DOCSLIB.ORG

One-Step Fabrication of an Organ-On-A-Chip with Spatial Heterogeneity Using a 3D Bioprinting Technology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
One-Step Fabrication of an Organ-On-A-Chip with Spatial Heterogeneity Using a 3D Bioprinting Technology Featuring work from the group of Professor Dong-Woo Cho in As featured in: the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea. One-step fabrication of an organ-on-a-chip with spatial heterogeneity using a 3D bioprinting technology A one-step fabrication method using 3D bioprinting technology was developed for making whole organ-on-a-chip platforms, including microfl uidic systems. Heterotypic cell types and biomaterials were successfully used and positioned at the desired position for various organ-on-a-chip applications, which will promote full mimicry of organs. See Hyungseok Lee and Dong-Woo Cho, Lab Chip, 2016, 16, 2618. www.rsc.org/loc Registered charity number: 207890 Lab on a Chip View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue One-step fabrication of an organ-on-a-chip with spatial heterogeneity using a 3D bioprinting Cite this: Lab Chip,2016,16,2618 technology Hyungseok Lee and Dong-Woo Cho* Although various types of organs-on-chips have been introduced recently as tools for drug discovery, the current studies are limited in terms of fabrication methods. The fabrication methods currently available not only need a secondary cell-seeding process and result in severe protein absorption due to the material used, but also have difficulties in providing various cell types and extracellular matrix (ECM) environments for spatial heterogeneity in the organs-on-chips. Therefore, in this research, we introduce a novel 3D bio- printing method for organ-on-a-chip applications. With our novel 3D bioprinting method, it was possible to prepare an organ-on-a-chip in a simple one-step fabrication process. Furthermore, protein absorption on the printed platform was very low, which will lead to accurate measurement of metabolism and drug Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. sensitivity. Moreover, heterotypic cell types and biomaterials were successfully used and positioned at the Received 3rd April 2016, desired position for various organ-on-a-chip applications, which will promote full mimicry of the natural Accepted 31st May 2016 conditions of the organs. The liver organ was selected for the evaluation of the developed method, and liver function was shown to be significantly enhanced on the liver-on-a-chip, which was prepared by 3D DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00450d bioprinting. Consequently, the results demonstrate that the suggested 3D bioprinting method is easier and www.rsc.org/loc more versatile for production of organs-on-chips. molding, and the microcontact printing technique.7,9 How- This article is licensed under a Introduction ever, these methods not only require microengineering exper- In recent decades, the microfluidics-based cell culture plat- tise in the fabrication process and exhibit severe protein ab- form has been revealed as an effective experimental tool for a sorption due to the material used, but also have several Open Access Article. Published on 15 2016. Downloaded 01.10.2021 4:33:20. wide range of biological applications, such as metabolomics,1 drawbacks in the aspect of biological structure preparation.9 cell analysis,2,3 and organs-on-chips.4 In particular, organs-on- For example, poor selectivity of various cell types for spatial chips, which mimic the biological environment of the human heterogeneity and the difficulty of providing multiple types of body, are rising as innovative tools in the field of drug discov- extracellular matrix (ECM) environments for cell–ECM inter- ery.5 The current drug discovery process requires multiple actions are the main drawbacks regarding the biological screening steps, which include two-dimensional (2D) in vitro structure preparation. Furthermore, living organisms have cell culture and animal model tests.6 However, it is generally complex and organized 2D-to-3D microscale structures com- known that the current 2D in vitro cell culture model, with posed of multi-layers, cell types, ECMs, and many other ele- cells only, cannot fully mimic the natural environment of hu- ments,10 which could make the fabrication of organs-on- man organs; the use of animal models also leads to several chips difficult using the current methods. Thus, establishing problems, such as ethical concerns, time consumption, and a novel microengineering method that can overcome the inefficient test results because of the huge differences com- aforementioned drawbacks is very important. pared with the human body.7 For these reasons, various types These days, 3D printing is used to produce functional de- – of organs-on-chips have been introduced for simple and pre- vices in diverse fields, such as tissue scaffolding,11 13 cise drug screening in the drug discovery process.8 prototyping,14 electronics,15 sensors,16 and microfluidic17 re- Organs-on-chips have been mainly prepared using several search, because of its capabilities in producing designed, microengineering methods, such as soft lithography, replica complex micro-architectures. Thus, a large number of studies have reported the fabrication of microfluidic devices with 3D printing technologies for chemical mixing, gradient genera- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyungbuk 790- tion, and sensing applications; however, most of them were 784, South Korea. E-mail: [email protected]; Fax: +82 54 279 5419; based on a stereolithography-based 3D printing 17–19 Tel: +82 54 279 2171 technology. Until now, no study has used cells and 2618 | Lab Chip,2016,16, 2618–2625 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 View Article Online Lab on a Chip Paper biomaterials directly during the 3D printing process to estab- Design of an organ-on-a-chip platform lish the organ-on-a-chip platforms. 