Brain-Based Worship: Re-Membering the Mind-Body Connection" (2014)

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Doctor of Ministry Seminary

5-1-2014 Brain-Based Worship: Re-membering the Mind- Body Connection Paula Champion-Jones George Fox University, [email protected]

This research is a product of the Doctor of Ministry (DMin) program at George Fox University. Find out more about the program.

Recommended Citation Champion-Jones, Paula, "Brain-Based Worship: Re-membering the Mind-Body Connection" (2014). Doctor of Ministry. Paper 72. http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/dmin/72

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GEORGE FOX UNIVERSITY

BRAIN-BASED WORSHIP:

RE-MEMBERING THE MIND-BODY CONNECTION

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO

THE FACULTY OF GEORGE FOX EVANGELICAL SEMINARY

IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF MINISTRY

PAULA CHAMPION-JONES

PORTLAND, OREGON

MARCH 2014

George Fox Evangelical Seminary George Fox University Portland, Oregon

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ______

DMin Dissertation ______

This is to certify that the DMin Dissertation of

Paula Champion-Jones

has been approved by the Dissertation Committee on March 3, 2014 for the degree of Doctor of Ministry in Semiotics and Future Studies.

Dissertation Committee:

Primary Advisor: Laura Simmons, PhD

Secondary Advisor: Celeste Snowber, PhD

Lead Mentor: Leonard I. Sweet, PhD

Expert Advisor: Kimberly Shumate

iii

To Joe, who deserves it

v CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... VII SECTION 1: THE PROBLEM ...... 1 Introduction ...... 1 Sunday or Funday? ...... 2 Dismembered ...... 4 SECTION 2: OTHER SOLUTIONS ...... 8 Introduction ...... 8 Propositional Sermons and Standardized Curriculum ...... 9 Seeker Services and Praise and Worship ...... 12 Organic Church ...... 17 Thus Far ...... 24 SECTION 3: THE THESIS ...... 26 Introduction ...... 26 Reunited ...... 27 Why Should I Care? ...... 30 Seven Brain Basics ...... 32 Brain Basic # 1: The Brain Formulates Meaning by Detecting Patterns ...... 32 Brain Basic #2: The Brain is Easily Threatened ...... 38 Brain Basic #3: The Brain Resists Being Controlled...... 42 Brain Basic #4: Because the Brain Functions as a Parallel Processor, the More Senses Involved in Learning, the More We Remember ...... 47 Brain Basic #5: Emotions are Essential for Memory...... 54 Brain Basic #6: The Brain is Hard-Wired to Remember Story and Metaphor ...... 58 Brain Basic #7: Multimodal Design Enhances Learning ...... 70 Conclusion ...... 75 SECTION 4: ARTIFACT DESCRIPTION ...... 79 SECTION 5: ARTIFACT SPECIFICATION ...... 80 SECTION 6: POSTSCRIPT ...... 88 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 184

vi ABSTRACT

Historically, it has been believed that Christian formation occurs primarily in the context of worship. Because both traditional and contemporary worship services are routinely structured around the skills of persuasive rhetoric and logic, most worship services effectively ignore the impact of experiential, embodied knowledge. Recent research in neuroscience has proven that humans are sensory-motor-emotional-thinking beings who learn best when body, brain, and emotions are simultaneously engaged. A fresh paradigm for teaching, brain-based leaning, is proving to result in learning that is more memorable, more likely to result in long-term change in the behavior of the learner, and more likely to spur the learner to investigate the subject further. The Church needs to employ brain-based teaching methods in order to more effectively transmit the Gospel.

This dissertation will concentrate on the use of such methods during worship services.

Section 1 describes the discipling crisis the Church is presently facing. Section 2 describes discipling methods that have been and are currently being used. Section 3 describes and proposes the use of brain-based teaching methods as a more formative approach. Section 4 describes the artifact, a non-fiction book written to inform those who plan worship about the theory, use, and benefits of brain-based teaching, It describes how the methods can be employed throughout the worship service. Section 5 consists of the book proposal. Section 6 is the postscript. Section 7 is the artifact itself.

vii SECTION 1: THE PROBLEM

Introduction

It was an atypical Sunday morning when I became an eavesdropper––atypical because I was not at church. Instead, I was visiting my daughter, the ultimate minimalist who has neither TV nor Internet connection in her home. For that reason, I was spending

Sunday morning in a local coffee shop. The coffee was good––the scones even better.

The décor was fittingly funky. More importantly, the Internet connection was strong.

This local gathering space was packed with young men sporting tight jeans and three-day beard growths. The carefully groomed women wore meticulously mismatched clothing. All were bilingual, interspersing fluent English with eloquent Sarcasm. With tables jammed closely together, I could not help overhearing nearby conversations. Soon,

I found myself intentionally eavesdropping.

At that moment, worship services were starting in churches all around the city, but this was obviously not the Sunday-morning-worship crowd. Nevertheless, the conversations were noticeably spiritual. A group at one table discussed the pros and cons of chastity. Another smaller cluster mused over the book of Job. Others discussed what was wrong with the church and what God might be like if God existed. Interest in spiritual matters was high. The crowd was eager to talk about subjects of substance and issues of eternity. From their comments, some had obviously been raised in the church, but the church was failing to connect with them any longer.

1 2

Sunday or Funday?

Polls report that 85 percent of Americans claim to be Catholic, Protestant, or

Jewish, but when answering poll questions, we tend to create a holy halo, saying what makes us look good. The articulation of religious identity has little to do with actual behavior. In reality, less than 20 percent of Americans regularly attend church. An increasing number are claiming no religious affiliation at all when asked to state their religious identity.1 In a recent article, The Huffington Post reported that, in comparison to past polls, when asked for religious affiliation, rising numbers of young adults are checking ‘none’:

Finally, the rise of the “nones” surely suggests it is the end of religion as we know it. Forget churches; forget priests and pastors; forget the Bible; forget organized religion generally. What is sacred are no longer conventional objects like a cross, a singular religious identity like being a Methodist, nor activities like going to church or prayer. Instead, the religious worlds in the contemporary and future United States are robust and capacious, providing an abundance of spiritual possibilities found in unexpected places like drum circles and meditation exercises, sports events and other expressions from popular culture. It is a brave new world for religious Americans who are increasingly unhinged from traditional authorities and institutions.2

Young adults are more likely to spend Sunday sleeping-in, shopping, or enjoying a day outdoors than attending worship. Christian historian Diana Butler Bass observes,

“Whatever else may be said of them, they are profoundly disappointed in religion,

1 Rebecca Barnes and Lindy Lowery, “Seven Startling Facts: An Up Close Look at Church Attendance in America,” Church Leaders, February 2013, accessed July 7, 2013, http://www.churchleaders.com/pastors/pastor-articles/139575-7-startling-facts-an-up-close-look-at-church- attendance-in-america.html.

2 Gary Laderman, “The Rise of Religious ‘Nones’ Indicates the End of Religion as We Know It,” The Huffington Post, March 20, 2013, accessed August 26, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gary- laderman/the-rise-of-religious-non_b_2913000.html.

3 religious ideologies, and organizations as those things that currently exist.”3 In spite of the roughly 338,000 local churches in the U.S. that conduct at least one weekly worship service, the American Church has raised a generation that is swiftly severing ties with her. The same generation, proving to be biblically illiterate, is not hesitating to invent customized eclectic gods, melding their own image and desires with a dash of mysticism, a pinch of astrology, traces of the occult, psychological self-help, and generous dollops of metaphysics.4

Even among those active in churches, the outlook can be dismal. Barna Group revealed that “. . . 14% of adult believers admit that they have never experienced the presence of God. . . . In a typical worship service, about half claim that they did not experience God’s presence or feel that they interacted with Him in a personal way.”5

Today’s church services are no longer working. To put it bluntly, few people ever remember our sermons or services. Fewer still act on them. We are presently investing countless words in our attempt to generate disciples for the Living Word, but our word- heavy investments are not paying off. Why? The late Dallas Willard challenged the

Church to examine herself. “Should we not at least consider the possibility that this poor result is not in spite of what we teach and how we teach, but precisely because of it?

Might that not lead to our discerning why the power of Jesus and his gospel has been cut off from ordinary human existence, leaving it adrift from the flow of his eternal kind of

3 Diana Butler Bass, Christianity After Religion: The End of Church and the Birth of a New Spiritual Awakening (New York: HarperOne, 2012), 86.

4 Hartford Institute for Religion Research, “Fast Facts about American Religion,” 2012, accessed June 13, 2013. http://hirr.hartsem.edu/research/fastfacts/fastfacts.html.

5 George Barna, Growing True Disciples: New Strategies for Producing Genuine Followers of Christ (Colorado Springs: WaterBrook Press, 2001), 59.

4 life?”6 In like manner, church futurist Leonard Sweet states that if the Church is to advance, “Religious learning systems must be based on new academic paradigms that shift from passive learning modes to active learning modes, especially ones where students learn habits of mind and habits of the soul at their own rate and in their own area of special interest.”7

Dismembered

According to church historian Diana Butler Bass, in the centuries preceding the

Enlightenment “. . . belief had nothing to do with one’s weighing of evidence or intellectual choice. Belief was not a doctrinal test. Instead, belief was more like a marriage vow––‘I do’ as a pledge of faithfulness and loving service to and with the other.

Indeed, you could not hold, claim, or possess a belief about God, but you could cherish, love, trust in, or devote yourself to God.”8 To ‘know God’ was to know Him relationally

––and relational knowledge resulted in an over-the-top loyalty to Jesus and an uncommon love for others.

Beliefs about ‘belief’ changed over time. Hoping to reform society using reason,

Enlightenment thinkers challenged ideas and beliefs grounded in tradition and faith. One of the Enlightenment’s most influential thinkers was seventeenth-century French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes. He decreed that the body was an instrument of interference that got in the way of pure logic. Descartes convinced multiple generations to believe that reason is hopelessly contaminated by the emotions inherent in

6 Dallas Willard, The Divine Conspiracy (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1997), 40.

7 Leonard Sweet, 11 Genetic Gateways to Spiritual Awakening (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1998), 6.

8 Bass, Christianity After Religion, 117.

5 incarnation, writing, “I concluded that I was a substance whose whole essence and nature consists only in thinking, . . . so that ‘I’, that is to say, the mind by which I am what I am, is wholly distinct from the body.”9 According to cognitive linguist George Lakoff and philosophy professor Mark Johnson, “Descartes reasoned that being able to think constitutes our essence . . . that the mind is disembodied; . . . therefore, that the essence of human beings . . . has nothing to do with our bodies.”10 Descartes’ disembodied view of intelligence became known as dualism. Theoretical psychologist Alan Costal states that

Descartes “. . . set up, almost single-handedly, a whole range of dualisms that continue to trouble the human sciences: the physical vs. mental, body vs. mind, animal vs. human, self vs. other, mechanical vs. rational, passive vs. active, natural vs. normative—to mention just a few.”11

The dualist notion of a split between the body and brain has shaped educational methodology ever since. Before the Enlightenment, teaching was typically imparted in a relationship between master and apprentice. To teach was to show, to demonstrate, to involve the entire person in the learning experience. With the acceptance of dualism, pedagogical methods underwent a drastic change. The rational brain became the sole target of instruction. The burdensome body was left dragging along behind.

Descartes’ influence continues to this day. When behaviorism made its appearance in the early twentieth century, it rapidly became a widely accepted model.

9 René Descartes, A Discourse on Method And Meditations On First Philosophy, 3rd ed. (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1951), 28.

10 George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 400.

11 Alan Costall, “From Darwin to Watson (and Cognitivism) and Back Again: The Principle of Animal-Environment Mutuality,” Behavior and Philosophy 32, 2004 (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies), 183.

Behaviorists, convinced that all behaviors were acquired through conditioning, proposed that they could be described scientifically, without examining mental or emotional states.

Operant-conditioning theory (1937) advanced dualistic belief further, hypothesizing that learning is nothing more than a change in behavior brought on by reflexive responses to stimuli. This premise led to several generations of classrooms steeped in the extract of passive learning. Brain-based-learning pioneer Eric Jensen, critiquing operant conditioning theory, writes, “With enough punishments and rewards, you can get any behavior you wish. This model basically views learners as rats to be manipulated by the whims of the establishment.”12 The theory of reception learning, popularized during the

1970s, continued to dehumanize the learner with the idea that people do not ‘discover’ knowledge; they only ‘receive’ it from someone more knowledgeable. Consequently, expository teaching became even more highly favored.13

Each theory had some positive impact on education, but each also led well- meaning teachers to settle for regurgitated, robot-like knowledge that had little long-term effect on how a person lived or made decisions. Notable educators have been calling for reform since the turn of the century. Beginning in 1897, John Dewey championed

‘progressive education,’ advocating experiential learning-by-doing during thematic units that emphasized problem-solving techniques.

Predictably, the same educational models that structured public education are also prevalent in our churches. Leonard Sweet writes, “As much as the modern university, the

12 Eric Jensen, Brain-Based Learning: The New Paradigm of Teaching (Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2008), 5.

13 College of Saint Benedict, Saint John’s University, Knowledge Base for Teacher Education, (Collegeville, MN: Saint John’s College, 2011). Accessed December 1, 2011. http://www.csbsju .edu/Educaion/Knowledge-Base/ KB-ll.htm.

7 modern church is the intellectual outgrowth of the Enlightenment, which tried to make the critical use of reason, not experience, the touchstone of knowledge.”14 The mainstay of the twenty-first-century worship service is the sermon–a rhetorical lecture delivered in a linear sequence with no diverging path. Many of those sermons attempt to introduce, delve into, and wrap up difficult subjects in three or four pithy points. Worshippers are expected to receive, retain, and act on that information with no input. We assume that if our listeners have managed to stay awake throughout the service, learning has occurred.

This begs the question, “Has it?” The present state of the Church suggests otherwise.

14 Leonard Sweet, Post-Modern Pilgrims: First Century Passion for the 21st Century World (Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman, 2000), 44.

SECTION 2: OTHER SOLUTIONS

Introduction

To move forward, the Church would do well to first look backward. Historically it has been believed that the Word comes to dwell most fully in a believer in the context of worship.1 Even when, in preparation for baptism, catechesis was used to instruct new believers or children in the basic elements of faith, worship was still considered the principal formative practice of the Church—and worship was fully embodied. Worship practices engaged the exteroceptive senses (the traditional five senses used to investigate our external world), the nociceptive senses (those providing information about our inner world), and a variety of other senses that mediate between our external and internal world

(such as kinesthesia or movement).2 University of Durham’s Professor of Theology and

Christian Education Jeff Astley writes,

Much of Christian learning occurs through explicit, deliberate, systematic and sustained activities which lead to the development of a knowledge and understanding of Christian beliefs. As such, it may be described as Christian education. But the context and complement of all these activities is the implicit catechesis that takes place within the worship of the Church. This latter process, deriving as it does from ritual (words) and ceremony (acts) . . . does result in a change in the person as a consequence of conscious experience. . . .What is thus learned in Christian worship is a range of emotions, experiences, and attitudes that lie at the heart of Christian spirituality.3

1 That said, we do not worship in order to learn or to be changed. Those are side effects of worship. We worship because God is worthy of worship.

2 For example, communion engages the exteroceptive senses of taste, smell, touch, sight, and sound. Fasting involves the nociceptive senses of hunger, thirst, and possibly pain. Prostrating the self, kneeling, or dancing involves the senses of kinesthesia (movement) and equilibroception (balance).

3 Jeff Astley, “The Role of Worship in Christian Learning,” Religious Education 79, no. 2 (1984): 243, accessed October 1, 2012, http://0web.ebscohost.com.catalog.georgefox.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/ pdfviewer?sid=8844f8b8-b289-4a62-803f-adbdbd891cd7%40sessionmgr4003&vid=3&hid=4106

8 9

Garrett-Evangelical Professor of Worship and Music E. Byron Anderson states that such embodied worship helps us “. . . discover a kind of subconscious mindfulness that is present in our bodies. . . . Such patterning of our bodies is less about ideas than about patterning our lives, less about learning a text than about becoming a text, less about intellectual knowing than about knowing experientially, phenomenologically, in our bodies.”4 As the Church communally experienced the loving presence of Jesus through embodied worship, the natural consequence was a group of individuals who learned to practice the life and wear the story of Jesus with their heart, mind, soul, and strength. Emory Professor Emeritus of Theology and Human Development James Fowler observes, “With liturgy, we are dealing with the kinesthetic of faith. Through the teaching power of sacramental worship, faith gets into our bodies and bone marrow.”5

Propositional Sermons and Standardized Curriculum

With the advent of modernity, the understanding of the role of worship changed.

With modernity’s presupposition that people could know truth objectively, the Church reasoned that if a person knew the right facts, it would result in right belief and behavior.

Writing of the abandonment of the experiential, Notre Dame’s Professor of Early Modern

European History Brad S. Gregory notes, “. . . Protestants made the sixteenth century an era of unprecedented emphasis on doctrine. In their divergent ways, all Protestants thought that the most fundamental problem with the Roman Church was its mistaken

4 E. Byron Anderson, “Worship Schooling in the Tradition of Jesus,” Theology Today 66, no. 1 (April 1, 2009), 24, accessed October 18, 2013. http://0-web.ebscohost.com.catalog.georgefox.edu/ehost/ pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=8844f8b8-b289-4a62803fadbdbd891cd7%40sessionmgr4003&vid=3&hid=4106.

5 James Fowler, Weaving the New Creation (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1991), 181.

10 truth claims, that is, false doctrines.”6 The Catholic Church responded to criticism with an official articulation of the doctrine of justification. The sudden emphasis on right belief placed “. . . unprecedented emphasis on interior assent to the propositional content of doctrinal truth claims. . . . It risked making Christianity seem more a matter of what one believed than how one lived––of making the faith a crypto-Cartesian matter of one’s soul and mind, rather than a matter of what one does with one’s body.”7

Relying on the discipline of propositional logic, worship was shaped to appeal to the logical mind. Propositional logic uses a series of simple declarative sentences to fashion complicated arguments that culminate in a logical conclusion. Pointing out the primary weakness of propositional logic, University of Massachusetts Professor of

Philosophy Kevin Klement writes, “. . . truth-value depends entirely on the truth-values of the simpler statements making them up, and in which it is assumed that every statement is either true or false and not both.”8 This burgeoning discipline strongly influenced all teaching, including preaching. According to Bass, modern Christians grew to view the spiritual quest as “ . . . a finite intellectual search in which their questions would be answered; exploration took a backseat to a journey’s completion. In the modern mode Christians were less interested in pursuing God than they were in pursuing knowledge about God. For in their world knowing about God equaled knowing God.”9

6 Brad S. Gregory, The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012), 155.

7 Ibid.,155.

8 Kevin C. Klement, “Propositional Logic,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: A Peer- Reviewed Academic Resource (July 23, 2005), accessed October 18, 2013. http://www.iep.utm.edu/prop- log/.

9 Diana Butler Bass, A People’s History of Christianity: The Other Side of the Story (New York: HarperOne, 2009) 219.

The main exception to religious rationalism was the revivalism of the Great

Awakening. It swept through the U.S. in several waves between the early eighteenth and late nineteenth century. The widespread revivals were characterized by ‘enthusiasm’ and a sharp increase of interest in religion.10 Nevertheless, “. . . by the end of the colonial period, Protestant rationalism remained the dominant religious force among the leaders of most of the colonies.”11

Starting in 1751, the Sunday-school movement brought phenomenal growth to the church. Although Sunday schools began as a humanitarian ministry to educate the children of the poor, focus soon turned inward to educate church members. By the twentieth century, Sunday schools were used to instruct all age groups. Denominations developed one-size-fits-all, standardized curriculum. Sunday school attendance became the primary evangelistic tool of the Church and the barometer of church health. What had begun as a movement morphed into an institutionalized program. Christian missiologist

Ed Stetzer observes,

In its inception, Sunday school was used by everyday people to make an impact on the lives of marginalized children. In its modern iteration, Sunday school has become an organization led by professionals to educate a declining percentage of church attendees with less volunteer leadership, and as a result, often less engagement and shared community. . . .Yet, Sunday school is the tool most churches use––and will for the foreseeable future.12

10 Give Bigotry No Sanction: The George Washington Letter Project, Religion in Colonial America: Trends, Regulations, and Beliefs, (2011), accessed October 9, 2013, http://nobigotry.facinghistory .org/content/religion-colonial-america-trends-regulations-and-beliefs-0.

11 Ibid.

12 Ed Stetzer, “Why Sunday School Lost its Edge,” 9Marks: Building Healthy Churches (January- February 2012), accessed January 3, 2013, http://www.9marks.org/journal/why-sunday-school-lost-its- edge.

Seeker Services and Praise and Worship

In the mid twentieth century, western culture found itself undergoing dramatic change. According to Bass, “Sociologists, philosophers, and historians now agree . . . that the West has entered some new stage of modernity, hypermodernity, or postmodernity. In the decades since 1945, Western society and culture––and the Christian religion along with it––have been transformed not in degree but in kind.”13 Almost simultaneously, church attendance began to decline––at first slowly, eventually dramatically. Some grieved the decline. Some lived in denial. Others birthed a new paradigm for worship.

Beginning with the work of Donald McGavran in 1955, the pragmatic Church

Growth Movement (CGM) applied the study of mass movements to evangelism.14

Church-growth specialist C. Peter Wagner pronounced that people do not usually become

Christians one at a time. Instead, one decision sets off a long chain reaction. Decisions sweep through an entire group. When circumstances are right, entire groups decide to follow Jesus together.15 Birthed with a statistical emphasis, numerical growth was deemed the best indicator of church health. Because the CGM also had a strong cognitive bent, faith was perceived as intellectually acquiescing to the right facts about Jesus, while discipling Christians entailed guiding herds of humans through chutes of highly structured pre-packaged material in small groups and seminars.

Even so, with the birth of the CGM, the pendulum began to swing away from cerebral worship to more emotional worship. Two different, but closely related

13 Bass, A People’s History of Christianity, 291.

14 Thom S. Rainer, The Book of Church Growth: History, Theology, and Principles (Nashville, TN: Baptist Sunday School Board, 1993), 22.

15 C. Peter Wagner, Church Growth: State of the Art, ed. C. Peter Wagner (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House, 1986), 15-39.

13 paradigms for worship developed––both defined more by style than content.16 Both abandon traditional trappings of Christian worship such as robes, formal liturgy, pulpits, and organs. Both speak the language of vision casting, relevance, excellence, and church marketing. Both design worship and discipleship programs around felt needs. In both, information-heavy sermons highlight the benefits of following Christ. In both, “. . . the usual order of worship is a three-part structure: opening acts, a fervent sermon, and a harvest of those touched by the morning’s sermon.”17 In both, worship is led primarily by professionals. In both, boredom is considered a fatal flaw. Discipleship evangelist Bill

Hull notes the resulting irony, “A spiritual buzz based on a highly gifted person’s presentation will require a long string of buzzes. That, of course, leads to desensitizing that eventually becomes boredom.”18

The first CGM style, the seeker service, emphasizes evangelism as the primary task of worship. Worship is ‘useful,’ a means to an end rather than an end in itself.

Everything is done with the seeker in mind. The service is designed to make guests feel at home in an unfamiliar environment. Songs are simple and repetitive. Religious language is avoided. Sermons are short and practical. Granted, many who otherwise would never have set foot in a church have come to Christ through seeker services, but there are also glaring problems.

16 Although the CGM began in the twentieth century, because many still adhere to the philosophy, this writer will use present tense from this point forward.

17 James White, “The Missing Jewel of the Evangelical Church,” Reformed Journal 36, no. 6, (1986): 12.

18 Bill Hull, The Disciple-Making Church: Leading a Body of Believers on the Journey of Faith (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2010), 75.

First, the seeker church invests supreme value in the altar call. Those who respond are considered ‘saved,’ destined to spend eternity in heaven. Those who do not are ‘lost.’

“Indeed, salvation is all about the escape from physicality, not the redemption of it. . . . It is as if we deny the potential spiritual significance of the created order and deem it an inappropriate object of Christian study,” writes Biola’s Professor of Biblical Studies and

Theological Integration Rick Langer.19 The subsequent religion is near Gnostic, imparting a superior status to the spiritual while demeaning all things physical. It upholds a distinctly unbiblical dualism, ignoring the body in favor of the soul.

Second, a large part of their success comes from employing the immediate culture as much as possible in an attempt to make Christianity appear relevant. Familiarity with culture is indispensible, but relying too much on the tactics of culture can lead to a church that identifies completely with culture, so much so that God is reduced to little more than a divine therapist, and the pastor is more focused on relevance than prophetic calling.

Alain Coralie, Coordinator of East-Central Africa’s Adventist Volunteer Services, observes,

Seeker sensitive services miss the essence of worship in that they are profoundly anthropocentric. . . . authentic worship does not focus on felt-needs or human ingenuity but God’s activity in history. Worship should be the believer’s heartfelt response to God’s mighty acts in creation and redemption. . . . Therefore, the primary point for worship leaders to realize is not how to make worship more appealing and relevant to seekers, but how to make believers engage more fully with their Creator and Redeemer.20

19 Rick Langer, “Points of Unease with the Spiritual Formation Movement,” Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care 5, no. 2 (2012): 182-183.

20 Alain Coralie, “Worship: Maintaining Theological Soundness and Cultural Relevance,” Ministry Magazine (January 2009), accessed September 30, 2013, https://www.ministrymagazine.org/ archive/2009/01/worship-maintaining-theological-soundness.

In the CGM’s second style of worship––the praise and worship service (P&W)–– emotional longing for God is carefully cultivated. Worshippers participate less with the mind and more with the body––clapping, kneeling, raising hands, dancing, and, in some cases, speaking in tongues. Celebratory music, standing independent from the sermon, is the prime mover and shaker of the service. The music celebrates God’s provision of what we need, how happy we are belonging to Him, and how faithful we will be in the future.

Here, too, there are problems. Episcopal priest and musicologist Michelle K.

Baker-Wright observes, “. . . Worship can readily be treated like another product to satisfy a need, and the focus of worship remains the emotional longing rather than God’s character.”21 Designed around felt needs, the services are excessively personalized. With musical selections based on the preference of the attendees, music can be decidedly anthropocentric. Music can easily be elevated to a greater prominence than the spoken word, causing worshippers to lose touch with both the individual pericopes and the metanarrative of Scripture.

Sarah Koenig, Seattle Pacific University’s professor of biblical studies, argues that the individual parts of a service derive their meaning only in relation to one another.

“Only in dialogue can the elements of the liturgy be . . . checked and balanced so that none becomes an idol but rather each is brought into tempering conversation with all the others and turned toward the glorification of God.”22 With all elements standing alone in

P&W, there is a deep lushness of layered meaning sacrificed on the altar of felt needs.

21 Michelle K. Baker-Wright, “Intimacy and Orthodoxy: Evaluating Existing Paradigms of Contemporary Worship Music,” Missiology: An International Review 35, no. 2 (Sage Publications, April 2007): 169-170.

22 Sarah Koenig, “This is My Daily Bread: Toward a Sacramental Theology of Evangelical Praise and Worship,” Worship 82, no. 2 (2008): 145.

Even as numbers increased, complaints of shallow disciples were common. With time, the CGM realized that discipleship was lagging far behind worship attendance, and that larger churches were ill suited for developing relationships. In spite of numerical success, they too were producing stunted fruit. As a solution, house churches were birthed as a more effective way to build community and disciple believers. Although working in tandem with the larger church, most house churches make a conscious effort to avoid hierarchical leadership.23 Meetings are informal, participatory, and sometimes include a shared meal. Because participants covenant to share life with each other, members are less likely to fall through the cracks. In smaller groups, there is more opportunity for participation. All of these factors have proven to be positive contributions.

On the negative side, although house churches are theoretically outward-focused, and although some remain healthy, others turn inward. Members can become so possessive of ‘their’ group that they become a ‘closed group,’ excluding newcomers because they fear their presence might change group dynamics. Others grow convinced that only those involved in house churches are doing things biblically. Author and blogger Frank Viola is highly critical of the movement, stating, “Many house churches

. . . have no concept of how to live by an indwelling Lord. Nor are they consumed with

Jesus. Christ is but a footnote to some other ‘thing’ or ‘it.’”24, 25

23 A small number of house churches exist that have no affiliation with a larger church. This writer considers many of them to be organic churches.

24 Frank Viola, “What is an Organic Church? A Plea for Clarity,” Beyond Evangelical: The Blog of Frank Viola (January 1, 2011), accessed October 23, 2013, http://frankviola.org/2010/01/11/what-is-an- organic-church-a-plea-for-clarity/.

25 Having been responsible for organizing house churches associated with an institutional church, this writer agrees with Viola.

In October of 2007, in a shocking confession, mega-church Willow Creek released a statement admitting the deficiencies of their methods: “Some of the stuff that we have put millions of dollars into thinking it would really help our people grow and develop spiritually, when the data actually came back it wasn’t helping people that much.

Other things that we didn’t put that much money into and didn’t put much staff against is stuff our people are crying out for.”26

Organic Church

Although CGM services appeal to numerous Boomers, their descendants are less than impressed. According to Bob Whitesel, Professor of Missional Leadership at Indiana

Wesleyan University, “Generation X has cast an analytical eye toward the evangelical boomer church of their parents, finding it lacking in an ability to unite spiritual, global, and emotional peace. An outgrowth of this appears to be a desire to remake all things boomer into structures and styles more authentic and compassionate.”27 In an interview with Christianity Today, Brett McCracken, author of Hipster Christianity: When Church

& Cool Collide, said, “Evangelicalism in the '90s had a firmly established youth culture, built on the infrastructure of a lucrative Christian retail industry and commercial subculture. Huge Christian rock festivals, Lord's Gym T-shirts, WWJD bracelets, Left

26 Bill Hybels, as quoted by Bob Burney, “A Shocking Confession from Willow Creek Community Church,” Religion Today (November 1, 2007), accessed September 30, 2013, http://www.religiontoday.com/news/a-shocking-confession-from-willow-creek-community-church- 11558438.html.

27 Bob Whitesel, Inside the Organic Church: Learning from 12 Emerging Congregations (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2006), xi.

Behind, and so forth. It was big business. It was corporate. It was schlocky kitsch. And it was begging to be rebelled against.”28

Rebel against it they did––ironically with some commonalities with the previous generation. Like Boomers before them, Gen Xers were hungry to indigenize the gospel.

They were also looking for a more intimate experience of the Divine. Consequently, they accepted some methodologies of the earliest CGM leaders. Unlike Boomers, Gen X understands they no longer live in a Christian culture.

