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Rehabilitation of Soft Tissue Injuries of the Hip and Pelvis T Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine Journal Articles Academic Works 2014 Rehabilitation of soft tissue injuries of the hip and pelvis T. F. Tyler Northwell Health T. Fukunaga Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine J. Gellert Follow this and additional works at: https://academicworks.medicine.hofstra.edu/articles Recommended Citation Tyler TF, Fukunaga T, Gellert J. Rehabilitation of soft tissue injuries of the hip and pelvis. 2014 Jan 01; 9(6):Article 1396 [ p.]. Available from: https://academicworks.medicine.hofstra.edu/articles/1396. Free full text article. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine Academic Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine Academic Works. INVITED CLINICAL COMMENTARY REHABILITATION OF SOFT TISSUE INJURIES OF THE HIP AND PELVIS Timothy F. Tyler MS, PT, ATC1 Takumi Fukunaga DPT, ATC, CSCS1 Joshua Gellert DPT IJSPT ABSTRACT Soft tissue injuries of the hip and pelvis are common among athletes and can result in significant time loss from sports participation. Rehabilitation of athletes with injuries such as adductor strain, iliopsoas syn- drome, and gluteal tendinopathy starts with identification of known risk factors for injury and comprehen- sive evaluation of the entire kinetic chain. Complex anatomy and overlapping pathologies often make it difficult to determine the primary cause of the pain and dysfunction. The purpose of this clinical commen- tary is to present an impairment-based, stepwise progression in evaluation and treatment of several com- mon soft tissue injuries of the hip and pelvis. Key words: adductor strain, gluteal tendinopathy, hip, iliopsoas syndrome, pelvis Level of Evidence: 5 CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Timothy F. Tyler MS, PT, ATC Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma (NISMAT) North Shore-LIJ Lenox Hill Hospital 100 East 77th Street New York, New York 10075 Phone: (914) 723-6987 1 Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma Fax: (914) 723-7546 (NISMAT), New York, NY, USA E-mail: [email protected] The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy | Volume 9, Number 6 | November 2014 | Page 785 INTRODUCTION Recently, adductor muscle strength has been linked The anatomy of the hip is complex, multiple patholo- to the incidence of adductor muscle strains.8 Specifi- gies often coexist, different pathologies may cause cally, the strength ratio of the adduction to abduction similar symptoms, and many systems can refer pain muscles groups has been identified as a risk factor to the pelvis.1,2 Many athletes with hip pain have tried in professional ice hockey players.8 Intervention pro- prolonged rest and various treatment regimens, and grams can lower the incidence of adductor muscle received differing opinions as to the cause of their strains but not avoid them altogether. Therefore, pain. The cause of pain could be as simple as the when injury occurs, proper treatment and rehabili- effects of an adductor strain, which requires strength- tation must be implemented to limit the amount of ening, or as complex as athlete with overlapping missed playing time and avoid surgical intervention.9 pathologies. A common combination seen is a hip The main action of this muscle group is to adduct flexor strain with an adductor strain and the diagno- the thigh in the open kinetic chain and stabilize sis of sports hernia. A thorough history and a physical the lower extremity to perturbation in all planes examination is needed to differentiate groin strains of motion in the closed kinetic chain. Each indi- from athletic pubalgia, osteitis pubis, hernia, hip-joint vidual muscle comprising the adductor group can osteoarthrosis, rectal or testicular referred pain, piri- also provide assistance in femoral flexion and rota- formis syndrome or presence of a coexisting fracture tion.10,11 The adductor longus is thought to be the of the pelvis or the lower extremities. most frequently injured adductor muscle.12 Its lack of mechanical advantage (due to its origin and inser- MUSCLE STRAINS tion) may make it more susceptible to strain. Evaluation of sports hernia, athletic pubalgia, and adductor muscle strains can be challenging when The exact incidence of adductor muscle strains in sport overlapping conditions exist. The focus of this clini- is unknown. This is due in part to athletes playing cal commentary is on the evaluation and treatment through minor groin pain and the injury going unre- of muscle strains that occur in the hip and pelvic ported. In addition, overlapping diagnoses can also regions. Specific muscle strains can be identified by skew the exact incidence. Groin strains are among the certain precise exercises or stretches that isolate and most common injuries seen in ice hockey players.13-15 stress the involved muscle. Additionally, palpation Groin strains accounted for 10% of all injuries in elite of the tissues can help identify the exact muscle. In Swedish ice hockey players over the course of a sea- general, treatment and rehabilitation are designed son.16 Furthermore, Molsa17 reported that groin strains to relieve pain, restore range of motion, restore accounted for 43% of all muscle strains in elite Finn- strength, and return function. Rest, ice, compression, ish ice hockey players. Tyler et al8 described the inci- elevation (RICE) is the standard treatment for mild to dence of groin strains in a single NHL to be 3.2 strains moderate muscle strains. Gentle ice massage to the per 1000 player-game exposures. In a larger study of area helps to decrease swelling and promote healing. 