3D bioprinting is an ad- A 3D bioprinting code was generated for the printing system, vanced 3D printing technology that uses cells and biomate- and the organ-on-a-chip platforms were printed, which is an rials as printing materials. The most promising advancement easy approach to fabrication of an organ-on-a-chip platform of 3D bioprinting is that biocompatible polymers, ECM-based with a complex design via 3D bioprinting. A fluidic channel hydrogels, and multiple cell types can be delivered simulta- with internal dimensions of 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm × 15 mm was neously and positioned as intended to fabricate complex 3D prepared for multiple applications: for various organ-on-a- 20,21 biological constructs. There have been interesting studies chip platforms, protein absorption testing, and liver-on-a-chip that applied 3D bioprinting of a micro-organ on pre-prepared application. ECM-based hydrogels for the 3D micro- 22–24 microfluidic platforms for organ-on-a-chip applications; environment were printed with a 400 μm thickness for however, there have been no reports describing the use of various organ-on-a-chip platforms and the liver-on-a-chip. For this technology for whole organ-on-a-chip fabrication includ- the dye absorption test, a channel with the same internal size ing a microfluidic system with multiple cell types and bioma- as the one above was prepared by the 3D printing method terials for optimal biomimicry. Until recently, we have ac- and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Sylgard 184, Dow Corning tively developed 3D bioprinting systems and methods using Corporation, USA) replica molding. multiple cell types and biomaterials for complex-shaped heterogeneous tissue models.25 Based on our previous experi- Measurement of the contact angle and protein absorption ence and current work, we suggest that the 3D bioprinting method can be a good candidate to overcome the problems Distilled water (5 μL) was dropped onto each of the PCL and of current organs-on-chips. PDMS platforms, and each contact angle was measured by a Here, we verify the 3D bioprinting method for organ-on-a- droplet analysis device (SmartDrop, Femtofab, Korea). To chip platforms. Protein absorption on the organ-on-a-chip compare the dye absorption of the PCL-printed and PDMS μ Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. platform was evaluated by comparing it with a PDMS plat- replica-molded devices, a solution of Rhodamine B (1 Min form, and the developed method was confirmed with hetero- phosphate-buffered saline) was pumped through the devices. typic cell types and biomaterials for application to various To perfuse through the devices, the dye was ejected at a flow −1 organ-on-a-chip platforms, which were prepared simply in a rate of 5 μL min from the perfusion pump (Ismatec UK Co. single printing process without a secondary cell-seeding pro- Weston-super-Mare, England). After perfusion for 12 hours, cess. Furthermore, our method was successfully applied to a each channel was cut through the vertical section, and the liver-on-a-chip, showing that it is easier and more versatile in absorption depth was visualized by using a confocal micro- producing organs-on-chips. scope (Olympus FluoView FV1000, Tokyo, Japan). This article is licensed under a Scanning electron microscopy Materials and methods All printed constructs were dried under vacuum at room tem- Open Access Article. Published on 15 2016. Downloaded 01.10.2021 4:33:20. Materials preparation perature, then coated with platinum in a sputter coater (Ion Sputter E-1045, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). An SEM system (SU- As a platform material for an organ-on-a-chip, 6600, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), operating at 15 kV, was used to polyIJε-caprolactone) (PCL, MW = 43 000–50 000, Polysciences examine the hydrogel position within the printed platform Inc., Warrington, PA, USA) was used. PCL was printed with a − and to analyze the printed microfluidic channels of the printing speed of 200 mm min 1 and a pneumatic pressure organ-on-a-chip platform. of 500 kPa using a 200 μm nozzle. PCL was printed with a minimum line width of 175 μm.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Patterning of Quantum Dots by Dip-Pen and Polymer Pen Nanolithography
    Nanofabrication 2015; 2: 19–26 Research Article Open Access Soma Biswas*, Falko Brinkmann, Michael Hirtz, Harald Fuchs Patterning of Quantum Dots by Dip-Pen and Polymer Pen Nanolithography Abstract: We present a direct way of patterning CdSe/ lithography and photolithography, these direct techniques ZnS quantum dots by dip-pen nanolithography and do not rely on resist layers and multi-step processing, but polymer pen lithography. Mixtures of cholesterol and allow the precise deposition of ink mixtures. Spot sizes in phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine commercially widespread inkjet printing and other related serve as biocompatible carrier inks to facilitate the transfer spotting techniques are usually in the range of 50 to 500 of quantum dots from the tips to the surface during µm [5–7], while high resolution approaches (µCP, DPN and lithography. While dip-pen nanolithography of quantum PPL) reach sub-µm features. dots can be used to achieve higher resolution and smaller Microcontact printing utilises a predesigned pattern features (approximately 1 µm), polymer pen poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp that is first coated lithography is able to address intermediate pattern scales with ink and subsequently pressed onto the surface in the low micrometre range. This allows us to combine manually. A total area up to cm2 can be patterned retaining the advantages of micro contact printing in large area and a lateral resolution of approximately 100 nm [8]. Dip-pen massive parallel patterning, with the added flexibility in nanolithography (Figure 1a) employs an atomic force pattern design inherent in the DPN technique. microscopy tip (AFM) as a quill pen.
