Modeling and Simulation of Air-Vehicle Entry Scheme Based on Composite Precooling Engine
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The SKYLON Spaceplane
The SKYLON Spaceplane Borg K.⇤ and Matula E.⇤ University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA This report outlines the major technical aspects of the SKYLON spaceplane as a final project for the ASEN 5053 class. The SKYLON spaceplane is designed as a single stage to orbit vehicle capable of lifting 15 mT to LEO from a 5.5 km runway and returning to land at the same location. It is powered by a unique engine design that combines an air- breathing and rocket mode into a single engine. This is achieved through the use of a novel lightweight heat exchanger that has been demonstrated on a reduced scale. The program has received funding from the UK government and ESA to build a full scale prototype of the engine as it’s next step. The project is technically feasible but will need to overcome some manufacturing issues and high start-up costs. This report is not intended for publication or commercial use. Nomenclature SSTO Single Stage To Orbit REL Reaction Engines Ltd UK United Kingdom LEO Low Earth Orbit SABRE Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine SOMA SKYLON Orbital Maneuvering Assembly HOTOL Horizontal Take-O↵and Landing NASP National Aerospace Program GT OW Gross Take-O↵Weight MECO Main Engine Cut-O↵ LACE Liquid Air Cooled Engine RCS Reaction Control System MLI Multi-Layer Insulation mT Tonne I. Introduction The SKYLON spaceplane is a single stage to orbit concept vehicle being developed by Reaction Engines Ltd in the United Kingdom. It is designed to take o↵and land on a runway delivering 15 mT of payload into LEO, in the current D-1 configuration. -
Air-Breathing Engine Precooler Achieves Record-Breaking Mach 5 Performance 23 October 2019
Air-breathing engine precooler achieves record-breaking Mach 5 performance 23 October 2019 The Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine (SABRE) is uniquely designed to scoop up atmospheric air during the initial part of its ascent to space at up to five times the speed of sound. At about 25 km it would then switch to pure rocket mode for its final climb to orbit. In future SABRE could serve as the basis of a reusable launch vehicle that operates like an aircraft. Because the initial flight to Mach 5 uses the atmospheric air as one propellant it would carry much less heavy liquid oxygen on board. Such a system could deliver the same payload to orbit with a vehicle half the mass of current launchers, potentially offering a large reduction in cost and a higher launch rate. Reaction Engines' specially constructed facility at the Colorado Air and Space Port in the US, used for testing the innovative precooler of its air-breathing SABRE engine. Credit: Reaction Engines Ltd UK company Reaction Engines has tested its innovative precooler at airflow temperature conditions equivalent to Mach 5, or five times the speed of sound. This achievement marks a significant milestone in its ESA-supported Airflow through the precooler test item in the HTX heat exchanger test programme. UK company Reaction development of the air-breathing SABRE engine, Engines has tested its innovative precooler at airflow paving the way for a revolution in space access temperature conditions equivalent to Mach 5, or five and hypersonic flight. times the speed of sound. This achievement marks a significant milestone in the ESA-supported development The precooler heat exchanger is an essential of its air-breathing SABRE engine, paving the way for a SABRE element that cools the hot airstream revolution in hypersonic flight and space access. -
IAC-15-D2.1.8 PROGRESS on SKYLON and SABRE Philippa
IAC-15-D2.1.8 PROGRESS ON SKYLON AND SABRE Philippa Davies Reaction Engines Limited, Building F5, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom [email protected] Mark Hempsell1, Richard Varvill2 The Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine (SABRE) engine is comprised of state-of-the-art jet engine and rocket technology combined in a novel cycle with light-weight heat exchanger technology. Reaction Engines Ltd is gaining momentum programmatically and technically towards the first ground based demonstration of the SABRE air- breathing cycle. The SABRE engine development programme has transitioned from key technology demonstration into the design and development phase of the SABRE engine. The focus of the activities are now towards the ground- based air-breathing cycle demonstration and the engine test programme. The accomplishments over the last two years include completion of the Preliminary Requirements Review (PRR) and successful test firing of the novel rocket combustion chamber and nozzle for use in both the engine’s air breathing and rocket modes. The SABRE Engine is designed to enable the realisation of the SKYLON spaceplane. SKYLON is a reusable singe stage to orbit spaceplane that can take off from a runway to reach a 300 km altitude low earth orbit with a payload of 15 tonnes and then return to Earth for a runway landing. This paper summarises the recent technical and programmatic accomplishments, as well as the programme’s future activities to progress the design and development of both SKYLON and the SABRE engine Keywords: SKYLON, SABRE, Heat Exchangers 1. INTRODUCTION with the SKYLON spaceplane to ensure the joint advancement of the propulsion system and vehicle, For 30 years there has been activity in the United however the company’s main focus is on the Kingdom to realise the vision of a single stage to orbit development of SABRE. -