26 NHL teams, Emery et al4 reported the incidence Compression shorts or an elastic bandage may also of adductor strains in the NHL had increased over 6 be helpful in decreasing swelling and providing sup- years between 1991-1997. The rate of injury was great- port. If walking causes pain, limited weight bearing est during the preseason as compared to during regu- and use of assistive ambulatory devices may be con- lar and postseason play. The higher preseason injury sidered for the first day or two after the injury. rate may possibly due to the lack of activity and asso- ciated strength loss that may occur during the offsea- ADDUCTOR MUSCLE STRAINS son. Prospective soccer studies in Scandinavia have Adductor muscle strains can result in missed play- reported a groin strain incidence between 10 and 18 ing time for athletes in many sports. Adductor mus- injuries per 100 soccer players.18 Ekstrand and Gil- cle strains are encountered more frequently in ice lquist5 documented 32 groin strains in 180 male soccer hockey and soccer than other sports.3-5 These sports players over the course of one year, representing 13% require a strong eccentric contraction of the adduc- of all injuries. Adductor muscle strains, certainly are tor musculature during competition and practice.6,7 not isolated to these two sports. The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy | Volume 9, Number 6 | November 2014 | Page 786 Previous researchers have described an association As researchers have begun to identify players at risk between strength and/or flexibility and musculo- for a future adductor strain, the next step is to design skeletal strains in various athletic populations.5,19,20 and investigate an intervention program to address Ekstrand and Gillquist5 found that preseason hip all risk factors. Tyler et al13 were able to demonstrate abduction range of motion was decreased in soccer that a therapeutic intervention of strengthening the players who subsequently sustained groin strains adductor muscle group could be an effective method compared with uninjured players. This is in contrast for preventing adductor strains in professional ice to the data published on professional ice hockey hockey players. Prior to the 2000 and 2001 seasons, players that found no relationship between passive professional ice hockey players were strength tested. or active abduction range of motion (adductor flex- Thirty-three of these 58 players were classified as “at ibility) and adductor muscle strains.8,21 This contrast risk” which was defined as having an adduction to may be in part due to the fact that ice hockey play- abduction strength ratio of less than 80% and placed ers need more ROM to perform their sport and do on an intervention program. The intervention pro- not demonstrate a large dichotomy between players gram consisted of strengthening and functional with tight and loose adductors. exercises aimed at increasing adductor strength as seen in Table 1. Adductor muscle strength has been associated with a Injuries were tracked over the course of the two 8 subsequent muscle strain. Tyler et al found preseason seasons. In this study there were 3 adductor strains hip adduction strength was 18% lower in NHL players which all occurred in game situations for an inci- who subsequently sustained groin strains compared dence of 0.71 adductor strains per 1,000 player game with the uninjured players. Recall that hip adduction exposures. Adductor strains accounted for approxi- to abduction strength ratio was also significantly dif- mately 2% of all injuries. In contrast, there were 11 ferent between the two groups. Adduction strength adductor strains and an incidence of 3.2 adductor was 95% of abduction strength in the uninjured play- strains per 1,000 player game exposures the previous ers but only 78% of abduction strength in the injured two seasons prior to the intervention. In those prior players. Additionally, in the players who sustained two seasons adductor strains accounted for approxi- a groin strain, preseason adduction to abduction mately 8% of all injuries. This incidence was also strength ratio was lower on the side that subsequently sustained a groin strain when compared with the unin- jured side. Adduction strength was 86% of abduction Table 1.
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