The Millenials are moving even further from the institutional church of their grandparents and parents. They approach their community as a mission field. They are also more open to experimentation and creativity than were their elders. Consequently, there are multiple manifestations of the Gen X/Millennial church. Whitesel writes, “A spate of names has been used to describe this thriving church culture. Appellations such as the ‘postmodern church,’ the ‘organic church,’ as well as the ‘emerging church,’ with few resonating universally. . . . But one of the above appellations does have a theological underpinning and potential fluidity that may make it a tolerable descriptor in a realm that shuns labels. Therefore, the most unobjectionable of these identifiers may be ‘organic church.’”29, 30

Hesitant to allow any denomination to control their agenda, organic churches

(OC) distance themselves from the institutional church. They eschew predictability and conferred authority. Fewer ‘professional’ Christians lead the church because participation

28 Brett McCracken, “Hipster Faith,” Christianity Today 54, no. 9 (September 2010): 24.

29 Whitesel, Inside the Organic Church, xxiv.

30 Whitesel bases this conclusion on the number of times Scripture refers to the Church as ‘the body of Christ.’ Examples include 1 Cor. 12:12, Eph. 1:22-23, and Col. 1:17-24.

19 is valued more than performance––and participants are disproportionately young, white, and educated. Because they view creativity as an expression of authenticity and being created in the image of a creative God, they turn to artistic expression to celebrate, convey, and question their relationship with God. Convicted that God cannot be captured by doctrinal exactness, they reject formulaic religion.

Preferring the word missional to organic, Missional Leadership Specialist Reggie

McNeal specifies that in contrast to the institutional church, the OC

. . . is decentralized, simple, not membership-driven, synched with normal life routines and patterns, not dependent on clergy, and focused on the spiritual development of the participants and the people they touch. “Supporting the church” is not an agenda item in the organic church expression. Nor is “attending church” or “going to church.” This is because the people are the Church. The church is not a thing that exists apart from them. Church is not a part of life for the missional followers of Jesus; it is the way of life.31

Unimpressed by positional authority, participants will nevertheless follow a person they can believe in, someone who proves themselves to be authentic. Unlike more traditional pastors who place high value on exegesis of a text, organic-church pastors labor to unearth the stories of scripture and fuse them with stories of the present to indicate where God is at work today. “These leaders find themselves thinking more of

Kingdom impact than church growth,” writes McNeal.32 He continues, “Like Jesus, they disciple as they engage others, deploying them for ministry and then debriefing them, rather than training them for ministry and then deploying them.”

McNeal identifies three philosophical shifts made by organic churches. First, they have shifted from an internal to an external focus. “They look for ways to bless and to

31 Reggie McNeal, Missional Renaissance: Changing the Scorecard for the Church (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2009), 58.

32 Ibid., 15.

20 serve the communities where they are located. Much of the calendar space, the financial resources, and the organizational energy are spent on people who are not part of the organization. Ministry ventures may or may not improve the Church’s bottom line in terms of traditional measures.”33 Although they meet weekly for worship, worship is just as much about what they do throughout the week. Whitesel remarks, “Organic church leaders tend to feel that their community should be an integrated part of life and not segregated to a church sector. . . . [They] see Christ’s mandate to meet the physical needs of creation as coequal and co-necessary with his mandate to meet humankind’s need for salvation.”34 They seldom invest money in buildings, preferring to invest it in mission. Consequently, they tend to worship wherever everyday life happens––often in living rooms, bars, and coffee houses.

Second, they have shifted from program development to people development.

They do not assume that going through a series of classes and participating in church activities results in spiritual growth. Instead, they believe “. . . people need help debriefing their lives. They need to examine their experiences and learn from them.”35

De-briefing is time-intensive. It requires genuine conversation, and is therefore difficult to do in traditional settings. Commenting on lecture versus dialogue, McNeal states, “The didactic approach is teacher-dominated and information-focused, usually curriculum driven. While there are times and places this is appropriate, an entire system constructed

33 McNeal, Missional Renaissance, 7.

34 Whitesel, Inside the Organic Church, 128.

35 McNeal, Missional Renaissance, 101.

21 around this system . . . turns out well-informed people who can be adept at avoiding key issues in their personal development.”36

Third, the OC has shifted away from church-based leadership to Kingdom-based leadership. The leaders “. . . do not need the props of religious authority or church real estate to pursue their passion of introducing people to the revelation of God’s heart for the world through Jesus,” McNeal writes.37 “Missional congregational pastors now pastor the community, not just the Church.”38 They pastor their child’s little league team, the staff at the grocery, their hair stylist, and all neighbors in their vicinity. Church attendance is not a prerequisite for their care. Some leaders forego a traditional church occupation altogether, taking so-called secular jobs to connect with and minister to those in their realm of influence.

Organic churches reinterpret traditional elements of worship. Searching for deep roots, they intentionally make an attempt to connect with the historic Church.39 Moving beyond creed-based identity, they eclectically use various ancient traditions—liturgy, prayer stations, symbols, meditation, and songs. Tired of shallow theology, they reject repetitive P&W music and clichéd, easy answers. Wanting depth in what is taught, they reject proof-texting for more holistic readings of Scripture. These ‘home-grown’ communities do not try to clone other churches. Instead, they proudly take on the flavor of their zip codes.

36 McNeal, Missional Renaissance, 103- 104.

37 Ibid., 14.

38 Ibid., 135.

39 For example, The Odes Project puts first-century worship songs to music. See http://theodesproject.net.

John MacArthur adamantly opposes the movement, believing it does not take

Scripture seriously:

Influenced by postmodern notions about language, meaning, subjectivity, and truth, many younger evangelicals are questioning whether the Word of God is clear enough to justify certainty or dogmatism on any point of doctrine, . . . its proponents are much more interested in dialogue and conversation. As a result, propositional truth (which tends to end dialogue rather than start it) is scorned and rebuffed as an outmoded vestige of twentieth-century modernism.40

Additionally, The OC has been criticized for not speaking out more unwaveringly on the subject of the exclusivity of salvation through Christ, for refusing to give a blanket condemnation of homosexual behavior, for embracing relativism, and for not putting enough emphasis on “making a decision for Christ” (by those who believe Christ’s main focus was the hereafter). One-time supporter Mark Driscoll writes, “. . .The emergent church is the latest version of liberalism. The only differences [sic] is that the old liberalism accommodated modernity and the new liberalism accommodates postmodernity.”41

Depending on the specific expression of the OC, the aforementioned criticisms may or may not be accurate; however, most in the OC have a deep respect for the Word of God––enough respect to shape their lives according to their understanding of it.

Addressing the issue, Scott McKnight, New Testament scholar and historian, points out,

“Postmodernity cannot be reduced to the denial of truth. Instead, it is the collapse of

40 John MacArthur, “Introducing the Emerging Church, Part 1,” Grace to You (Fall 2006), accessed October 8, 2013, http://www.gty.org/resources/Articles/A184/Introducing-the-Emerging-Church- Part-1?q=emerging+church.

41 Mark Driscoll, Confessions of a Reformission Rev: Hard Lessons from an Emerging Missional Church (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2006), 21.

23 inherited metanarratives. . . .”42 Instead of rejecting the truth of the inherited story, the

OC is straining to ensure that they have heard and understood the story correctly.

Because they understand the story has been slanted by culture, instead of asking if the story is true, the OC is asking how the story speaks to reality. Knowing that no one has every point of doctrine right, they are willing to listen to and dialogue with those who hold different views. Appalled by the divisions in Christianity, the OC is less likely to defend how right they are by pointing out how wrong someone else is. In an interview with Christianity Today’s executive editor Andy Crouch, OC pastor Rob Bell says, “The

Bible is still the center for us, but it’s a different kind of center. We want to embrace mystery, rather than conquer it.”43

The OC’s problem with propositional truth is justifiable. Propositional truth is not memorable truth. It is pre-packaged. It can be used legalistically as a measuring stick against which to gauge others. Because the OC crowd finds satisfaction in thinking for themselves, they do not want Truth delivered to them in its final form. Instead, they prefer wrestling with Scripture for themselves. They prefer the truth of narrative, viewing

Scripture study not as a study of propositions, but as a search for God who is revealing

Godself through the overarching storyline of the Bible. As with every other church across the centuries, there will be points of doctrine that they get wrong, but most OCs preach the same message as the Church from which their founders originated; they just package

42 Scott McKnight, “Five Streams of the Emerging Church,” Christianity Today 51, vol. 2 (February 2007): 35.

43 Andy Crouch, “The Emergent Mystique,” Christianity Today 48, vol.11 (November 2004): 36.

24 it differently.44 Accordingly, organic churches can be almost Anglican, basically Baptist, or practically Pentecostal.

Perhaps the biggest threat the OC faces is the same one the CGM faced–– accommodating itself to culture instead of offering an alternative to the status quo. While the CGM pursued size at the expense of relationship, and perfection to the detriment of participation, the OC will be tempted to accommodate culture by complying with relativism. Because the concept of absolute truth is foreign to the OC’s main target group, those in leadership may be lured to sacrifice revealed truth on the altar of approval. If this happens, the OC will revert to just one more institutional expression of church. Finally, if it is going to become more than a hipster expression of faith, the OC must expand its playing field beyond the urban, white arena.

Thus Far

The early Church witnessed to Christianity as relational knowledge of God through Jesus Christ. Even though personal, relational knowledge of God was preceded by the proclamation of the Gospel, faith was primarily a relationship. It was fashioned while living in community and participating in holistic, full-bodied worship. To be a person of faith was to live a corporeal human life in connection with God and others.

Intellectual understanding was optional––not required.

With modernity, the Church distanced itself from relational truth and embraced doctrinal truth. To ‘have faith’ meant to intellectually concur with the doctrine of the

Church. To be transformed was equated with obeying law as defined by the Church.

44 Whitesel, Inside the Organic Church, 128.

Understanding was thought to precede faith and trust. Because worship was equated with a mental state, it was designed to educate and appeal to the mind.

As modernity began to give way to post-modernity, the CGM took first steps to reunite head and heart, yet while welcoming relational truth, there nevertheless remains a stronger emphasis on propositional truth. By their actions, they have treated worship like a useful tool whose purpose is to grow the Church. To be ‘discipled’ means to attend the right classes and read the right books––both of which occur outside of worship.

Seeking intimacy with God, and desiring to experience God more than understand

God, the OC embraces mystery and participation in worship as the key to transformation.

With “Participation!” as the OC’s battle cry, the body is more fully engaged in worship.

Nevertheless, the OC also engages her mind, balking at attempts to capture God in black and white propositions and looking for depth of content in teaching. The organic church appears to be making an attempt to embrace both head and heart. Time will tell if she continues on this ancient pathway.

SECTION 3: THE THESIS

Introduction

Voicing what he considers to be academia’s biggest and most soul-sucking problems, Paul Stoller, professor of anthropology at West Chester University writes:

Stiffened from the long sleep in the background of scholarly life, the scholar’s body yearns to experience its muscles. Sleepy from long inactivity, it aches to restore its sensibilities. Adrift in a sea of half-lives, it wants to breathe in the pungent odors of social life, to run its palms over the jagged surface of social reality, to hear the wondrous symphonies of social experience, to see the sensuous shapes and colors that fill windows of the consciousness. It wants to awaken the imagination and bring scholarship back to the things themselves. Wants, however, are far from being deeds, for a sensuous awakening is a very tall order in an academy where mind has long been separated from the body, sense long severed 1 from sensibility.

Since the Enlightenment, the Church has experienced a similar problem, sometimes completely denying the role of the body in knowing God. On occasion, it has gone to the other extreme, amplifying the role of the heart at the expense of the head. Both heart and head knowledge are indispensable if God is to be known in Spirit and in Truth. Although the Church has discipled a multitude of martyrs, saints, and unknown faith heroes, her habitual neglect of either head or heart has also resulted in large numbers of shallow Christians who are indistinguishable from the general population.

Others have already written about the differences between the brain’s left and right hemispheres, and how those differences have affected learning, society, history, and culture. 2 Likewise, the connection between brain science and religion has been admirably

1 Paul Stoller, Sensuous Scholarship (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997), xii.

2 See Iain McGilchrist, The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World (New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, 2012).

26 27 explored.3 Experiential worship has also been addressed.4 None have brought the topics of neuroscience, experiential learning, and religion together. This paper will attempt to do so.

The Church can engage followers of Jesus in more transformative ways by purposefully designing worship services that hold heart and head in dynamic tension.

She can do this by utilizing the most recent findings of neuroscience and cognitive science concerning how humans learn. The insights of brain-based learning offer a means to engage the head and heart in such a way that learning is more memorable, more formative, and more likely to result in change.

The use of brain-based methods is in no way to be construed as a formula for worship. There are already too many cookie-cutter churches that rely more on imitating the latest celebrity church than on the creative work of the Holy Spirit. Because the fresh breath of the Spirit is incapable of blowing a gust of stale air, spirit-led encounters with

God are not duplicable. Moses’ burning bush, Isaiah’s vision of the throne room of heaven, and Gideon’s fleece were one-of-kind engagements with God. All genuine God- meetings are fresh, marked by a sense of discovery, grappled with rather than served up like identical fast-food hamburgers.

Reunited

During the closing decades of the twentieth century, sophisticated technologies were developed that allowed serious investigation of the learning process to begin.

3 James B. Ashbrook and Carol Rausch Albright, The Humanizing Brain: Where Religion and Neuroscience Meet (Cleveland, Ohio: Pilgrim Press, 1997).

4 Bob Rognlien, Experiential Worship: Encountering God with Heart, Soul, Mind, and Strength (Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress, 2005).

Functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and computer-assisted tomography began to draw back the curtain on the concealed workings of the human mind. Even though cognitive neuroscience is still in its infancy, it is already shedding light on an area once cloaked in darkness. Cognitive scientist Benjamin Bergen celebrates his chosen discipline, writing, “This is the age of cognitive science. Had we been born earlier, we might be exploring new continents. Born later, we might be gallivanting through the stars. But right now, at this time in our history, the vast, tantalizing expanse that begs to be discovered is the human mind.”5

Contrary to Descartes’ widely accepted teaching, research is proving the body and brain are intimately connected. Our bodies are not containers for who we are; our bodies are who we are, and we are not cold-blooded thinking machines. Renowned cognitive linguist George Lakoff writes in his introduction to Bergen’s work, “Every thought we have or can have, every goal we set, every decision or judgment we make, every idea we communicate makes use of the same embodied system we use to perceive, act, and feel.

None of it is abstract in any way. Not moral systems. Not political ideologies. Not mathematics or scientific theories. And not language.”6 Sweet agrees: “Embodiment is a key to cognition, since different bodily experiences give us different thoughts and perspectives.”7 Because our bodies affect every aspect of our thought, reason, and behavior, the most effective way to empower the mind is to involve the body.

5 Benjamin K. Bergen, Louder Than Words: The New Science of How the Mind Makes Meaning (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 5.

6 Bergen, Louder than Words, x.

7 Leonard Sweet, So Beautiful: Divine Design for Life and the Church (Colorado Springs, CO: David C. Cook, 2009), 224.

Neuroscience research has given rise to in a new paradigm for teaching––brain- based learning (BBL). This is defined by BBL pioneer Eric Jensen as “learning in accordance with the way the brain is naturally designed to learn. . . . It is a multidisciplinary approach that is built on this fundamental question: What is good for the brain?”8 Jensen describes the goal of BBL as “. . . producing well-adapted humans who can think, care about others, and innovate.”9 He continues,

Brain-based learning starts with the learner, not the content. The lesson is based on creating optimal conditions for natural learning. Contrary to traditional belief, we rarely learn in a sequential format. . . .We learn best by immersion, by jumping into the fray and then thinking our way out of it. . . . Rather than proceeding in a straight line, we move ahead, back, and around like a spiral. That is the brain’s natural tendency. That is not to say planning and structure is not necessary. In fact, planning is more important than ever because there is more to learn. Rather, the issue is reprioritizing our values as we learn to plan in a way that is natural to the brain.10

Proponents of BBL believe that the job of the teacher is to create a brain-friendly learning environment that enables the brain to learn as it was designed it to learn.

Referencing research done by Diamond, Krech, and Rozenzweig in 1967, Jensen writes that the effects of brain-based enrichment include “. . . a thicker cortex . . . and increases in the size of neurons. . . . In addition, researchers have found increased dendritic length

(Green, Greenough, and Schlumph, 1983) and more complex (higher-order) branching on the dendrites (Juraska, Fitch, Henderson, and Rivers, 1985) better enabling them to make

8 Jensen, Brain-Based Learning, 4.

9 Ibid., 5.

10 Jensen, Brain-Based Learning, 210-211.

30 more future connections.”11 Astoundingly, these effects begin to happen in as little as four days after being exposed to BBL methods.

Why Should I Care?

Today, the word teacher nearly always evokes images of desks, grades, number 2 pencils, and textbooks in primary, secondary, or university classrooms. This is a limited view of what it means to teach. Christian ministers are teachers––teachers whose subject matter focuses on the art of living a Christ-centered life. In the Gospels, Jesus is addressed some ninety times. Sixty of those times, He is called teacher.12 If the label was good enough for Jesus, those who have inherited his teaching ministry should wear it proudly.

Jesus had little interest in teaching facts or offering up information. Never impressed by those who executed a good impersonation of holiness, the goal of Jesus’ teaching was transformation of the listeners. Professor Stephen Brookfield, of University of St. Thomas in Minneapolis-St. Paul, notes, “The point of learning is thought to be the development in learners of a sense of agency––a belief that they can accomplish something they previously had considered unattainable or that they had never even imagined.”13 To have a sense of agency is to believe that you have the ability to change your thoughts and behavior, thus giving you the confidence to handle a wide range of

11 Jensen, Brain-Based Learning, 193-194.

12 For examples, see Matt. 5:2, Mark 1:21-22, Luke 4:15, and John 7:14.

13 Stephen D. Brookfield, Powerful Techniques for Teaching Adults (San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass, 2013), 10.

31 tasks or situations.14 Brookfield’s statement, a description of the transformative process, can be applied to Christian transformation as well. As a person accepts the fact that Christ is present and active in their life, as they begin to believe “I can do all things through

Christ who strengthen me,” they are developing a sense of agency, based not in self- confidence but in Christ-confidence and the work of the Holy Spirit.15 This is a prerequisite for transformation. The more responsibility a person takes for their own growth, the more they empower the Holy Spirit to do the sacred work of inner- transformation. The more actively engaged a person is pursuing the mind of Christ, the more Jesus can live in, work through, and empower them for active engagement with a broken world.

Entrusted with Jesus’ teaching ministry, we should be eager to develop our own teaching skills––even at the cost of abandoning methods which we may have used for decades. Admittedly, the science associated with BBL is difficult to understand, but we do not have to comprehend it all to utilize it. With only a rudimentary understanding, we can put the tools to work in our own context. The seven principles that follow are intimately connected. Each exists in relationship with the other. Instead of thinking of them as seven stand-alone principles, think of them as the warp and woof in the skillfully woven fabric of formation. It is only in their interconnection that they function effectively.

14 Mary Lamia and Marilyn Krieger, “Sense of Agency: Are You in Control of Your Life?” Psychology Today (September 24, 2010), accessed September 13, 2012. http://www.psychologytoday .com/blog/the-white-knight-syndrome/201009/your-sense-agency-are-you-in-control-your-life.

15 Philippians 4:13 (NKJV).

Seven Brain Basics

Brain Basic # 1: The Brain Formulates Meaning by Detecting Patterns

Humans are learning machines designed to take in and make meaning of information without conscious awareness. We are endlessly bombarded by sensory stimuli, capable of taking in 11,000,000 pieces of information each second, consciously registering about forty, and finally processing only three to seven at a time.16 From those bits and pieces of information, we assemble meaning, comparing new stimuli to prior knowledge while searching for any clear-cut, established pattern that can be applied to the new.17 If such a pattern is detected, the brain can coherently unite older knowledge with a seemingly unrelated new concept. Without our conscious awareness, we use sensory stimuli to draw conclusions, to formulate responses, and to make inferences.

Jensen informs, “. . . 99 percent of all learning is nonconscious. . . . The majority of what you and your students are learning––a quantity of stimuli that far exceeds that derived from traditionally delivered content or what’s outlined in a lesson plan—was never consciously intended.”18

Instead of a central command post, the brain has millions of neural processors distributed throughout that constantly take readings of our surroundings while communicating with each other. Especially attracted to novelty or change in our environment––because both can indicate danger––the processors sift through that

16 Lisa Cron, Wired for Story: The Writer’s Guide to Using Brain Science to Hook Readers from the Very First Sentence (New York: Ten Speed Press, 2012), 7.

17 This explains why people can ‘see’ Jesus on a piece of cheese toast, see animals in cumulus clouds, and believe any team that makes the cover of Sports Illustrated is jinxed.

18 Jensen, Brain-Based Learning, 107.

33 information first, looking for anything that might affect our physical or social survival.

They simultaneously search for cause and effect patterns.19 If the brain can make connections between what is already known and new input, the new material is deemed worth remembering. If not, the new material actually hinders pattern formation.

Educational psychologists Roxana Moreno and Richard Mayer write, “The learner is a sense-maker who works to select, organize, and integrate new information with existing knowledge.”20 Neuroscientist Antonio Dimasio adds, “From the moment we leave the womb, the brain begins charting the patterns around us, always with the same agenda:

What’s safe, and what had I better keep my eye on?”21 Nobel Prize recipient Daniel

Kahneman states, “We are pattern seekers, believers in a coherent world, in which regularities . . . appear not by accident but as a result of mechanical causality.”22

When patterns are discerned, the brain uses them to makes sense of the world by constructing mental maps of reality (schema). Because the brain is at work discovering its own patterns (and enjoying it), the teacher does not have to impose a pattern on information. According to Jensen, “We are all biologically driven to seek out new learning. . . . Our very survival, in fact, depends on learning. . . .The unmotivated learner is a myth. The root of the problem is not so much with the learner as with the conditions

19 For instance, an unexpected, loud, sharp crack grabs your attention, prompting you to find out what made the noise––a gunshot, a car backfiring, a dropped tray––so you can determine if you are in danger or not. An unusually large newspaper headline indicates important news, as does an interruption in regular televised programming.

20 Roxana Moreno and Richard Mayer, “Interactive Multimodal Learning Environments,” Educational Psychology Review 19, no. 3 (June 2007): 312.

21 Antonio Damasio, Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain (New York: Pantheon, 210), 64.

22 Daniel Kahneman, Thinking Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2012), 115.

34 for learning which are less than ideal in most school contexts.”23 Designed for survival, our brain is at its best informally taking in sensory information in a fairly disorganized manner. In fact, because we were never designed to learn linear, sequential facts, traditional classroom practices can actually impede learning.

It is possible to prime the brain to detect patterns and make connections in advance of the actual teaching time. Although it is possible for students to learn new information cold turkey, the teacher can groom the brain ahead of time to learn upcoming subject matter. Pre-exposure to a subject, called priming or pretraining, prepares the brain to detect patterns faster and retain knowledge longer. According to Jan Plass, professor of educational communication at New York University, Roxana Moreno, professor of educational psychology at the University of New Mexico, and Roland Brünken, professor of psychology and psychiatry at Saarland University, write, “In seven out of ten experimental tests, pretraining . . . resulted in improvements in transfer test results.”24, 25

To prime for learning, the teacher drop hints about an upcoming subject at least one week prior to launching the new material. This is best done by posting clues on bulletin boards, on web pages, on social media sites, and in unexpected places around the teaching environment (restroom mirrors, ceilings, on walls near the floor). Such clues prompt the formation of new neural connections that will be made more secure when the topic is finally taught. Counterintuitively, priming is more valuable when no one calls

23 Jensen, Brain-Based Learning, 119.

24 Jan L. Plass, Roxana Moreno, and Roland Brünken, eds., Cognitive Load Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 145.

25 Admittedly, as of now there is no way to prove a direct correlation between this statistic and Christian transformation, but it does indicate that priming gives learners a head start.

35 attention to it. Allowed to do the work of discovery on its own, the brain is eager to learn more.

Additionally, if adults are provided with benchmarks immediately before teaching begins, the formation of new neural connections is accelerated. When learners understand what they need to grasp beforehand, feedback during and after the learning process is exceptionally valuable because it enables the patterns that were detected during teaching to solidify. The feedback firmly secures newer neural connections. Feedback can come directly from the teacher, from other learners, or from the students themselves as they evaluate their own thinking and performance. Teachers can incorporate feedback throughout the session, making use of such things as self-assessment, self-quizzes, guided reflections, group work, and one-on-one feedback. The best feedback is always immediate, brief, and stated in positive terms. “However, if the feedback is too detailed or specific . . . it confuses the learner and may have an adverse effect on performance.”26

Implications for Worship

Because the brain delights in make meaning out of bits and pieces of information, it balks when someone tries to tell it what to think––yet pastors are trained to tell people what to think. Many pastors are accomplished at chewing and digesting biblical passages for the congregation like a mother orangutan chews and swallows food before regurgitating it into her baby’s mouth. A baby orangutan may be incapable of chewing the food for itself, but we assume wrongly when we think we have to deliver fully masticated biblical material to our congregation. Because the brain enjoys the challenge

26 Harold D. Stolovitch and Erica J. Keeps, Telling Ain't Training, 2nd ed. (Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training and Development, 2011), 78.

36 of discovering and making meaning for itself, when it is handed a fully developed thesis with all dots already connected, it feels cheated.

Jesus is the ultimate example of a teacher who did not hand out ready-made answers. Instead, He used open-ended parables that could not be reduced to a single meaning. Those who heard Him tell the story of the Good Samaritan did not all hear the same thing. Some identified with the man left to die, some with the priest and Levite, some with the elder brother, some with the father, and a rare few with the Samaritan. The hearers were allowed to fill in the blanks in ways that were applicable to their own lives without Jesus giving them a list of suggested applications or pushing for a conclusion.

London Bible College’s Conrad Gempf calls attention to Jesus’ ability to teach by asking questions instead of giving answers. He stresses that Jesus spoke of the musterion (or mystery) of the Kingdom of God. “With a secret, knowledge is being withheld––there are facts or concepts you’re not given. A mystery is very different. The concepts and facts are not hidden; on the contrary you are immersed in them and they are so thick around you that you can’t see the woods for the olive trees.”27

Jesus taught by immersing his followers in hints about the Kingdom of God, laying out bits and pieces to the mystery in his stories, his teachings, and his actions. He then stepped back to allow his hearers to put those clues together for themselves. Such open-ended teaching allowed individuals to reflect on meaning, thus making it more likely that they would incorporate new learning into their daily life. Neuroscience has proven learning still works that way today. Instead of preaching carefully outlined propositional sermons, ministers would do well to learn to drop clues, ask questions, tell stories, and speak in parables. Those who insist on being spiritual experts who hand down

27 Conrad Gempf, Jesus Asked (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003), 30.

37 answers to a congregation underestimate their audience. They can only learn to teach more like Jesus, as they trust the Holy Spirit to do the job of speaking what is needed into the life of each person who hears a developing, evocative story.

Finally, worshippers often arrive on Sunday with no idea where the service is going. With no seeds of thought planted in their minds beforehand, they are at a disadvantage compared to those who have been primed for learning. A primed brain is ready to make connections before the service ever starts. Although many churches publicize sermon series in advance, they tend toward overkill. Priming is more effective when it is subtle. A handful of clues or leading questions posted multiple times will be more effective than in-your-face advertisements. For example, to prime for an upcoming series on prayer, posting the words Oops, Wow, Thanks, and Help throughout the church or on electronic media will cause brains to kick into high gear trying to figure out how the words are related. Posting quotes, poems, and images that relate to the sermon can also jumpstart the brain. Exhibiting related works of art in your entryway or on your web site will do the same.

To set benchmarks for worship, services and sermons can be prefaced by self- reflective questions. As worshippers silently respond, they are gaining self-understanding and direction. They are establishing new neural pathways that will be completed as they worship. Most importantly, worship designers should proactively create venues where participants can talk about what they are learning. One-on-one feedback is always most effective, but in the case of large churches, it is not always practical. Ideally, a group would meet immediately after worship to discuss: (1) how worship affected them, (2) what they heard God say through the service, and (3) what they need to do if they are to

38 take that day’s worship seriously. To keep the conversation ongoing throughout the week, a pastoral blog can throw out additional questions and thoughts to which the congregation can respond and reply.

Brain Basic #2: The Brain is Easily Threatened

Without realizing that it is affecting our ability to learn, our brain senses physical and emotional threat in such things as uncomfortably warm rooms, intimidating speakers, or a lack of needed resources. To the brain, a threat is a threat––period. Not immediately distinguishing between degrees of threat, the brain does not deem seemingly small issues as petty. When threatened, the brain “. . . loses its ability to correctly interpret subtle clues from the environment . . . loses some of its ability to store, index, and access information . . . loses some of its ability to perceive relationships and patterns . . . and is less able to use higher-order thinking skills.”28 Learning is always impeded––even if the threat is only imagined.

Some threats are easy to defuse. There is truth in the saying, “The mind can absorb only what the seat can withstand.” Adults have a natural attention cycle of about

90 minutes.” An individual’s attention is dramatically improved when they are given regular, short breaks. Other threats, such as avoiding cognitive overload, require more thought.29 Cognitive load theory seeks to explain the stress caused by learning new information. Feeling imperiled when it is ‘overloaded’ with information, the brain starts to shut down. To neutralize this threat, the best teachers avoid all information that does

28 Jensen, Brain-Based Learning, 43-44.

29 For more, see Plass, Morena, and Brünken, Cognitive Load Theory.

39 not directly point to the material to be learned, knowing that including unnecessary material increases stress level, inhibits pattern formation, and consumes valuable memory needed for more important issues.

Implications for Worship

Those who design worship are responsible for discovering and neutralizing real or imagined threat(s) that may sidetrack minds from attending to God. To do so, they must constantly be asking one question––“What is happening in this service that may make learning more difficult or unpleasant for this group?” Church facilities offer multiple challenges, and you will hear about them from your congregants. It is wise to listen to them. Their complaints are genuine responses to threat.

Three common facilities-related threats have to do with temperature, sound, and lighting. If people are frequently complaining that you could hang meat in the sanctuary or that the altar candles are melting, even when unlit, you have a problem. Grumblers realistically know that they will neither freeze to death nor suffer heat stroke, but their brain is not reacting to realism. It is responding to a threat perceived as genuine. Experts agree that the ideal temperature for learning is 72 degrees.30 At this temperature, the majority of your congregation will be able to pay attention.

As for sound levels, musical tastes should have less influence than safety issues.

At one time, we assumed cigarette smoke was harmless. We now know better. The same

30 In a nation-wide study, identical exams were given to high school students. Scores were affected by temperature. “At 61 degrees, students averaged a score of 76%. At 81 degrees, students averaged a score of 72%. At 72 degrees, student achieved an average score of 90%.” Brian D. Hadfield, “How Weather and Temperature Affects Our Moods – and Our Learning Abilities,” The University of Scranton (2013), accessed September 1, 2013. http://www.uscranton.com/teaching-career-resources/classroom-temperature/.

40 is true about sound levels. According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other

Communication Disorders, sounds levels above 85 decibels can permanently impair hearing. “When we are exposed to harmful noise—sounds that are too loud or loud sounds that last a long time—sensitive structures in our inner ear can be damaged, causing noise-induced hearing loss. These structures, called hair cells, are small sensory cells that convert sound energy into electrical signals that travel to the brain. Once damaged, our hair cells cannot grow back.”31 Hearing loss is permanent. No matter how much your crowd enjoys loud music, the bottom line is that no one can appreciate music if they can no longer hear its nuances. With that in mind, sound levels should be monitored and, with rare exceptions, remain at 85 decibels or below. Music can still be exuberant and enthusiastic with instruments dialed down to safe levels.

