during the monitoring: Name, designation Contact Information
Observed Compliance with Potential EMP Mitigation Measures EMP, CEMP or other Mitigation Impacts Measures Air Quality • Construction vehicles to meet to be Minor air quality well maintained; impacts from • Contractors to control dust during construction vehicles construction through regular along canals. watering of exposed areas; • Dust from • Cover all trucks carrying dispersible construction materials to or from the site; operations • Ensure all construction vehicles and • Vehicle emissions equipment are well-maintained • Disallow diesel engine idling for prolonged periods (>15 minutes) in residential areas. Noise • Ensure all construction vehicles and • Nuisance noise equipment are well-maintained from equipment • Avoid use of air brakes and loud and vehicles horns in populated areas accessing the site. • No construction between 19:00 and 06:00 near (minimum 0.5 Km) residential, hospital, or other sensitive areas. Water resources • Contractors to acquire water from and quality available nearby surface water • Minor amounts sources as approved by local needed for authorities construction and • Contractors to manage wastewater dust control discharges at construction camps. acquired from Siting camps so as to avoid impacts village sources to surface and groundwater. could cause local • Monitor surface and groundwater shortages in dry quality at or near camps, and in season canals as discussed in the EMP • Minor increase in • Use temporary diversion drains & wastewater from bunds, temporary silt traps and
A6-124
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Observed Compliance with Potential EMP Mitigation Measures EMP, CEMP or other Mitigation Impacts Measures construction ponds to prevent contamination of camps, including surface water. petroleum/chemic • Stockpile spoils in flat areas away al pollution. from drainage routes • Contamination of • Contractor should coordinate with surface and PPMO and cultivation households groundwater reach agreement on water supply in • Changed case of the construction is not drainage/irrigation completed in due time affecting farmers • Contractors to notify farmers of (due to blocking possible temporary disruptions to flows for irrigation and strive to minimize construction of these disruptions. headworks) Solid wastes • Identify suitable waste dumping sites • Minor local and obtain approval from local impacts from authorities. improper disposal • Collect solid wastes and temporarily of solid waste store at a safe place before from construction transporting to approved disposal activities or sites workers • Establish regulations on ensuring sanitation, stipulated dumping yard and waste treatment methods and disseminate those regulations to workers Siltation/erosion • Install diversion drains & bunds, • Impacts to soils temporary silt traps/pond as required from erosion • Stockpiling of spoil in flat areas & far increases due to from drainage routes inadequate • Contractors to provide adequate construction erosion control during construction. procedures and For construction materials such as improper sand, stone, and fill dirt, contractor management of should choose legal service borrow pits. providers who have exploitation licenses and environmental protection commitment issued by local authorities. Land Use • Contractor to protect sensitive urban, • Minor impacts to agricultural and natural areas during local land uses construction, and pay for any during temporary use of land construction
Human Health • Contractors to provide adequate • Potential minor access to health facilities at all times. and temporary • Contractors to screen and educate negative health workers for HIV and other STDs. impacts from • Establish malaria control at work reduced access to sites and camps. health facilities. • Provide adequate toilet facilities and • Increase in STDs clean water for workers. from construction workers interacting with local population • Increases in water-borne diseases from improper
A6-125
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Observed Compliance with Potential EMP Mitigation Measures EMP, CEMP or other Mitigation Impacts Measures sanitation at work camps and vicinity Safety • Training and awareness-raising for • Potential impacts workers on occupational health & from work-place safety. accidents to • Contractor to provide appropriate workers, local personal protective equipment (PPE) community, or to workers, including eye and ear vehicles protection, gloves, reflective vests, • Increase in traffic and steel-toed boots. accidents due to • Adequate signage, lighting, and construction traffic control of construction sites. • Traffic control measures to ensure public safety, including appropriate use of flag-persons and signage. • Contractor to establish efficient emergency/ contingency plans, adequate facilities & equipment & trained staff for handling emergencies. Resettlement • Contractor to pay rent for temporary • Potential for use of land as agreed with owner. temporary • Only vacant land to be used impacts due to • Use of land will not disturb contractors' use of businesses land • Land temporarily used will be restored or improved to pre-project condition Community Income • Contractors to notify farmers of possible temporary disruptions to • Possible irrigation and strive to minimize disruption on these disruptions. existing irrigation • Contractors to provide access to • Possible minor shops / businesses / homes at all negative impact to times. income for shops due to lack of • Contractors to hire local people to access during the extent possible. construction • Contractor workers not allowed to fish in project area, unless they are local people.