Reaction Engines and High-Speed Propulsion
Reaction Engines and High-Speed Propulsion Future In-Space Operations Seminar – August 7, 2019 Adam F. Dissel, Ph.D. President, Reaction Engines Inc. 1 Copyright © 2019 Reaction Engines Inc. After 60 years of Space Access…. Copyright © 2019 Reaction Engines Inc. …Some amazing things have been achieved Tangible benefits to everyday life Expansion of our understanding 3 Copyright © 2019 Reaction Engines Inc. Accessing Space – The Rocket Launch Vehicle The rocket launch vehicle (LV) has carried us far…however current launchers still remain: • Expensive • Low-Operability • Low-Reliability …Which increases the cost of space assets themselves and restricts growth of space market …little change in launch vehicle technology in almost 60 years… 1957 Today 4 Copyright © 2019 Reaction Engines Inc. Why All-Rocket LV’s Could Use Help All-rocket launch vehicles (LVs) are challenged by the physics that dictate performance thresholds…little improvement in key performance metrics have been for decades Mass Fraction Propulsion Efficiency – LH2 Example Reliability 1400000 Stage 2 Propellant 500 1.000 Propellent 450 1200000 Vehicle Structure 0.950 236997 400 1000000 350 0.900 300 800000 0.850 250 Launches 0.800 600000 320863 200 906099 150 400000 Orbital Successful 0.750 100 Hydrogen Vehicle Weights (lbs) Weights Vehicle 0.700 LV Reliability 454137 (seconds)Impulse 200000 50 Rocket Engines Hydrogen Rocket Specific Specific Rocket Hydrogen 0 0.650 0 48943 Falcon 9 777-300ER 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Air-breathing enables systems with increased Engine efficiency is paramount but rocket Launch vehicle reliability has reached a plateau mass margin which yields high operability, technology has not achieved a breakthrough in and is still too low to support our vision of the reusability, and affordability decades future in space 5 Copyright © 2019 Reaction Engines Inc. -
Chap21 Rockets Fundamentals.Pdf
Chapter 21.indd 449 1/9/08 12:12:24 PM There is an explanation for everything that a rocket does. The explanation is most always based on the laws of physics and the nature of rocket propellants. Experimentation is required to find out whether a new rocket will or will not work. Even today, with all the knowledge and expertise that exists in the field of rocketry, experimentation occasionally shows that certain ideas are not practical. In this chapter, we will look back in time to the early developers and users of rocketry. We will review some of the physical laws that apply to rocketry, discuss selected chemicals and their combinations, and identify the rocket systems and their components. We also will look at the basics of rocket propellant efficiency. bjectives Explain why a rocket engine is called a reaction engine. Identify the country that first used the rocket as a weapon. Compare the rocketry advancements made by Eichstadt, Congreve and Hale. Name the scientist who solved theoretically the means by which a rocket could escape the earth’s gravitational field. Describe the primary innovation in rocketry developed by Dr. Goddard and Dr. Oberth. Explain the difference between gravitation and gravity. Describe the contributions of Galileo and Newton. Explain Newton’s law of universal gravitation. State Newton’s three laws of motion. Define force, velocity, acceleration and momentum. Apply Newton’s three laws of motion to rocketry. Identify two ways to increase the thrust of a rocket. State the function of the combustion chamber, the throat, and nozzle in a rocket engine. -
Turbojet Runs Precursor to Hypersonic Engine Heat Exchanger Tests
Turbojet Runs Precursor to Hypersonic Engine Heat Exchanger Tests Aviation Week & Space Technology Guy Norris Tue, 2018-05-15 04:00 Advanced propulsion developer Reaction Engines is nearing its first step toward validating its novel air-breathing hybrid rocket design at hypersonic conditions by firing up a vintage General Electric J79 turbojet to act as a heat source for testing, expected later this month. The ex-military engine, formerly used in a McDonnell Douglas F-4, is a central element of Reaction’s specially developed high-temperature airflow test site, which will soon be commissioned at Front Range Airport, near Watkins, Colorado. The J79 will provide heated gas flow in excess of 1,000C (1,800F) which, together with conditioned ambient air, will be mixed to replicate inlet conditions representative of flight speeds up to and including Mach 5. The flow will verify the operability and performance of the pre-cooler heat exchanger (HTX), which is at the core of Reaction’s Sabre (synergistic air-breathing rocket engine). It is also key to extracting oxygen from the atmosphere to enable acceleration to hypersonic speed from a standing start. The HTX will chill airflow to minus 150C in less than 1/20th of a second, and pass it through a turbo- compressor and into the rocket combustion chamber where it will be burned with sub-cooled liquid hydrogen (LH) fuel. Beyond Mach 5, and at an altitude approaching 100,000 ft. the inlet will be closed and the engine will continue to operate as a closed-cycle rocket engine fueled by onboard liquid oxygen and LH. -