Poor lighting endangers understanding more than most people expect. Because we communicate more through body language than words, it is essential for worshippers to be able to see those leading the service. Therefore, the chancel area must be well lit. This may create a special challenge for churches that use a big screen during worship services.

A brightly lit chancel can wash out even the most carefully chosen projected images.

Professional advice will be needed in this area.

To enhance pattern formation and prevent cognitive overload, all extraneous material should be left out. As tempting as it may be to offer interesting tangential information, it will get in the way of learning more significant lessons. One of the most

31 “Noise-Induced Hearing Loss,” National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (2013), accessed September 11, 2013. http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/ hearing/ pages/ noise.aspx.

41 loving things any preacher can do for their church is to provide precise, well-thought-out sermons with no superfluous facts, details, or discourses.

Ironically, because we are wired to look for novelty and challenge in our environment, even too much predictability can be viewed as a threat. Any teen will voice how frightening the thought of boredom is. Adults are also affected by excessive predictability. There are few settings more predictable than a typical worship service.

Many are so consistently unsurprising that the congregants can write out the order of service weeks in advance. Making regular changes in even small areas––the order of worship, sermon or music style, liturgists, altars––can help keep attention focused.

The most threatened people at your church are guests. Often appearing because of a spiritual crisis or a move to an unknown neighborhood, they are already experiencing anxiety. Their anxiety level grows if they are uncertain about where to go, what is expected of them, and whether they will be warmly welcomed. When those threats are eliminated in advance, guests are better able to tune in to the heart of worship. Good directional signs in the parking lot and building can alleviate the first wave of anxiety.

Even more stress is assuaged when greeters are trained to welcome guests warmly, initiate conversations, walk with them to childcare or the sanctuary, point out restrooms, introduce them, and generally act as good hosts.

Insider language used during a service poses a formidable threat. Words like acolyte, Gloria Patri, or chancel may seem like a foreign language to a guest. Even more intimidating are homegrown names and acronyms (LAMPS, Faithlink, GirlFriends, etc.).

Providing a short ‘glossary’ of insider terms can relieve anxiety. In it, include (1) the names of all groups and a brief explanation of why each group exists and who is invited,

(2) a contact name and number for each group, (3) explanations of words and phrases that are specifically ‘churchy’ such as passing the peace or font, and (4) a labeled floor plan of the church for orientation purposes.

Other problems are unique to specific congregations. Those who design worship should schedule regular walk-throughs of the facilities, looking for anything that might be viewed as a threat. It is also beneficial to ask friends from other congregations and denominations to attend with the purpose of noting anything that makes them feel less than comfortable or detracts their attention from worship. With their help, the cracks can be repaired before someone falls through.

Brain Basic #3: The Brain Resists Being Controlled

Feeling controlled, be it physically or mentally, is a highly intimidating form of threat. No one enjoys it. In spite of widespread opinion, people are not all that resistant to change. They choose to make changes all the time. On the other hand, they are extremely resistant to being controlled. Humans zealously resist even minor change when forced upon them.

When someone else determines what we must learn and how we must learn it, our brain rebels. Jospeh Grenny, founder of VitalSmarts (an innovator in corporate training and organizational performance), insists that offering choices to adults is the “. . .gateway to all other methods of influencing personal motivation. . . . You can never hope to engage people’s commitment if they don’t have permission to say no. . . . It almost doesn’t matter how small the encroachment on our agency; we’ve been known to go to

43 war over it.”32 Allowed to make even small choices about what and how we learn, we feel more valued and less threatened. Although the teacher must necessarily fix the parameters within which the learners can choose, providing those choices is the foundation for all deeper learning. Adult education consultants Harold Stolovich and

Erica Keeps state, “The principle of autonomy in adult learning centers on the fact that adults actively engage in their day-to-day decision making. So should they in their learning. The more they contribute, the more ownership they create for themselves.”33

Fortunately, it is not necessary to give learners a choice in everything; even occasional choices are highly beneficial. The best learning environments provide multiple activities from which learners can choose simply because of individual preference. If the activities are to be beneficial to learning, however, each activity must relate directly to the subject matter to be learned. An attempt should be made to include activities that appeal to both the left brain and the right brain. According to Iain McGilchrist, author of a seminal work on the hemispheric functioning of the brain, “It is the right hemisphere that controls where attention is focused.”34 For that reason, intentionally engaging the right hemisphere is critical.

Implications for Worship

Our congregants make significant life decisions every day, yet worship is one of the few places where they have little to no input in what they are going to do or how they

32 Joseph Grenny et al., Influencer: The New Science of Leading Change, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013), 84.

33 Stolovitch and Keeps, Telling Ain't Training, 68.

34 McGilchrist, The Master and His Emissary, 44.

44 are going to do it. Allowed to make choices for themselves, they will feel more valued, less threatened, and less resistant to the oral teaching of a sermon. More importantly, research indicates that the more autonomy a person has in learning, the more likely they are to act on learning by taking action or making significant changes.

How do you craft a congregation that is both autonomous and united in worship?

Sermons, songs, and prayers unite the service, but these can be supplemented with activities that offer individual choice. It is critical that the components of such activities be coherent, meaningful, and directly related to the sermon if they are to be beneficial.35

Keeps.36

At times, supplementary activities can be included during the service. For example, when preaching on Psalm 51:10, a container filled with red, white, and black aquarium gravel can be placed at the entrance to the sanctuary.37 Posted instructions can invite each person entering to take a rock that represents their relationship with God. As

35 For instance, if the sermon addresses prayer, an activity related to stewardship would do little to enhance the learning experience. If, however, participatory prayer activities are used, the sermon will be augmented with a more experiential understanding of prayer.

36 Harold Stolovitch and Erica Keeps, Beyond Telling Ain't Training (Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training and Development, 2005), 114.

37 “Create in me a pure heart, O God . . .” NIV

45 the sermon concludes, the container can be moved to the communion table. The pastor can invite everyone to decide if the rock they originally chose represents where they want to be in six months. When they come forward to receive communion, they can take another rock of the same color to represent they are content and want more of the same, or if they are not satisfied, they can exchange the original rock for another color that is more representative of where they want to be.

At other times, the activities need to be accessible before and after the service.

Kneelers or small tables can be positioned around the edges of the worship area, each displaying an optional, hands-on, participatory activity related to the worship service.

These ‘stations’ should be ready for use at least 45 minutes before worship starts and should remain in place for at least 45 minutes after the service ends. All material needed to complete optional activities should be in place long before worship begins. Omitting it is self-defeating behavior for those who desire to design effective worship.

Ideally, each station would offer a different activity. For instance, when preaching on prayer, one could include a list of homebound members with specific suggestions for prayer and a sign-up sheet for anyone interested in ‘adopting’ someone. Another could display a large bowl of water, a towel, 1 John 1:9, and instructions inviting the participant to pray about any area in which their heart needs to be cleansed.38 Afterwards, they can use the water to symbolically cleanse their hands. A third station could include laptops opened to the church website with instructions inviting participants to navigate through the ministries and choose one for which to pray during the next week. A final station,

38 “If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness.” NIV

46 located at a kneeler, could post an icon of Jesus, “The Jesus Prayer,” and instructions inviting participants to continuously repeat the prayer while staring into the eyes of Jesus.

At first, the existence of interactive stations will be threatening. Apprehension can be eased by starting with activities that do not make dramatic changes in the appearance of the sanctuary. Initially, one or two stations could be set up in the entryway. Make it known that the activities are there, that they are open to everyone, and that it is up to each person to choose whether or not to take advantage of them. Inviting participation, instead of insisting on it, removes the threat of being controlled. Some will not hesitate to get involved immediately; others will hold back. Allow them to do so. After a few weeks, even the most hesitant will likely join in. Over time, the congregation will grow more comfortable with participatory worship.

An even more intimidating threat occurs when a worship leader has an overwhelming personality. Confidence is a good thing. Confidence that borders on arrogance or intimidation is not. Speaking from the pulpit is speaking from a position of power. When forceful language is used too often, it can be interpreted as an attempt to shame or suppress opinions. Listeners may recoil from what they view as an attempt at manipulation. Their brains may scream, “Watch out! They want to control you!” They may be mistaken, but their intuition have a powerful effect on how they receive your message. Considerably more influence is garnered by exuding a quiet enthusiasm, by graciously receiving criticism without becoming defensive, and by modeling vulnerability, transparency, and even doubt.

Brain Basic #4: Because the Brain Functions as a Parallel Processor, the More Senses Involved in Learning, the More We Remember

Ten years ago, priest and social critic Ivan Illich noted, “. . . in our generation . . .

I believe an extraordinary process, and an extraordinary history of disenfleshment of our perceptions, our concepts, and our senses, has reached a high point.”39 Modern neuroscience has proven him correct. We simply cannot ‘know’ without sensory input.

The brain functions as a parallel processor. Carrying out multiple operations simultaneously, it works on many levels of consciousness, always with the goal of making meaning of all it takes in. David Brooks observes, “…[t]he art of perception is a thick process. It is not just taking in a scene but, almost simultaneously weighing its meaning, evaluating it, and generating an emotion about it. In fact, many scientists now believe that moral perceptions are akin to aesthetic or sensual perceptions, emanating from many of the same regions of the brain.”40 Diverse input received through different senses is seamlessly processed with already existing memories. Jensen explains, “What this means for learning is that we understand complex topics better when we experience them with rich sensory input as opposed to merely reading or hearing about them.”41

Compartmentalized senses are a myth. As early as 1985, science historian Michel

Serres suggested that we have ‘mingled bodies.’42 Our senses are more interconnected than we previously imagined. Our responses, thoughts, actions, and memories are formed

39 David Caley, The Rivers North of the Future: The Testament of Ivan Illich (New York: House of Anansi Press, 2005), 208.

40 David Brooks, The Social Animal: the Hidden Sources of Love, Character, and Achievement (New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2012), 285.

41 Jensen, Brain-Based Learning, 211.

42 Michel Serres, The Five Senses: a Philosophy of Mingled Bodies (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2009), 25.

48 and informed as our body interrogates the world, collects sensory stimuli, and fuses it with past experience and enculturated norms.

In many ways, the brain does not care which sense organ provides it with information. At times a person ‘sees’ what they hear. It is a common experience to hear someone drop something in the next room and know immediately what was dropped simply from the sound it makes. Studies show that our senses continuously inform each other. Research by multimodal integration specialist Lawrence Rosenblum demonstrated that, while in a pitch-black auditorium, people could determine the gender of a person walking across the room by listening to their footsteps (regardless of shoe style). They could also determine if the person was walking upright or slumping over. When wooden rods were dropped, “ . . . listeners could determine the length of the rods with impressive accuracy simply by hearing them hit the floor.”43 When asked to listen to a series of flat steel plates struck by a metal pendulum and identify if the plates were shaped like a square, a circle, or a triangle, participants were “. . . amazingly terrific at the task.”44

Rosenblum concludes, “It is likely that your sense of general size, shape, and material of objects is based as much on your hearing as on your vision. . . . The unconscious brain is constantly processing reflected sound . . . Our brains use changes in reflected sound to know that something in the environment is different. Reflected sound is integral to our survival.”45

43 Lawrence D. Rosenblum, See What I'm Saying: the Extraordinary Powers of Our Five Senses (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), 40.

44 Ibid., 41.

45 Ibid., 14.

Sound even influences how things taste. Asked to bite 90 potato chips one time each, subjects then spat the bite out and judged its crispness. Unknown to them, all chips were Pringles from the same batch. “A microphone was placed in front of the subject’s mouths so that biting sounds could be heard. . . . Sounds were modified electronically by manipulating the loudness and timbre (brightness) heard by the subjects. . . . In general, the louder and brighter the sound, the fresher the chips were judged to be. If the sound was quieter and duller, the chips ‘tasted’ stale.”46 Taste is the result of what happens not only on our tongues, but also in our ears, eyes, and noses. Similar results have been found with all senses; none act alone.

Simply put, sensory information is not confined to a one-way street. On its journey to the brain, it can choose from the multiple, intersecting lanes of an expressway.

The senses work in tandem to process and feed information to the brain through several channels simultaneously. In the brain, the signals are integrated. MRI scans “. . . confirm a dual coding system through which visual, textual, and auditory input are processed in separate channels, presenting the potential for simultaneous augmentation of learning.”47

Psychologist and biologist Ladan Shams and her colleague, Aaron Seitz agree. “The principle of ‘dual coding’ indicates that information entering the system through multiple processing channels helps circumvent the limited processing capabilities of each individual channel, and thus, greater total information can be processed when spread

46 Rosenblum, See What I’m Saying, 107.

47 Charles Fadel and Chervl Lemke, “Multimodal Learning Through Media: What the Research Says,” Metiri Group (2008): 3, accessed April 13, 2012, http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/docs/education/ Multimodal-Learning-Through-Media.pdf.

50 between multiple senses.”48 Importantly, information that involves the input of multiple senses is more securely stored in the memory than that which was learned through the input of only one sense. Because the information has been imprinted along numerous sensory pathways, the brain has multiple ways it can access that information. Plass,

Moreno, and Brünken insist that for optimal learning to occur, “Hands-on activities need to be combined with minds-on activities.”49

According to Texas Christian’s Professor of Rhetoric and New Media Joddy

Murray “. . . recent findings in neurology suggest that the body contains elements of the mind just as the mind contains elements of the body.”50 Professor of Semiotics at the

University of London Gunther Kress concurs that the body is an active agent in learning.

“The sensory, affective, and aesthetic dimension is too often ignored and treated as ancillary. In reality, it is indissolubly part of semiosis.”51 Yet the body, long thought to have no role in thought, has been virtually ignored in academia and ecclesia.

The human body has a physical intellect that contributes to our thought process.

The body informs the brain just as much as the brain informs the body. Our embodied experience gives structure to our imagination, our creative abilities, and our understanding. Because we remember best those things that were experienced through

48 Ladan Shams and Aaron Seitz, “Benefits of Multisensory Learning,” Trends in Cognitive Science 3, no. 5 (2006), 5.

49 Plass, Moreno, and Brünken, Cognitive Load Theory, 154.

50 Joddy Murray, Non-Discursive Rhetoric: Image and Affect in Multimodal Composition (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2009), 107.

51 Gunther Kress, Multimodality: a Social Semiotic Approach to Contemporary Communication (New York: Routledge, 2010), 78.

51 multiple senses, the most effective communication always dedicates careful attention to the way an experience feels, physically or emotionally.

Humans are visual animals. Although all sense organs route information to the brain and body, sight is the primary sense through which we receive information––85% of the information we take in each day is visual. “In fact, the retina accounts for 40% of all nerve fibers connected to the brain.”52 Almost half of our brain is devoted to the seeing process. Vision is so important that the brain prioritizes visual information over all else. In a stunning study by Harvard graduate Chia-Jung Tsay, participants (including highly trained musicians) were asked to watch a video of pianists playing in a classical music competition with the sound turned off. The same subjects were later asked to listen to the same performances (in a different order), this time without seeing the video. In nearly all cases, participants were “. . . better able to identify the winners of classical music competitions by watching silent video clips than by listening to audio recordings.

. . . The effect held up even in high-level international competitions, which often feature not only top performers, but also highly trained musicians as judges.”53 In this situation, one would expect audio information to have been much more important than visual information.

With this in mind, teaching should always be image-rich. Images are a universal language that can build bridges between what the learner already knows and new information. Vivid and emotionally saturated images can stir up reactions like few other things can. Incorporating images in any teaching situation is a natural way to grab

52 Jensen, Brain-Based Learning, 55.

53 Peter Ruell, “The Look of Music,” Harvard Gazette (August 19, 2013), accessed August 21, 2013. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/08/the-look-of-music/.

52 attention. In many cases, images can allow the learner to experience what is only a theoretical concept when presented exclusively in words.

The teacher needs to be aware of two problems intrinsic to multisensory teaching.

First, it is possible to overstimulate the senses to the point that they become a threat to learning. A study conducted by cognitive neuroscientist Rachel Herz reveals occasions when multisensory stimulation interferes with concentration.54 If, for example, you have ever sat near someone wearing an overpowering fragrance, you know how disconcerting it can be. Second, education specialists Charles Fadel and Cheryl Lemke caution against redundancy. The exact same material should not be presented simultaneously in different modes. Scrolling text across the bottom of a video that already has sound only distracts the learner. It would be preferable to wait until the video is over and teach the same information using a different mode.55 On the whole, however, the more senses involved in receiving new information, the more engaged students are with the material, ensuring stronger storage in memory and increasing the likelihood that the information will be later retrieved and acted on.

Implications for Worship

At the very nucleus of Christianity is the claim that God took on a human body in order to redeem humanity. A reverence for the incarnation should cause us to reexamine the way our teaching methods have consistently separated mind and body. We engage with objects and persons in the materiality of our bodies. The brain is at its best when the

54 Rachel S. Herz, “Odor-associative Learning and Emotion: Effects on Perception and Behavior,” Oxford Journals 30, no. 1 (2005): 250-251.

55 Fadel and Lemke, “Multimodal Learning Through Media.”

53 body is receiving needed information from several sources through multiple senses.

Unfortunately, outside of communion, only on rare occasions are worship opportunities intentionally designed to utilize multiple modes and engage several senses. In restricting teaching to one mode at a time, because the brains of worshippers are not operating at full capacity, there is a limit to how much they will be able to grasp, understand, and appropriate.

When designing worship, it helps to begin with an overarching theme (or metaphor) that will tie all elements of the service into one teaching package. When each element complements the others, learning is greatly enhanced. Because sermons, prayers, and music are primarily spoken, auditory events, supplemental elements might include visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, and kinesthetic components. To facilitate this, those planning worship must devote substantial time to meditating on the theme and engaging the imagination.

Visuals can, and should, be used with everything. Keep the screen filled with suitable images at all times, changing them frequently during the sermon as if they are pages turning in a storybook. If you do not use a screen, incorporate visuals in your worship guide, on your altars, with banners, and around the perimeter of the room. Keep in mind that simply using images is not enough. If the visuals are not directly related to the music, the prayers, the liturgy, and sermon, they are superfluous material that only gets in the way of pattern detection. If, however, the images undergird the elements of worship, there is no such thing as too many images.

Other senses can be creatively engaged throughout worship. For example, spikenard was the fragrance used to anoint Jesus’ feet.56 Inexpensive spikenard essential oil can be purchased at most organic groceries. Marinate a bag of cotton balls a few days in spikenard oil, seal them individually in zip-lock bags, and give a bag to those entering worship. Attached instructions can ask worshippers to keep the bag closed until directed to open it. When all the bags are opened simultaneously during the sermon, the fragrance will fill the air. When preaching the story of the woman caught in adultery, invite worshippers to write a word an indignant accuser might use to describe them in a sandbox.57 Afterwards, they can wipe it clean and write forgiven in its place. When preaching on baptism, play the sound of running water softly in the background.

Getting the entire body involved in worship is radically biblical. Scriptural references to embodied worship include kneeling or prostrating in prayer or reverence, raising hands in praise, dancing in joy, laying on hands, anointing with oil, and participating in processionals. Something as simple as finding reasons for people to move as they worship will keep them more attentive, imprint learning on multiple neural pathways, intensify memories, and fuel the likelihood they will act on those memories.

Brain Basic #5: Emotions are Essential for Memory

It is impossible to separate thinking from feeling. In studying the absence of emotions in patients with prefrontal cortex damage, neuroscientist Antonio Damasio concluded “. . . there is a particular region in the human brain where the systems

56 John 12:3.

57 John 8:1-11.

55 concerned with emotion/feeling, attention, and working memory interact so intimately that they constitute the source of energy of both external action (movement) and internal action (thought animation, reasoning).”58 Damasio’s research determined that when sensory data is routed to the brain, it merges with emotions and intellect to become a unified whole. The logical brain may establish goals, but the emotional brain provides the enthusiasm to pursue the goals.

Educational psychologist J. Diane Connell writes, “The emotional system tells us whether something is important—whether we ought to put energy or effort into it.”59

Joddy Murray, Texas Christian’s professor of rhetoric and composition, concurs: “Reason and affectivity are not inimical to one another; in fact, emotions make up what are often labeled as ‘cool’ or ‘rational’ affective states––intellectual interest or excitement, motivation, and concentration or attention are just three examples.”60 He describes emotions as being composed of bodily activation followed by a cognitive evaluation, thus less a product of the mind than a producer of the mind. Emotions are part of the critical information needed to think logically. Jensen concedes that while it is possible for unrestrained emotion to severely impede rational thinking, “. . . a lack of emotion can make for equally flawed thinking. . . . While the outdated academic model addressed primarily the explicit aspects of the learner and learning, . . . the prevailing model contends that students learn best when their minds, hearts, and bodies are engaged.”61

58 Antonio Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), 71.

59 J. Diane Connell, “The Global Aspects of Brain-Based Learning,” Educational Horizons 88, no. 1 (Fall 2009): 29.

60 Murray, Non-Discursive Rhetoric, 104.

61 Jensen, Brain-Based Learning, 82.

Not exclusively ‘located’ in gray matter, emotions “. . . operate throughout the body. It’s all done with an elaborate network of hormones and peptides, which influence thinking, moving, feeling, and decision-making. . . . The bottom line is that we are a complex system of systems, and the communication network does not consist solely of the neural networks; it’s the bloodstream that supplies the chemical cocktail for the moment.”62 Granted, the teacher cannot control the learners’ emotions, but they can strongly influence them through the learning environment and the presentation of material. Using emotional manipulation during worship is unethical––but there is a difference between manipulating the emotions and engaging the emotions in a safe and challenging environment.

Sensory information passes first through the short-term memory for evaluation.

Stolovich and Keeps state, “Short-term memory is like a buffer zone. It fills up rapidly and then quickly empties. This is due to a process known as endocytosis, which causes short-term memory to decay.”63 As sensory information is processed, if the emotions react, it is similar to the brain yelling, “Stop! Pay attention! Remember this!” This emotionally bookmarked information, given priority, is passed to long-term memory. All other information is discarded.

We tend to think of long-term memory like a filing cabinet, but it is more like a circulatory system coursing with sensory input through brain, body, and emotions. Jensen writes, “It is important to think process, rather than location, when discussing the memory system. The current understanding is that multiple memory locations and

62 Jensen, Brain-Based Learning, 85

63 Stolovitch and Keeps, Telling Ain’t Training, 25.

57 systems are responsible for our learning and recall.”64 He compares memory to a volunteer fire department. There is no central headquarters, but members quickly respond to a call.65

Closely connected to the emotional significance of information is usefulness. If we see how information can be used in daily life, it carries significantly more emotional weight. Always operating in survival mode, the mind is constantly asking, “What’s in it for me?” A teacher who helps learners see the value of what is being taught enhances the students’ ability to remember and motivates them to incorporate newly acquired knowledge into their daily lives.

Implications for Worship

Pastors have been trained to preach carefully constructed analytical sermons that appeal to the mind. In an attempt to appear relentlessly rational, many may avoid expressing strong emotion in worship. Following that lead, congregants will keep emotions reined in until what they believe is a ‘more appropriate time.’ As a result, most worshippers do not have regular opportunities to create emotionally-anchored, God- moment memories. When Methodism was experiencing its fastest growth, unafraid of showing emotion, they were labeled as enthusiasts. Passion was attractive then. It still is.

Significantly, the fastest growing Christian communities around the world today,

Pentecostals, are unafraid to express emotional depth.66

64 Jensen, Brain-Based Learning, 155.

65 Ibid., 157.

66 Grant McClung, “Pentecostals: The Sequel,” Christianity Today (April 2006): 30.

No one has more to get excited about than those who understand God’s love for

His creation. It is time to forego sermons designed for the intellect and preach to the entire body––head, heart, and gut––the combination of which almost guarantees retention. Logic may appear impressive on academic papers, but it is not memorable.

Memory is not something that happens in the brain; it happens throughout the body.

Any churchgoer who dared verbalize the “What’s in it for me?” question would be castigated. On the surface, it does seem utterly self-centered. In truth, asking the question is part of being human. Christians ask it just as often as everyone else. Until we recognize this, we will be unable to deal with it. With maturation, the Christian grows to understand that the payoff for a follower of Jesus is to be more fully transformed into his image. Our job is to communicate to our listeners that the ‘benefits’ of following Jesus look more like the fruits of the Spirit than the fruits of culturally defined ‘success.’

Encouraging your congregation members to ask, “What’s in it for me?” can help them come to terms with selfish motivation while they develop skills to maximize their potential as Christ followers.

Brain Basic #6: The Brain is Hard-Wired to Remember Story and Metaphor

Sweet writes, “Like heat-seeking missiles, humans are story-seeking creatures.”67

In order to understand, remember, and transmit information, the brain creates stories.

Because survival depends on interpreting evidence correctly, the left-brain searches for a why behind sensory information and imposes a story on it. Washington and Jefferson

67 Leonard Sweet, “Storytellers Change the World: A Film Review of ‘Lincoln,’” Beyond Evangelical: The Blog of Frank Viola (December 7, 2012), accessed December 7, 2012. http://frankviola.org/2012/12/07 /lincoln.

College’s Jonathan Gottschall explains, “The left-brain is a classic know-it-all; when it doesn’t know the answer to a question, it can’t bear to admit it. The left-brain is a relentless explainer, and it would rather fabricate a story than leave something unexplained.”68, 69 Although story-structuring is initiated in the left brain with “Once upon a time . . . ,” it rapidly engages the creative right brain to supplement needed details.

McGilchrist explains that the right brain is essential in metaphor interpretation because

“The left hemisphere operates focally, suppressing meanings that are not currently relevant. By contrast, the right hemisphere processes information in a non-local manner with widespread activation of related meanings.”70

As it all comes together in a coherent story, our brains are rewarded with a heady rush of dopamine neurotransmitters.71 Story practitioner Juliet Bruce describes the result, writing that the left brain “. . . opens the gates to a vast but unconscious realm of information stored in the right half of your brain. . . . Very briefly, story channels the intuitive, emotional, and inspired power of your right brain through the rational, structuring left brain. Aligned, the two hemispheres of your brain exert an enormous integrating and creative power, very likely beyond anything else you’ve experienced.72

Listening to a story is not a passive act. We are transformed as we listen and interact––mentally unpacking the story, struggling with inner conflict, relationship issues,

68 Jonathan Gottschall, The Storytelling Animal: How Stories Make Us Human (Boston: Mariner Books, 2013), 99.

69 We are so driven to feel this ‘rush’ that we impose meaning when it does not exist, thus the existence of conspiracy theories.

70 McGilchrist, The Master and His Emissary, 41.

71 Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that controls the brain's reward and pleasure centers.

72 Juliet Bruce, Ph.D. “This is Your Brain on Story,” Living Story Blogspot (January 15, 2012), accessed September 13, 2012, http://livingstory-ny.blogspot.com/2012/01/this-is-your-brain-on-story-html.

60 expectations, rivalries, meaning, and choices. We vicariously experience conflict risk- free. As we do, we form a personal narrative about who we are, why we exist, and how we relate to others.

Why are stories so powerful? New York Times columnist David Brooks clarifies,

“We have in our heads neurons that automatically re-create the mental patterns of those around us.”73 Mirror neurons enable us to feel what others experience as if we are personally experiencing it. If we see someone slip and fall on an icy sidewalk, our neurons respond as if we were the one who slipped and fell––only less intensely. Swiss psychiatrists and researchers Haker, Kawohl, Herwig, and Rössler have used functional

MRIs to prove that mirror neurons are responsible for contagious yawning.74

Amazingly, we don’t just mirror other people; we mirror fictional characters. In a study at Washington University St. Louis, individuals read short stories while undergoing

MRIs of the brain. Lead researcher Gerry Everding writes “. . . the areas of the brain that lit up when they read about an activity were identical to those that lit up when they actually did the activity.”75 We participate in the narrative by reacting physically–– laughing, crying, cringing, muscles tensing, or respiration increasing during anxious moments.76 The emotions we experience as we listen ‘hook us’ to a good story. When we resonate emotionally with a story, it is similar to remembering a vivid event that actually

73 Brooks, The Social Animal, 39.

74 Will H. Haker et al., “Mirror Neuron Activity During Contagious Yawning––An MRI Study,” Brain Imaging Behavior (March 7, 2013), accessed December 30, 2013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/22772979.

75 Gerry Everding, “Readers Build Vivid Mental Simulations of Narrative Situations, Brain Scans Suggest,” The Record of Washington University in St. Louis, (January 2009), accessed December 12, 2012, http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/13325.aspz2009.

76 Ikuo Homma and Yuri Masaoka, “Breathing Rhythms and Emotions,” Experimental Physiology 93, (September 2008), accessed December 6, 2012, http://ep.psysoc.org/content/ 93/9/1011.full.

61 happened to us.77 Author and story analyst Lisa Cron writes, “When we are fully engaged in a story, our own boundaries dissolve. We become the protagonist, feeling what she feels, wanting what she wants, fearing what she fears.”78

We are shaped by the stories we hear because stories transmit values. The closer the relationship between teller and hearer, the greater the possibility that values will be transferred. Frude and Killick explain that when stories are told to children, “many of the messages are prescriptive and imply that there are specific ways the child should think and behave. They convey ideas about what is good and evil, what is right and what is wrong, often transmitting through the ‘moral’ of the story the standards and expectations of culture.”79 Gottschall writes that, for good or for bad, “The more absorbed readers are in a story, the more the story changes them.”80 Marketing and design specialist Nancy

Duarte insists, “Stories are the most powerful delivery tool for information, more powerful and more enduring than any other art form. . . . Information is static. Stories are dynamic. . . . Stories link one person’s heart to another.”81 Marketer and psychologist

Annette Simmons informs, “The point at which information is transformed into wisdom is the place at which knowledge and intelligence require storytelling skills. . . . The

77 ‘Story trauma’ has been known to keep people out of the shower (Psycho) and the water (Jaws).

78 Cron, Wired for Story, 47-48.

79 Neil Frude and Steve Killick, “Family Storytelling and the Attachment Relationship,” Psychodynamic Practice: Individuals, Groups, and Organizations 17, no. 4 (2011): 447, accessed October 18, 2012, http://www.tandfonline .com/doi/abs/10.1080/14753634.2011.609025#preview.

80 Gottschall, The Storytelling Animal, 151.

81 Nancy Duarte, Resonate: Present Visual Stories That Transform Audiences (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010), 16.

62 intelligence that is labeled ‘tacit knowledge’ is the wisdom hidden within stories.”82, 83

Shared stories bind people together, build community, create emotional connections, and unite people who otherwise have nothing in common. Gottschall voices, “Story––sacred and profane––is perhaps the main cohering force in human life.”84

Stories are change-agents because they engage the emotions. The emotional conflict at the heart of every good story allows the hearer to understand that there is a difference between ‘what is’ and ‘what could be.’ A gap is exposed between actuality and possibility. When the protagonist crosses that gap, it functions as a call to adventure, beckoning the hearer to action. Consequently, storytellers are able to plant invisible but disruptive seeds in the fertile soil of imagination, seeds that can take root and turn entire worlds upside-down.

