Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch

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page001-012 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 page 1 π¿^c&´ Ox| vM” πz÷vm ä´

Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch

ISBN: 0-9706663-1-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2002094114

πOÈKÒèç πjÛãè OJ° õè¬BT O÷m@Pèç πô&|øÂºè ü`{ º±“ ´" ôTÖ ôeÛ´

πÚ| jÛè" ôw wM`æ ô—^Ä´ “U c&÷Ûç v+z °`ez*ºçÄ´ c&n÷J ûOÈKˆÅÄ´ πÅH#|è zhûO´ ®¿ cSè Oc¿√Ä´è ºdºJ""

æFè OÈKı HO”≤| û{Ç wH´ ô≈^i O÷πo æÅIJ"" Inquiries can be sent to:

Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch P.O. Box 113 Avon, MN 56310, USA

page001-012 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 page 2 ôº| HOGè HvnBv| ØH| HäKc+ 8 mè 09)(4 Æ. T.

Tèzã ô≠eπû võèz û=H# H&z ±—v`û? ®Oã πKTπû õO æõ±+ |eØa H—x`û? vcIT õ”±&ú vûO ô±≥û"" õeO ôØæè|π `õºñ õè± æOJõ Ö>I Ö&\|û vH&º""

page001-012 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 page 3 Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch oromochin kemmimmelekketu leloch sene- doch gara or The Works of Abba Bahriy with Other Documents concerning the Oromo, is primarily a new edition and translation into Amharic and English of the work Zenahu le-Galla, a Ge`ez study of Oromo society and Oromo migration into central Ethiopia in the sixteenth century. The author of the text, the monk Abba Bahriy, was an eyewitness to this migration and himself fled his homeland of Gamo when the Galla/Oromo overran and destroyed it. As such, Abba Bahriy’s text is an important firsthand account of the social structure of the pastoralist Oromo and the impact of their migration on the existing agrarian communities of central Ethiopia. To help clarify the original text, the book contains a chapter of selected quotations culled from primary Ge`ez historical sources that expound upon or are otherwise relevant to the sixteenth century migration. Each quotation is accompanied by its Amharic translation. The book also contains a chapter about the author and his other works.

Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch ... concludes with a bibliography and an index. !"

page001-012 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 page 4 " R´ﬁ

m√Q nJ (û˘aÙc` {¿c {T^|) ...... 7. . Oo≈T ...... 9 O”v&º ...... 13. .

TØ^ı ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ ...... 33 . . (1) O≥P[ °`e}e ...... 34 . . (2) «ô‡\ O≥P[ °`e}e» ...... 47. . (3) OJ°≠ —x`ô+J ...... 49. . (4) cIO o¡dè ...... 49. .

TØ^ı ±+çB H“I ...... 53 . . O”v&º ...... 55 ”Ø±# ...... 63 vôR`ì ...... 75

TØ^ı “I/úaU ...... 95 . . (1) “I ®æe úaU ...... 97 . . (2) π“I |`—>T ...... 97 . . (3) πúaU ôè≈ä| ...... 98 . . (4) úaU¨Ç ûH+H:Ç æHºH#? ...... 99 . . (5) «“I» e≈x ä´? ...... 102. . . (6) π“I/πúaU ±+ç HTè zËÔ? ...... 103 . . . (7) πúaU {]° ûTè‹ ...... 108. . . . (A) Oè”Y|ç M≥x ...... 109 (H) πúaU¨Ç «cxô |ü|ä|» ...... 118 (8) πOè”Y| ôoTç úaU¨Ç ...... 123. . . (9) úaU¨Çè πReÔ` ˙H&c& ...... 138. . . . (10) vôè≈ A—` fe| Oè”Y| ...... 155 . . .

page001-012 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 page 5 6 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

TØ^ı |èXô+ Oè”Y| ...... 161. . .