UXO • Contractor immediately ceases work and notifies the Engineer in any part • Danger from UXO of the site where UXO is discovered in the site (if it is or suspected to be present. newly discovered) • Contractor ask UXO-Lao to remove unexploded bomb. No construction will be allowed until UXO-Lao has officially cleared the site.
A6-126
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Notes/Photos:
Recommendations to Water User Group:
Follow-up requirement (e.g., with PONRE or other officials) and any need to re-monitor:
Approximate date of next monitoring:
A6-127
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Greater Mekong Subregion East-West Economic Corridor Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Dong-Savang- Thong Subproject EMP COMPLIANCE MONITORING CHECKLIST (Operation) Sub-Project: Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Date: Location: Name of Water Contact: User Group:
Name, designation Contact information: Monitoring TL: Monitoring team members
Persons Met during the monitoring: Name, designation Contact Information
Potential Impacts EMP Mitigation Observed Compliance with EMP Measures or other Mitigation Measures Increased dust from • PAFO and WUG to Control unpaved service roads use of the service roads to authorized vehicles only to reduce damage to road and dust in dry season.
Inadequate maintenance of • Adequate maintenance and headworks, service roads, care of landscaping of or drainage leading to bank riverbanks, service roads erosion and drainage channels
A6-128
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Potential Impacts EMP Mitigation Observed Compliance with EMP Measures or other Mitigation Measures Drainage from irrigated • PAFO to develop an on- fields in which large going capacity-building amounts of fertilizers and program to instruct people pesticides have been used not to use drainage water could include contaminated without testing for water which might be used contaminants. downstream by other • PAFO to train farmers in farmers or even for methods for reducing the domestic use. use of chemicals. • Coordinate with Agriculture Extension Centre to ensure that farmers are trained in correct use and storage of fertilizer, pesticides, and other potentially hazardous substances • Monitor water quality in the canals by sampling as discussed in the EMP. Obstruction of water flows • Discouragement and/or in the canals from sediment prevention on disposal of or other deposits from materials and any solid improper disposal of solid waste in the canals, waste drainage channel, or roads will be disseminated by DAFO/PAFO to WUGs • Enforcement by WUGs’ management committee
Potential minor negative • Monitor water depth in the impact from the provision of Lake as discussed in the additional open surface EMP. water that can lead to • Farmers to be instructed in reduced water resource i.e. the control of mosquito and mean depth of Nong water borne disease control Louang, and to increased by DAFO/PAFO. incidence of mosquitoes and water-borne diseases. • Water flow in canals should not be impeded, and stagnant ponding from overflows should be avoided. Potential minor impacts • PAFO and WUG to carry from accidents in the out training and awareness vicinity of pump stations or raising for community on canal structures due to poor dangers of the pumps, control of access to the canals, and drainage sites. channels. • Adequate signage and fencing to keep people and animals away.
Possible on-going disputes • PAFO and WUG to or grievances establish and fully implement the Grievance Resolution Mechanism to be in force for the life of the project
A6-129
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Potential Impacts EMP Mitigation Observed Compliance with EMP Measures or other Mitigation Measures Minor local increase in • PAFO to provide greenhouse gas emissions awareness-raising for local from increased rice population of the increased cultivation emissions of methane from rice cultivation and encouragement to change methods or raise other crops. Possibly invite researchers from Thailand who have developed paddy rice methods that reduce GHG
Notes/Photos:
Recommendations to Water User Group:
A6-130
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Follow-up requirement (e.g., with PONRE or other officials) and any need to re-monitor:
Approximate date of next monitoring:
A6-131
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.5 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
A6-132
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.6
Rapid Environmental Assessment and Climate Change Checklist
A6-133
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.6: REA and Climate Change Checklists
Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist Instructions:
(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.
(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.
(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.
Country/Project Title: LAO - Greater Mekong Subregion East-West Economic Corridor Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project – Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject
Sector Division: SEER
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project Siting No impacts anticipated Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?