Stories prompt inner change first. It is only after the story has disturbed the hearer emotionally that the storyteller can call for action. There are different types of action the storyteller should highlight. According to Duarte, audiences consist of ‘doers’ who instigate activities, ‘suppliers’ who provide resources, ‘influencers’ who can sway the opinions of others, and ‘innovators’ who generate ideas and create strategies.85 Appeals for action should address each group, but to keep the emotions engaged, the storyteller should always end with a strong takeaway in the form of a vivid image of what ‘can be.’

82 Annette Simmons, The Story Factor: Inspiration, Influence, and Persuasion Through the Art of Storytelling (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 197.

83 For more on the importance of ‘tacit knowledge,’ see: Michael Polanyi, Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).

84 Gottschall, The Storytelling Animal, 138.

85 Duarte, Resonate, 42-44.

Metaphors are mini-stories. Each carries an enormous amount of information compactly packed in a minimum of words. In employing metaphor, we compare two things that are, at first glance, incomparable. Whenever we find ourselves describing something abstract or intangible––love, mercy, courage, fear, faith––we instinctively reach for metaphor. Consequently, metaphor runs rampant through our everyday language. Psychologist Mardy Grothe writes, “A metaphor is a kind of magical mental changing room––where one thing, for a moment, becomes another, and in that moment is seen in a whole new way. As soon as something old is seen in a new way, it stimulates a torrent of new thoughts and associations, almost as if a mental floodgate has been lifted.”86

Metaphor structures two dissimilar things as if they are opposite sides of an equation. With variables on each side, the hearer is left to solve the equation by mentally making connections, detecting patterns between the target (the intangible thing that is being described) and the source (the more concrete thing to which it is being compared).

Zoltán Kövecses, professor of linguistics at Hungary’s Eötvös Loránd University, explains, “. . . [T]here is a set of systematic correspondences between the source and the target in the sense that constituent conceptual elements of B correspond to constituent elements of A. Technically, these conceptual correspondences are referred to as mappings.”87 Through interactive mental mappings, we are introduced to new intuitive realities from which deeper understanding emerges.

86 Mardy Grothe, I Never Metaphor I Didn’t Like (Harper Collins: New York, 2008), 10.

87 Zoltán Kövecses, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press: New York, 2010), 7.

According to Harvard Medical School’s Arnold H. Modell, these mappings are exactly what make metaphor so potent. Asserting that metaphor plays a dominant role in organizing emotional memory, he writes, “The activation of specific emotional memory in the transference phenomena strongly suggests that such memories are triggered by metaphoric similarities between the past and the present.”88 Odell believes mirror neurons fire more frequently during emotional responses. “By reflecting the actions of others in our own brains, mirror neurons may enable us to feel empathy, to intuit other people’s emotions, and to guess other people’s motivations. Mirror neurons may be the neurological shoehorn that allows us to slip into other people’s shoes.”89

According to Geary, metaphor begins to work its magic by jolting the brain with a statement that is obviously not literally true. It “. . . systematically disorganizes the common sense of things.”90 Hearing “That test was a monster,” you immediately know that it was not, in fact, a threatening creature of terrifying proportions, but because you are rendered uncomfortable by the illogical statement, your brain begins to play with possibilities, looking for similarities and differences until it finds a plausible explanation for the odd pairing of images. The test was like a monster because it was both threatening and terrifying. It was also unlike a monster in significant ways. It had no claws, no fangs, and did not hide under beds. As some features come to the forefront, other features remain out of focus. Kövecses cautions, “Metaphor mappings from a source to a target

88 Arnold H. Modell, “Emotional Memory, Metaphor, and Meaning,” Psychoanalytic Inquiry: A Topical Journal for Mental Health Professionals 25, no.4 (2005): 555, accessed April 20, 2013. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ abs/10.2513/s07351690pi2504_9.

89 James Geary, I Is an Other: the Secret Life of Metaphor and How It Shapes the Way We See the World, (NewYork: Harper Perennial, 2012), 53.

90 Ibid., 2.

65 are only partial. . . .The partial structure of the source highlights, that is, provides structure for, only part of the target concepts.”91

As a result, choosing the wrong metaphor can be disastrous. Consider the common metaphorical association between argument and war. We want to win the battle, attack weak points, shoot down illogical reasoning, and demolish our opponent. What if, instead, there was a way to reprogram the mind to associate argument with dance?

Perhaps an argument would be more playful, less hostile, characterized by an unaffected tempo of give-and-take, and viewed as a collaborative engagement that could, in due course, result in beauty and intimacy as the parties move closer together. The metaphor does matter.

Metaphorical representations are not restricted to language. Cognitive linguist

Charles Forceville writes, “. . . it makes sense that they should occur not only in language but also in static and moving pictures, sounds, music, gestures, even in touch and smell–– and in their various permutations.”92 For instance, the presence of a national flag wordlessly evokes powerful emotional associations. The gesture of drumming one’s fingers communicates impatience. Humming the theme music from Jeopardy signals time is running out. Violating realism in art indicates there is more than the literal going on.

Social psychologist Raymond Gibbs writes, “Much recent research and theory points to how metaphor relies on interactions between the auditory, visual, kinesthetic

91 Kövecses, Metaphor, 103.

92 Charles Forceville, “Metaphor in Pictures and Multimodal Representations” in The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought, ed. Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr. (Cambridge University Press: New York, 2008), 463.

66 areas of the brain and the entire human body in the physical-cultural world more generally.”93 For instance, even though our mind knows the difference between real and metaphorical, if someone calls us trash, we momentarily feel ‘trashy’––dirty, unclean–– responding to the phrase as if it were reality. Metaphor causes a momentary short circuit in our mind during which thought briefly jumps the track from logic to emotion.

Good metaphor activates our senses, tricking our brain into a reality response.

Hearing, “The pigeons fountained into the air,” both our visual and auditory centers process the sentence. If someone comments on the cardboard taste of communion wafers, the areas of the brain that process taste, touch, and sight are activated. Metaphors describing motion activate the motor cortex. The entire body is recruited to help interpret a metaphor with any new insight travelling across multiple neural pathways, making it more memorable.

Metaphors are embodied, meaning they are grounded in real-life experience. To make connections between two things, a person has to have direct experience with at least one of them. Someone from Mali probably would not understand the sentence,

“Your life has more drama than Maury Povich!” Most people from the United States would have no problem understanding the remark. “When people who are talking don’t share the same culture, knowledge, values, and assumptions, mutual understanding can be especially difficult,” note Lakoff and Johnson.94 Only if a metaphor is grounded in real-life experience of the hearer can the imagination begin to make connections between the source and the target.

93 Raymond W. Gibbs Jr., “Metaphor and Thought: State of the Art,” The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought, ed. Raymond W. Gibbs Jr. (Cambridge University Press: New York, 2008), 8.

94 Lakoff and Johnson, Metaphors, 231.

In the early 1970s, at The California Institute of Technology, research was done on neurologically impaired subjects, each of whose corpus callosum had been severed, meaning the left and right hemispheres could no longer communicate. Hooked to an

MRI, they listened to people read. When statistics and facts were read, the left side of each subject’s brain kicked into overdrive. The right side remained quiet. When story or metaphor was read, the electrical activity of the left side was somewhat reduced but still continued. Meanwhile, the right side showed dramatically increased electrical activity.95

It was concluded, “The left hemisphere is involved in metaphor comprehension as well as analogical reasoning and the right hemisphere becomes involved due to a kind of

‘spillover’ when task demands are high.”96 When facts and propositions are presented to someone, only the left side of the brain fires. When story or metaphor is presented, the entire brain is activated. This subconsciously signals the brain that something more important is going on. An expert can present factual information to an audience in a perfectly coherent manner, but unless the right brain is also activated, unless it experiences an emotional connection, those facts are quickly forgotten. On the other hand, if the right brain is activated through metaphor, story, color, and image, it resonates in such a way that the brain grabs on and remembers. Smith reflects, “The force of metaphor is always just slightly more than we can analyze––there’s a certain ‘genius’ to a metaphor that generates power of meaning with a sort of je ne sais quoi, an excess of

95 Anne Miller, Metaphorically Selling: How to Use the Magic of Metaphors to Sell, Persuade, & Explain Anything to Anyone (New York: Chiron Associates, 2004), 27.

96 Miriam Bassock, Kevin Dunbar, and Keith Holyoak, “Introduction to the Special Section on the Neural Substrate of Analogical Reasoning and Metaphor Comprehension,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 38, no. 2 (2012): 26, accessed January 28, 2013, http://0web.ebscohost.comcatalog.georgefox.edu/ ehost/ pdfviewer/ pdfviewer?sid=30cb94f9-403b-4a07- 9ddf- 6ed994bb8dbb%40sessionmgr110 &vid=6&hid-107.

68 meaning that I ‘get’ without being able to say why. The metaphorical sum is greater than the analytic parts.”97

Implications for Worship

The Church has moved too far to the left––at least too far to the left-brain–– mistaking a fixation on information with a foundation for transformation. “Listeners, already drowning in a tidal wave of information, simply can’t respond to another similar sounding bucketful thrown in their faces,” argues Anne Miller.98 Unfortunately, pastors are trained to heave biblical information at their congregation. As a result, they tend to preach to the left-brain, slicing and dicing biblical narratives into self-help advice and rules. Rules cannot generate transformation. “In fact,” observes Simmons, “Choices based strictly on rules breed a special kind of stupidity known as fundamentalism.”99 We are mistaken if we believe that the more facts and information packed into a sermon, the greater the chance that it will effect change.

Successfully navigating through life requires more than a litany of propositions; it requires Divine wisdom that comes as we interact with God through the narratives of

Scripture. In the stories of scripture, we recognize Truth relationally. Storytelling is the most valuable tool we have for facilitating transformation. Jesus used both regularly.

Confronted by his teaching, people were pushed to see the difference between ‘what was’ and ‘what could be.’ As they examined their own story in the light of his story, they were

97 Smith, Imagining, 117.

98 Miller, Metaphorically Selling, 9.

99 Simmons, The Story Factor, 196.

69 debriefing their own lives, often beginning to rewrite their past, present, and future. Our task in worship is to tell those narratives in memorable and applicable ways. The narratives of Scripture naturally lend themselves to spurring transformation because they are stories of change and redemption. Every sermon should include hope for a different and better future. Simmons discerns, “Inevitably, the Churches that preach fear stories are the very ones that suffer from infighting, hypocrisy, back-biting, and gossips. The

Churches that preach hope stories better nurture community and compassion.” 100

When King Josiah allowed the long-silent word of God to speak for itself, God breathed new life into his people and a nation was transformed. It is time for us to do the same––to allow God to speak through biblical narrative and trust that when His Word goes out, “ . . . [I]t will not return to me empty, but will accomplish what I desire and achieve the purpose for which I sent it.”101

There is no way to talk about God without resorting to metaphor, but because every metaphor is limited, it is necessary to introduce our congregations to multiple metaphors––each of which will give a small glimpse of the invisible. Deep Truth has many facets. Settling for only one metaphor, or even a few with which we especially identify, limits insight into who God is. Using only one metaphor to portray God is dangerous because it creates a false image of who God is. Another danger lies in literalizing a metaphor, thus turning God into an idol.

The best preachers and teachers are collectors of metaphors and stories, building a reserve to pull from as needed. They keep their eyes open and their ears alert, knowing

100 Simmons, The Story Factor, 224-225.

101 Isa. 55:11 (NIV).

70 that they are surrounded by expressions of eternal Truth. It has been said that truth is a competition between metaphors. If so, advertising and media are both strong contenders in the race for capturing the imagination, but so far, the Church has barely begun to compete. She may have bought a new pair of running shoes. She may have done a few stretches to warm up, but she has yet to run the metaphorical race set before her.

Brain Basic #7: Multimodal Design Enhances Learning

Gunter Kress, professor of semiotics and education at the University of London, argues that we are presently undergoing a shift from a linear, mono-modal style of learning and teaching to a multimodal style in which the teacher organizes or assembles multiple ways to access information and material. Kress writes, “Multimodal design refers to the use of different modes––image, writing, colour, layout––to present, to realize, at times to (re-)contextualize social positions and relations, as well as knowledge in specific arrangements for specific audiences.”102

It does no good to introduce choices or sensory stimulation into a teaching situation without doing the design work to make it productive. Design begins on the foundation of basic pedagogical methods used to teach core content, a knowledge of what resources are available, what the capabilities of the learners are, and how to integrate the information into “. . . the capacities and affordances of the human body; a body with a history of experience of other, prior physical/social processes; an ensemble which is subject more or less, and in different ways, to social needs and regulation of the

102 Kress, Multimodality, 139.

71 process.”103 From that point, the designer(s) brainstorms ways information can be conveyed and hands-on activities, making sure to provide appropriate sensory stimulation for the content while building in opportunities to reflect on those experiences.104 The teacher assembles a collage of modes, all of which reinforce the same content. Kress writes, “Design is the process of translating the rhetor’s politically oriented assessment of the environment of communication into semiotically shaped material. . . . Rather than being a competent implementation of conventionally given practices, design is transformative, hence inevitably innovative.”105

Edwin Scholssberg, interactive design specialist, insists that the learner must be part of the design. “The medium does control the message insofar as it becomes the means to communicate it. But once the medium exists, it is the relationship between the message and the receiver that is crucial.”106 When the learner participates bodily in a multimodal conversation, they become part of the story, creating new meaning. Because the learner must want to participate, the design needs to be welcoming and non- threatening. The designer works with the goal of enabling “. . . a diverse audience to have common experiences that give them not only the resources and a sense of belonging, but also the background ideas and information that enable them to further develop themselves

103 Kress, Multimodality, 136.

104 Reflection evokes emotion, moving the experiential knowledge to long-term memory. As part of long-term memory, embodied knowledge undergirds semantic memory, thus producing an emotional link that firmly anchors what is learned.

105 Kress, Multimodality, 132.

106 Edwin Schlossberg, Interactive Excellence: Defining and Developing New Standards for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Ballantine Books, 1998), 21.

72 and their individual roles in culture.”107 Well-crafted design enables the learner to couple one sensory idea with a different sensory idea––a written text with an image, a soundtrack with a fragrance, an emotion with a color.

Schlossberg continues, “To assist the interactive experiences, to complement this more intuitive strategy of learning, there needs to be access to learning that is more traditional in its approach and more goal-oriented.”108 No matter how appropriate a sensory activity may be, it must interact with other modes, each providing one lens to a complex reality. Above all, the designer must remember that language––be it written, spoken, drawn, or gestured––is always the primary mode to convey knowledge.

Schlossberg contends, “It would be as confusing to suggest that all learning could take place experientially and interactively as it used to be to suggest that all learning should be presented in a goal-oriented style. It is the combination of the two styles, presented with the appropriate content in each, that will create the best climate for learning.”109

Consequently, the spoken word is still powerful, especially when augmented by appropriate images. For all activities, it is necessary to offer clear, well-thought-out oral or written instructions. Schlossberg cautions, “The mass public does not yet know how to participate in interactive experiences, so interactive experiences have to explain not only how they work but what their ingredients are and how visitors can get the most out of them. It is essential to clearly state the rules, roles, and expectations of the experience at the outset, giving everyone equal footing on which to learn and participate.”110

107 Schlossberg, Interactive Excellence, 61.

108 Ibid., 73.

109 Ibid., 74.

110 Ibid., 91.

Implications for Worship

Pastor Mark Pierson developed the concept of worship curator based on that of a museum curator––the person who “. . . acquires, cares for, develops, displays, and interprets a collection of artifacts of art in order to inform, educate, and entertain the public.”111 A worship curator prepares the way for worship by preparing multimodal stimulation for the participants in worship. Pierson argues, “Lasting change usually comes from entering into liminal moments that are occupied by God. . . . In worship, liminal moments are more likely to arise from questions than they are from statements.

. . . It isn’t possible to create liminal experiences, only to provide situations and settings in which they may occur.”112 Good design cannot guarantee that people will interact with

God during worship; however, it can set the stage to make those encounters more likely to happen.

Aspects of multi-modal design can be implemented in every worship service.

Nevertheless, the best designs create immersive experiences. Advent and Holy Week are perfect opportunities to design immersive worship. The entire worship space can be converted into a self-guided, multisensory learning environment. Community members and church members can be invited to study and artistically interpret passages of

Scripture beforehand. Emotional impact can be enhanced using an appropriate instrumental soundtrack playing in the background, candlelight, and optional activities.

Such events executed well leave impressions that are unforgettable, motivating more life- change than logical, left-brain lectures ever could.

111 Mark Pierson, The Art of Curating Worship: Reshaping the Role of Worship Leader (Minneapolis, MN: Sparkhouse Press, 2010), 31.

112 Ibid., 114.

Designing for multi-modal worship can be physically and mentally labor- intensive. Because one person cannot do it alone, a worship design team is an indispensable tool. The team should include all involved in leading worship. It should also include several highly creative individuals, along with several other more organized, practical people who can evaluate ideas and assist in implementing the enthusiastic imaginings of artists.

Criticism of Brain-Based Methodology

A few educators call into question the use of BBL methods, differentiating between academic learning and ‘practicing a discipline.’ They contend that while BBL may be an effective way to teach a discipline, it is an ineffective means to teach information. Considering followers of Jesus are ‘disciples’ learning to practice the Christ- life, this criticism does not discourage this writer.

Critics also maintain that existing research has been conducted in the lab rather than the classroom. They deny the existence of a clear body of research using controlled experiments to demonstrate the efficacy of BBL. Researcher Paul A. Kirschner of Utrecht

University, The Netherlands, writes, “ In so far as there is evidence from controlled studies, it almost uniformly supports direct, strong instructional guidance rather than constructivist-based minimal guidance during the instruction of novice to intermediate learners. Even for students with considerable prior knowledge, strong guidance while learning is most often found to be equally effective as unguided approaches.”113

113 Paul A. Kirschner, “Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching,” Educational Psychologist 41, no. 2 (2006), accessed December 6, 2013, http://dspace.library.uu.nl/ handle/1874/16899.

Their concerns seems to be less about whether BBL methods work and more about whether or not enough direct instruction will be offered to strongly shape the experience and enable the learner to take full advantage of supplementary modes.

Admittedly, those who choose to rely on BBL will need to provide consistently strong guidance if it is to be effective. Doing so will involve meticulous planning that begins weeks in advance of each service. It will require thoughtful priming for learning, well thought-out activities that include clearly delivered instructions, inspiring story-based preaching, and immediate feedback. Learning can continue throughout the week with a pastoral blog. All are possible when using a worship planning team dedicated to transformative worship.

Conclusion

In the Gospel story, when the angel appeared to Mary and Joseph, their individual moments of learning were embodied moments of learning––split-second, gut-level knowledge to which they responded physically and emotionally. They were prepared to react swiftly because they had been primed by more formal teaching in the home and synagogue, teaching that spoke to their mind but also involved the entire body in activities such as fasting, kneeling, washing, smelling incense, and observing the intricate visuals in the Temple. Head-knowledge of Old Testament prophecy combined with the embodied knowledge of regular worship prepared them to receive the full-bodied heart knowledge.

Polanyi understood the fundamental link between head knowledge and heart knowledge. “Subjective knowing is classed as passive; the only knowing that bears on

76 reality is active, personal, and rightly to be called objective. . . . (A)n innate affinity for making contact with reality moves our thoughts––under the guidance of useful clues and plausible rules––to increase ever further our hold on reality.”114 Brain-based techniques bear fruit because in embodying worship, they unite reason, memory, and emotion. of divine revelation. Reason linked to emotion led to action. It still does.

Admittedly, those who choose to organize worship using brain-based teaching techniques will be committed to considerably more work than those who continue to rely principally on more traditional teaching methods, but the effort will be worth it. The difference between enriching worship using the insights of brain-based research and exclusively using more conventional techniques can be the difference between teaching worshippers what to think and empowering them to personally interact with God. It can be the difference between creating flexible, open-minded humans and rigid, know-it-all automatons. It can be the difference between a Christian whose brain is filled with memorized facts and one who is able to think and act in new ways––and that is transformation. Considering the fact that the Church is in the transformation business, she cannot afford to rationalize away the findings of neuroscience.

As a cautionary word, it must be remembered that humans have a tendency to go to extremes. Proponents of embodied knowledge can just as easily slip into the polarity of dualism as those who value the mind over the body. If we are to use the best possible teaching methods, we must “. . . move away from the dualistic structures of body and

114 Polanyi, Personal Knowledge, 403.

77 mind and understand learning as a process that embodies all kinds of moments in its emergence.”115

BBL methods are remarkably flexible, serviceable in every area of church life and in every age group. They are just as effective in small groups as in a worship setting. For the sake of this dissertation, believing that the worship service is the Church’s primary teaching time, this writer has focused on how brain-based teaching can be implemented in the context of worship. Undeniably, smaller churches will find it easier to create a participatory atmosphere and be able to implement a wider variety of activities. Organic churches––already applying some of the principles intuitively––are poised to jump in the deep end of brain-based worship immediately. More traditional churches will be wise to wade into the water more slowly. Whether it is large or small, traditional, progressive, mainline, orthodox, or evangelical, if the Church chooses to utilize these methods for

Kingdom purposes, we may see a fresh movement of the Holy Spirit in our day and time, one that ensures the Church is not just an antiquated relic that existed a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away.

Using brain-based techniques that accompany the teaching of content can strengthen the memory, enhance the likelihood of the learner acting on new knowledge, and inspire the intellectual passion to pursue further learning. Preschool teachers have intuitively implemented these strategies for decades with great success. The findings of neuroscience now extend the use of such strategies to all ages. In the words of University of Memphis’ Susan Thompson and Jennifer Borek, professors of education who

115 Richard Jordi, “Reframing the Concept of Reflection,” Adult Education Quarterly 61, no. 2 (2011):189, accessed April 10, 2012, http://people.stfx.ca/x2010/x2010qqe/Jordi,R.full.pdf.

78 specialize in curriculum design, “Let us boldly go where only toddlers have gone before.”116

116Susan Thompson and Jennifer Borek, “Multisensory Learning in Inclusive Classrooms,” Academic Exchange Quarterly (September 2003), accessed March 14, 2011, http://www.thefreelibrary .com/Multisensory+learning +in+ inclusive+classrooms.-a011848857.

SECTION 4: ARTIFACT DESCRIPTION

The attached artifact is a non-fiction book proposal that: (1) introduces the reader to the most recent findings of neuroscience concerning how humans learn; (2) familiarizes them with brain-based teaching methods; (3) informs how brain-based teaching techniques have proven to make learning more memorable, more formative, and more likely to result in transformation of the learner; and (4) details how those methods can be used by the Church. Although this paradigm for teaching is applicable to all ages in every possible context, this dissertation spotlights the use of brain-based teaching methodology in the context of the Christian worship service.

Worship in the early Church was embodied, engaging mind, body, and emotions.

Under the influence of modernity, the Church abandoned experiential, embodied worship to embrace more cerebrally centered worship. As postmodernity dawned, baby steps were taken to re-engage the emotions. Thus, many churches presently welcome more emotional expressions of adoration, repentance, and awe. To date however, few have intentionally attempted to address the entirety of the human––mind, body, and emotions.

Brain-based teaching addresses the human as a unified whole.

Believing that significant Christian formation can take place in the context of worship, I propose that those involved in planning worship should do everything within their power to develop their ability to design services that honor God while engaging the mind, body, and emotions of worshippers. My hope is that this book will be a first step for those who desire worship renewal.

SECTION 5: ARTIFACT SPECIFICATION

January 1, 2014

Kimberly Shumate Living Word Literary Agency PO Box 40974, Eugene OR 97404

Dear Ms. Shumate:

Your reputation as a literary agent who consistently represents authors who are both inspiring and biblically grounded convinced me to contact your firm.

Church futurist Leonard Sweet writes if the Church is to survive, “Religious learning systems must be based on new academic paradigms that shift from passive learning modes to active learning modes. . . .” Just what are those new academic paradigms that have the potential to reshape the future? My non-fiction book, Brain-Based Worship: Re-Membering the Mind-Body Connection, addresses this very issue.

Research in neuroscience has resulted in a fresh model for teaching that taps into how the brain was originally designed to learn, shifting the role of the learner from a passive to an active agent. Numerous books are being published promoting the use of brain-based learning in the classroom and boardroom. No author has yet to relate it to worship. If brain-based methodology is utilized by the Church, we may well witness a new passion for worship as lives are visibly transformed into the image of Jesus Christ.

Having begun my career as an educator, I am well versed in educational theory. Having served on church staffs, I know both how poorly prepared the average pastor is to teach and the dismal results of the teaching methods we now employ. As a United Methodist pastor, I have successfully employed brain-based learning methods in three churches. While working on a DMin degree at George Fox Seminary, I have thoroughly researched the subject under the mentorship of Leonard Sweet, who commented on one essay, “ . . . this is one of the best written, most lucid and even lyrical essays I have ever received . . . effortless and natural.”

I have the greatest of respect for your opinion and deeply appreciate your help. Thank you for your time and your consideration of this proposal.

With highest regards,

Paula Champion Jones 141 Shades Crest Road Hoover, Alabama 35226 205.427.7373 [email protected]

80 81

Non-Fiction Book Proposal

Title: Brain-Based Worship: Re-Membering the Mind-Body Connection

Author: Paula Champion-Jones 141 Shades Crest Road Hoover, AL 35226 205-427-7373 [email protected]

Hook: A new understanding of learning based on the findings of neuroscience can propel the teaching ministry of the Church to new levels of effectiveness. The use of brain- based learning guidelines makes teaching more memorable, more applicable, and more likely to result in changed thought and behavior.

Overview: Neuroscience is offering fresh insight into how humans learn and what type of teaching is most likely to trigger significant change. The resulting teaching paradigm ––brain-based learning––is plotting a fresh course for educators.

Entrusted with the teaching ministry of Jesus, no one needs to apply brain-based teaching methodology more than those who teach Christ crucified, yet in the course of our prime teaching time, the worship service, we can violate every guideline.

This book is written to empower those who plan worship to understand and use brain- based teaching strategy.

Purpose:  Address the discipleship crisis  Present a simplified overview of brain-based learning theory  Describe seven brain-based-learning guidelines  Give examples of how those guidelines have been used effectively in worship  Describe how to create and implement a worship-planning team

Promotion and Marketing: Gallup studies, Christianity Today, Time magazine, and Barna Research all agree that we are facing a crisis of church decline and failed discipleship. Pastors, who know this experientially, are in a perpetual search for something that can turn the trend around.

This book does not offer easy answers or a formula for success. It does offer a strategy for designing more transformative worship.

Having served as a pastor in The North Alabama Conference of United Methodist Church, the author has successfully implemented brain-based guidelines in three churches. She expects the book to be promoted by the United Methodist Church, on Leonard Sweet’s Facebook page, on her own Facebook page, and on Birmingham,

Alabama’s contemporary Christian station, WDJC, where close friend Chris Mileski hosts the morning talk show.

Having pastored in the Methodist church and studied at a Baptist seminary, an ecumenical seminary, and now George Fox Seminary, she has contacts in several denominations.

Interest has been expressed in using this book as a text for worship classes at George Fox Seminary.

Competition:

 The Art of Curating Worship: Reshaping the Role of Worship Leader by Mark Pierson, Sparkhouse Press, 2010

 Design Matters: Creating Powerful Imagery for Worship by Len Wilson and Jason Moore, Abingdon Press, 2006.

 Experiential Worship: Encountering God with Heart, Soul, Mind, and Strength by Bob Rognlien, NavPress, 2004.

Uniqueness: Multiple books on brain-based teaching are presently being produced for classroom and boardroom. None has yet to relate brain-based learning to worship. The closest kin are the above books from authors who seem to be using parts of it intuitively. This book gives a coherent explanation of why it works, the transformational potential of embodied worship, and multiple illustrations of how it has been used successfully.

Endorsements: Leonard Sweet has agreed to give his endorsement to the book when a publisher is found.

Chapter Outline:

Introduction: How Bad Can it Possibly Be?

A ‘State of the Church’ overview presents a church in crisis and losing ground daily, especially among younger adults. Many who still attend show little evidence of transformation into the image of Jesus. Clergy members, viewing themselves as failures, drop out of ministry. Church, as we know it, is no longer working.

Chapter 1: Disremembering

With churches in decline, those who lead the Church in worship are searching for more effective ways to communicate the Gospel message. Doing so may mean abandoning much of what they were taught in seminary about who they are and how they teach. It will also entail extending intentional effort learning to teach using ‘new’ older methods.

Chapter 2: Forgetting to Remember

The most significant problem the Church faces today has to do with what it means to ‘know’ God. We have forgotten the difference between intellectual knowledge and experiential knowledge. We waste significant energy pursuing the wrong type of knowledge rather than engaging in activities that could enrich lives and result in long- term spiritual formation.

Chapter 3: Dismembered

Dualism led us to equate being human with being a rational mind temporarily trapped inside a defective physical body. Consequently, we design worship services that speak almost exclusively to the brain. The most memorable and transformative learning experiences have always been those that are holistic––speaking to mind, body, and emotions.

Chapter 4: Designed to Re-Member

Designed for survival, not formal instruction, the brain is at its best when it functions as a parallel processor, gathering sensory information from multiple sources in a rather chaotic manner, discerning patterns in that information, and making its own meaning. When sorting through ‘clues’ to make meaning, the brain is attracted to novelty and challenge, yet few environments are as predictable and unchallenging as a typical worship service during which meaning is imposed, not discovered. Those designing the service should strive to regularly include novelty and change. They should resist the urge to prepackage life’s ‘answers’ and offer enough clues that the mind of the listener is challenged to make its own meaning.

Chapter 5: Menaces to Memory

The act of learning is impeded whenever the learner feels their safety is threatened by anything––real or imagined. The body reacts to small threats exactly as it reacts to large threats––it shuts down higher-order thinking skills in preparation for a fight or flight response. Intentionally neutralizing even small threats to those worshipping will enable participants to give full attention to worship.

Chapter 6: Remembering to Release

No one likes to feel controlled. Although our parishioners make significant decisions about their lives everyday, in the worship service, they are given little choice about how they will participate. An additional threat to feeling a sense of freedom is a worship leader with an authoritarian personality. This chapter suggests ways to return a sense of personal autonomy to worshippers by allowing them to make choices during worship. It also offers suggestions for worship leaders who find letting go of control difficult.

Chapter 7: Multisensory Memories

The vast majority of our knowledge results from direct sensory experience. The more senses involved in processing any new information, the more neural pathways are created to retrieve the information later. The best learning environments provide multisensory activities from which learners can choose. Worship is enhanced as multiple senses are stimulated in ways that directly relate to the sermon message.

Chapter 8: Memory Making and Emotion

Memories actually circulate through the brain, body, senses, and emotions. When all four are involved in the learning event, we remember better and are more likely to act on the information. When the message of the sermon is directly related to the stimulation of multiple senses, and when it enlists the emotions, the learning is more deeply embedded in the memory, and the learner is more likely to make significant life changes.