ôw] 1 - Appendix I - ûôHn {π |Jm% OÈKı πzm√ ...... 171 . . . 17. eH ä—¿ “I ...... 171 . . . “H:Ç vc+| oç|ç O“¿J æo` xH´ M” πc\v| T°èº| ...... 178 . . . eH “I |´J≈ ...... 182 π®H: õeJTç õ´äzì´ {]°e õè¬F ä´ ...... 186. . eH “I z¤R] ºı {]° ...... 188 . . . ôè¡ {]° ...... 188 H+I´ {]° ...... 190 . . . π“I Y^|ç M” ...... 191 . . . v“I M” π¿T Y^| ...... 193. . . 18. eH ä—¿ õç`º ...... 193. . .

ôw] 2 - Appendix II Ethnography of the Galla (±+çB H“I) By Abba Bahriy . . . . .195 . . . ôw] 3 - Appendix III Concerning the Galla by Aleqa Tayye ...... 215

™v& OËMı| ...... 243. . . O÷m@T ...... 251 . . . YØH:Ç

¿^c&´ç H&º...... 3. . ûO≥P[ °è}e (BL Or. 534, f. 13a.) ...... 12. . πô&|øÂº ü`{ ...... 14. . . ôè}åø c+û& ...... 34. . . °v#` ô} æJR ¿_d ...... 54 . . ô&”ç±&ø —>æ¬ ...... 62 . . û±+çB H“I (BL Or. 534, f. 1a.) ...... 94 . . ôæû+ DvÌè≈ ...... 96 . . û±+çB H“I (Aeth. 4, f. 1b.) ...... 160. . . ô} ÆÌO —&ø`—&e (ÆÌS/ÆÿS) ...... 162. . .. ôHn {π ...... 170. . . . Å`Je v+û&è”DT ...... 194 . . .. ˘aÙc` wæ\ zıI ...... 214. . .. ûcIO o¡dè (BL Or. 534, f. 168b.) ...... 242 . . . ûO≥P[ °è}e (BL Or. 534, f. 137a.)...... 250. . .

page001-012 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 page 6 " m√Q nJ û˘aÙc` {¿c {T^|

˘aÙc` —+{Ä´ ÜæH+ñ v±&F wS]ü ô—`ñ vQåf{ «ez,|» éÿ vT|—í´ π¢H+œ˚&J ûzR ºH´ «πo¡e øKèe ∫å˚`c&z*» ºcwcwÄ´èñ vx±# h&F πQp÷\|è πÿè| ô&|øÂº πx^ç OËMı| Ræ°aÚJUÇñ õäG ûDº ôTe| ÆO{| HvH÷ —&±+ vRÿç|ç vROcüû` tÿ^Ä´ v≤ ºHñ HA—^Çè πDæRê|ñ πuèuñ πYä ÈK#ıñ π{]°ç πwFJ ÿç| ûı ºH ôxä| ºIÄ´è ≈`c}Ç vOËMı|ç vO◊ÿˆÇ OJ° H&ºm`x πÅH wHUº ä´"" ôBè ¿”U æFèè «πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Çñ úaUÇè ûQOHûz% H+H:Ç cä∆Ç “^» πzwH´è ÿçz%è vÿènm, ô±“œ} ôo`yJçJ"" ôw wM`æè õeüBè x±#¨ÅÇè πTçńÄ´ñ v±OçÄ´ û¿v#x ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº vx≤| zèmdoc´ OeÔ` eH O\| πúaU M≥xñ v”Ø≥ uèu vËÒ| OÈKÛÄ´ xÅ äv`"" ôBè ˘aÙc` —+{Ä´ w±“ ´ v±&F ÈK#ı éÿ ”èñ H+H:Ç ô^| πzûv\ OËMı|T π¿[c#ñ v±Oã π|TF`| Oe° õœ” v◊T πz^mm%ç πvcH# ¿^c&T õè¿äv\ ûäRe[Õ´ ô◊`} æä”[çJ"" ôw wM`æ v—&±+ºÄ´ ûäv\| π”Ø≥ ¿êºè BH# v◊T πzH∫ õè¿äv\ ”JÈ Gê æ{ºJ"" õeüBè wH#è O[Õ¨Ç OW[| H+H:Ä% π±Oã ¿êºè ºp∫Jè ÈK#ˆÇ vx≤| πQºzû=\| vDæRê| OËMı| |`—>Tç |è{éñ vÁH:|ñ vO≥PaÇç voé¨Ç Iæ äv`"" õdÄ´ ”è vz¤R]ñ v±&F eH úaU M≥x w±“À| ÿç|ñ v±Oã v◊T ôddv& πäv\ πM≥x cÔ^ñ πcITñ πŸ`ä|ñ πRáv^™*ñ π®{¿^™*ç π˙Hz*ü™* ≈`œ| —#√øÇèT õπzOÔ\ç ü—` jR”H+¨Ç O[Õ õºcwcv# O≥”v´ H&ºp∫Jè ÇH™J"" æF π˘aÙc` —+{Ä´ OÈKı Hôèwxºè ôè≈ ô¬e ÔH” Omπc# ‘J} æ{ºJ"" eHúaU¨Ç c&Èı πôw wM`æè ÿç| HxÅ´ äÿH: dæGèñ ûôÏ+ —I´ƒë Ta õeû 20ì´ Tõ| ÆO| O O]º ≈[e πäv\| ä—Y{| ±+ç O™ØJñ ÁKÚ¨ÇT πúaU M≥xè vQOHû| π¿[c#|è BH# ûπeı^Ä´ ôcwey