    [Show full text]
  • Microfluidic Organs-On-Chips
    PERSPECTIVE Microfluidic organs-on-chips Sangeeta N Bhatia1,2 & Donald E Ingber3–5 An organ-on-a-chip is a microfluidic cell culture device have limitations. For example, organoids are highly variable in size created with microchip manufacturing methods that contains and shape, and it is difficult to maintain cells in consistent positions continuously perfused chambers inhabited by living cells in these structures for extended analysis. Another drawback of 3D arranged to simulate tissue- and organ-level physiology. By models is that functional analysis of entrapped cells—for example, recapitulating the multicellular architectures, tissue-tissue to quantify transcellular transport, absorption or secretion—is often interfaces, physicochemical microenvironments and vascular hampered by the difficulty of sampling luminal contents, and it is perfusion of the body, these devices produce levels of tissue difficult to harvest cellular components for biochemical and genetic and organ functionality not possible with conventional 2D or analysis. In addition, many systems lack multiscale architecture and 3D culture systems. They also enable high-resolution, real- tissue-tissue interfaces, such as the interface between vascular endo- time imaging and in vitro analysis of biochemical, genetic and thelium and surrounding connective tissue and parenchymal cells, metabolic activities of living cells in a functional tissue and which are crucial to the function of nearly all organs. Furthermore, organ context. This technology has great potential to advance cells are usually not exposed to normal mechanical cues, including the study of tissue development, organ physiology and disease fluid shear stress, tension and compression, which influence organ etiology. In the context of drug discovery and development, development and function in health and disease8,9.
    [Show full text]
  • Modification of the Microcontact Printing Process for Conductive Ink Printing Adam J
    Worcester Polytechnic Institute Digital WPI Major Qualifying Projects (All Years) Major Qualifying Projects November 2017 Modification of the Microcontact Printing Process for Conductive Ink Printing Adam J. Cyran Worcester Polytechnic Institute Michaela Dowling Worcester Polytechnic Institute Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/mqp-all Repository Citation Cyran, A. J., & Dowling, M. (2017). Modification of the Microcontact Printing Process for Conductive Ink Printing. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/mqp-all/2225 This Unrestricted is brought to you for free and open access by the Major Qualifying Projects at Digital WPI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Major Qualifying Projects (All Years) by an authorized administrator of Digital WPI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modification of the Microcontact Printing Process for Conductive Ink ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Printing A Major Qualifying Project Report ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ submitted to the faculty of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE ​ ​ ​ ​ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Degree of Bachelor of Science ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ NTB: Interstaatliche Hochschule fur Technik Buchs ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (The Interstate University of Applied Sciences of Technology Buchs) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Project Advisor: Prof. Sarah Wodin-Schwartz, WPI ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Submitted By: ​ ​ Adam Cyran & Michaela Dowling ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ November 3, 2017 ​ ​ ​ ​ Abstract
    [Show full text]
  • Multifunctional Self-Assembled Monolayers Via Microcontact Printing and Degas-Driven Flow Guided Patterning
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Multifunctional self-assembled monolayers via microcontact printing and degas-driven fow Received: 30 April 2018 Accepted: 27 October 2018 guided patterning Published: xx xx xxxx Sang Hun Lee1, Won-Yeop Rho2, Seon Joo Park3, Jinyeong Kim3, Oh Seok Kwon3 & Bong- Hyun Jun4 Soft lithography-based patterning techniques have been developed to investigate biological and chemical phenomena. Until now, micropatterning with various materials required multiple procedural steps such as repeating layer-by-layer patterning, aligning of stamps, and incubating printed inks. Herein, we describe a facile micropatterning method for producing chemically well-defned surface architectures by combining microcontact (µCP) and microfuidic vacuum-assisted degas-driven fow guided patterning (DFGP) with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp. To demonstrate our concept, we fabricated a bi-composite micropatterned surface with diferent functional molecular inks such as fuorescein isothiocyanate labelled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)- silane for a biomolecule array, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and PEG-silane pattern for a self-assembled colloid gold nanoparticle monolayer. With a certain composition of molecular inks for the patterning, bi-composite surface patterns could be produced by this µCP-DFGP approach without any supplementary process. This patterning approach can be used in microfabrication and highly applicable to biomolecules and nanoparticles that spread as a monolayer. Micropatterns are now widely used in various research felds such as tissue engineering, developing bio-chips or sensors, etc1–4. Te creation of a micropattern with a complex architecture typically requires multiple processing steps, specialized facilities, and harsh conditions, including metal deposition and dry/wet etching5.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Microcontact Printing Technique for Multipatterning of Self-Assembled Monolayers