Liquid Propollant Rocket Engines
THERMAL TO MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION: ENGINES AND REQUIREMENTS – Vol. II - Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines - V.M. Polyaev and V.A. Burkaltsev LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINES V.M. Polyaev and V.A. Burkaltsev Department of Rocket engines, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia. Keywords: Liquid rocket engine, liquid rocket propellant, chamber, combustion products, pressure, temperature, density, cooling, supply system, turbopump assembly, gas generator, engine installation, thrust, specific impulse, specific mass. Contents 1. Introduction 2. LRE general information 3. Main LRE parameters 4. LRE structure and liquid rocket engine installations (LREI) schemes 5. Historical reference 6. LRE development tendencies 7. Conclusions Acknowledgment Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches 1. Introduction All chemical rocket engines have two common characteristics. They utilize chemical reactions in a thrust chamber to produce a high-pressure, high-temperature gas at the entrance to a converging-diverging exhaust nozzle. The hot propellant gas expands in flowing through the nozzle, and the expansion process converts a portion of the thermal energy released by the chemical reaction into kinetic energy associated with a high- velocity gaseous-exhaust jet. 2. LRE general information The liquid propellant rocket engine (LRE) is a direct reaction engine using the liquid rocket propellantUNESCO stored on a flight vehicle – board EOLSS for thrust creation. The liquid rocket propellant (LRP) is a substance in the liquid state which is capable to be converted intoSAMPLE a reactive gas jet discharging CHAPTERS from the engine and creating a thrust as a result of the exothermal reaction associated with heat release. LRP consists of liquid components. The propellant components can include one substance or a mixture of individual chemical substances. -
Sabre Technology Development: Status and Update
DOI: 10.13009/EUCASS2019-307 8TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE FOR AERONAUTICS AND SPACE SCIENCES (EUCASS) SABRE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT: STATUS AND UPDATE Richard Varvill (*), Ignacio Duran, Adrian Kirk, Stuart Langridge, Oliver Nailard, Russ Payne, Helen Webber. * Reaction Engines Ltd, Building F5, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK. Email: [email protected] Abstract Reaction Engines’ Synergetic Air Breathing Rocket Engine (SABRE™) represents a major breakthrough in aerospace propulsion technology and reusable space access capability. SABRE is a class of hydrogen-fuelled combined cycle engine that operates in air-breathing mode up to speeds above Mach 5, then transitions to rocket mode (burning on-board liquid oxygen) to accelerate to orbital velocity. SABRE’s utilisation of unique, light-weight, compact heat exchangers allow the engine to deliver a high air-breathing thrust-to- weight ratio with excellent specific impulse, as well as delivering high performance in rocket operation. This paper provides an overview of two programmes demonstrating key elements of SABRE technology. 1.0 Introduction The Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine (SABRE) is a novel combined-cycle engine designed to operate in air- breathing mode and pure rocket mode. Shown in cross-section in Fig. 1, SABRE integrates novel heat exchanger technology with conventional turbomachinery to create an engine that can utilise atmospheric air at flight speeds greater than Mach 5, and cool it prior to its compression [1]. This permits the design of an engine that offers an attractive combination of high thrust-to-weight ratio and high specific impulse. Figure 1: SABRE System Breakdown In addition to its uniquely high performance, SABRE offers another attractive prospect: It is a modular system that permits concurrent development of each of its major sub-systems. -
Aviation Fuels Technical Review
Aviation Fuels Technical Review | Chevron Products Aviation Fuels Company Technical Review Chevron Products Company 6001 Bollinger Canyon Road San Ramon, CA 94583 Chevron Products Company is a division of a wholly owned subsidiary of Chevron Corporation. http://www.chevron.com/productsservices/aviation/ © 2007 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved. Chevron and the Caltex, Chevron and Texaco hallmarks are federally registered trademarks of Chevron Intellectual Property LLC. Recycled/RecyclableRecycled/recyclable paper paper IDC 1114-099612 MS-9891 (11/14) Table of Contents Notes General Introduction ............................................................i 8 • Aviation Gasoline Performance ............................ 45 Performance Properties 1 • Aviation Turbine Fuel Introduction ........................... 1 Cleanliness Types of Fuel Safety Properties Fuel Consumption 9 • Aviation Gasoline 2 • Aviation Turbine Fuel Performance .........................3 Specifications and Test Methods .......................... 54 Performance Properties Specifications Cleanliness Future Fuels Safety Properties Test Methods Emissions 10 • Aviation Gasoline Composition ............................. 63 3 • Aviation Turbine Fuel Composition Specifications and Test Method ...............................14 Property/Composition Relationships Specifications Additives Test Methods 11 • Aviation Gasoline Refining ..................................... 66 4 • Aviation Turbine Fuel Composition ........................24 Alkylation Base Fuel Avgas Blending -