page001-012 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 page 7 8 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

õº™K¿ ä´ ºm[wÄ´"" ûä±&FT OüûJñ πôÏ+ c#eèøe (1600- 1625) ±+ç O™ØJ ¿^c&ç πè—#W# πo`x wHVJ πäv\| úaU´ H&oñ ô≤∑ z°H YIc+ ÷&êT æ—í%v{J"" ûä±&FT vz¤R]ñ v19ì´ Tõ| ÆO| O¤[iç v20ì´ O O]º Iæ πäv\| ô} ÆÌSç ôHn {π v—&±+ôÄ´ ûäv\ º—` jR”H+¨Ç ºcwcw;Ä´T züz™J"" πô} ÆÌS m¿T xH: eH{zOñ ûô&|øÂº ÷ı} πäv[´è πôHn {πè OÈKı ûô&π\dH+T ô”î} eH úaU M≥x õdÄ´ º±“À|èT v≥`≥` ôo`y{J"" H+I´T π{®m%| úaU π{]° ÁKÚç WÆH&ñ π‘ÕP H&o ôHn z°H ô&πc#e/™oœ^ æ÷mdH#"" eH úaU M≥x ºH#è πm≈U cä∆Ç BH# ôè≈ zOddæ ÷wæ ôIÄ´"" πzËÒ| vŸ`ä|ç v|”J —&±+ eHäv[ñ x±# πm%◊ç π±HÛ nI| æv±#wÄ™J"" ô} ÆÌSç ôHn {π ”è v±OçÄ´ æFèè OèÔe õœ” v◊T HRiiJç πúaU¨Çè ô÷nIæ wFJç Rèä| vvH÷ ô°xa| æ¥ HO[√| ûızì ÿ[| º¿`—# õè¿äv` û≈`c}ÅÄ´ Rπ| õèÇIHè"" æFè z—v& õ`TÕ —+{Ä´ v±&F OÈKı πvH÷ ô√xa{J RH| æÅIJ"" õè¬º´T õc# z®J∆ πJœä| ±Oãè ºdHÔ´ñ vhè¢^ ®[√ û¿‘Tc&d õeû z%H# Ô^ç õeû H#S ≈[e wH#| π®I–Ä%%ç π±O≈ ô≥R≈ Oê]º ôüwv&¨Ç éÿ õπzOIHcñ ûv+| û‘[v+| J–Ç “^ vúaTì õπzä“—[ç õπzfi®z eHGäñ uèu´èç wFH#è vo`x º´m™Jó ºûx[´RJ"" v±&F OÈKı éÿ πm[v#Jè cä∆Ç πQºd∫è ô÷nIæ YØJñ wHÒ| 500 ÆO{| éÿ πúaU M≥xñ vπcÔ[wÄ´ ôüwv&¨Ç BH#ñ ûH+H:Ä% πô&|øÂº M≥yÇ “^ vwFJñ vuèuñ vDæRê|ç v|´J≈ õπz™K¿ πO◊ OGãè ä´"" æJm%èTñ πA—`èç πOè”Y|è FJ´ç ÷xpç ô÷ç°a vRpπz% ôèË`ñ ûz^ —v_ñ ä“ƒñ ®{¿`ç ºüwv& ‘v≥ ôHn Ta õeû wH PH# YJ◊è πOè”Y| πvIæ ÷wm*ä| ¿[Õ õπ¿[cñ vwH+v+|ä| ûızì ôez™Ìú ºeO±—v OGãè cä∆Ä% BH# æOc°^H#""