Chapter 9: Storied Memory

The brain is wired to create and to receive stories. Stories shape us by impelling us to visualize, to mirror emotions, and to react physically. Stories enable us to remember in ways that other teaching methods simply cannot match. For two centuries, seminaries have trained ministers to teach rhetorical, propositional sermons. If, instead, they will unearth biblical stories and fuse them with stories of the present, indicating where God is at work today, people will remember and respond.

Chapter 10: Metaphorical Memory

Metaphors are mini-stories that systematically disorganize common sense. By describing one thing in light of something totally different, they help us see familiar concepts in a whole new way. Because the subjects of faith are often intangibles––mercy, hope, forgiveness, repentance––metaphor makes them more accessible, memorable, and applicable than mere definitions and propositions.

Chapter 11: Remembering the Onions

Four expected arguments against using brain-based teaching methods are (1) BBL is just another gimmick; (2) it is irreverent; (3) it is not biblically warranted; and the all-time favorite, (4) “We’ve never done it that way before.” The first argument will be countered by scientific research. The second and third arguments will be countered with Scripture, which gives numerous examples of God using what we now know to be brain-compatible methods to reveal Himself to humans. The fourth will be answered with an appeal to die to self (what the individual is comfortable with) and live for what is best for the Kingdom in the long run.

Chapter 12: Re-membering as a Team

Using brain-based methods takes more creativity and time than one person can handle. Wisdom dictates using a team of creative individuals who each have a specific role to play in worship design. This section will include advice on how to find effective team members, how to conduct planning meetings, what issues need to be addressed, and how to guide the creative process.

Chapter 13: Making Memories in Worship

This chapter details multiple examples in which brain-based methods have been used successfully during weekly worship. It will also include a description of one immersive worship service. The resulting worship services are creative, participatory, and multisensory.

Chapter 14: Memorandum: A Conclusion

This conclusion briefly summarizes the seven basic brain-based teaching guidelines. It will include a list of issues to be addressed in worship planning meetings. The list can be used as a quick reference for weekly planning.

Intended Readers:

The primary audience would include:  Pastors  Minsters of Music  Ministers of Education  Ministers of students and children  Church planters  Organic church leaders  Seminary students

The secondary audience would include:  Worship planning team members  All who assist in implementing worship services (those who set up altars, select visuals, set up the worship space)

Manuscript: The introduction and first five chapters of the book are completed. The completed book should be around 90,000 words. Four months will be needed to complete it.

Author Bio:

Paula Champion-Jones began her career as an elementary teacher. While taking time off to raise children, she became involved in her church’s education ministry, eventually

86 pursuing a Master of Divinity in Biblical Studies through New Orleans Baptist Seminary. Upon graduation (1993) she was the recipient of the American Bible Society Award for Scholarly Achievement in Biblical Studies.

In 2000, Paula responded to the call to pastor, began the ordination process in the United Methodist Church, and returned to school for a second MDiv in Methodist Studies from Memphis Theological Seminary. She is expected to complete her DMin at George Fox Seminary in May of 2014.

Since 2002, she has served as a pastor in the United Methodist Church. During this time, she has focused on creative worship.

Paula has been married for 41 years to Joseph Jones, Battalion Chief at Mountain Brook Fire Department in Mountain Brook, AL. They have three adult daughters. She is an avid reader, an amateur artist, and an enthusiastic flower gardener.

Publishing Credits: Champion-Jones contributed at least a dozen featured articles to Missions Mosaic Magazine (a publication of The Woman’s Missionary Union of the Southern Baptist Convention) from 1995-1998.

Future Projects:

Sensual Christianity: Calling a Cease-Fire in the War Between Flesh and Spirit

The oldest known heresy in Christianity (Gnosticism) denied the incarnation of Jesus because it considered flesh to be evil and spirit to be good. Christianity is still plagued by the idea that embodiment is the cause of all our problems. Many look forward to a day when they will exist as disembodied spirits, yet Scripture tells us God created a world filled with gifts for us to enjoy––colors, tastes, smells, textures. How do we savor God-imparted gifts and preserve our appreciation for pleasure in ways that are not disastrous to others and ourselves? Can we take an honest look at our appetites and learn to both control and enjoy them? How is sensuality related to spirituality?

Unlearning Jesus: Detoxification from Indoctrination

Detox is the process of removing toxic substances from a living organism after long- term engagement with an addictive and harmful substance. In order to mature as a Christ follower, the author had to detox from the fundamentalism of her past, letting go of numerous beliefs that were crippling her ability to love and embrace the abundant life. This book will address those beliefs and her struggle to return to homeostasis––to a point where she could see a bigger God than she had previously imagined.

And It Will Not Be Taken From Her: Stories of Preaching Women

While reflecting on Luke 10:38-42, the author will use Jesus’ statement about Mary’s desire to study with him, along with the stories of other women in Scripture, to segue into stories about the lives and challenges of female pastors and preachers in twentieth and twenty-first century America.

SECTION 6: POSTSCRIPT

I initially began this program with the intention of researching how to do elaborate, multisensory, immersive worship events for special occasions (Christmas,

Easter, or Pentecost, for example). Attracted to the flexibility of the Track 2 project with an artifact, I anticipated creating a display of Holy Week art––each piece created by lay members of the Church.

In my first meeting with Dr. Laura Simmons, she suggested that I should consider investigating brain-based learning, a model for teaching of which I was unaware, but one which had much in common with immersive education. I was hooked from my first few minutes of exposure to the subject. Brain-based methodology was easily adaptable to any style of worship. It was appropriate for use in weekly worship services or large events, applicable to all age groups, and could involve a team of laity to help design and implement worship.

I soon discovered that although there are multiple books and even more journal articles available on brain-based learning, they target motivational speakers, business people, marketers, and teachers of primary or secondary school. No one had intentionally applied brain-based principles to the teaching ministry of the Church. Whatever my final product was, it would definitely be original.

It would be difficult to overemphasize the value of the four required academic essays.1 They prepared me to write academically, continually directed and redirected my attention to areas I needed to research, and gave me confidence that I could, indeed, complete the program. Portions of each semester’s academic essay are now included in

1 Dr. Simmons has served as an outstanding advisor, holding my feet to the fire just close enough to keep them moving, but not so close as to do them damage.

88 89 the finished dissertation. The same essays are being adapted to a more understandable and personable form in my artifact.

During the course of writing, there was some miscommunication with my expert advisor, Kimberly Shumate. I also began writing the artifact using the wrong template. In the long run, the hurdles helped me learn more about the publishing process. They also helped me develop an ability to move between an academic voice and a more engaging, relatable voice.

My biggest challenge has been writing the dissertation itself––not because of what was required by GFU, but because I am a perfectionist who wants to rewrite every paragraph a dozen times, and because I could probably have written a 25,000-word introduction. In that sense, the limit was beneficial for me. On the other hand, I would have liked to delve deeper into explaining the science and research behind brain-based learning and offered additional examples of ways it can be implemented in worship. This dissertation, therefore, only scratches the surface of a larger volume of research.

Not only did brain-based learning theory give me a deeper understanding of multisensory teaching and immersive worship, it opened my eyes to new vistas of spiritual cognizance that were constantly being complemented by Dr. Leonard Sweet’s input. His required reading assignments and advances seemed to be custom-designed to challenge what I had been taught about teaching in the past. They also aided me in embracing my misgivings concerning the institutional church, encouraging me to pay attention to gut instincts I now know were what Polanyi would have called heuristic leaps that resulted in ‘personal knowledge.’

As brain research is a relatively new and growing field of study, I realize that the findings will not remain static. Everything I have written is subject to change with further research. That fact only makes me want to learn more. I am particularly interested in how researchers have determined exactly what constitutes significant change in an individual’s life. The majority of researchers mentioned that one result of using brain- based methodology was that the learner was more likely to act on the learning or make significant changes in their behavior, but I could not find exactly what was meant by

‘significant change.’ I know some research was directed toward academic results, so I am assuming that it was measuring test scores. Most of the research however had nothing to do with academic performance. Instead, it elaborated on the reactions of the body and emotions under different circumstances. Considering the fact that Pentecostals are the fastest growing group of Christians worldwide, and that Pentecostal worship involves the mind, body, and emotions, I strongly believe that there is compelling reason to believe the two facts are connected. Adopting more embodied worship might mean the difference between life and death for many mainline and evangelical churches. Further research on how embodiment affects worship is warranted. (Now, just where can I find a Pentecostal neuroscientist?)

Finally, after recently reading an article on ‘flipped classrooms,’ I would love to experiment with flipped worship.2 In flipped worship, the basic weekly sermon would be posted in a six-minute video segment on the church’s web page. According to the article, six minutes is believed to be the ideal teaching period. The short video could be watched

2 Tina Rosenburg, “Turning Education Upside Down,” The New York Times (October 9, 2013), accessed October 31, 2013, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/turning-education-upside- down/?_r=0v.

91 as many times as the viewer desires. When they feel like they understand it, they can choose to stop or move to a second or even a third six minute teaching segment.

Upon arrival at worship, there would be a communal time of musical worship,

Scripture reading, and prayer. Afterwards, the participants could break into self-chosen groups that would each be involved in an activity related to the sermon. For example, one group could be writing an original song about the lesson while another one group discussed the scripture passage. A third group could go into the community to serve in some related way. Other groups could interpret the Scripture artistically––through painting, poetry, dance, or collage for example. If the sermons were planned as a series, the participants could design and work on each activity for several weeks. At the end of the series, a service would be devoted to sharing the group experiences and interpretations with each other.

APPENDIX: BRAIN-BASED WORSHIP: RE-MEMBERING THE MIND-BODY CONNECTION

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: DISREMEMBERING ...... 1 Disremembering Worship ...... 2 Counting the Cost ...... 4 Price Tag #1: Accepting Who You Are ...... 8 Price Tag #2: Unlearning Invalid Information...... 11 Price Tag #3: Plunder the Egyptians ...... 13 The Pay-Off ...... 16 CHAPTER 2: FORGETTING TO REMEMBER ...... 18 We Pride Ourselves in What We Know ...... 22 We Know More Than We Act On ...... 29 We Do Not Pursue the Things that Would Enrich Our Lives...... 31 CHAPTER 3: DISMEMBERED ...... 35 Disembodied Bliss? ...... 37 The Art of Dismembering Humans ...... 39 Doing Business With Descartes ...... 42 CHAPTER 4: DESIGNED TO RE-MEMBER ...... 46 Reunited, And It Feels So Good ...... 48 Meaning Making and Survival...... 50 Parallel Processing ...... 54 CHAPTER 5: MENACES TO MEMORY ...... 58 When Is a Threat a Threat? ...... 60 Defusing Threats to Worship ...... 64 Neutralizing Threats to Guests...... 64 Neutralizing Threats to All the Usual Suspects ...... 69 CHAPTER 6: REMEMBERING TO RELEASE CONTROL ...... 76 Give Choice a Chance ...... 77 Dial it Down ...... 78 Defusing the Control Issue...... 80 What Would Those Choices Look Like? ...... 82 CHAPTER 7: MULTISENSORY MEMORIES ...... 86 Mingled Senses ...... 88 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 184

A-1

CHAPTER 1: DISREMEMBERING

The sofa upon which I sat was one of several cast-off specimens donated to the church when the original owner decided it was time for an upgrade. Predictably, it ended up in the one room where there could never be too many tacky sofas––the student minister’s office. I was there to say a reluctant goodbye to our student minister Brady. He had recently turned in his resignation, having taken a similar position at another church.

As he packed up his office, we laughed and reminisced about the time that we had served together.

As we talked, our extroverted senior pastor, Mitch, strode into the room, plopped down on a sofa, and joined the chat. No problem there––Brady’s office would be a veritable turnstile of well-wishing friends all day. He was thoroughly enjoying the attention.

After a few minutes, however, Mitch hijacked the conversation, taking us on an uncomfortable detour. Speaking to Brady in the same tone a father might use to correct a wayward child, he lectured, “You know you’ve just moved up to the big league, don’t you? That’s a ‘first’ church you’re going to. They won’t let you get away with some of the junk you pull here. They’re gonna expect a professional. You’re gonna have to completely change the way you dress. You can’t go to work there wearing ratty jeans and faded t-shirts. Sandals won’t cut it either. Before next week, you need to go buy a few button-down shirts, some nice casual pants, and a pair of real shoes if you think you are going to survive.”

I listened to the well-meaning advice as long as I could before interjecting my thoughts––after all, I would be disagreeing with my boss. Finally, unable to bite my

A-2 tongue any longer, I interrupted, “Mitch, what you’re saying is driving me crazy. First of all, Brady will be working with youth; jeans and t-shirts are practically required. But more importantly, what about that guy who told us that we shouldn’t waste our time worrying about what we’re going to eat or what we’re going to wear?”

Mitch didn’t even blink before asking, “What guy?”

In that moment, Mitch had disremembered Jesus. The word disremember may sound to the modern ear like an inaccurate use of language, but it has been used since the

17th century. To disremember something is to fail to remember it. Mitch failed to remember that Jesus advised us not to waste time worrying about what we are going to eat or how we are going to dress. It would be easier to fault my boss if I didn’t disremember Jesus on regular occasions, failing to learn to respond with love to a critic or what kind of treasure really counted in this life.

Disremembering Worship

Many churches are presently facing a disremembering crisis. Just because a church can give a theologically correct definition of worship, it does not mean it is worshipping. In spite of the fact that it advertises weekly services, it may well not be worshipping. Even if it employs a full-time minister of worship, there is no guarantee that the church is worshipping. We are living in an age that has disremembered what worship actually is, confusing worshipping God with conducting a worship service.

Now, worship services aren’t bad things at all. They can be the perfect balm to soothe a painful, throbbing conscience, washing away guilt like a whirlpool bath washes away stress. A weekly outing to your church’s hallowed halls can give you the inspiration you need to get through yet another trying week. Many attest to the fact that regularly

A-3 attending church makes the difficulties of life easier to bear. Spending a couple of hours with kindred spirits who share your values is always good for the soul. Frequent churchgoers have larger social support networks, and good social support is directly tied to better health. Joining in rousing renditions of a few of your favorite songs can lift your spirits quicker than almost anything. Yes, attending church comes with a surplus of benefits.

Worship, on the other hand, is a horse of a totally different color. Worship is not about making life easier, refueling for another week, disposing of annoying guilt, or connecting with friends. It’s about connecting with God––and few things can make a person feel less comfortable than an encounter with pure, unadulterated divinity.

Worship can be affirming and uplifting, but just as often, it’s unsettling. It reminds us of who we are, who God is, and how we should consequently relate to a God who is far superior to anything we can imagine. Worship reminds us that God goes to extremes to bridge the gulf that separates us from Him and from each other. Like Isaiah, a person who encounters God in unpretentious worship is left spiritually, intellectually, emotionally, and even physically overwhelmed. Isaiah’s response should be our response:

“Woe is me! For I am a person of unclean lips, and I live among a people of unclean lips.”

Even as we read Isaiah’s response, I’m convinced that our minds unknowingly tone his words down a few notches in an attempt to protect us from trauma. Try to imagine this––when Isaiah encounters God, Isaiah is left staggering in dismay, tearing at his robes in regret and shame, shrieking in shock-tinted grief, “No! No! NO! I’ve looked

God in the face! I know I’m doomed! I’ve condemned myself with my own words.

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Compared to God’s beauty, truth, and goodness, I’m worthless! Totally worthless! And all the people around me––they’re no different! We’re all doomed!”

Isaiah’s cry is one of utter despair. He made no excuses. He never attempted to justify his many failed attempts at righteousness. He didn’t compare himself to others. He just recognized that he was in the same sinking boat as everyone else. If one went down, they were all going down. Instead of pleading his case, Isaiah changed his life, offering it to God in a lifetime of worship that would be expressed in service to others.

That’s what worship does. It begins when we encounter the Living God who is revealed in his written word (Scripture) and his Living Word (Jesus Christ). In his presence, we come face to face with our own brokenness. Only then can God move us to grieve for the brokenness of those around us. That kind of holy heartache moves us to action as we begin to glimpse God-possibilities in our lives and in the lives of others.

Ironically, that same heartache can also lead to joyful expressions of who we are in

Christ, expressions that manifest themselves as dancing, singing, holy play, sharing our resources, and even speaking in tongues.

Even though encounters with the Divine can happen anywhere, anyplace, and anytime, life-changing meetings with God are all too rare these days. They should be common occurrences in our weekly worship services.

Counting the Cost

Worship design is a highly underrated but tremendously rewarding art form. Done well, its execution honors God by aiding others to experience his presence and power.

The book you now hold is written in the hopes that you can learn to design just such worship experiences.

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No, you cannot compel anyone to worship; the Holy Spirit blows where the Holy

Spirit blows. What you can do is cut down all the fences, hedgerows, and trees that might hinder the force of the wind when it does begin to gust. You can construct wind tunnels that will channel the breeze to hot, dry corners of your community. You can create an environment that rejoices in breezy days, ones that allows the air current to scatter grace as naturally as a summer breeze spreads the fuzzy seeds of a dandelion. If you are on a church staff (in any position), or if you are a layperson who serves in any capacity planning or executing worship, your most important job––far more important than planning mission projects, producing musicals, publicizing retreats, or projecting budgets––is to enable your congregation to feel the advancing wind of God. When the stage is set with care, skill, and awe, they will discover the Spirit playing in their hair and lifting their hearts to gaze upon God as surely as a spring breeze lifts a kite heavenward.

If you are looking for easy answers, you probably shouldn’t bother reading any further––but then again, you probably aren’t the kind of person who takes the easy path in life. If you did, you would never have gone into ministry. Likely, you’ve already figured out that God seldom traffics in easy answers.

I assume that you are serving in your particular role at your church because, like

Isaiah, you have tasted God’s unmatched holiness, exquisite grace, and inexhaustible mercy. You have come face to face with your own brokenness and have experienced the healing love of Jesus. You genuinely want others to experience the same boundless wonder you have known.

Like so many others in ministry, your soul may ache for those in your charge, wanting them to lay hold of the abundant life––the life they may confidently talk about in

A-6 class, may even dream about in private, but never anticipate enjoying in reality. Possibly you envision individuals in your church being noticeably transformed into the image of

Jesus Christ. Perhaps you ache for people who hunger for holiness. Quite conceivably, you dream of men, women, and children whose lives exhibit that their spirits have been awakened and energized by a Living God.

It’s not impossible for those dreams to come to fruition. Throughout history, there have been sporadic periods when those very happenings have been common occurrences in the Church, times when the Church has been restored to a life-giving and impassioned relationship with God after a long period of decline and corruption. These periods of spiritual awakening have always begun after several previous generations lost sight of what it meant to follow Jesus.

During the dark times preceding the renewals, the institutional church had allowed herself to be seduced by culture, and in so doing, she exchanged what could have been a deep, empowering relationship with God for personal power and for conscience- soothing religious rituals that pacified the ego but slow-rotted the soul. Much like the

Pharisee who thanked God that he was not like other men, the self-satisfied, self- important church was slowly asphyxiated by the fumes of her own pride.

When this happens, God responds by raising up a new generation to restore true worship, a generation that rejects power and empty ritual at high personal cost. I believe we are on the cusp of just such a time right now. I say this because every day I talk to young people who have been disillusioned by the institutionalized church but who have not given up on God, college students who are more interested in being real than in going through the prescribed motions, youthful parents who want their children to know God

A-7 but who are afraid to entrust them to an organization that makes the news weekly with scandal and immorality. I see the hunger in their eyes for Truth with a capital ‘T,’ for meaning that goes beyond acquisition of material possessions, and for a foundation that is unshakable in shaky times.

I believe God intends to use today’s generation to reboot the Church and to carry his Kingdom forward. Why now and not 20 years ago? I have absolutely no idea. I only know that God will start somewhere and signs are all pointing in the direction of impending renewal.

That said, for those of us who want to be part of a fresh movement of the Holy

Spirit, there will be a cost. There is always a cost if you are to be used by and for God.

The bad news is that the more entrenched you are in the institutional church and its hierarchical power structure, the higher the price will seem. The good news is that for those who long to see the reign of God extended, no price can possibly be too high.

The fact is that renewal of the Church can only happen through reform. Reform may be a less intimidating way of saying sweeping change, but it is change nevertheless.

For those who are satisfied with the status quo, and many are, change is a synonym for heresy. Those who resist change will have a difficult time adjusting to the coming revival.

If you are already aware that you have a difficult time dealing with change, you will need to make some conscious choices beginning straightaway. Will you put this book down now because it makes you feel uncomfortable? Will you ignore the counsel offered here? Or will you begin to pray for a heart so inflamed with the love of God that the thought of change threatens you less than the thought of displeasing God? That is a

A-8 decision only you can make, and Christ did counsel us to count the cost before embarking on action. Depending on what you value, the cost could be considerable.

Price Tag #1: Accepting Who You Are

Even though it may go against the grain, whether you are a pastor, a minister of music, a student minster, or a minister of education, if you want to play a role in church renewal, one of the costs may well be the acceptance of a new identity, a more realistic identity. Ask yourself who you are. If your immediate answer consists of your job title, you may have already forgotten who you are.

Your job title may give you a certain amount of prestige in your community.

Some assume that they must treat you with respect. Others shower love on you––God’s representative––as a way of showing love to God. You may even stand in awe of yourself, super-hero that you are, spending your life fighting against dark powers. Or you may be more humble, wondering how God could have possibly chosen to use you. In any case, you need to remember that your job title is not who you are.

Regardless of what title goes into the Church bulletin beside your name, you are first and foremost a follower of Jesus. Being his devoted disciple means you can never anchor your identity to anything but Him––and He will be constantly and consistently changing you. If you still believe exactly what you believed five years ago, you are probably not following. As followers are transformed into his image, they always change.

Second, as a follower of Jesus, you are also a teacher. You may be teaching in a formal setting, in the home, on the job, or during involvement in community activities, but no matter where you are, no matter what you are doing, the way you live your life

A-9 teaches what you value. People can (or cannot) see the love of God shining through you.

Their impression of God is based on their impression of you.

At the first seminary I attended, it was considered a slap in the face for pastors to be complimented for their teaching ability. A hard and fast, almost uncrossable line was drawn between the gifts of teaching and preaching. Because they were considered different disciplines, those who pursued them walked different degree paths. Pastors departed seminary with a Master of Divinity degree. Most ministers of education, student pastors, and children’s ministers walked out the door with a Master of Religious

Education. Pastors preached; everyone else ‘only’ taught.

Local church tradition further demarcated clergy and laity. Lay people were encouraged to teach other lay people in classrooms and in homes. Occasionally, one would be invited to give their ‘testimony’ during a worship service––but what they did was never referred to as preaching. Professionally trained pastors, on the other hand, preached. They preached from behind pulpits during worship services, exegeting scripture prophetically (at least we all liked to think we exegeted scripture prophetically).

Of course, we never said the words out loud, but we had been trained to assume that the role of preacher was a superior role to that of mere teacher.

In today’s world, when we think of a teacher, we inevitably imagine textbooks, yellow number-2 pencils, desks, standardized tests, and grades. The concept of teacher is so thoroughly professionalized that when someone uses the word, it’s automatically assumed that they are talking about an individual who possesses an advanced degree in some branch of education, who has been certified by the state, and who teaches in an elementary school, middle school, high school, or university. That, however, is a very

A-10 limited view of what it means to be a teacher. Some of the most influential teachers in history have never taught in a traditional setting.

If, when choosing terms to describe Jesus, your mind first goes to words like

Lord, Savior, King, Son of God, or Redeemer, you may need to reconsider. During Jesus’ life, when others addressed Him, they used the word teacher more often than any other word.1 Jesus is addressed by others some ninety times in the Gospels. Sixty of those times, He is called teacher. His disciples consistently referred to him as teacher. Matthew writes that because He taught as one having authority, He astounded his listeners. His last command to his followers was to teach the Gospel as they went into the world.

If the designation of teacher was good enough for Jesus, it should be good enough for those of us who have been entrusted with his teaching ministry. In spite of popular perception, and in spite of the denial of many who hold the title, pastors are, and always have been, teachers––teachers whose subject matter focuses on the art of living the

Christ-centered life. Because we are responsible for teaching the most important subject matter of all time, we should be eager to develop our own teaching skills. We can only do this if we are willing to reconsider much of what we think we already know about teaching.

In a not-so-distant time, teaching was considered to be an exercise in drilling concepts into the brain of a fellow human. Although that type of teaching may have resulted in the correct answers on tests, it did not lead to transformation. It led to parroting words like––well––like a parrot. Jesus was never overly impressed by those who could parrot all the right answers or who could execute a good impersonation of

1 For a few examples, see Matthew 5:2, 7:29, Mark 1:21-22, 4:2, Luke 4:15, 20:1, John 7:14, 8:2.

A-11 holiness, nor did He speak encouragingly about those who claimed Him as Lord but who did not follow in His footsteps. He persistently taught with the goal of inner transformation. At no point do we see Him encouraging surface change. If He had been satisfied with that, He would have never allowed the rich young ruler to walk away.

Following His example, those who plan worship should be less interested in using the worship hour to convey intellectual information about morals, ethics, behaviors, and

God, and more interested in using that time to enable those participating to meet with a

God who is in the business of transforming humans.

Knowing the right intellectual information never changed anyone. If it did, I would be twenty-five pounds lighter.

Price Tag #2: Unlearning Invalid Information

Paying the price for a spiritually renewed congregation may also mean that you have to turn your back on some key parts of your very expensive seminary education.

Earlier I noted the superior attitude we pastors can occasionally assume because of our called-by-God profession and our extensive seminary education. Even when we know the truth about ourselves in the recesses of our hearts, we all inadvertently find ourselves thinking we are ‘special’ at times. If at any point we start to feel like the resident religious expert, we need to take a step back and remind ourselves that when Jesus called His followers, He did not call any religious professional to be a disciple, perhaps because He honored humility and abhorred pride. He proved to be much more interested in how his followers related to others than in what they knew.

When I was a young adult, my Baptist church was in an unofficial competition with the Methodist church two blocks away. No one ever mentioned it, but the rivalry

A-12 hung in the air like a murky fog whenever we interacted. For instance, when the

Methodist church added a stunningly beautiful steeple to their church, the Baptist church added one at least three feet taller––and I’ve always wondered what Freud might have to say about that.

At one point, we Baptists hired a new but older pastor who had a well-worn doctoral degree. For several months, in spite of the fact that he insisted that everyone should call him “Brother Farley,” every time he was introduced, ‘Doctor’ was emphasized one way or another. It seems we Baptists were very proud to have finally trumped the Methodists with a three-degree pastor.

Finally, in the most gracious reprimand I’ve ever witnessed, our pastor addressed the problem from the pulpit, stating, “I’ve asked you over and over again to forget about calling me Dr. Farley and call me Brother Farley instead. I mean it. I don’t want a doctoral degree ever separating me from anyone. We’re all broken people. I’m broken too. I’m not a bit different from you. Besides, I need to tell you the truth about that degree. Those extra letters at the end of my name are just like the kink in a pig’s tale.

They’re a real cute decoration, but they don’t put any more meat on the pig.”

Some of what we mistakenly believe is meat may very well be nothing more than greasy excess that weighs us down. For example, do you still remember the holy grail of sermon presentation? “Tell them what you are going to tell them; tell them; then tell them what you told them.” It’s time to shed that advice. Unlearn it as soon as possible. And all those propositional sermons you were required to turn in to preaching professors, the ones with the carefully arranged and alliterated points? Those are already going the way of the dinosaur. Neither of these standard methods are proving to be effective for some

A-13 very real reasons having to do with how our brains work. (You will be reading much more on this in chapters 7 and 8.)

That doesn’t mean you won’t be preaching. It just means that your preaching will be avoiding the expressway and taking some much more interesting scenic routes.

Nothing in this book negates the need for good preaching. God has always used preaching as the primary means to spread the news of his love for us. I suspect it always will be our most valuable professional tool. We will, however, need to add several more gizmos to our toolbox. Hopefully, this book will help you lay hold of some.

Price Tag #3: Plunder the Egyptians

In Exodus 3:19-20, as the Israelites were preparing to leave Egypt, God instructed them, “When you go, you shall not go empty-handed, but each woman shall ask of her neighbor, and any woman who lives in her house, for silver and gold jewelry, and for clothing. You shall put them on your sons and on your daughters. So you shall plunder the Egyptians.”

Irenaeus, Origen, Augustine, and John Wesley all used this powerful and memorable image to talk about God’s sovereignty, explaining that because God is the creator of all good things, His people can use anything the world has to offer to bring glory to Him, especially the best the world has to offer. Moses’ education in the schools of Egypt is one of the best examples of this. It was an integral part of the preparation that enabled him to be powerfully used by God to free the Israelite slaves.

The image of ‘plundering the Egyptians’ speaks to our tendency to label some things as ‘holy,’ ‘sacred,’ and ‘set apart’ while other things are permanently marked with a blistering branding iron as ‘secular,’ ‘carnal,’ and ‘worldly.’ Everything God makes is

A-14 holy––absolutely everything. We can choose to profane any of his gifts by using them to dishonor God, or we can opt to use those very same gifts to extend his love to the world.

This includes so-called ‘secular’ knowledge.

For the purpose of becoming better teachers, plundering the Egyptians means we will be turning to the most recent findings of neuroscience and cognitive science. These disciplines are using new technologies to take a limited but very real peek inside the human brain––and that peek has been less like viewing the horizon through a pair of binoculars and more like watching an atom bomb detonate on that horizon. The mushrooming findings are sending shockwaves through halls of learning around the globe. I cannot claim the details are easy to understand, but fortunately I can say the resulting guidelines for teaching are not difficult to employ. You don’t necessarily have to understand why an airplane stays in the air before you board it and find yourself soaring above the earth.

That said, I do not expect you to simply take my word that in ‘doing this’ or

‘trying that’ you will see your church grow in the grace and knowledge of Jesus Christ.

You deserve more than the condescending opinions of yet another pretentious person sporting a decorative pig-tail behind their name.

We will be delving into the realm of science, looking at a few key discoveries, and then asking how we can apply them as we attempt to lead our people to the throne of

God. If you find yourself wading through some deeper water than you would like, remember that this is not an excursion for the sake of an intellectual workout. You are only wading ankle-deep through gray matter because it will give you a stable foundation

A-15 on which to design worship, worship that can glorify God as it throws open safely-sealed doorways to the Spirit and introduces your congregation to new vistas of adoration.

So be forewarned––the remainder of this book will attempt to walk a fine line between describing how the mind works and suggesting practical ways you can put the information to use. Please forgive those times when you believe I’ve ended up too far to one side of that line. When you are passionately convinced of something, balance can be difficult to maintain.

A second warning needs to follow. These guidelines are in no way a ‘formula’ for worship. There are already too many cookie-cutter churches that rely more on imitating the latest flavor-of-the-month celebrity church than on the creative work of the Holy

Spirit. Respected theologian and author Leonard Sweet observes, “It’s easier to replicate than reproduce; to replicate a mass-produced program than to reproduce an original by intimate investigation of and investment in one’s home ground––its seasons, flora, fauna, smells, sounds. We’d rather colonize the local than parent local color.”2

Because the fresh breath of the Spirit is incapable of blowing a gust of stale air, spirit-led encounters with God are not duplicable. Moses’ burning bush, Isaiah’s vision of the throne room of heaven, and Gideon’s fleece were all one-of-kind engagements with

God. Our God-meetings too should be fresh, marked by a sense of discovery, grappled with rather than served up like identical fast-food hamburgers.