    Sensors and Materials,, Vol.Vol. 17,17, No.No. 22 (2005)(2005) 049– 056 49 MYU Tokyo S & M 0585 Novel Microcontact Printing Technique for Multipatterning of Self-Assembled Monolayers Janggil Kim, Nobuyuki Takama and Beomjoon Kim* CIRMM, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-0041, Japan (Received April 10, 2004; accepted November 16, 2004) Key words: self-assembled monolayer (SAM), microcontact printing (µCP), multilayer, laminated patterning, HDT, 11-MUA, DTS, bio-MEMS In this article, we focus on the development of a laminated patterning technique for various types of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) by microcontact printing (µCP). Using this technique, three types of functional SAM with hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface properties are patterned selectively on a silicon wafer. After the line shape of hexadecanethiol (CH3(CH2)15SH(CH3), HDT) is patterned on a Au substrate by µCP, the cross line pattern of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (HS(CH2)10COOH, 11-MUA) is transferred to the lami- nated Au substrate. Finally, the external area of the transferred SAM pattern on the sample is coated with dodecyltrichlorosilane (C12H25Cl3Si, DTS). The surface property of each SAM is measured by lateral force microscopy (LFM). This laminated patterning technique enables the fabrication of bio-micro-electro-mechanical system (bio-MEMS) devices by µCP. 1. Introduction Since it was introduced for the first time,(1) microcontact printing of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) has gained great interest in micro- or nano-patterning technology as an alternative technique to conventional photolithography. Its high throughput and low cost by the master & replication system shows the possibility of mass production in practical industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Stamps, Inks and Substrates: Polymers in Microcontact Printing
    REVIEW www.rsc.org/polymers | Polymer Chemistry Stamps, inks and substrates: polymers in microcontact printing Tobias Kaufmann and Bart Jan Ravoo* Received 6th October 2009, Accepted 26th November 2009 First published as an Advance Article on the web 11th January 2010 DOI: 10.1039/b9py00281b Microcontact printing (mCP) is a straightforward method for the preparation of micro- and nanostructured surfaces. The key element in mCP is a polymeric stamp with a relief pattern. This stamp is ‘‘inked’’ and put in contact with the substrate surface. Ideally, the ink is transferred from stamp to substrate only in the area of contact. This review focuses on the important role of polymers in mCP. First of all, polymers are the material of choice to make mCP stamps. Furthermore, mCP is a useful method for preparing microstructured polymer surfaces. Polymers can be applied as inks in mCP so that microstructured polymer surfaces are obtained in a single printing step. Microstructured polymer surfaces can also be obtained by mCP on polymer substrates. A wide range of inks – including polymer inks – can be patterned on polymer substrates by mCP. In short, polymers are widely used as stamps, inks and substrates in mCP and we have organized this review accordingly. 1. Introduction substrate surface. Ideally, the ink is transferred from stamp to substrate only in the area of contact. The process of mCP is Microcontact printing (mCP) is a sophisticated version of schematically depicted in Fig. 1. a simple stamping process that is familiar even to most children. mCP was developed in the early 1990s by Kumar and White- Similar to conventional printing, mCP also involves an ink, sides for the patterned transfer of thiols onto Au surfaces by a substrate and a stamp.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Sensors for Overcoming Organ-On-A-Chip Monitoring Challenges Ana Moya Lara
    ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Departamento de Microelectrónica y Sistemas Electrónicos Integrated sensors for overcoming Organ-On-a-Chip monitoring challenges Autor: Ana Moya Lara Directores: Dr. Gemma Gabriel Buguña Dr. Eloi Ramon Garcia Tutor: Dr. Jordi Aguiló Llobet Memoria de Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor en Ingeniería Electrónica y de Telecomunicación Septiembre 2017 INSTITUT DE MICROELECTRÒNICA DE BARCELONA CSIC Dr. Gemma Gabriel Buguña, Investigadora del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Dr. Eloi Ramon Garcia, Investigador del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Profesor Asociado del Departamento de Electrónica de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, y Dr. Jordi Aguiló Llobet, Cat- edrático del Departamento de Microelectrónica y Sistemas Electrónicos de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Certifican que la Memoria de Tesis Integrated sensors for overcoming Organ-On-a-Chip monitoring chal- lenges presentada por Ana Moya Lara para optar al título de Doctor en Ingeniería Electrónica y de Teleco- municación se ha realizado bajo su dirección en el Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona perteneciente al Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y ha sido tu- toritzada en el Departamento de Microelectrónica y Sistemas Electrónicos de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.