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page001-012 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 page 8 " Oo≈T

vÈK#ı πpπJèè πwFJç π{]° o`e vôR`ì H≤_´ |´J≈ HRd®o wHî Tï|ç õo≈ OW[| õäG æFèè BHzì´è OÈKı ôm`wHB"" ôè¿ì´ OÈKı wM[ Kdx π±Oè s÷^ o`dÇè û{]° Re{®i “^ vQJ `õe v09)(3 Æ. T. {|VJ"" ôTI° Ôn¡ õeû Gä ≈[e ÿ[z% æmÿIJ"" û{]° ÿ\ ÿ\´è õπO[÷# H&Oû#v| v&—wT xÅ´è ^| ôæGèTó π^eèT Ûè{ç ”ƒ{ ôæzüT"" õè¬º´T õπû:^èv| v±&º´ õè≈çvn H&º¿`—èñ v±ƒ üJº≥ä´T û—:[v+}ÅÇè “^ H&ºno[è æÇIJ"" v±&º´ O÷è Oÿˆ Oÿˆ´è õπO[÷# v&®oc#v| πQ®mc#| {]° ôvIkÇ çÄ´ õèÃ ®^kÅÄ´ ôæ¿H#T"" π{]° |Jm% ¿”ä| õ±&F Iæ ä´ó πQ®[c´ Á“´ c&Gè Á“ v&c# ®^j πH´Tó ûô≈^—&´ c´ eT “^ xÅ c&äX æê^J"" õè¿ ô&|øÂº´ºè ºH ®◊ —w {]° ºH´ ûw≈ M≥x πA—\è {]° πQR[´ñ {]° ^c#è J≈—T c&J πQeRR ûGä HRv[{{|ñ πRæeRR ûGä HO”{| ä´"" πôw wM`æè ÿç|ç π±Oãè {]° ºm[xû#| v±&F OèÔe õè≈è[√´ç õè≈è÷mTv| vROè ä´""

ôè√è≈ OËMı| ¿^c&¨ÅÄ´ xÅ dæGã [m*nÄ´T {]° c&ê^Ä´ ôºHB"" πé´ ”è πQê[´ ôJOcHîT äv`ó ô‡`T v&Gè ôH´"" π«±+çB H“I»è ”Ø≥ ®¿ôR`ì πz[—:Tû#| πôS]üêÇ ØHz ôû:z,|è (Thanksgiving Day) ûJ–Ä, “` HR°v` ®¿ å´ ø`° HOE≈ ôæa˘Iè Iæ väv`û#v| —&±+ äv`"" ûvÆH# vâI ûOHºπ{Çè vÚ| Td-OcJ π[Û≈ t`e ôx[è JèvIç Jècäwv| ûôè≈ T”x v+| zn÷`è"" BH#T ûºHv| zcwey

page001-012 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 page 9 10 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