The Skylon Project
From HOTOL to SKYLON British Spaceplane Programmes: Past, Present and Future Roger Longstaff, Reaction Engines Ltd. 18th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference Tours, France, 26 September 2012 The Past Interviews with main protagonists Personal recollections and opinions Reflections on system engineering philosophy Engine technology & transportation systems External combustion engine – railways & ships Internal combustion engine – automobiles & aircraft Gas turbine engine – jet aircraft Liquid fuelled rocket engine – ballistic missiles & space launch vehicles Nuclear power – ships, submarines........... All are revolutionary technologies – some are highly disruptive! Yarm – beer and the origin of the railways Locomotion No. 1 The Origin of HOTOL Bob Parkinson and Alan Bond meet at British Interplanetary Society in 1982 (CNES lecture on Ariane 5 / Hermes) Question: How to replace the expendable rocket? Answer: With an aeroplane Next Question: Is it possible? Design a SSTO / RLV Aeroplane Parkinson moves to British Aerospace Space Division and investigates performance and airframe designs Bond works part time on propulsion systems: rocket / gas turbine combinations, exotic propellants, etc. BAe director (Peter Conchie) takes concept to main board – secures company funding More than 20 different concepts were studied. Bond patents new thermodynamic engine cycle, John Scott- Scott cultivates interest at Rolls Royce UK Ministry of Defence classifies engine “secret”, Rolls Royce adopts as RB545 1985: -
Unlocking the Future of Space Access and Hypersonic Flight
Unlocking the future of space access and hypersonic flight. Making beyond possible. Making beyond possible. Flying faster. Going further. Making giant leaps in understanding. The development of our innovative SABRE engine is enabling us to go beyond the limits of flight both within and outside the atmosphere. Every breakthrough is making space and hypersonic travel more efficient, more accessible, more possible. But that’s only the beginning. We’re also creating pioneering applied technologies that have the potential to change the face of a wide range of commercial industries – from aerospace and automotive to energy. Our innovative approach brings together brilliantly curious minds, leading edge technology and a passion to reimagine what’s possible. Join us on our journey to the future. SABRE Ramjet System Engine Core Precooler Supersonic Intake Improves overall engine efficiency Powers SABRE during air-breathing Rapidly cools the incoming air Captures and slows the incoming air The engine that changes everything. by using surplus air to generate flight. Heat absorbed by the precooler is (1,000°C to ambient) enabling into the engine and can operate at extra thrust recycled to power the engine, SABRE to operate at higher speeds speeds in excess of Mach 5 before significantly reducing fuel consumption than existing engines closing for rocket mode The sky’s no longer the limit. A truly versatile propulsion system – SABRE technology can operate in both SABRE is an air-breathing rocket engine that can propel an aircraft air-breathing and rocket modes from zero to five times the speed of sound in the atmosphere and 25 times the speed of sound for space access. -
19820018505.Pdf
NASA CR 167885 NASA-CR-167885 19820018505 '." ....... _, 1.:.,. NI\S/\ - .. '.' 1 CHARACTERIZATION OF ADVANCED ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS PREPARED FOR LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION GRANT NAG 3-76 '" 1982 L':::""o' ," r;'S,;.R::~ CENTER Final Report I ;:"~~ I (.';1, VIRGINIA May 1982 Pradosh K. Ray Department of Mechanical Engineering Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee Institute, Alabama 1111111111111 1111 11111 1111111111 11111 1111 1111 NF02692 1. Report No. I 2. Government AcclISsion No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. NASA CR 167885 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Characterization of Advanced Electric May, 1982 Propulsion Systems 6. Performing Organization Code 7.. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Pradosh K. Ray 10. Work Unit No. 9. Performing Organization Nlme and Addr... Department of Mechanical Engineering 11. Contract or Grant No. Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee Institute, Alabama 36088 NAG 3-76 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring AgencV Name and Addresl June 1, 1980-January 31, 198;: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Grant Monitor--William Kerslake, NASA Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135 16. Abstract Characteristics of several advanced electric propulsion systems are evaluated and compared. The propulsion systems studied are mass driver, rail gun, MPD thruster, hydrogen free radical thruster and mercury electron bombardment ion engine. These are characterized by specific impulse, overall effiCiency, input power, average thrust, power to average thrust ratio and average thrust to dry weight ratio. Several important physical characteristics such as dry system mass, accelerator length, bore size and current pulse requirement are also evaluated in appropriate cases.