▪ Protected Area X ▪ Wetland Water level is not anticipated to X down significantly, and the Lake condition will not be degraded. ▪ Mangrove X ▪ Estuarine X ▪ Buffer zone of protected area X ▪ Special area for protecting biodiversity X B. Potential Environmental Impacts All impacts will be mitigated to Will the Project cause… less-than-significant levels
▪ loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage X hazards)?
▪ conflicts in water supply rights and related social conflicts? X
▪ impediments to movements of people and animals? X ▪ potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased stream capacity? X
▪ Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion? X
A6-134
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
▪ over pumping of groundwater, leading to salinization and ground subsidence? X
▪ impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial uses of water? X
▪ dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? X ▪ disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups? X
▪ potential social conflicts arising from land tenure and land use issues? X
▪ soil erosion before compaction and lining of canals? Erosion is possible in old canals, especially secondary and X tertiaries. Erosion control measures are proposed throughout the Project ▪ noise from construction equipment? Mostly from trucks in residential X areas. Work will be suspended between 19:00 and 06:00 ▪ dust during construction? Dry season road dust is common X until access roads are paved ▪ waterlogging and soil salinization due to inadequate drainage and farm management? X
▪ leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of irrigation water? X
▪ reduction of downstream water supply during peak Minor reductions possible. A basin seasons? management and water allocation X plan is proposed to be implemented by PAFO ▪ soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? X
▪ soil erosion (furrow, surface)? X ▪ scouring of canals? X ▪ clogging of canals by sediments? X ▪ clogging of canals by weeds? X ▪ seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater systems? X ▪ introduction of increase in incidence of waterborne or Ponding around leaks could water related diseases? X encourage disease vectors
▪ dangers to a safe and healthy working environment due to Minor impacts from hazardous physical, chemical and biological hazards during project materials and wastes (mostly construction and operation? X petroleum products) will need to be mitigated ▪ large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and X sanitation systems)?
▪ social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries Contractor encouraged to hire are hired? X locals, but workers from elsewhere will probably be involved
A6-135
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
▪ risks to community health and safety due to the transport, Contractor will be required to storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as properly use and store fuels and explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction X other hazardous materials. and operation? ▪ community safety risks due to both accidental and natural Current electrical consoles for the hazards, especially where the structural elements or pumps are exposed to the weather components of the project (e.g., irrigation dams) are and accessible to anyone. They accessible to members of the affected community or X will be enclosed in a building. where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning?
A6-136
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
A Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening
Country/Project Title: LAO: GMS EWEC - Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Sector : Subsector: Division/Department:
Screening Questions Score Remarks30
Location and Is siting and/or routing of the project (or its The canals will be concrete- Design of project components) likely to be affected by climate lined to protect them from conditions including extreme weather related events anticipated floods. Pump such as floods, droughts, storms, landslides? stations will be built to be above flood levels. Roads will be paved. Irrigation 0 scheduling will be done based crop water requirements and a water allocation plan to be implemented by PAFO, especially during droughts. Would the project design (e.g. the clearance for bridges) need to consider any hydro-meteorological Yes, design of culverts, parameters (e.g., sea-level, peak river flow, reliable canals and access roads 1 water level, peak wind speed etc.)? would take into consideration flood and drought events. Materials and Would weather, current and likely future climate Maintenance conditions (e.g. prevailing humidity level, Yes, reinforced concrete for temperature contrast between hot summer days and all irrigation scheme cold winter days, exposure to wind and humidity structures, canals, natural hydro-meteorological parameters likely affect the armored gravel pavement selection of project inputs over the life of project on irrigation service roads outputs (e.g. construction material)? 1 and hard pavement (Double Bituminous Surface treatment DBST) for access roads and irrigation service roads through residential areas.
Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions, and related extreme events likely affect Yes, flood conditions may the maintenance (scheduling and cost) of project affect canal and access output(s) ? road O&M by WUGs. However, PAFO would be 1 responsible for maintenance and replacement costs resulting from catastrophic events.
Performance of Would weather/climate conditions, and related 1
30 If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how climate parameters are considered in design standards for infrastructure components, how changes in key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of project outputs.