With this in mind, think of these guidelines less like a recipe for a specific food item and more like the stock ingredients that you always keep on hand in your kitchen–– salt, pepper, eggs, flour, oil, milk, butter, and sugar. These simple ingredients can be

2 Leonard Sweet, The Greatest Story Never Told: Revive Us Again (Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2012), 72.

A-16 combined in countless ways with other ingredients to create dishes as dissimilar as gumbo, a chocolate cake, a quiche, or biscuits and gravy.

The guidelines suggested here are simply stock components that can be mixed in creative ways with homegrown community, garden-fresh culture, and local faith tradition to create exceptional, artisanal worship experiences. Any example given is for the sake of demonstrating how the guidelines were applied in a local situation. Because each church is different, the way the methods are implemented must be different, customized to the local faith community. Used without discernment, an activity that helped generate changed lives in one church can be a disaster in another.

Keep in mind that when an example is given of how something was done in one church, it is only an example of how some of the methods were applied in a local situation. God has different plans for you and yours. He has already placed creative individuals in your church who can lead you to do things that no other church has ever dreamed of. After giving thanks for those imaginative members, I suggest that you ask

God to give you eyes to see exactly who they are.

The Pay-Off

The difference between enriching worship services using the insights of brain research as opposed to exclusively using more traditional methods of teaching can be the difference between teaching a follower of Jesus what to think and teaching a follower of

Jesus how to think. It can be the difference between creating flexible, open-minded humans and rigid, know-it-all automatons. It can be the difference between a disciple whose brain is filled with memorized facts and a disciple who is filled with the Holy

Spirit, who is starting to think and act in new ways––in Jesus ways. Considering the fact

A-17 that the Church is in the transformation business, we cannot afford to ignore this valuable resource.

A-18

CHAPTER 2: FORGETTING TO REMEMBER

During my high school senior year, I was on the receiving end of a curse. No, it was not a four-letter word kind of curse; it was a four-word kind of curse––a curse that bore unmistakable traces of dark magic. Cast without warning and dumped on me like a truckload of sun-ripened garbage, its toxic juices coagulated, solidifying into an invisible but cumbersome second skin. I carried that dead weight from high school through college and on to my career.

A categorical unbeliever in any and all magical incantations, I was more than a little skeptical about the efficacy of this particular prophetic utterance. I associated the acts of divination and curse casting with cheesy gypsy fortune-tellers known for reading palms, gazing into crystal balls, and performing other kitschy rituals in their games of deception. In my case, however, no palm was read; nor was a crystal ball needed. There was, nevertheless, a precisely executed ritual––a prolonged and elaborate procedure acted out annually by literally hundreds of local youth.

In many ways, the tradition resembled the lottery described in Suzanne Collins’s

“The Hunger Games.” To begin with, we just accepted it as a preordained rite of adolescent life. No one questioned its appropriateness or its inevitability. In addition, none of the competitors chose to play this game; they had to be drafted to participate.

After they were conscripted, the names of the contenders were announced loudly over the crackling static of a loudspeaker system. During that much-anticipated announcement, time briefly stood still. Our breathing slowed and deepened knowing that, before the week had passed, the contenders would face each other in a public arena, one- on-one. By Friday, the victors would emerge amidst cheers with photographs following.

A-19

The name of our spirited but dispiriting game was actually quite innocuous, innocently called “Senior Class Who’s Who.” The competition began when select seniors were nominated by the Student Council as the class’s “Prettiest/Most Handsome,” “Most

Athletic,” “Most Musical,” “Most Popular,” ad infinitum. Afterwards, the student body cast ballots to choose their champions. Self-conscious losers were left to lick invisible wounds. Like Snow White’s wicked stepmother, no one wanted to be the second fairest in the land.

I soon discovered that the also-rans were not the only ones left with scars.

Sometimes, the winners were the biggest losers of all. Imagine the thrill of being deemed

“Prettiest” and then spending the rest of your life trying to live up to that title. Time and gravity guarantee that the day is approaching when you will look less princess-pretty and more like a fairy-tale hag. Picture the elation of being named “Most Artistic.” Fast- forward a few years and envision being slapped in the face by cold reality––no one values your work enough to pay you a living wage.

Or just suppose you are fortunate enough to be christened “Most Likely to

Succeed.” How many hours a week would you be willing to devote to proving that your peers got it right? Just who would you be willing to step on climbing the ladder of success? Ravi Zacharias observes, “Sadly, the drive to be number one is often the very thing that ultimately destroys a person."

And that is why I call myself cursed. I was chosen to shoulder the impressive but threatening title “Most Likely to Succeed.” At least everyone else in “Who’s Who” had already achieved a degree of greatness. They were already considered cute, talented, athletic, or fun to be with. But me? I was only ‘likely’ to succeed. Already a perfectionist

A-20 and an overachiever, this ‘not quite successful yet’ designation proved to be further motivation to ruthlessly drive myself onward, spurring me to perfect my perfectionism and to overachieve as an overachiever.

If high school was bad, college was worse. Instead of choosing electives I could enjoy or even use, I enrolled in difficult classes just to prove I could master the material.

Physics classes? I sailed through them. Physiology? No sweat. Calculus? Who doesn’t need to know about rational functions, limits, and applications of derivatives inside and out?

As, it turns out I didn’t. In all the years since I took those courses, I have never once had to figure out the convergence of an infinite sequence, the slope of a curve, or derive an equation for a projectile. I have had no reason to balance a chemical equation or conduct research in how the body reacts to extreme temperature in the course of a normal day (or the course of a normal decade, for that matter).

But with an unhealthy need to prove I was a worthy human being, knowledge was not only addictive, it became my drug of choice. I used it to anesthetize my critically injured ego. Desperately trying to verify my self-worth with a treasury of endless information, I spent valuable time filling my head with a glut of unnecessary facts–– useless particulars that I have never actually needed. Satisfied just to possess the head- knowledge, I felt prepared for anything (especially an appearance on Jeopardy).

The cursed title affected me in yet another way––a more substantial way. Not only did I guzzle down gallons of information that would prove useless to me in later years, I missed out on things that really could have added value to my life. In high school, because I arrogantly assumed that anyone with a brain could learn to type, I decided to

A-21 forego typing for what I considered substantially heavier subject matter. I have regretted that decision ever since. As I sit here writing this, I am pecking away at my keyboard with little technique and absolutely no grace. I could not begin to express how profoundly thankful I am for the backspace and the delete keys.

More regrettably, I was born with an artistic side that I have needlessly neglected.

As a child, nothing brought me more joy than drawing and painting. According to every teacher I had, I was gifted artistically. Ironically, those same teachers decreed that art was not a viable major in college because it would never ‘pay the bills.’ Painting might be a great hobby but, if I were to ‘succeed,’ I needed a more practical profession.

I listened to my advisors and remained focused, enrolling in subjects that were more marketable, more left-brained. I never took another art class after seventh grade. It was only much later that I realized that doing so could have expanded my view of reality, given me a means to express my deepest thoughts, and offered a much-needed release from stress. Instead, today I only play at what could have been a defining role in my life.

Ironically, ‘Miss Most Likely” failed to succeed at developing her most natural and personally satisfying talent.

Note that I am not saying that physics, physiology, and calculus are useless disciplines––far from it. Calculus is an essential skill for almost every field of science.

Among other things, physiologists use their considerable skills to conduct advanced research on the human body’s response to strange environments––high altitudes or acceleration, for example. Physics teaches problem-solving and analytical skills needed by meteorologists, engineers, medical doctors, and many others.

A-22

What I am saying is that there was a time in my life when I was so fixated on succeeding that:

1. I prided myself in what I knew intellectually.

2. I knew more intellectually than I ever put into use.

3. I did not pursue the things that would have actually enriched my life.

I think these same three characteristics describe a major problem faced by the twenty-first-century church, and if we are honest, we all know that we are facing a major problem.

We Pride Ourselves in What We Know

Because churches are composed of fallen humans, they are susceptible to every temptation known to humankind. One of the most enticing traps for the institutional church seems to be a bottomless pit of pride, especially pride in our particular brand of doctrine––in essence, pride in what we know. We have confused righteousness with being right. We have elevated head knowledge while neglecting heart knowledge. In doing so, we have managed to distort the meanings of the words faith and believe. Many in today’s world (and today’s church) assume that to “have faith” or to “believe in the

Lord Jesus Christ” means to give intellectual assent to the reality of his divine-human life, his teachings, and his resurrection. Not so for the writers of scripture.

When Paul invited the Philippian jailer to “Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ…,” he was not just calling him to intellectually accept a list of assertions about Jesus; he was challenging him to bet his life and the life of his family on the fact that Jesus was the

Way (of love and compassion), the Truth (of God’s revelation), and the Life (abundant

A-23 and free). The jailer was being summoned to follow in footsteps that went against the grain of culture and would perhaps cost him his life.

That type of commitment is a far cry from believing something as a fact. You can believe the fact that a low-fat diet is beneficial to your health even as you gorge on fries and a bacon double cheeseburger. You can be convinced that you need to start exercising regularly without ever taking the first step on the treadmill. You can believe that you need to stop smoking while lighting a Macanudo.

The faith the institutional church has proclaimed for more than two hundred years has been first and foremost a head thing, something that goes on in the less-than-three- pounds of gray matter located between our ears. When faith is reduced to the contents of this one organ, although it may be easier to handle, it eventually leads to serious and undesirable side effects.

Cerebral convictions can grow and freeze solid over time, giving rise to severe swelling of the ego and hardening of the heart––a dangerous condition in which we become convinced that we know more than we actually do. We may even grow to believe that we ‘understand’ the God of creation simply because we have managed to whittle

Him down to fit our opinions and prejudices.

A cerebral God is a God of certainty, not mystery–-one who can be constrained to a pitifully small and airtight container only slightly larger than a Tupperware cereal bowl.

A cerebral God is also an idol, but we can grow so confident that our housebroken version of God is the correct version that we insist on imposing our deity on others, broadcasting our wisdom in deeply divisive and bitingly critical ways from pulpits and on social media. Without ever knowing it, in settling for a cerebral God, we are trading the

A-24 truth of God (God opposes the proud, but gives grace to the humble) for a lie (God loves us more than those who refuse to agree with what we know). Occasionally, we (including me) can be downright obnoxious in our certitude.

Ironically, we know so little.

Regular viewers of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno anticipated with great relish his ongoing person-on-the-street segment Jay-Walking. The concept was deliciously simple: While followed by a cameraman, Jay approached random people on the street and asked them to answer simple questions–very simple questions. In addition to its laugh- provoking potential, it had the exquisite secondary effect of making the viewer feel ever- so-much-more intelligent than the poor chumps Jay interviewed.

Some of the questions seemed almost impossible to get wrong, but one soon learns that the only thing that is really ‘impossible’ is underestimating the general public.

Many individuals drew blanks when asked questions such as “What is the filler material in a goose-down pillow?” or “What color is the White House?” As incorrect answer after incorrect answer was proposed, we learned that common sense really isn’t all that common.

In November of 1997 and in March of 2007, Jay elected to ask questions about

Bible knowledge. Even the simplest queries baffled those being interviewed. A compilation of their answers would create a version of the Bible that looks something like this:

It all began “A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away…” On the first day of creation, God said, ‘Let there be peace.” After God created Adam, He created Eve–– either from an apple, the night sky, or a cow. Adam and Eve never had children. Cain

A-25 and Abel were either close friends of Jesus or a sitcom (or possibly close friends of Jesus who had their own sit-com). Jesus himself was born almost 400 years ago. The Three

Wise Men were obviously Hispanic because they were named Nina, Pinta, and Santa

Maria. They brought the baby Jesus gifts of gold, frankincense, and wine. Because they supplied alcohol to a minor, they had to flee the country under the cover of darkness.

When Jesus grew up, He became a carpenter who helped Noah build an ark. He then parted the Red Sea to let the ark get through.

No doubt, the five-minute clips were hilarious; they were also horrifying on several levels. They exposed a people who, having lost their biblical roots, are biding time on a crumbling foundation. With our foundational narratives eroding away, our collective gray matter is instead being filled with celebrity gossip, sports trivia, political indoctrination, and a storyline that convincingly teaches that the more we consume, the happier we will be.

Even secular educators understand that a biblically illiterate public frankly lacks the necessary means to understand the numerous biblical allusions in historical records, great literature, and even popular music. Examples of those allusions include common phrases like “the patience of Job,” demanding someone’s “head on a platter,” or thinking someone “walks on water.” They can include key pointers in literature such as the names of characters in Moby Dick (Ahab, Ishmael, and Elijah). Song lyrics as diverse as Dolly

Parton’s Coat of Many Colors, Coolio’s Gangsta Paradise (“As I walk through the valley of the shadow of death . . .”), and Sting’s All This Time ("Blessed are the poor, for they shall inherit the earth. Better to be poor than a fat man in the eye of a needle…”) all allude to biblical passages.

A-26

It would be more than a little comforting for the Church to assume that the erosion of fundamental biblical knowledge is only happening ‘out there’ in the world and not in the Church. It would also be incorrect.

Shortly after the first above-mentioned Jay-Walking segment aired, a young adult group at the church I attended decided it would be fun to play a similar game at a class party. Confident that they would fare significantly better than those in the person-on-the- street interviews, they enthusiastically participated. Those who composed the questions kept them simple, but it soon became obvious that remedial Bible classes would be needed.

In this group of 18 frequent church attenders, no one could name more than seven of Jesus’ twelve disciples. Several included Paul and Luke in the list they did name. Most could name no more than five of the Ten Commandments. Several could not name all four Gospels. When asked to name the occupation of specific characters, only three knew that Moses was a shepherd when he encountered the burning bush or that Andrew was a fisherman when Jesus called him. Only one knew that Paul supported himself as a tent- maker. When well-known passages were read aloud–the story of baby Moses in the bulrushes and the birth of the Church at Pentecost–few could identify the book from which the stories came. No one could put the following events in chronological order: birth of Jesus, birth of Moses, birth of David, birth of Abraham, birth of John the Baptist, birth of Samuel, and birth of Timothy. Though exposed to scripture weekly, these young adults were shockingly unaware of the stories of individual characters or the overarching narrative of scripture.

A-27

At another time, a young couple made an appointment to speak to me about a matter of importance. Dan and Tina were committed parents who worked with our teens.

They never missed an opportunity to be in our worship services. They opened their home frequently to be used by the church for small-group studies. On this particular day, they were concerned about their 6-year-old daughter, Emily. Emily had told them that God had spoken to her and told her she needed to be baptized.

Dan and Tina were convinced that Emily was too young to understand what God wanted. They were planning to refuse her request, but decided to seek counsel first. In the midst of our lengthy conversation that day, I said, “If you are uncomfortable, there is no need for you to make a final decision today. If God is speaking to Emily, He will continue to speak to her, and she will continue to talk to you about it. God had to speak to

Samuel three times before he understood, and even then, Eli had to help him understand that it was God speaking to him.”

Dan looked slightly confused for a moment, but finally responded, “We haven’t met Samuel and Eli yet. Could you introduce us so we can talk to them about their experience?”

Forget about the world being biblically illiterate; in too many cases, it’s the

Church that is biblically illiterate! We are rapidly losing touch with the very scripture on which we base our faith. We do not know our own stories well enough to tell them to our children. Nor do we transmit those stories well during worship services.

Over the past two decades, it has become common to hear an entire sermon based on one verse instead of a passage of scripture. While there may be no mention of the verse’s context, there may be a full smorgasbord of unrelated verses used to back up the

A-28 point the preacher is trying to make. The biblical story in which the verse appears may never be told during the sermon because we preachers often assume the audience already knows the story.

Instead of telling the story, we use the razor-sharp rhetorical methods taught in our seminaries to serve up oratorical masterpieces replete with propositions, proposals, points, plans, and applications. Our sermons are regularly couched in the terms of self- help––Building a Christian Marriage, Raising Godly Children, or Five Steps to Powerful

Prayer––subtly conveying the message that biblical passages must be supplemented because, alone, they do not offer the critical help we need to survive and thrive.

In our individual lives, the situation is also disheartening. Even though there are those who habitually drink deeply from scripture, many more do not. When they do sporadically read their Bibles, the most common technique used is the Ouija Board method–closing their eyes, opening the Bible randomly, letting their finger fall on a verse, reading it without considering context, and then taking it as God’s personal word for that moment. According to research conducted by Barna Group,

The problem facing the Christian Church is not that people lack a complete set of beliefs; the problem is that they have a full slate of beliefs in mind, which they think are consistent with biblical teachings, and they are neither open to being proven wrong nor to learning new insights . . . By the time most Americans reach the age of 13 or 14, they think they pretty much know everything of value the Bible has to teach and they are no longer interested in learning more scriptural content…In a culture driven by the desire to receive value, more Bible teaching is generally not viewed as an exercise in providing such value.3

3 Barna Group, “Barna Studies the Research, Offers a Year-in-Review Perspective,” December 18, 2009, accessed July 12, 2013, https:// www.barna.org/barna-update/article/12-faithspirituality/325-barna- studies-the-research-offers-a-year-in-review-perspective.

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We Know More Than We Act On

In spite of the average churchgoer’s conviction that they personally ‘know’

God––what pleases God, what infuriates God, what makes God laugh with delight or cringe with disgust––we seem to have a huge problem acting on that knowledge. Perhaps because we proclaim that we are saved by faith, not by works, we are able to rationalize away habitual inaction without exerting our mind with too many mental gymnastics.

Such twisted logic might sound something like this, “If I try too hard to follow in

Jesus’ footsteps, it might look like I’m trying to earn my salvation––and that would certainly offend God. Besides, God understands how busy my life is right now. He knows my resources are limited. And He knows that circumstances have changed drastically in

2000 years. He would never expect the same level of extreme faithfulness and trust in the rat race of the 21st century that He expected from heroes of the faith who lived in simpler times, would he?”

When those in our congregations do take some kind of action, it’s often action that has been carefully planned and schedule beforehand by a church staff person. When it comes to regularly and consistently feeding the hungry, visiting the prisoner, welcoming the stranger, forgiving the family member––daily living out the implications of the gospel in every relationship and in every situation––it’s only the exceptional

Christian who lives this way, not the average Christian.

This begs the painful question: Are we being transformed into the image of Christ if our actions remain unchanged?

In Matthew 21:28-32, Jesus tells the story of a father who asked his two sons to come work with him in his vineyard. The first, with more important things to do, refused

A-30 to come. The second son did not hesitate in consenting to give his help. He would have made any father proud in his eagerness to help––except for the fact that he never showed up. He never got his hands dirty or broke a sweat in the heat of the sun. The first brother, however, in spite of his initial refusal to help, changed his mind after giving a little more thought to his father’s request. He dropped what he was doing, and went straight to the field to work alongside his father. His words had been harsh, but his presence in the field made all the difference in the harvest.

After telling the story Jesus asked, “Which of the two did the will of his father?"

In other words, “Weigh the evidence for yourself. Who actually acted in accordance to what the father wanted? What then was the critical factor when it came to pleasing him?”

Jesus understood that even though the notorious sinners surrounding him might be getting all the words wrong, their lives could demonstrate genuine repentance and love. On the other hand, the lives of many highly religious people, people who said all the right words at all the right times, were showing no evidence of such change.

When a person worships in spirit and in truth, when they give honor to a God who loves and blesses even those who do not return his love, when they give their heart to a

God who cares for the downtrodden, when they are in awe of a God who forgives, when they express devotion to a God who willingly sacrificed himself for their well-being, it changes who they are. It affects them inside and out. It’s not just their thoughts that are transformed; their behavior is changed.

Pride begins to melt away as they start to understand that they are no better or no worse than anyone else. Self-centered living becomes out of the question because their hearts are drawn to love the same people God loves. In due course, their actions begin to

A-31 consistently flesh out their espoused beliefs, giving God exactly what Micah tells us God requires. They “…act justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with God”––not because they are checking off requirements on a legalistic checklist, but because that is the type of people they are becoming.

Worship that does not give rise to humility, mercy, and justice is simply not worship. Augustine poetically put it this way, “Hope has two beautiful daughters––their names are anger and courage; anger at the way things are, and courage to see that they do not remain the way they are.” Long before Augustine wrote, a Chinese proverb advised,

“Unless I act on what I know, I don't know even that.”

If the lives of our people are not showing evidence of transformation, then we must ask ourselves how much genuine worship is actually happening. Are large parts of the congregation, perhaps including us, simply going through the motions of religious ritual? Do we ‘worship’ with our minds on Sunday but continue to go about business as usual the rest of the week? Are we failing to connect with the fact that Christianity is not a system of intellectual belief? It is a challenge to live life in an entirely different way.

Following Christ has got to be more than a religious veneer we glue over a life no different from anyone else’s.

We Do Not Pursue the Things that Would Enrich Our Lives

In our misguided pursuit of knowledge about God (instead of a more intimate knowledge of God), we have traded our birthright for a bowl of pottage. In the erroneous belief that having faith means believing multiple propositions about God, we have managed to let the very things that could actually profit us most slip through the cracks.

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For example, our seminaries have trained us to preach to a left-brained logical world. We do that well––maybe too well. In the almost exclusive use of linear, propositional sermons, we are inadvertently overlooking an entire population of creative, imaginative, right-brained people. For centuries, both schools and churches have nurtured our linear thinkers while neglecting those whose brains operate more like pinball machines. How many of those overlooked people would love to contribute their oft- undervalued gifts to the life of the Church if only asked? How much ability and talent is being squandered when we allow our right-brainers to sit on the sidelines? And if we honestly believe that every member of the body of Christ has something to contribute to the well-being of the faith community, are we exercising stewardship wisely?

Moreover, in emphasizing faith as an intellectual activity, we are unintentionally leading our parishioners down a dead-end road. How many of them leave the worship service each week convinced that a head filled with all the right doctrine is the best Jesus has to offer? How many foolishly settle for the assurance that they will spend eternity in heaven while in the meantime they are missing out on the God possibilities that surround them right now? How many have never experienced the joy inherent in sacrificial generosity, the indescribable relief that accompanies forgiveness of an enemy, the self- confidence God bestows upon the person willing to turn the other cheek, the tranquility experienced in non-retaliation, the composed sense of personal integrity that comes from keeping a difficult promise no matter how large or small it may be?

With the eager assistance of culture, too many professing Christians have been persuaded that although such virtues may have served well in a more primitive world,

A-33 today they are unrealistic and idealistic. When the Church distills faith to a brain activity, we subtly affirm this misguided belief.

Finally, in our love of knowledge, we have sacrificed transformation on the altar of information. God did not create us primarily to process propositions, points, and premises. He created us for relationships–wonderful, difficult, satisfying, painful, life- giving, heart-crushing, complicated relationships. Relationships change us. On the other hand, transformation is never brought about by simply cramming a head already filled with too many facts with even more information.

Transformation only begins when God gets hold of us in a worship encounter.

When He does, it always leads to changes in all other relationships. As we encounter God in worship, we become more aware of our own brokenness and, consequently, grow less judgmental about the brokenness of our neighbor. As He opens our eyes to personal blind spots, it becomes possible to look at others with compassion and empathy. Forgiving those who have wronged us becomes a real and appealing possibility. Wholehearted worship leads us to a better grasp on reality, a more accurate understanding of self, and an acceptance of the fact that we actually are our brother’s keeper.

Being transformed into the image of Jesus Christ is never an easy experience because it requires that we rethink our values, our priorities, and our passions in light of

God’s love for his creation. In doing so, we may find ourselves rejecting a consumeristic lifestyle, making reparations for injuries that we have caused, changing political or social positions, or taking the first step to reconcile with a family member or friend. Our thoughts and actions may begin to shift in ways that amaze us and alarm others, but

A-34 through it all, God is transforming us, making us more loving people who are learning to live deliberately, abundantly, and joyfully.

Fervent worship is essential to becoming authentically human. So just why is it so difficult to find? And how can the Church recover it as an extraordinary but ordinary part of our ministry?

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CHAPTER 3: DISMEMBERED

The date on planet Earth was January 5, 1968, but in an alternative Trekkie universe, it was Stardate 3211.7. During a routine inspection of an unmanned station at

Gamma II, Kirk, Uhura, and Chekov were captured and imprisoned by race of humanoids on the planet Triskelion. The humanoids were themselves slaves, oppressed and controlled by a group of reclusive and unseen planetary rulers called ‘The Providers.’ The

Providers forced the humanoids to do their will, using them for entertainment purposes in gladiator-styled games of combat.

The Enterprise crewmembers were taken to holding cells, shackled to the walls, and fitted with metal collars that were engineered to deliver severe pain if they disobeyed instructions. In the cells, they were informed that they would spend the rest of their lives as slaves whose only reason for existence was to accommodate The Providers’ thirst for blood sport.

After a failed escape attempt, Kirk was transported to a seemingly deserted but expansive bunker buried deep beneath the surface of the planet. He cautiously made his way through the chamber to its center, where, at long last, he met his nemeses face to face, the only problem being that The Providers had no faces. Instead of physical beings,

Kirk ‘faced’ three disembodied, glowing brains that lived inside a dome-shaped structure.

The brains explained telepathically that they were ancient beings who had evolved to the point that they no longer needed physical bodies––but without bodies, they discovered that they were easily bored. Consequently, they enslaved droves of humanoids for

A-36 entertainment purposes, waging bets over the outcome of gladiator contests between them.4

The disembodied brain made its first public appearance long before 1968. It had been a recurring TV and cinema character ever since 1942 when the movie Donovan’s

Brain started it all. The semi-human creature has since been featured in horror movies

(Fiend Without a Face), comedies (The Man With Two Brains), cartoons (Futurama), role-playing games (Dungeons and Dragons), and video games (Metroid). In each instance, the cold, logical intelligence of a disembodied brain was viewed as more rational, more powerful, and occasionally even preferable to the standard brain-body arrangement.

Two Star Trek characters, Mr. Spock and Data, became paradigms for those attracted to the notion that it is advantageous to be capable of reasoning without the interference of a pesky human body and its accompanying emotional reactions. Because

Spock’s father was a normal green-blooded Vulcan, Spock inherited the biological ability to disregard feelings. Data, on the other hand, was a sentient android who offered viewers an outsider’s perspective on the role of human emotions.

It is not surprising that, along with science-fiction fans, those working in disciplines such as science, statistics, or mathematics might consider the ability to work from a position of pure logic an asset. For researchers, logic is an irreplaceable tool that helps them determine why things are as they are. Emotional attachment to the outcome of a study is always unadvisable because it can affect the interpretation of research results. It

4 Star Trek, “The Gamesters of Triskelion,” episode no. 45, January 5, 1968.

A-37 has even caused some to falsify those results. Approximately two percent of researchers have admitted to such misconduct.5

Disembodied Bliss?

On the other hand, it is highly problematic to encounter followers of the Incarnate

Christ who disdain the flesh-and-blood body. You might even call it ‘most illogical.’

At the Council of Chalcedon (451 CE), Orthodox Christianity affirmed that Jesus, as the second person of the Trinity, “became flesh.” God somehow stepped through the wafer-thin membrane that separates the seen from the unseen, and when He did, He stepped into a human body. He honored the human body of Mary by stepping into her womb, where, for the first time since time began, the DNA of humanity fused with the very essence of God. In the person Jesus, the divine nature of God united with human nature in one person who was “truly God and truly man.” This fact alone should cause us to stand in awe of and to give thanks for the human body. Regrettably, that is not always the case.

I grew up in a Protestant church that taught me to imagine eternity with Christ as one long disembodied state of spiritual consciousness. Until that time arrived, I was stuck with a physical body, but I was to always keep in mind that there was something hopelessly and incurably wrong with it. I was expected to look with loathing on my weak human flesh, always mistrusting what it most deeply sensed and felt. In the meantime, I was to gain comfort in knowing that a glorious day was coming when I would ultimately leave a rotting corpse behind. The ‘real me’ would morph into an uncorrupted,

5 Daniele Fanelli, “How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Data,” PLOS ONE September 24, 2009, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi %2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005738

A-38 incorporeal spiritual being––rather like one of Star Trek’s ‘Providers.’ In the Church that made me, ‘no body’ was equated with ‘no temptation.’ Accordingly, I walked through decades of my life believing that my own body was an impediment to following Jesus.

I was not alone. A long line of body-loathing predecessors littered earlier centuries, some of whom carried contempt for their own bodies to almost unimaginable heights. Asceticism, a severe lifestyle in which all forms of indulgence and pleasure are avoided, grew from just such a mentality.

Convinced that the body was an obstacle to overcome, the ascetics tried to break it by punishing it. In fifth-century Syria, Simeon Stylites attempted to flee bodily pleasure by vowing to live in a space less than 20 meters in diameter. As more and more pilgrims sought him out for advice, he tried to escape them by living on a small platform, approximately one square meter in size, atop of a six foot-tall pillar. Over time, he extended the pillar to more than fifty feet tall and added a railing. There, he stayed until his death thirty-seven years later.

In the fifteenth century, Thomas More, Lord Chancellor of England who served during the reign of Henry VIII, cozied up to agony by wearing a hair shirt under his outer attire. The earliest hair shirts were made of coarse animal fur that irritated the skin. By

More’s time, it was common to weave additional items such as twigs or wire into the garment, thus ensuring the body would never experience a single moment of carnal pleasure. In 1669, Puritan Thomas Watson penned, “The flesh is a bosom traitor; it is like the Trojan horse within the walls, which does all the mischief. The flesh is a sly enemy— it kills by embracing. . . . The flesh, by its soft embraces, sucks out of the heart all good.”

On the far extreme of extremism were those such as the Los Hermanos Penitentes, a

A-39 nineteenth-century semi-secret society of flagellants among the Roman Catholics of

Colorado and New Mexico.

Few in today’s American church are even slightly tempted to enter the bizarre realm of self-punishment, but that does not mean that the Church has entirely embraced the human body as a good creation of God. Even though she may give lip service to the idea, in practice, the Church can still deny the gift of embodiment in the way we preach and in the way we conduct worship.

What could asceticism possibly have to do with the state of the Church today?

How does our unconscious rejection of the body manifest itself during twenty-first- century worship? Is there a mysterious link between the way we understand the relationship between body and mind and the breakdown of effective discipleship within the church––a connection that until recently has totally escaped our awareness? How would a different understanding of the mind-body connection affect our teaching?

With these questions in mind, let us embark on a short history of a series of unfortunate events that landed us in the middle of decline and disinterest in the greatest story ever told.

The Art of Dismembering Humans

Although the disembodied brain might appear to be a relatively new cinematic phenomenon, the emergence of a disembodied view of intelligence can be traced back at least to the ideas of seventeenth-century philosopher René Descartes. Descartes alleged that the human body works like a machine controlled by the laws of nature. At the same time, he thought the mind was nonmaterial, and thus not limited by those same laws.