t`c# õeû&m`x ÿm*| õè¿zfi®|èñ ôè√Ç ä—` HR´◊| y`dπè xÔJ” ü÷—v+ ô◊B|"" º◊B| Hü π|`—>Pè [m*oç ØH| vØH| eHQºeÔJ—# vû&e πQº±# cä∆Çè (ÿ_ —è±xñ πÄ,° ¿xz`ñ °_¬| ü`∆Çñ πO{®m*º ®[m|ñ ô[è’ƒ ü`≈) vUI õè¿º± û{°c&´ éÿ [eÄ,´ ä´"" π¿e{´ OèÔdÇè zhv[ó {°c&´è HOÔH” TèT TJ°|ç Re[Õ eHH+Hè πO◊´è ûOmvJ vm` H+I Ø≈J ôJäv[îT"" π÷Û´è BH# HOzü| v&ÅJT C¿z% mIJ ôæ¿HT"" æJm%èT å´ ø`° Oeû[T OwÅ Iæ û¿[cw| ô¿“ ®¬F «πO{®m*º ®[mz, ÷Ûxî» xH: H˙H&e πQºOH°z%w| ûzR ôæ¿HÇT"" πËıû#|èT õè¿—ç OËı eHRJ®≈ñ x±# —&±+ ûpπç ûz[dd vâI üJGä π±+çB H“I ÿçz,è õè¿RJmÿJv| ®¬º´ {πî"" ºT Gê J–Ä% ûé ævJÿ eHzvd‹ zÈçí* OGé m`} H+H:Ä%è ôÈçî Gèû#"" dev´ y`d´è H&®e¿´ πQÇJ ûé mÿH: πzdÔ[´ πO O]º´ c´ OGè ôHv|ó {°c& äÃ´R zdÛ] ûQ- mOÿv| y{ Tè H&º¿`” æE√J? º c´ πc´ Øn üI’’´ H{°e äÃ´ æc÷™J"" {°c& äÃ´ ºHBv|è y{ eHQºó πc´ Øn üI’’´ üHBv| y{ ≈[e ôTÿ} æc÷ìJ"" ûRzwÄ´ vm` TèT zeÛ πQc÷î ä—` ôJäv[T"" û”Rj cÆ| vâI tè Oo[x c& T` {°c& äÃ´ y`dΩè æ¥Jî O◊"" !"

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page001-012 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35 page 10 Oo≈T 11

õº—í ôeH´ŸìJ"" v±&º Iæ ôw wM`æè vOcH´ πXIÄ´ñ —È 14 Iæ ºH´è ü`{ πä¿Ô´ñ R´fi´è º±“ ´ñ HOÈKÒ O÷tT º®◊H| ôTÖ ä´ó ûJx ôOc”ä™HB"" π±&Fè OÈKı [m*m%è õè¿¤[eû# û˘aÙc` {¿c {T^| “^ ≈è—| O—çí{ÇèèT πOÈKÒ H+I´ {]° ô≈`—+ õsÿ[™HB"" ˘aÙc` {¿c [m*m%è ôèxy πc÷îè πRiiº KdyÇ d÷çÄ´ [m*m%è c&O[T` OYO` õè£è õè√J±HH ôdæz´ìJ"" KdyÄ%è BH#èT ûı üH Te“ç “^ zmxΩ vmÿ{ vOo√|T Gä û^c+ Kdx “^ vRe{[o c&ºep‹è H&ê\ πQÇH# eMz}Çè v—&±+´ ô`SwÄ™HB"" πm[ ®æT πd|B| ä—` v&ê` z÷ºm*´ õé äî"" {¿cè πQºFJ πô&|øÂº {]° wHUº æF ÿç| õè¬{zT OOíz% ÿçz% ®—è õè¿Q÷oT ºHîè õTä| ô÷è°aJìJ"" OÈKÒè d±“œ èx[|ä{Ä´ πx±# v+z OËMı| vGä# cä∆Ç z÷oSºHB"" wHèx[}Ä%ñ vzHæT πx]z*j Iæx^]ñ π˚&πç v+z OËMı|ñ πƒ` YJ◊è v+z OËMı|ñ πo¡e øKèe ∫å˚èz* (¢H+œ˚&J) v+z OËMı| vmÿ{T Gä vz±™™] eHÔm¡Jîñ ôez√√]¨ÅÄ´T eHzwv\î ûı ºH Te“ç ôm`wHB"" û{zP Tè·Ç éÿ vzHæ ûCSCO OËMı| x±# ôèmÍÇ õºOc—èû# ÷oiHB""