A6-137
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination project outputs extreme events likely affect the performance (e.g. Yes, extreme weather, flood annual power production) of project output(s) (e.g. and drought, would impact hydro-power generation facilities) throughout their on crop production. design life time? Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below: Response Score Not Likely 0 Likely 1 Very Likely 2 Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing a score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response, will be categorized as high-risk project. Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): Medium
Other Comments:______
A6-138
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
ANNEX 6.7 Citations and References
A6-139
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
A6-140
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Annex 6.7: Citations and References Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Coturnix japonica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22678949A95209097. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 3.RLTS.T22678949A95209097.en Duckworth, J. W. 2009. Recent observations of Galliformes in degraded parts of Laos. G@lliformed 1: 18-20. Citation: BirdLife International. 2017. Psittacula alexandri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22685505A111371703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017- 1.RLTS.T22685505A111371703.en Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Arborophila charltonii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22727395A94948018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 3.RLTS.T22727395A94948018.en Citation:BirdLife International. 2017. Columba punicea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22690191A110100779. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017- 1.RLTS.T22690191A110100779.en Citation: BirdLife International. 2017. Aquila heliaca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22696048A117070289. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017- 3.RLTS.T22696048A117070289.en Citation: Zhao, H. 2011. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T166081A6168056. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011- 2.RLTS.T166081A6168056.en Citation: Ng, H.H. 2010. Bagarius yarrelli. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T166503A6223581. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010- 4.RLTS.T166503A6223581.en Mishra, S. S., Acherjee, S. K. and Chakraborty, S. K. 2009. Development of tools for assessing conservation categories of siluroid fishes of fresh water and brackish water wetlands of South West Bengal, India. Environmental Biology of Fishes 84(4): 395?407. Roberts, T.R. 1983. Revision of the south and southeast Asian sisorid catfish genus i.>Bagarius, with description of a new species from the Mekong. Copeia 1983(2): 435?445. Sykes, W.H. 1839. [On the fishes of the Deccan]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1838: 157?165. Citation: Ng, H.H., Tenzin, K. & Pal, M. 2010. Ompok bimaculatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T166616A6248140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010- 4.RLTS.T166616A6248140.en Haig, J. 1952. Studies on the classification of the catfishes of the Oriental and Palearctic family Siluridae. Records of the Indian Museum 48: 59-116. Kottelat, M. and Lim, K.K.P. 1995. Freshwater fishes of Sarawak and Brunei Darussalam: a preliminary annotated checklist. Sarawak Museum Journal 48: 227-258. Mishra, S. S., Acherjee, S. K. and Chakraborty, S. K. 2009. Development of tools for assessing conservation categories of siluroid fishes of fresh water and brackish water wetlands of South West Bengal, India. Environmental Biology of Fishes 84(4): 395–407.
A6-141
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Ng, H.H. and R.K. Hadiaty. 2009. Ompok brevirictus, new catfish (Teleostei: Siluridae) from Sumatra. Zootaxa 2232: 50-60. Citation: Baird, I. 2013. Probarbus labeamajor. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T18183A7744836. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011- 1.RLTS.T18183A7744836.en Baird, I.G. 2006. Probarbus jullieni and Probarbus labeamajor: The management and conservation of two of the largest fish species in the Mekong River in southern Laos. Aquatic Conservation: Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems 16(5): 517-532. Baird, I.G. 2006. Probarbus jullieni and Probarbus labeamajor: The management and conservation of two of the largest fish species in the Mekong River in southern Laos. Aquatic Conservation: Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems 16(5): 517-532. Baird, I.G. 2006. Strength in diversity: fish sanctuaries and deep-water pools in Lao PDR. Fisheries Management & Ecology 13(1): 1-8. Baird, I.G. and Flaherty, M.S. 2005. Mekong River fish conservation zones in southern Laos: Assessing effectiveness using local ecological knowledge. Environmental Management 36(3): 439-454. Citation: Stuart, B., Thy, N., Chan-Ard, T., Nguyen, T.Q. & Bain, R. 2012. Naja siamensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T177488A1488437. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T177488A1488437.en Li, W. and Wang, H. 1999. Wildlife trade in Yunnan Province, China, at the border with Vietnam. TRAFFIC Bulletin 18(1): 21-30. Li, Y. and Li, D. 1998. The dynamics of trade in live wildlife across the Guangxi border between China and Vietnam during 1993-1996 and its control strategies. Biodiversity and Conservation 1998(7): 895-914. Somaweera, R. and Somaweera, N. 2010. Serpents in jars: the snake wine industry in Vietnam. Journal of Threatened Taxa 2(11): 1251-1260. Citation: Asian Turtle Trade Working Group. 2000. Malayemys subtrijuga. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000: e.T39555A97370197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39555A10248240.en IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group and Asian Turtle Trade Working Group. 2000. Citation: Bezuijen, M., Simpson, B., Behler, N., Daltry, J. & Tempsiripong, Y. 2012. Crocodylus siamensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T5671A3048087. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T5671A3048087.en Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (comps and eds). 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Bezuijen, M.R. 2010. Crocodylus siamensis (Siamese Crocodile). Diet. Herpetological Review 41(1): 68-69. Bezuijen, M.R., Phothitay, C., Hedemark, M. and Chanrya, S. 2006. Preliminary status review of the Siamese Crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) (Crocodylia, Reptilia) in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Government of Lao PDR & Wildlife Conservation Society, Vientiane.