Descartes explained that although the mind controlled the body, the easily swayed and

A-40 overly emotional body could also influence the mind, causing the otherwise rational mind to act irrationally.

Descartes’ bottom line belief was that being human had nothing to do with having a body and everything to do with having a brain. His concept of an immaterial, logical, unpolluted mind trapped inside a mechanical, emotional, illogical body became known as dualism. Dualism seduced the Western world into believing that the human body was a handicap, an instrument of interference that only got in the way of objectivity and hard- edged logic. This mistaken belief continues to affect us today, leading many to insist that human reason is hopelessly contaminated by emotion.

It’s not a coincidence that, at around the same time the disembodied brain began to make its appearance on the big screen, behaviorism and operant conditioning made their appearance in the classroom, promptly becoming the most widely accepted models for educators. Those adopting the behaviorist model believed that all behavior could be explained scientifically without taking mental and emotional states into consideration.

Learning was considered to be nothing more or less than a change in behavior brought on by reflexive responses to stimuli. By the mid-twentieth century, every student in

Psychology 101 had been introduced to Pavlov’s salivating dogs.

Thankfully, some questioned this valuable but overly simplistic theory of learning, arguing that it implied you could finesse a person into learning or doing anything with enough reward or punishment. Moreover, educators who relied predominately on operant conditioning were unintentionally creating passive learners whose ‘mechanical’ bodies simply followed along behind their skillfully manipulated

A-41 brains, suggesting that there was very little difference between us and Pavlov’s salivating animals.

In 1963, a new philosophy of learning, reception learning, dehumanized the learner even further as it spread the idea that the brain is nothing more than a receptacle that receives and processes information that has already been prepared by the teacher.

According to this theory, people do not ‘discover’ knowledge; knowledge is given to them. The brain was envisioned as an empty container into which information was conveniently poured.

The teacher’s task was to: (1) prepare the needed knowledge by organizing it in a linear way, (2) impose an interpretation on the knowledge, and (3) transfer it directly to the learner, mainly using the lecture method. Talking heads became the norm, dishing out what they thought the public needed to know.

Both theories (behaviorism and reception learning) have had some positive impact on instruction. Both have also been detrimental as well, steering well-meaning teachers to settle for regurgitated robot-like knowledge as they lectured away to students who were forced to passively receive the benefit of the instructor’s scholarship.

Teaching is about so much more than drilling concepts into the brain of our fellow humans, yet for too long we have accepted this as the norm. No doubt, you have sat in classrooms and sanctuary situations where the teaching was highly structured, linear, and did not allow you to actively engage with either the subject matter or the teacher. Do you remember those experiences fondly? How many of those lectures can you in fact even remember? How much impact did observing someone orate have on your life? Did you actually look forward to sitting on a hard desk or pew for an hour or so while listening to

A-42 someone make a presentation? Were you so enthusiastic about what you ‘learned’ that you couldn’t wait to put your new knowledge into practice?

If you are like the majority, you were more likely strongly and permanently affected on those occasions when you were invited to get your hands dirty while learning, when you worked in a simulated situation or an unfamiliar arena, when you discovered a concept for yourself, or when you had some degree of say-so in what you would study.

Notable educators have been calling for a move away from the lecture method since the turn of the twentieth century when John Dewey championed ‘progressive education.’ Dewey advocated for experiential learning-by-doing. Every lecture was always to be supplemented with some form of involvement. At the same time, Marie

Montessori was developing a school in which young students were given the independence to choose activities from a prescribed range of options.

Throughout history, the best teachers (including Jesus) have intuitively taught without depending solely on lecture. In addition to discourse, they also involved students with subject matter and encouraged individual preferences and choices. The good news is that, due to recent findings in neuroscience, their seemingly unorthodox methods are being vindicated over and over again.

Doing Business With Descartes

Predictably, the same educational models that have structured public education are also prevalent in our churches. It has been said that we teach as we were taught; nowhere does this hold truer than in Christian churches. The mainstay of the twenty-first- century worship service is the sermon––a rhetorical lecture delivered in a linear sequence with no diverging path. Sermons tend toward left-brain lectures that focus on checklists

A-43 of (1) what to believe intellectually, or (2) do’s and don’ts directed predominately at outward behavior and appearance.

With correct knowledge and behavior emphasized, the capacity to unquestionably agree with official church doctrine is more highly valued than the ability to think. In some churches, the pastor is completely comfortable thinking for the membership, telling them what to believe, what is (or is not) acceptable, how to vote, and how to interpret scripture. At times, we pastors have even been led to believe that our congregations need simplistic, easily digested sermons.

Many sermons today attempt to introduce, delve into, and even wrap up a difficult subject in three or four pithy points before tying it up with a bow twenty minutes later.

The worshipers are expected to receive, retain, and act on that information with little or no input. The average pastor would be shocked beyond belief if someone dared to raise a hand in the middle of the sermon, hoping to ask a question or to contribute personal insight to the subject.

If we are honest with ourselves, we must admit that we are most comfortable when congregational participation is limited to singing a few pre-selected songs, reading through a printed liturgy, and sitting or standing on cue. We assume that if our listeners have managed to stay awake throughout the service that learning and transformation have occurred.

This begs the question, “Has it really?”

Ironic isn’t it? In spite of the facts (1) that for two centuries the Church has emphasized head knowledge, and (2) that roughly 338,000 local Christian churches in the

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U.S. conduct at least one worship service each week, the American church has essentially raised a biblically illiterate generation.6

It may be painful for us to admit, but the traditional worship service, structured around a sermon built on rhetoric and bolstered by logic, is no longer working. To put it bluntly, few people ever remember our sermons or services. Fewer still act on them.

We are presently investing countless words in our attempt to generate disciples for The Living Word, but our word-heavy investment is not paying off in transformed lives. In addressing our failure to make disciples, Dallas Willard asks the Church to examine herself. “Should we not at least consider the possibility that this poor result is not in spite of what we teach and how we teach, but precisely because of it? Might that not lead to our discerning why the power of Jesus and his gospel has been cut off from ordinary human existence, leaving it adrift from the flow of his eternal kind of life?”

According to church futurist Leonard Sweet, “Religious learning systems must be based on new academic paradigms that shift from passive learning modes to active learning modes, especially ones where students learn habits of mind and habits of the soul at their own rate and in their own area of special interest.”7

Just what are these ‘new academic paradigms’ that have the potential to reshape the future of the church? Might they offer us the necessary tools to design more powerful worship? Could they move the sermon to a new level of effectiveness? Is there a possibility that if we are willing to step out of our comfort zone and change the way we

6 Hartford Institute for Religion Research, “Fast Facts about American Religion,” (Hartford Seminary: Hartford, CT, 2012), http://hirr.hartsem.edu/research/fastfacts/fast_facts.html (accessed June 19, 2013).

7 Leonard Sweet, 11 Genetic Gateways to Spiritual Awakening (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1998), 6.

A-45 conduct worship that it might result in more passionate followers of Jesus Christ, followers who are being transformed into his perfect image? And of utmost importance, can these methods be utilized with integrity during a service designed to honor our God?

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CHAPTER 4: DESIGNED TO RE-MEMBER

Shortly after our oldest daughter turned three, she verbalized what to her was an entirely logical understanding of the way the human body operates. We were seated at the table for lunch when the phone rang––and there actually was a time BC (before cells) when there was a single telephone in each house, permanently positioned in one location.

I left the table for a few moments to answer the beckoning ring. Upon returning to the dining room, I found Rachel standing up in her chair in what can only be described as a bizarrely twisted position. Her body was technically facing the table, but her torso tilted drastically to the rear as if she were attempting a backbend. Her blonde ringlets draped over the back of her chair as she gripped the tabletop with her left hand, holding on for dear life to prevent her chair from overturning. With her right hand she was depositing one lima bean at a time into her gaping mouth, then chewing it and swallowing.

As my normally no-nonsense daughter persisted in her avant-garde dining demonstration, I paused in the doorway, watching her munching away in all her contorted glory. Finally, unable to contain my curiosity any longer, I asked, “Rachel, what are you doing?” She responded with, what to her, was a perfectly obvious and entirely rational answer. “Yesterday, I swallowed all my food down so my legs will grow faster. Today,

I’m swallowing all my food up so my hair will grow faster.”

Until recently, our theories concerning human learning were only slightly more sophisticated than Rachel’s theory about hair growth. The majority of those theories have endorsed the idea that humans are rational beings whose logical, abstract, and unemotional mental abilities are severely compromised by our bodies. As a result, both academia and religious institutions have virtually ignored the body, convinced that it has

A-47 no role in thought. Until recently there has been no way to gather hard data to prove or disprove otherwise. We could only make educated guesses about the ‘hows’ and ‘whys’ of learning.

During the closing decades of the 20th century, this all changed. Sophisticated technologies were developed that would finally allow serious investigation of the learning process. Today, as testing methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and computer-assisted tomography

(CAT) slowly draw back the curtain on the concealed workings of the human mind, the discipline of cognitive neuroscience is flourishing.

Admittedly, cognitive neuroscience is still in its infancy. Even though it has already shed fresh light on an area that has long been cloaked in darkness, there is much yet to be learned about the workings of the brain. Commenting on the unfolding nature of all scientific knowledge, science, technology, and culture writer David DiSalvo reminds us that “ . . . (T)he business of science is not to provide us with settled answers that we can comfortably rest our heads upon at night. Indeed, we are wise to expect more new questions than answers from any research campaign worth discussing.”8

Benjamin Bergen, a University of California professor of cognitive science, enthusiastically declares, “This is the age of cognitive science. Had we been born earlier, we might be exploring new continents. Born later, we might be gallivanting through the

8 David DiSalvo, What Makes Your Brain Happy and Why You Should Do the Opposite (New York: Prometheus Books, 2011), 22.

A-48 stars. But right now, at this time in our history, the vast, tantalizing expanse that begs to be discovered is the human mind.”9

Recent exploration of this new frontier has resulted in an explosion of previously unavailable information from which a new paradigm for teaching has developed. Known as brain-based learning, it is offering deeper insight into how the teacher can create the right conditions for transformational learning. Those who employ brain-based teaching strive to design brain-friendly learning environments that cooperate with the brain, that joins forces with it in such a way that the brain is empowered to learn as it was originally designed it learn.

Reunited, And It Feels So Good

Contrary to Descartes’ belief that the brain exists separately from the body, we now know that body and brain are intimately connected. Our bodies are not containers for who we are. Our bodies are who we are––and we are not cold-blooded thinking machines. We are sensory-motor-emotional-thinking beings. The body and brain exist in an indissoluble symbiotic relationship.

The body informs the brain just as the brain informs the body. Renowned cognitive linguist George Lakoff writes in his introduction to Benjamin Bergen’s Louder

Than Words, “Every thought we have or can have, every goal we set, every decision or judgment we make, every idea we communicate makes use of the same embodied system we use to perceive, act, and feel. None of it is abstract in any way. Not moral systems.

9 Benjamin K. Bergen, Louder Than Words: The New Science of How the Mind Makes Meaning (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 5.

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Not political ideologies. Not mathematics or scientific theories. And not language.”10 Our bodies affect every aspect of our thought, reason, and behavior.

In a nutshell, brain-based learning theory proposes that we humans are astoundingly competent learning machines. From the day we are born, we are designed to take in and make meaning of information so effectively that we normally never even think about it. Ninety-nine percent of what we learn, we learn unconsciously as our mind skillfully processes, detects, and deals with an endless bombardment of sensory information––sights, sounds, oral language, text, smells, tactile sensations, and more.

Only one percent of what we know was learned while sitting in a traditional class, lecture, or sermon. All the rest, and most of the best, we learned effortlessly as our mind and body worked together to make meaning out of the circumstances and sensations of our life.

More comprehensive and holistic than any earlier learning theory, brain-based learning theory reunites, or re-members, the mind and body that dualism once dismembered. We now know beyond a doubt that there is no division between the body and brain. None. Therefore, the most effective way to empower the mind is to involve the body.

To do this well, one needs to be familiar with a few of the findings of brain science and their implications for learning, so get ready to dive in. Everything else is founded on the following two ‘biggies.’

10 Benjamin K. Bergen, Louder Than Words, 5.

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Meaning Making and Survival

Of everything your mind does apart from spurring your heart to beat and your lungs to take in air, making meaning is the most important. The brain craves meaning like a Kardashian craves attention.

Why?

The main task of the brain is to tune in to anything that can help us survive–– physically, emotionally, or spiritually––so our very biology drives us to seek out any and all information leading to that end. Moment by moment, the brain is simultaneously scanning the distant horizon while examining our immediate surroundings, always on the alert for approaching danger even as we go through our daily routine. Designed for survival purposes, our brain is at its best when it is informally taking in information through our senses in a what can only be called a chaotic manner. In fact, we were never designed to learn on demand or to learn linear, propositional facts in a formal classroom situation.11 Traditional classroom practices can even impede learning.

Yes. You read that right. Traditional classroom practices can actually hinder learning. All those lectures you sat through, all those notes you took, all those lists you memorized? It’s not that they did you any harm. There is just a much more effective (and fun) way to learn––a way that leaves you wanting to learn more.

And we humans do want to learn more. As a matter of fact, we can’t help wanting to learn more. Our survival depends on what we learn from one second to the next about

11 Propositional knowledge is knowledge received as a statement, usually in a lecture. The statement can be characterized as either true or false. An example would be, “There are five types of prayer.” Propositional knowledge is in contrast to procedural knowledge (knowing how to do something, such as drive) and personal knowledge (knowledge by acquaintance, such as knowing a city). Having propositional knowledge about something is not enough to produce either personal knowledge or procedural knowledge.

A-51 our environment. Because survival is the highest thing on our priority list, we can forget about the concept of unmotivated learners. They simply don’t exist. We couldn’t stop learning even if we wanted to.

God fashioned us in such a way that our central control center (the brain) is thoroughly linked to a vast network of other nerve cells running throughout the entire body. The components of our nervous system vigilantly communicate with each other, signaling each other of danger twenty-four hours a day––even as we sleep. When you hear a strange bump in the night, you react with more than just your hearing ears. You react with your entire body, instinctively jumping. Your pulse grows rapid. Your heart begins to pound. Your breathing becomes faster and shallower. Your mind kicks into overdrive as it formulates possible explanations. This all happens in a fraction of a second because a rapid response to what your senses detect can mean the difference between life and death.

On a constant quest to make sense out of the ten thousand things happening around us every moment, our mind constructs mental maps of reality (called schema) by tirelessly working to take in countless, disconnected bits and pieces of information and discover patterns within them. It is especially attracted to novelty and challenge because both can indicate danger. The mind pays closer attention to unexpected sounds, strange movements, out-of-place objects, and curious experiences.

If, for example, while driving home one night, you suddenly see flashing blue lights in the distance, without consciously thinking about it you will respond, probably by taking your foot off the gas and momentarily slowing down. Before your mind can deal

A-52 with what it already knows (speed limit, road construction, whether or not you have warrants out for your arrest), your body reacts.

As it does, the new information (police car ahead) is being examined, organized and integrated with existing knowledge. If that existing knowledge includes the facts that you are not speeding, that you are not in a construction zone, and that you are not wanted by the law, you will likely put your foot back on the gas and continue on your way. On the other hand, if an encounter with law enforcement could be threatening for you (in any way), you may chose to slow down even more or even take the next right turn.

If the brain can make a connection between new material and what is already known, that new material is even more relevant, and therefore, more memorable. In the above example, if you had heard minutes beforehand on the radio that there was a manhunt for a dangerous escaped convict in the area, because manhunt and flashing police lights are effortlessly linked mentally, it is likely that you will remember this experience a year later. If, however, the radio station never made an announcement about an escaped criminal, you would quickly forget the whole thing.

We can only deal with the never-ceasing flood of sensory information because the brain is an expert at selectively blocking out irrelevant information. It does this so it can give attention to the more important bits of data. For example, if you come face-to-face with a bear while hiking in the woods, you will probably cease to hear the nearby lilting birdsong or the soothing sound of a rushing stream because any threat to your survival always has priority.

A humorous and well-known example of this kind of selective attention can be found on YouTube. Before watching a video clip of two teams passing a basketball

A-53 around, the viewer is asked to count how many times the team members dressed in white uniforms pass the ball. About thirty seconds into the one-minute, twenty-two second video clip, a person in a gorilla suit wanders across the court while looking directly at the camera. Before strolling out of sight, he even thumps his chest for good measure, but half the viewers who are focusing intently on counting the number of times the white team passed the ball, including me, never even notice the gorilla.12 If your priority is counting ball passes, even big, hairy issues are unrelated and unimportant!

Unrelated information actually does harm, not because it distracts us, but because it hinders pattern formation. If we don’t see where information fits, our already overworked mind can be thrown into confusion. That’s why we all hate sitting through a lecture where the speaker is metaphorically chasing rabbits and heading down side trails.

Because our mind has enough to handle without being littered with irrelevant debris, it rebels in irritation.

We can be so intent on seeking meaning and patterns in everything that we even find them where none exists. This explains reports of finding an image of Jesus on a grilled-cheese sandwich or seeing a cloud formation that looks like a dragon. I once lived in a house in which the bath was partially paneled. Next to the closet, in the grain of the wood paneling, was a six-inch image that looked for all the world like a cartoon image of

Satan’s head––pointed goatee, curved horns, scowling eyes. I never mentioned it to anyone because I knew how superstitious some of my family members could be. At least one would have insisted on remodeling the bath, performing an exorcism, or both.

12 Daniel Simons, Christopher Chabris, “Selective Attention Test,” (Champaign, IL: Viscog Productions, 1999), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo.

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This same tendency to look for patterns explains why some people, in their sincere attempts to figure something out, can jump to absurd conclusions. One particularly hot and dry Alabama summer, we visited my husband’s grandmother. She had always taken a great deal of pride in her garden, so we could always expect a vegetable-laden table when we visited. Not so that year. She apologized for what to her was a meager meal, and then talked at length about the three-month long drought.

Living close to a military airbase, she told us that she had seen the planes flying over her home (seemingly forgetting that they had regularly flown over for decades). She was convinced that the government was conducting secret experiments in the area, seeding the clouds with something that was “drying them up.” Blaming the party in- office at the time, she vowed to vote them out of office come November. Nonsense?

Definitely. But we have all jumped to equally incorrect conclusions when our minds were searching for an explanation.

Parallel Processing

The brain is a parallel processor, able to function on many levels at once––always with the goal of making meaning from the sensory input it gathers. It spends its days (and nights) miraculously carrying out multiple operations, processing input from several different sources simultaneously. If this were not happening, it would be impossible to see while we were listening to someone, or taste while we were touching something.

Even more complicated, the brain is carrying out multiple operations as it processes information from just one sense. We do not simply ‘see’ a bird with our eyes.

Our mind simultaneously processes the shape, color, depth, and motion of the bird. Each quality is individually analyzed.

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As it does all this, it is also comparing the newly received visual information to the stored memories of everything else that it has ever processed. It immediately classifies what you are seeing as animal, not mineral, and as bird, not mammal or fish.

The same complicated process happens with all our senses. For example, when we hear something, our brain is making numerous judgments about the sound. How loud is it?

From what direction is it coming? How far away is it? Is the pitch high or low? Is the sound melodic or discordant? Threatening or pleasant? Even though you may have no idea what the words timbre or phase mean in connection to hearing, your brain is also making judgments about those qualities.

As the brain processes new information in one area, it does so without shutting down the processing of other information––unless under some kind of threat (remember the bear in the woods). Even while focusing as intently as possible on the above- mentioned bird, we will still hear a car backfire. We will still be aware of the sensation of rain if it began to fall on our face. We will still smell the wet dog standing beside us.

This seamless processing of new sensory input with stored memories miraculously goes on all day, every day, in every imaginable situation. Designed by God to carry out multiple operations at once, the brain is the ultimate multitasker. It is at its best processing data coming from several sources at once––if the incoming data all relates to the same subject.

As a toddler randomly flips back and forth through the pages of Mother Goose

Rhymes while listening to a recording of Old MacDonald Had a Farm, waving at her dog, imitating the sounds of a cow and a chicken, drinking milk, and eating a scrambled egg for breakfast, she is learning through all her senses simultaneously. A teen who is

A-56 surfing the Internet to research a political-science assignment while simultaneously talking on his cell to a friend about said assignment––still moving with ease from one site to the next with no particular strategy in mind––listening to the evening news, and browsing through a newspaper for a related article is learning.

Yet, many with teaching responsibilities have been taught to address only one sense at a time––usually hearing or sight. The idea of a student multitasking while learning is practically heretical. Brain science is proving the fallacy of this stance. As long as the individual components of the multi-tasking are related to each other, they interact and build on each other. The best teachers intentionally employ diverse sensory stimulation and offer several different ways to learn the same information.

Learning consultants Renata Numela Caine and Geoffrey Caine are convinced that no single method of teaching is ever sufficient to address the wide variations in the human mind. Therefore, the teacher must engineer (or design) learning situations that address different learning styles. Such design would offer multiple ways to process the same information while being flexible enough to meet the needs of the group, the individual, and even the classroom itself. The design works even better when it includes collaborative learning, discovery learning, or incorporates musical connections.

Rather than teach in a linear fashion, the best teachers organize and choreograph learning. The Caines state, “Like the brain, good teaching should ‘orchestrate’ all the dimensions of parallel processing. . . . Teachers need a frame of reference that enables

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13 them to select from the vast array of methods and approaches that are available.” Expect to see more on this throughout the rest of this book.

13 Renata Nummela Caine and Geoffrey Caine, “Understanding a Brain-Based Approach to Learning and Teaching,” Educational Leadership 48, no. 2 (October 1990), 66, accessed October 18, 2011, http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/journals/ed lead/el199010caine.pdf.

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CHAPTER 5: MENACES TO MEMORY

The sanctuary was thoroughly modern and elegantly understated. Its furnishings were aesthetically striking, bordering on minimalist. Beneath the soaring ceiling, the altar and all chairs were fashioned from blonde wood crafted in the clean, simple lines of

Scandinavian design. Surrounded by those chairs on three sides, a low stage protruded forward into the spacious room. The watery-green walls were complimented by well- shaped arched windows, each of which boasted perfectly clear panes that sparkled like diamonds in the morning sun. Because the sanctuary stood high on a steep hilltop that overlooked the community, and because there were no other buildings or trees to stand as distractions between us and the cloudless blue sky, being in the room could induce the sensation of floating in the air.

The sanctuary was marked by an unusual air of tranquility that invited reverence and prayer––unless you happened to be there between the hours of 9 a.m. and noon.

During those morning hours, it only invited headaches. Since sanctuaries are most frequently used during the morning hours, this presented a problem of megalithic proportions.

In designing the building, no one had anticipated one complication that would come in building this particular design on top of a tall hill. With absolutely no impediments between the worshiper and the outside world but the clear, crystalline panes of glass, during the morning hours the sunlight poured in completely unobstructed.

Anyone sitting on the right side of the room was exposed to a blinding, full-frontal, headache-producing view of Old Sol.

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The gray skies of winter made the brightness somewhat more bearable, but summer months were particularly difficult. Bright, beautiful days intensified the discomfort as the already potent rays glared off windshields and bumpers in the upper parking lot. Magnified to the nth degree, the unyielding light caused people to squint through entire worship services. It took only a couple of weeks for many in the congregation to migrate permanently to the left side of the sanctuary, but even those who weren’t facing the sun still squinted in their attempt to see the carefully chosen words and images projected onto the sizeable and expensive overhead screen––which had been utterly washed-out in the sun-drenched room.

I loved that church dearly, but weekly facing that wall of light was something I grew to dread. Wired in such a way that I never get a headache unless I am facing a bright light for an extended period of time, I have lived my life avoiding powerful stage lights, sun-bathed beaches, and glaring white snow. Some people may live for those very things, but blinding white is my least favorite color. In large doses it poses a threat to my state of well-being.

In that church, I discovered I was not alone. Others reacted to the intense optic overstimulation the same way as I––and no, they did not go into the new building hunting for something to complain about. Our spirits were high as we moved from a rented facility to a permanent home, but when our bodies got involved, the enthusiasm tumbled.

I’m sure you’ve heard the saying before, “If Mama ain’t happy, ain’t nobody happy.” It can be paraphrased. “If the body ain’t happy, ain’t nothing else happy either.”

When the human body is uncomfortable––experiencing pain, distress, or irritation––the mind and spirit are also uncomfortable, experiencing their own type of distress.

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The reverse is also true. If you are in emotional distress, your body will react physically. Short-term emotional stress causes heart rate and breathing to increase as digestive activities decreases. Prolonged emotional stress can result in headaches, high blood pressure, heart problems, diabetes, skin conditions, asthma, arthritis, depression, and anxiety.

The human brain of 2013 is not enormously different from the human brain of

2013 B.C.E. Then, as now, we are primarily motivated to survive. We are born with a natural mechanism that constantly evaluates our surroundings and assesses threat levels.

Am I about to be eaten by a predator? Is my clan about to be pillaged? With the prolonged drought, will the crops grow? Will I starve? Is the situation I find myself in good or bad? Am I comfortable? When the boss says, “We need to talk,” am I about to be fired? Is that car following me? Am I dressed appropriately to impress this group? Do I need to escape this environment, or is it safe to get even closer?

Our default is always set in the self-protective position.

When Is a Threat a Threat?

Threats come in all shapes and sizes. Some are real. Some are imagined. An imagined threat is, nevertheless, a threat. Take me, for example. Repeatedly, when people are asked to name their greatest fear, public speaking comes in first place. Death is a close second. Consequently, it has been said that while at a funeral, most people would rather be the body in the casket than the person giving the eulogy.

Surprisingly, I have no fear of public speaking. In first grade, my teacher required that we recite a poem or a passage of our choice in front of the class every Friday. My father, believing academics were a form of competition more admirable than football,

A-61 chose my recitations for me––and he chose to ‘win.’ At seven years old, I was reciting

The Gettysburg Address, The Preamble to the Constitution, and Ode to a Grecian Urn while my classmates recited Hickory-Dickory-Dock.

Yes, Daddy was a little insane––maybe more than a little––but like most young children, I lived for his approval, so I cooperated and was highly praised for my effort.

As a result, I’ve never worried about speaking in public.

On the other hand, if a spider of any size, color, genus, or species comes near me, my mind and body turn to Jell-O. Even if the spider is nowhere near me, if I am aware that one is ‘in residence,’ I am uncomfortable. Why? Around the same time I was learning to recite historical documents, I had a serious run-in with a vengeful octo- monster.

While I was playing under my grandmother’s back porch, a large brown spider strolled across my path. Having bravely faced and killed the evil creatures before, I didn’t hesitate to plop my foot right down on top of her––and regrettably, it was a ‘her.’ She was carrying a swollen egg sack that popped when I annihilated her. Hundreds of baby spiders were sent scurrying in every direction. Some, obviously seeking retaliation, ran straight up my flip-flopped foot. I found myself screaming and slapping at my legs while my older brother laughed as if he was watching an episode of The Three Stooges.

Ever since that encounter, I have been afraid of spiders. Intellectually, I know that there are only two poisonous species in my area. I also know exactly what they look like.

I know that 99 out of 100 spiders I might encounter are not poisonous, but intellect has nothing to do with my primal gut-level reaction. In those moments, my brain is still seven years old, and spiders are a very real threat. If one sauntered across the pulpit while I was

A-62 preaching, I’m honestly not sure that I could restrain a squeal while leaping from the stage.

We all have embarrassingly eccentric fears that set off raging internal alarms.

Most of those fears are rooted in subjective experiences that have little to do with life or death, but even when imaginary danger sounds the alarm, the body goes into autopilot.

Bottom line? Our brain reacts to an imagined threat exactly the same way it reacts to a real threat. Our so-called logical, objective brain is hijacked. Propelled into a state of hyper-arousal, we are instantaneously prepared for a fight-or-flight response. Blood flow to everything else decreases so that blood flow to our muscles can increase. As our metabolic rate increases, so does perspiration (to prevent overheating). Our adrenal cortex produces cortisol to keep our blood sugar and blood pressure high. All non- essential functions completely stop. Your body even stops digesting food so more energy is available to protect yourself from harm––and that explains why so many people have digestive problems when under stress. Most importantly, the decreased blood flow to the brain causes all higher-order thinking to cease and desist as it prepares us to either run from battle or run straight into the mouth of the dragon.

We don’t even have to consciously know that we feel threatened for all of those responses to kick into play. At times, we may experience an unexplained inner turmoil, a subjectively unpleasant feeling of impending doom. Commonly known as anxiety, this is the brain’s reaction to an unrecognized, unspecific threat. The person suffering anxiety is in a state of prolonged fear. They experience all the same symptoms as a person facing an immediate threat––restlessness, inability to concentrate, and muscular tension. With optimal energy directed toward survival, little is left for more critical thinking.

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I once heard a woman describe living with anxiety by saying, “Sometimes I feel like a goldfish. I’m fed. My water is changed regularly. My home is carpeted with colorful gravel and furnished with nice green plants. I even have a lovely little castle.

Every single one of my needs is taken care of. I should be happy. It’s just that I feel like the tank that I’m living in is really a food processer, and I’m just waiting for someone to hit puree.”

The act of learning is severely impeded anytime the learner feels that safety is threatened by a real or imagined, physical or emotional danger. Any type of felt threat makes it more difficult to absorb new information or adopt new behavior. Brain-based- learning pioneer Eric Jensen states that anytime a person feels threatened, the affected brain “. . . loses its ability to correctly interpret subtle clues from the environment . . . loses some of its ability to store, index, and access information . . . loses some of its ability to perceive relationships and patterns . . . and is less able to use higher-order thinking skills.”14

The good news is that while in a safe learning environment, all stress does not have to be eliminated. A measured level of stress related to learning can even aid in the storage and retrieval of memories. Good stress (eustress) invigorates us. It causes us to feel modestly challenged but not overwhelmed. We even feel stronger, convinced that we can rise to the occasion. Cal State Professor of Secondary Education Judy Lombardi advises, “Teaching at a slightly elevated level that is challenging but not impossible in a

14 Eric Jensen, Brain-Based Learning: The New Paradigm of Teaching (Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2008), 43-44.

A-64 warm and inviting atmosphere encourages students to thrive.”15 Thus, every teaching environment needs to provide a balance of challenge and empowerment.

Defusing Threats to Worship

As a young teen, I attended mass at a local Catholic church with a friend. I had cut my religious teeth in the evangelical tradition where “Amens” were spontaneous, loud, frequent, and required. Hymns were fast, loose, booming, and in English. Candles were strictly for birthday cakes. Once each month, we observed The Lord’s Supper with grape juice and saltine crackers.

It had never entered my mind that I could feel uncomfortable in church––until I entered an entirely different universe of Latin, brocades, silence, candles, and chants. I had spent the night with a friend and went to church with her the next day. Through the entire service, I was two steps behind and one step to the right of everyone else, entirely unsure of what was going on, why it was going on, and what my part was in the whole drama. I chose to follow the lead of my friend. That worked quite well until I trailed behind her to the altar rail to receive the Holy Eucharist. There, I was asked if I were

Catholic. When I answered truthfully, I was informed that I would not be allowed to participate. I wanted to slink out the back door and never return.