Re{®iRe{®i" 1. v±&F OÈKı ´eÿ ºH#| π±Oè tÿaÇ ÆOz TM[| (Æ. T.) çÄ´ó ôè√è≈ —&±+ vÆOz õ”±&õ (Æ. õ.) O÷mT ”≈ c&Gèxî õä±&ºè v «Æ. õ.» ôOJ°ÅÄ™HB"" 2. Tè·Çè HRe[Õä| vá√‘Ç Iæ e÷odÄ´ O O]ºÄ´èç —ÍÄ%è õèÃ PH# ô`õe{Ä´è ôJÈıT"" PH# ô`õe{Ä´è HR®o πQÔJ” vπ¿^c&¨ÅÄ´ eT z±`≥[´ —È 243-249 Iæ v«™v& OËMı|» e` º—ìÄ™J""

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page013-032 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 page 2

v±&F O÷äì ≈`c| ôRüæä| Ièwv&¨Ç Im`x πTÔJ—´ñ BH| ä—` ä´ -- ôè¿ì´ç ™ç´ vÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| ôw wM`æ eHúaU¨Ç π¿[c#|è ±+çB H“Iè c&Gèñ BHzì´ π¿^c&´è Rèä| H&ä”\è eHQÇH#| eHH+H:Ä% ≈`c}ÅÄ´ º±“ B|è O”Hfi ä´"" ®¿ ™ç´ `õc ä—_ ûOEƒ vÚ| eH ôw wM`æ H≤_´ º±“ B|è ôem≈RHB"" π±+çB H“I `õc ä—` «“I» æwH# πäv\| úaU¨Ç eHGä π≈`cz, |û#[| `õc ä—\è (πúaU¨Çè ±+ç) vQº—:H# π”Ø≥ OTF^è ±—w¨Ç Iæ æGçJ"" õè”¬F πôw wM`æ ±+çB H“I H≤_´ ≈`cz, ôe£Jç ™ç´ °ıJ ûOGãT vIæ π¿^c&´è H+H:Ç ≈`c}Çç úaU¨Ç RõûI™* ô&|øÂºè õèƒ| õè¿®[c# πQç—\ A—^™* Tè·Çè HRez™®oT T°èº| H&Gè ä´"" eH úaU¨Ç ®æT eH «v+z “I» HOËı πvnB| dIev´ ä´"" ôBèT v&Gè πTÈÔ´ HM≥xç H®◊| π{]° zR]¨Ç πA—` éÿ cä∆Çè HRo[x õèÃ õè¿ H+H:Ä% ôè|a˙H:Ãe}Ç (HTdH+ õè¿ c+û& õç õè¿ Ä\H&ñ õè¿ DvÌè≈ç õè¿ x^´û+T˜`) º¿[”B| «πOe° ÿç|» vŒ πHTó v&ê` «πOËMı| πOe° ÿç|» ä´"" πGä´T õè¬F ä´ó v±Oã ˙Hz*ü T°èº| eH úaU¨Ç ôè√Ç ´ææ| vzäX tÿ` πôw wM`æè ±+çB H“I v”Ø±#T Gä ®æT πTØ^w´ºè H&n´è| vz[—:PwÄ´ uèu¨Ç wävv#ç wIävv# ô&|øÂº´ºè OüûJ πôezºπ| J∫ä| ôæ äv`"" wävv#|T OüûJ v&Gè ≈`cz%è BH#T õè¿ÔH—´ õè¬GèH| õº¿[— ºπ™J"" ´ææz% vÿoT| 27 mè 1994 (November 6, 2001) ˘aÙc` ÆHS õhz, HEEDN ºm[v´è ÈK#ı T°èº| vR≈[” zÛıU äv`"" v±&ºè —&±+ x±# ô&|øÂº´ºè π±+çB H“I ºR`ì |`—>T õè√Hî c&÷æm%î °v#` xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`pe πz[—:P| v&ê`T1ñ ˘aÙc` ÆHS õhz,T c¨Ç (“Oz°»)