    [Show full text]
  • Direct Patterning of Silver Colloids by Microcontact Printing: Possibility As SERS Substrate Array
    Vibrational Spectroscopy 29 (2002) 79±82 Direct patterning of silver colloids by microcontact printing: possibility as SERS substrate array Hyeon Suk Shin, Hyun Jung Yang, Young Mee Jung, Seung Bin Kim* Laboratory for Vibrational Spectroscopy and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea Received 31 August 2001; received in revised form 19 November 2001; accepted 30 November 2001 Abstract The present study describes an easy and clean method that makes the pattern of silver colloids by means of microcontact printing. Hydrophilic silver colloids adsorbed on a hydrophobic poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) stamp are transferred directly to the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 4-mercaptopyridine or aminoethanethiol (AET) on an Au-coated silicon substrate. To adsorb silver colloids on the PDMS stamp successfully, adhesion layers such as poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and stearic acid were pre-treated onto the PDMS stamp. Finally, we obtained a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum and image of rhodamine 6G (R6G) on the patterned silver colloids. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Microcontact printing; Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS); Silver colloids; Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) 1. Introduction of the colloid. These problems may be solved if, in microcontact printing for patterning colloids, they are Colloidal nanoparticles should be ®xed to speci®c directly transferred to a substrate. Such method can positions for the application of electrical or optical fast and clearly obtain many patterns of the colloids. devices [1]. Several methods for patterning colloidal So far, microcontact printing has used hydrophobic nanoparticles have been developed [1±5].
    [Show full text]
  • Microcontact Printing of Antibodies in Complex with Conjugated Polyelectrolytes
    Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi Examensarbete Microcontact printing of antibodies in complex with conjugated polyelectrolytes Fredrik von Post Examensarbetet utfört vid forskningsgruppen för biomolekulär och organisk elektronik (Biorgel) 2007-10-22 LITH-IFM-EX--07/1872—SE Linköpings universitet Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi 581 83 Linköping Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi Microcontact printing of antibodies in complex with conjugated polyelectrolytes Fredrik von Post Examensarbetet utfört vid forskningsgruppen för biomolekulär och organisk elektronik (Biorgel) 2007-10-22 Handledare Anna Herland Jens Wigenius Examinator Olle Inganäs Table of contents 1 Abbreviations.............................................................................................................. 1 2 Introduction................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Aim ..................................................................................................................... 4 3 Experimental techniques............................................................................................. 5 3.1 Microcontact printing.......................................................................................... 5 3.1.1 PDMS.......................................................................................................... 5 3.1.2 Replica molding and microcontact printing................................................ 5 3.2 Printing preparations..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Biocatalytic Microcontact Printing
    Biocatalytic Microcontact Printing co-workers patterned a gold surface functionalized with silyl ethers using a stamp bearing acidic moieties, in turn incorporated 4 Phillip W. Snyder,† Matthew S. Johannes,‡ onto the stamp by plasma etching. Although pattern transfer Briana N. Vogen,† Robert L. Clark,*,‡ and Eric J. Toone*,† was clear, the process effected cleavage of only 30% of the reactive moieties during 30 min of contact: the low level of Department of Chemistry, Duke UniVersity, Durham, North pattern transfer presumably occurs due either to low concentra- Carolina, 27708-0346, and The Pratt School of Engineering, V tions of acid moieties or from inhomogeneities across the surface Duke Uni ersity, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0271 of the stamp. Protons are also promiscuous catalysts, promoting myriad transformations, and free to diffuse laterally across the [email protected]; [email protected] stamp surface, limiting the broader utility of the method. V As a class of catalysts, enzymes offer both diverse chemistry Recei ed June 7, 2007 and exquisite specificity. Several groups have exploited this specificity in dip-pen nanolithography.5 In these approaches, enzyme is either covalently bound or physisorbed on an AFM tip and used to “write” by controlled translocation of the tip across a substrate-bearing surface. Such processes are serial and not amenable to high-throughput applications. Here, we present a proof-of-concept demonstration of catalytic parallel lithogra- phy, using stamp-immobilized enzyme to transfer pattern to a cognate substrate. Because the catalyst is immobilized on the stamp surface, the diffusion limitation of traditional µCP is obviated and the lateral resolution is controlled only by the length and flexibility of the catalyst tether.