Neutralizing Threats to Guests

If you have ever been a guest at a church whose worship style and rituals are considerably different from what you are used to experiencing, you know how unsure you can feel. When you feel unsure, you feel vulnerable and afraid to move forward.

15 Judy Lombardi, “Beyond Learning Styles: Brain-Based Research and English-Learners,” Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues, and Ideas 81, no. 5 (May/June 2008), 222.

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Apprehensions surface as you unconsciously debate whether to proceed confidently or back away. Even though the choices you face may appear minor to some, your brain reacts as if they are important. Pointing out how insecurity affects meaning-making, social psychologist and psychoanalyst Eric Fromme writes, “The quest for certainty blocks the search for meaning.”16

Imagine the threat level experienced by a first-time guest in your church, or take it to a totally different level of threat and try to envision what is going on in the mind and body of a person who is attending a church for the first time in their life. No matter how outgoing they may appear on the surface, inside they are churning.

In one study, veterinarians used video cameras to monitor sick and injured dogs staying in their facilities. They discovered that when no human was around, the dogs would lay in their enclosure listless, whimpering, vocalizing the equivalent of doggie groans, with ears limp and laid back. The dogs exhibited every symptom of feeling miserable.

Whenever a human entered the room, those same dogs often jumped to attention, wagged their tail, returned their ears to an upright position, barked playfully, or sometimes growled as if showing dominant behavior. As soon as the human left the room, the dogs returned to their earlier behavior, once again allowing themselves to visibly suffer.

It is believed that their drastically changed behavior in the presence of a human is not because the dogs are glad to see someone. It’s their way of demonstrating that they are strong enough to protect themselves if need be. They do not want to appear sick or

16 Eric Fromme, Man for Himself: An Inquiry Into The Psychology Of Ethics (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1947), 45.

A-66 weak before a possible opponent, so for a few moments they rally enough to fake strength.

Those first-time guests coming through your doors may very well be exhibiting the same type of behavior. They are there for a reason, and often that reason has to do with a spiritual crisis of some sort or a move to a different, unknown neighborhood. In both cases, they are already experiencing an enormous amount of stress. For them to walk into the doors of a strange church where they will experience even more uncertainty takes a great deal of courage on their part, but like those injured dogs, they will usually try to look strong and confident.

It is our job to create an atmosphere of hospitality for guests that removes as much threat as possible. The more threat we can eliminate in advance of the service, the more they will be able to tune in to the heart of worship. This means that the first line of defense should begin before they ever enter the building. Exceptionally good directional signs in the parking lot and inside the building relieve some anxiety for those entering uncharted waters. Even more anxiety is put to rest by greeters who are trained act as good hosts. Greeters who will walk with guests to classrooms, childcare, or the sanctuary, and who point out restrooms are indispensable. If they can also start actual conversations with newcomers and introduce them to others, they are worth their weight in gold.

A third line of defense can utilize printed material. We seldom think about how often we use insider language during a service, especially during announcements and in bulletins, but to an outsider, our words might as well be Klingon.

Imagine that, as the worship service begins, you are a first-time guest who hears the following announcements. “All parents should make reservations by Monday if their

A-67 children plan to attend Wonderful Wednesdays. Sisters in Christ will be meeting at

Clarice’s home Friday at 10 am––and they should remember to bring an item for the basket they are making. Finally, parents of acolytes will be meeting briefly after worship in Parker Memorial Hall.” Meanwhile, you sit there wondering, “What the heck is

Wonderful Wednesday? What exactly is Sisters in Christ, and why are they making baskets? Who is Clarice? Where does she live? What is an acolyte, and where is Parker

Memorial Hall?”

One of the easiest ways to alleviate this type of threat is to provide guests with a brief ‘glossary’ of important terms as soon as they arrive. Call it what you will, The

Anglican Appendix, Our Wesleyan Wordlist, Second Baptist Supplement, Vancouver

Vocabulary, whatever––have fun with it. Include all commonly used names of groups with a brief explanation of why the group exists, who is invited, exactly where it meets, and if there is a nursery available. Also include a contact name and number for those wanting to learn a little more about the group before committing.

A map of the facilities should also be included. With map firmly in hand, your guests can familiarize themselves with your building without risking getting lost in a maze of hallways that all look eerily alike. Keep in mind that in most churches, locations of classrooms can change on regular occasions. Accordingly, update the map with each change. Prominently numbered or named rooms will make navigating through unknown hallways even easier.

Also include brief explanations of words that are specifically churchy. Does your church call your leader the vicar, the priest, the pastor, the preacher, the rector, the parson, the reverend, or the minister? Your guests need to know. Depending on the faith

A-68 tradition, the words included in the glossary should vary greatly. One church may need to include acolyte, chancel, paraments, and Gloria Patri, while another’s may consist of a totally different group of words––prophetic art, banners, prophesying, and anointing.

Always, always, always include explanations of the sacraments. I grew up in a tradition where we celebrated the Lord’s Supper. I had no idea that Eucharist and Holy

Communion were simply other names for the same act of worship. Neither did Ronald

Reagan.

The story is told that while he was running for political office in California,

Reagan was making the rounds at different churches. One Sunday, he and Nancy attended a church that celebrated Eucharist every week. The priest conducting the service, in an attempt to honor the soon-to-be governor of the state, announced that

Ronald Reagan and his lovely wife Nancy were their guests that morning. He then invited them to be the first to receive the elements of the Eucharist by way of intinction. Reagan had no idea what he was talking about and was verging on panic when Nancy whispered,

“Just do what I do.”

Nancy slipped out of the pew first. Her grateful husband gladly followed her to the front. Nancy took a wafer between her fingers and was about to dip it into the cup when it suddenly crumbled and a dozen small pieces fell into the cup. She looked up at the priest with total embarrassment and said, “I’m sorry, Father.” She then turned to return to her seat. Precisely following his earlier instructions to the letter, Reagan confidently took a wafer, crushed it, dropped it into the cup, and knowing that he had done the right thing in the right way, he looked up with a smile on his face and said with pride, “I’m sorry, Father.”

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A few words of explanation in advance can prevent untold confusion and embarrassment to your guests.

Neutralizing Threats to All the Usual Suspects

Remember that your job is to discover and neutralize any real or imagined threat that may sidetrack the minds of your congregants. To do so, it is necessary to constantly ask, “What is happening that may make learning more difficult or unpleasant for this group?” Without ever realizing what’s going on, or recognizing it for what it is, the congregation members can be perceiving physical and emotional threats.

Do you remember that uncomfortably bright worship center described at the beginning of this chapter? The intense sunlight was experienced as a threat by the worshippers, causing some to develop headaches and all to be uncomfortable. That particular threat was neutralized by installing light-blocking wooden shutters that could be closed when needed. The room was less striking in appearance, but it was also more conducive to worship.

A more common facility threat has to do with the temperature of the sanctuary. If people are frequently complaining that you could hang meat in the room or that the altar candles are melting even when they are not lit, you have a problem. Even though they know realistically that they will not freeze to death or suffer from heat stroke during worship, their brain is not responding to realism. It is mechanically reacting to a perceived threat.

On multiple occasions, I have heard pastors explain that they keep the sanctuary cooler than the rest of the building because they ‘work up a sweat’ preaching. That may or may not be because they are metaphorically ‘on fire.’ Because heat naturally rises,

A-70 elevated stages are somewhat warmer than the lower areas of the room. Choir members can attest to the fact that it truly is hotter in the choir loft than on the main floor. Add to that situation the robes that choir members and ministers often wear over their clothing, and it is natural for them to become uncomfortably overheated.

Unfortunately, what is most comfortable for those leading worship may be very uncomfortable for those trying to worship. Endeavoring to worship in a room that is unpleasantly cool or warm is difficult. Uncomfortable temperatures are an indisputable barrier to learning or worshipping. A cold sanctuary may even be the forerunner to a church that is cold in other ways. Consulting a professional heating and cooling expert is an essential first step in addressing this problem, but the honest reality may be that those leading worship may need to invest in a good deodorant and choose to be somewhat uncomfortable in order to give the congregation what they need. Otherwise, worship will suffer.

A particularly divisive problem for some churches has to do with sound levels. As a child of the ‘60s, I attended many loud (with a capital L) concerts. One in Tuscaloosa had the entire town vibrating to the insistent, pounding rhythm of Iron Butterfly. It was joked that their performance of In-A-Gada-Da-Vida caused tremors that were picked up by seismographs. Admittedly, the volume hurt my ears and gave me a pounding headache, but I would have never admitted it that night. I was young, foolish, under the influence, and wanted to fit in.

At that same concert, even though I had never learned to appreciate smoking, the auditorium was so thick with smoke of one kind or another that we could barely see each

A-71 other. No one thought anything about it then, but just as we now know how damaging to the lungs even second-hand smoke is, we also know how dangerous loud music can be.

Our inner ears contain tiny hair cells that function as nerve endings. They carry electrical signals to the brain where they are recognized as sound. Research has proven that, without a doubt, those hair cells are seriously damaged by loud sounds, especially prolonged loud sounds.. Repeated exposure to thunderous, booming music is literally deafening. It causes hearing loss. Although I am still a fan of exuberant, enthusiastic music, I concede to the fact that I can appreciate it more fully if my ears are still functioning.

For that reason, sound levels in the church should be monitored and kept below

85 decibels to prevent irreversible injury to worshippers. Admittedly, this stance may cause a serious conflict with those who are convinced that the louder the music is, the better worship is. We all have personal preferences that can come across as convictions from God. I personally think it is heretical to stop in the middle of a worship service to make announcements. Others disagree. It’s impossible for humans not to have preferences––and our preferences will strongly shape how we approach worship.

But preferences are not spiritual values. Neither is sound level. Sound level is a preference, a physical attribute of worship that has the potential to do great good or to do serious harm. The penchant to enjoy a particular musical style is strongly influenced by our culture, not our faith. Remember that before drawing a line in the sand over an issue that has nothing whatsoever to do with following Jesus.

Make sure all those who help lead worship are aware of the facts and understand what the risks are. Remember that they are not your opponents. They may in fact be

A-72 deeply committed, faithful, godly people who invest time daily praying about how to use their talents to lead people to the throne of God. Take time to pray regularly with them about this and other issues. Encourage them to try leading music that falls within the recommended guidelines. They may be surprised at the number of compliments they receive from grateful worshippers. Nevertheless, expect some to complain. When they do, remind yourself and your colleagues that no matter what you do or how you do it, somebody will always complain. That is a given.

The brain is always threatened when it is asked to do something that is impossible to do. I was once ordered by a senior pastor to schedule and plan two very large events for the church––both occurring on the same day, at the same time, using the same sanctuary. I tried to explain to my boss that it was a physical impossibility, that to do so I would have to know how to alter the space-time continuum. His response was a growled,

“I don’t want to hear excuses. Make it happen.” To say that at that moment I was experiencing a real sense of threat––and frustration and anger and weariness––would be an understatement.

We all feel threatened when asked to do the impossible. We’ve all been in situations when we were asked to do a task but were not given what we needed to complete it, whether what we needed was information, material resources, or financial resources.

Whenever a supplemental activity is included in worship, it is critical to make sure all materials are in place and in working order well before the service begins. (You’ll learn more about supplemental activities in the next chapter.) If, for example, you are going to ask the participant to pray for homebound members, don’t forget to provide their

A-73 names and circumstances (when appropriate). If you are going to invite congregants to draw a prayer, make sure the drawing materials are immediately available. If a computer will be included as part of an activity, make sure it is connected and fully working long before the service begins so it can be used by the first person who arrives. Omitting the needed resources for an activity is self-defeating behavior for those who desire to design effective worship.

Another threat comes when we are asked to deal with too much new information at once. Remember those high school physics classes that left your head spinning? Even though our mind works as a parallel processor, there is only so much new input it can deal with at one time. When learning new information, the brain is already somewhat stressed. When asked to learn too much information, it goes into cognitive overload.

Imagine the difference between being asked to memorize a significant verse in a day as opposed to being asked to memorize an entire chapter in a day. You know you can do the first. You can’t imagine doing the second.

Learning is always hindered when we try to pack too much information into an already busy brain––especially unnecessary material. Think of it this way: If you are packing for a trip, you may reach a point when your suitcase simply cannot contain all the paraphernalia you are trying to stuff into it. At that point, you have to begin a triage process of deciding what you must leave behind.

Before teaching ever begins, the best teachers eliminate everything except what directly points to the material to be learned, knowing that doing so reduces the stress level of the learner and frees up additional memory for the more important issues. They

A-74 present material in small, bite-sized, manageable blocks, knowing it will have a cumulative effect over time.

When writing a sermon, it is imperative to leave out all extraneous material. If something can be eliminated and the point still made, jettison it. No matter how tempting, never give in to the temptation to chase rabbits, to run down unrelated trails, or to share your interesting vacation experiences with a captive audience. Because unrelated material only hinders pattern formation, it should be scrupulously avoided.

If you are preaching about Daniel, the history of Persia may be fascinating to you, but no one really wants you to demonstrate that you can name the last five kings of

Persia. If you are a huge football fan, good for you––but don’t waste the precious memory capacity of your listeners with jokes about your opponents. Jokes can add interest and capture attention, but they are counterproductive unless they relate directly to the point you are making.

Nothing should ever be said from the pulpit that does not enhance the worship experience by pointing directly to God as revealed in Jesus Christ. Therefore, one of the most loving things you can do for your flock is to provide precise, well-thought-out instruction and explanation with no superfluous details.

One last bit of information: Keep in mind that if you are preaching to an audience already familiar with a subject, less oral instruction is actually needed. On the other hand, if you are preaching to learners who have little or no previous knowledge of the subject matter, more direct oral instruction, guidance, and explanation will be needed and appreciated.

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Now we are about to investigate the one threat that outweighs all others. Don’t be surprised if you recognize yourself somewhere in the next chapter.

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CHAPTER 6: REMEMBERING TO RELEASE CONTROL

She was back at home after completing her first year of college, and I was thrilled. As her mother, I was excited about the chance to spend a little uninterrupted time with her. As a nineteen-year-old, she was more interested in getting out of the house and catching up with old friends.

Before she left, she stated that she needed to put a load of laundry in the washer.

Minutes later, as she walked through the kitchen with her laundry basket, I informed her that I had just purchased a container of what was supposedly a miracle laundry brightener. “You’re welcome to give it a try if you want.”

Her shrill-voiced reaction resembled that of a honey badger defending her nest.

“MOTHER! I have been washing my own clothes for over a year now WITHOUT your help! I KNOW what I’m doing. I DON’T need your advice. Would you just STOP trying to tell me what how to live my life!”

Three days later, she called from a newer restaurant saying she had heard me mention eating there before. “What should I order for lunch?” was her question. Need I tell you my answer?

I can laugh because I remember being of the exact same mind when I was in college. It was November. Only weeks before, I had registered to vote for the first time. It would be a Presidential election. On the Sunday before the election, I dropped by my parents’ home. Before leaving, my father handed me the mock ballot from that morning’s newspaper on which he had marked his voting preferences for every race, advising me

“Here’s who you need to vote for Tuesday.” My reaction to his offer of ‘help’ was very

A-77 similar to my daughter’s reaction. I was highly offended that he thought he could dictate my choices, so I let him know it––shall I say––with intensity.

Give Choice a Chance

No one, absolutely no, one likes to feel controlled. We are born fighting any attempt to dominate us. If you don’t believe it, just try telling a two-year-old that they cannot do something. Even if they have never thought of trying to do it in the first place, they take your directive as a dare, not a demand.

Feeling controlled, physically or mentally, is a highly intimidating form of threat.

When what we must learn and how we must learn it is determined by someone else, our brain rebels at every opportunity.

Leaders of VitalSmarts (innovators in corporate training and organizational performance) insist that offering choices to adults is the “. . .gateway to all other methods of influencing personal motivation. . . . You can never hope to engage people’s commitment if they don’t have permission to say no. . . . It almost doesn’t matter how small the encroachment on our agency; we’ve been known to go to war over it.”17

If we are allowed to make even small choices about what or how we learn, we feel more valued and less threatened. Although the teacher must necessarily fix the parameters within which the learner will work, providing choices is the foundation for deeper learning. Adult-education consultants Harold Stolovich and Erica Keeps state,

“The principle of autonomy in adult learning centers on the fact that adults actively

17 Joseph Grenny et al., Influencer: The New Science of Leading Change, 2d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013), 84.

A-78 engage in their day-to-day decision making. So should they in their learning. The more they contribute, the more ownership they create for themselves.”18

It is not necessary to give learners a choice in everything; even occasional choices are beneficial. Nonetheless, the best learning environments provide multiple activities from which learners can choose simply because of individual preference. If the activities are to be beneficial, however (and this is crucial), each activity must relate directly to the subject matter to be learned.

Dial it Down

Less obvious, but just as threatening, is a pastor or worship leader with an overwhelming personality. Confidence is a good thing. Confidence that borders on arrogance or intimidation is not. No one wants to be told that you are the senior pastor every time you speak. You may be impressing yourself when you tell people what your job title is––you may think you are subtly reminding others who is in charge––but chances are that various and sundry people are thinking that you are on a power trip.

Their brains are screaming, “Watch out! They want to control you!”

They may be totally mistaken, but your listeners’ intuitions and suspicions have a powerful influence on how they react to you and to the message you bring to them. Just know that self-promotion is a one-way road that leads directly to mistrust, and mistrust is a very real threat that naturally culminates in fight or flight––either of which can become a serious issue in a church.

18 Harold D. Stolovitch and Erica J. Keeps, Telling Ain't Training (Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training & Development, 2011), 68.

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A minister can prevent that kind of pain for everyone involved by embodying the role of a servant without ever mentioning that they are ‘the leader.’ Jesus never called us to lead in the first place. He called us to follow. We follow best by calling no attention to ourselves as we follow. Instead, we should direct all attention and any credit for success to Jesus while expressing gratitude to all the others who are walking in his footsteps without elevating themselves.

If you want to see your church grow stronger and commit deeper to its mission, forget about trying to impress others and make a point of acknowledging others in public for their acts of service and their good ideas. Brag about them behind their backs and to their faces. Forget about blowing your own horn and let others know that they are appreciated and loved. The more you ‘decrease’ your own self-promotion, the more

Christ ‘increases,’ and the more people listen attentively to what God may have to say through you.

Speaking of which, speaking from the pulpit is speaking from a position of power.

Abuses of power can surface in a multitude of ways. For example, one of my preaching professors joked that he had seen notes from a sermon with the following written in the margin, “Weak point. Talk louder. Pound pulpit.” The pastor should be aware that when forceful language is used too often from the pulpit, it can be interpreted by the listeners as an attempt to control them by suppressing their opinions or even shaming them into

‘acceptable behavior.’

The old English word for threat means pressure. When we apply pressure by our manner of speaking, it is seldom as subtle as we think. Most of our congregants already

A-80 understand the power dynamics that are at play in a church. They prefer that we be open and honest about our motives. Anything else is manipulation.

We make considerably more impact by exuding a quiet enthusiasm; receiving criticism without becoming defensive; and modeling vulnerability, transparency, risk taking, and even doubt. In doing so, we are empowering our listeners to take chances themselves, to be real, to struggle with their own doubt in a healthy way, to consider troubling alternatives to their beliefs that they might otherwise avoid, to challenge authority, and to take control of their own spiritual development. This leads directly to the next point.

Defusing the Control Issue

As already mentioned, all people of all ages, races, ethnic groups, and economic levels categorically despise being controlled. They don’t enjoy it at home, at work, or in church. Anytime they feel as if they are under someone else’s power, they sense threat.

Whenever a person feels that they have no choice but to do what they are told, they resent it. If the only choices are to comply or defy, they are in what is ultimately a lose-lose situation.

If, however, we somehow enable our congregants to make choices on regular occasions, even small choices, we are putting them in the metaphorical driver’s seat and decreasing their threat level dramatically. Brain research has revealed that they will learn more when they have a say in what or how they learn. When allowed to make choices for themselves, they feel less threatened and more valued.

Although the one doing the teaching will necessarily give the parameters within which the learning will occur, providing choices within those parameters greatly

A-81 increases enthusiasm to learn and participate. Considering that the members of your congregation actively engage in making significant decisions every day of their life––at home, at work, at school, and at play––it is only natural that they will be comfortable doing the same in worship, yet the worship service is one of the few places where they have no say-so in what they are going to do or how they are going to do it.

Research demonstrates that the more autonomy a person has in learning anything, the more likely they are to: (1) take ownership of what is learned, (2) contribute to the group, and (3) act on the information they are taking in. Distinguished University

Professor Stephen Brookfield, of University of St. Thomas in Minneapolis-St. Paul, notes, “The point of learning is thought to be the development in learners of a sense of agency––a belief that they can accomplish something they previously had considered unattainable or that they had never even imagined.”19

Is this not the very essence of transformation? As Christ-followers take ownership of their own discipleship, they are being transformed into the image of Jesus. As this begins to happen, they contribute more of their life to the Church by sharing their growth with other followers and acting on what they are learning. They develop an understanding of how Jesus lives in and works through them as He empowers them for active engagement with a broken world. As Jesus is incarnated in them, He heals them, and through them, He heals others, doing more than the believer could ever ask for or imagine.

Thankfully, it is not necessary to give learners a choice in everything they do, but when you give regular choices about how to approach any subject, confidence soars.

19 Stephen D. Brookfield, Powerful Techniques for Teaching Adults (San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass, 2013), 10.

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Participation and enthusiasm to act on what is learned increases exponentially. In short, the best learning environments provide multiple activities from which learners can choose simply because of their individual preferences. It is critical to note that the components of the activities must be coherent, meaningful, and directly related to the lesson being taught if they are to be beneficial. When they are, the resulting combination of variety, choice, and our natural motivation to learn works magic, turning any teaching time into an experience instead of a chore.

What Would Those Choices Look Like?

Supplemental activities should include both structured activities for the left-brain and more artistic, creative activities for the right, but all learners can benefit from either type of activity. Even though there is evidence that the brain has a preferred learning style, and that there is a biological difference between right-brain activity and left-brain activity, “The importance of addressing a more favored sense is small compared with structure, response, feedback, and use of multisensory stimulation.”20 The hemispheres of the brain are always interacting, no matter what type of information is introduced, so they derive meaning from each other. That said, the right-brain has been neglected for so long that the mere inclusion of activities that play on its strength will be revolutionary for some.

Supplemental activities can include visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, and kinesthetic components. A wide variety of activities will allow the learner to make choices for themselves and learn from their strengths. It will also prepare them to be less

20 Harold D. Stolovich and Erica Keeps, Beyond Telling Ain’t Training Fieldbook (Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training and Development), 114.

A-83 resistant to the oral teaching in the sermon since they have been encouraged to make some personal choices beforehand.

Each activity must relate directly to the theme of worship for the day if it is to be beneficial. If, for instance, you are preaching about prayer, an activity on stewardship would do little to enhance the learning experience. If, however, you set up several participatory prayer stations with appropriate prompts, more people would leave having experienced prayer as a reality rather than a theoretical possibility. Different prayer activities could be offered at kneelers or small tables positioned around the sanctuary or in the entryway. They could include:

 A display listing homebound members and specific suggestions for their

prayer needs. Include pens, index cards, and a small box so anyone

interested in ‘adopting’ someone for whom they pray can leave their

name and contact information in the box.

 A table that includes a bowl of water, a towel, a large copy of Psalm

51:10 (“Create in me a new heart, O God”), and instructions inviting

participants to pray about any area in which their heart needs to be

cleansed. After praying, they could symbolically cleanse and dry their

hands.

 A table with laptops opened to your church’s website, index cards,

pencils, push pins, and a corkboard. Posted instructions would invite

participants to navigate through the ministries, write a short prayer for

one, and post it on the corkboard.

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 A table with white cardstock, markers, pushpins, a corkboard, and

instructions inviting participants to ‘draw’ a prayer for their family or

friends and post it (anonymously) on the corkboard.

Some will view the very invitation to participate in a hands-on activity as a threat.

If you are in an older church, it would be wise to begin with one station located in the rear of the sanctuary or in the entryway. Start with simple activities that will not require too much from those who participate. After a few months, add an additional station.

Continue to add stations as time passes. If my experience holds true, after a few weeks, even the most hesitant members will join in as they discover that everyone benefits when invited to energetically use their minds and take control of their own discipleship.

At one time, I helped design a worship service that offered several ways to respond to the sermon. Immediately after the sermon was finished, quiet music began to play. Those present were invited to use this time to respond to what they had heard in one of several ways. They could respond by going into an adjoining prayer room to kneel at an altar and pray, by remaining seated exactly where they were to pray, by talking to and praying with one of several ministers stationed around the room, by coming forward to receive communion, or by participating in an activity at the rear of the room––writing a prayer or poem on a graffiti wall, signing up for a ministry opportunity that related to the sermon, leaving questions in a box that could help guide the direction of the next service, or dropping a small pebble into a large container of water to see the ripple effects of their action.

In that setting, they learned that church was a safe place for taking risks—for asking off-the-wall questions and giving original answers no one had programmed them

A-85 to give. Young adults who had been sporadic, passive attenders began to sign up for ministry opportunities, serving inside and outside the church building. Their attendance at services became more regular. They grew more comfortable praying with and for others in the prayer room. Some who had never even considered inviting someone to church began to bring friends with them. Others got involved in small groups before and after the service. With the participants using both their brains and their bodies to worship, we saw the resulting changes with our own eyes.

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CHAPTER 7: MULTISENSORY MEMORIES

In Washington D.C., along with a multitude of others, I slowly wound my way through the meandering paths and the display rooms of The Holocaust Museum. At a snail’s pace, we filed past captioned photos of victims and victimizers. We paused inside a cattle car that had been used to transport doomed human cargo to Dachau. We viewed an original copy of the infamous The Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion, stood before the doors to a crematorium, and watched filmed testimonies of survivors. The surreal experience left me mercifully numb.

The numbness evaporated in an instant when I entered a long corridor filled with nothing but old shoes piled upon more old shoesgraceful feminine shoes, sturdy work shoes, children’s button-top shoes, gentleman’s shoes, tiny toddler shoes, dusty, scuffed, well-worn shoes––shoes that had been confiscated from those entering the gas chambers.

Confronted by artifacts that represented a multitude of unrealized dreams that literally went up in smoke, I was overwhelmed with emotion.

Surprisingly, the emotion was not caused by the way the shoes looked. It was caused by the way they smelled. They smelled of old leather. They also smelled of feet.

The smell of their ill-fated owners lingered some sixty years after the fact, testifying to the reality of their lives and reeking with the obscenity of their deaths. This powerfully invasive and unexpected olfactory sensation tapped into something deep within me. I began to sob.

Until the 1980s, odor was considered the mortal enemy of museums. Smells, of any kind, were treated as pollution brought in by the unclean masses and were, therefore, strictly forbidden. According to art historian Jim Drobnick (Ontario College of Art and

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Design), since the late eighteenth century, museums and other public spaces have waged an unrelenting deodorizing campaign, trying to unashamedly erase smell while

. . . overtly acknowledging their goal of disciplining and disinfecting the subordinate masses. The imperative of sanitation was intended in both metaphorical and literal terms with regard to the bodies, minds, and souls of the indigent, the working poor, recent immigrants, and ethnically diverse populations. The rationale of hygiene as a tool for social engineering and/or exclusion is one that continues to this day; advocates for the homeless must continue to go to court to protect access to libraries and other public places.”21

Today’s museums embrace smell as an important dimension of the museum experience. Subtle odors from exhibits mix with more refined fragrances from gift shops and mouth-watering aromas from in-house restaurants. Museums are intentionally infusing their exhibits with appropriate smells, ranging from the crisp smell of fresh-cut grass in an ‘American Lawn’ exhibit to the smell of urine and garbage in an ‘Inner City

Life’ exhibit at the Smithsonian.22

What has caused the dramatic shift from the sterilized museum of 1960 to the urine-scented display of today? Why are similar sensory modifications taking place in shopping malls, amusement parks, and universities? Along the same line of thought, how should the Church respond to this development?

Presently, the Church is perceived as having an aversion to the very senses designed by God. Scripture, however, appeals to the senses at every turn. “Biblical Israel was a sensory culture with a religious fluency in all five senses.”23 Exodus describes the visual, olfactory, and audible intricacies of God’s own plan for the Tabernacle. The Song

21 David Howes, ed., Empire of the Senses: The Sensual Cultural Reader (New York: Berg Publishers, 2005), 267.

22 Ibid., 270.

23 Leonard Sweet, Nudge: Awakening Each Other to the God Who's Already There (Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, 2010), 270.

A-88 of Solomon uses the imagery of intimacy and erotic desire. Isaiah paints an unsettling picture of the Suffering Servant in explicit corporeal pain. Paul celebrates the Incarnation in which God, equipped with human sensory capabilities, engaged in the ordinary acts of eating, touching, tasting, smelling, seeing, feeling pain, and feeling pleasure. John’s invitation to “Come and see” is grounded in the fact that he personally saw, heard, and touched Jesus.24, 25 Scripture is swimming in an ocean of sensory images, yet, today the word sensual is seldom even whispered in churches.

Mingled Senses

In the past, we thought of the senses as operating individually, each sending information directly to a specialized area of the brain that was designed to deal with input from that specific sense organ. For example, we have long known that one area of the brain (the primary auditory cortex) is responsible for processing sound, but we assumed sound was all it processed. Recent research shows that the same area also plays a role in processing visual and tactile stimuli. In other words, our eyes and fingers are connected to our ears. Our fingers are linked to our tongue and our nose. Not only are our brain and body fused, our senses and our brain are proving to be mingled.

Because the brain is a parallel processor, every sense is processed through multiple pathways. This ability, called dual coding, allows the same sensory information to enter the system through multiple channels. If one channel is ‘blocked,’ another channel will circumvent it—thus the proverbial blind woman with a heightened sense of sound and smell or the deaf man who feels music.

24 John 1:39.

25 1 John 1:1.

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Surprisingly, even when all sensory channels are fully functioning, greater total information can be processed when it is presented through different senses. Information that is received through more than one sense is more securely stored in the memory than that which is learned through the input of only one sense. Why? The information has been imprinted along more than one sensory pathway. When information is stored along multiple, distinct pathways, the brain has multiple ways it can access that information when it is needed.

Think of it this way: Sensory information is not confined to a single narrow one- way street that runs directly from a sense organ to the brain and back. Instead, in its journey to the brain, it can choose from the multiple lanes of an expressway. These lanes repeatedly intersect and crisscross, forming a network of freeways throughout the body.

A signal that is picked up by touch may actually be routed through the part of the brain that deals with hearing or taste. When we are bombarded by multiple sensory signals, our senses work in tandem to feed information to the brain. The brain then integrates those various signals to help make sense of our surroundings.

For every sense activated during a learning experience, a different sensory pathway is opened and can be re-activated in remembering the event. The more ‘felt’ qualities there are to any information being conveyed, the easier the information is to remember and the more likely we will be to act on said information.

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