A6-142
Agriculture Infrastructure Sector Project Annex 6.6 Feasibility Study Dong-Savang-Thong Subproject Initial Environmental Examination
Brazaitis, P. and Watanabe, M.E. 1983. Ultrasound scanning of Siamese crocodile eggs: Hello, are you in there? Journal of Herpetology 17: 286-287. Cox, J.H. and Somvongsa, C. 2008. Community-based Crocodile Resource Management Plan for Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR (final draft). OZ Minerals Ltd. & Wildlife Conservation Society, Vientiane. Daltry, J.C., Chheang, D., Em, P., Poeung, M., Sam, H., Tan, T. and Simpson, B.K. 2003. Status of the Siamese Crocodile in the Central Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia. Fauna & Flora International: Cambodia Programme, and Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Phnom Penh. Mollot, R., Khamphousay, S. and Amath, B.L. 2007. Update on Siamese crocodile conservation in Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 26: 12-13. Phothitay, C., Phommachanh, B. and Bezuijen, M.R. 2005. Siamese crocodiles at Ban Kuen Zoo, Lao PDR. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 24(1): 11-12. Platt, S.G., Lynam, A.J., Temsiripong, Y. and Kampanakngarn, M. 2002. Occurrence of the Siamese Crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) in Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 50(1): 7-14. Platt, S.G., Monyrath, V., Sovannara, H., Kheng, L. and Rainwater, T.R. 2011. Nesting phenology and clutch characteristics of captive Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Cambodia. Zoo Biology 30: 1-12. Platt, S.G., Sovannara, H., Kheng, L., Stuart, B.L. and Walston, J. 2006. Crocodylus siamensis along the Sre Ambel River, southern Cambodia: habitat, nesting and conservation. Herpetological Natural History 9(2): 183- 188. Simpson, B.K., Chheang, D. and Han, S. 2006. The status of the Siamese crocodile in Cambodia. In: Crocodiles. The 18th Working Meeting of the IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group: pp. 293-305. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Simpson, B.K., Sorn Piseth, Hor Leng, Chhun Sopheak and Daltry, J.C. 2006. Community Crocodile Wardens in Cambodia: performance, problems and potential. In: A. Lopez (ed.), MWBP working papers on Mekong populations of the Siamese Crocodile Crocodylus siamensis, MWBP, Vientianne. Simpson, B.K., Sorn, P., Pheng, S., Pok, S., Sok, P. and Prumsoeun, W. 2006. Habitat use and movement of wild Siamese crocodiles in Cambodia. In: Crocodiles. The 18th Working Meeting of the IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group: pp. 345. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Smith, M.A. 1919. Crocodylus siamensis. Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam 3: 217-222. Starr A., Han, S. and Daltry, J.C. 2010. 2010 monitoring and nest surveys reveal status and threats of community-protected Crocodylus siamensis sub-populations in Cambodia. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 29(4): 7-9. Thorbjarnarson, J.B. 1992. Crocodiles: An Action Plan for their Conservation. In: H. Messel, F.W. King and J.P. Ross (eds). IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
A6-143