    [Show full text]
  • Microcontact Printing
    Self-assembled Monolayer Films: Dow Corning-is cast against a master whose surface has been patterned with a complementary relief Microcontact Printing structure using conventional microlithographic tech- niques such as photolithography, micromachining, or , Microcontact printing (PCP), one of the non-photo- high-resolution printing. The stamp may also be cast lithographic techniques that make up "soft lithogra- from preformed microstructures such as optical dif- phy" (Xia and Whitesides 1998), uses an elastomeric fraction gratings, metal grids for transmission electron stamp to generate two-dimensional patterns by print- microscopy (TEM), compact disks (CDs), corner cube * ing the molecules of an "ink" onto the surface of a reflectors, anti-reflection structures, and assembled solid substrate. In its most common configuration, the structures of colloidal particles. The only requirement stamp is fabricated from an elastomeric polymer, seems to be that the surface of a master does not react poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), the "ink" is an with the PDMS prepolymer to form covalent bonds. alkanethiol, and the substrate on which the printing In most cases, it is necessary to treat the master with occurs is a thin, evaporated film of gold or silver. the vapor of octadecyltrichlorosilane (or a perfluoro- Alkylsiloxanes are also printed on Si/Si02 and glass. silane such as C,FI3C2H,SiCl3) to cap any polar Microcontact printing is an experimentally simple reactive group (e.g., -OH) on the master with a methodology; the elastomeric stamp is easily fabri- chemically inert group such as -CH3 or -CF,. cated by molding a liquid prepolymer against a master Several properties of PDMS are instrumental in the that has the desired pattern in relief on its surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Aligned Microcontact Printing of Biomolecules on Microelectronic Device Surfaces
    838 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 48, NO. 7, JULY 2001 [27] J. P. Hanrahan, I. B. Tager, R. G. Castile, M. R. Segal, S. T. Weiss, and F. E. Speizer, “Pulmonary function measures in healthy infants. Variability and size correction,” Amer. Rev. Respir. Dis., vol. 141, pp. 1127–1135, 1990. [28] A. N. Krauss and P. A. M. Auld, “Pulmonary gas trapping in premature infants,” Pediatr. Res., vol. 5, pp. 10–16, 1971. Aligned Microcontact Printing of Biomolecules on Fig. 1. FET-based microelectronic device. The sensitive silicon chip is Microelectronic Device Surfaces mounted on a zero-force socket. A glass ring glued to the socket forms a petri dish for cell-culture on the device surface. Lars Lauer, Sven Ingebrandt, Martin Scholl, and Andreas Offenhäusser* Abstract—Microcontact printing ( CP) of extracellular matrix proteins is a fascinating approach to control cell positioning and outgrowth, which is essential in the development of applications ranging from cellular biosen- sors to tissue engineering. Microelectronic devices can be used to detect the activity from a large number of recording sites over the long term. How- ever, signals from cells can only be recorded at small sensitive spots. In this paper, we present an innovative setup to perform aligned CP of extra- cellular matrix proteins on microelectronic devices in order to guide the growth of electrogenic cells specifically to these sensitive spots. Our system Fig. 2. Micrograph of the sensitive FET surface. The scale bar represents is based on the combination of a fine-placer with redesigned micro stamps 200 "m. having a rigid glass cylinder as backbone for attachment in the alignment tool.
    [Show full text]