1. EMML 3749, Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. IX (1987), p. 127. [m*m%è HR”í| πQûÔH´ —è±x ûcä∆Ä% x≤| “` c&zºæ x±# ä´"" OÈKÒè vTØ^ı 2 Im[xû#| ±+çB H“I «O”v&º» ´eÿ πQºeÔJ—´è ºFJ zÇÄ™HB""

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πz[—:PH|è HM≥x õè√c^¤ v&ä”[èTñ õeüBè ºπâÄ´ |`—>UÇ BH# eII[û#î õé´ õ^c+ vOcHî z`—>S JJ°IÄ´ ®cèû#"" ez[—>O´ wävv#| OüûJ ºH´ cÚ πO[√| J∫ä| ™ç´ T°èº| ±+çB H“Iè ûô&|øÂº {]° z—èÿH: xÅ´è eI—í%|ç ^c#è πÅH PH# {]° ô≈`—´ eI∫| õè¿Gä —O|û#ó eH±&F |`—>S {]ü™* Rx^]º õè¿QºeÔJ—´ zcRî"" Rx^]º´è HR±“ | ±+çB H“I πzËÔv|èç πzû{∫è ±Oè {]° ä° πA—` éÿ Tè·Çèñ vzHπT πä—Y{z%è {]°ç ±+ç O™ØH:Ä%è (chronicles)ñ õè¿—ç Rèvxç Oÿme ôeÔH—î"" úaU¨Ç ûÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| Ta RFJ ô&|øÂºè c&æ±# eHzÔÁO´ z“≈H: HTdH+ πQGã ÿ_ Tè·Ç e÷oe π^c+è ôezºπ}Ç Oe÷z, ôJm[T"" GêT ôezºπ}Ä, BH#T õä±&Fè ºävx£Ä´è Tè·Ç πzO[¢±# |≥x}Ç çÄ´ó vRFIÄ´ ≈“ı πH+IÄ´ πô≈J¨ ôezºπ| π¤O`û#wÄ´ ôæOeHîT"" eIHÔ é◊™* A—^™* {]° eÈı πA—]z%è äÏä|ñ πM≥v#è ôè≈ä|ç ¿áèä| πQäü ≈`—&| üJGä vm` vô≈J¨ T°èº| Hπ|ì´T ≈`—&| ÔËQ¨Ç ämÙ{T ô≈çp|T ôæcRîT"" Tè·Ä% πQz`û#| vzHπ vOè”Y| W^™*|ç vúaU¨Ç OüûJ vzüE¿´ ”‡| Iæ vQGèv| —&±+ñ ºèè dm`x BH| ±^Ú ôº}Ä, H+I ºÔ^´è c&±`Ò v&◊H# Hz±^Ú´ (vzHæT H—v_´ç Hä“ƒ´) ûR±èç HQ÷Û´ π{]°ç πû&ä ÿvx oè ûOp¤| ôJˆ HRè º¿I;J! H—HJzîäz, vm* T°èº| ôHîó J–Ç õç|ç ôw| c&◊H#wÄ´ õè¿Rπ| πQ÷H#|ç ûôõTbÄ´ õeûOÄT πRæÛo ôd≤î ä—` πHT"" π≤_¨Ä% ô&|øÂº´ºè vä—≈ c&◊H# dæñ «πúaU¨Ä%ç πH+H:Ä% ä—∆Ç J–Ç äè õ¢» eJ HM≥v# ôè≈ä| wHî Tï| «cITè HOY^|» xÅ dæGè Tè·Ä%è däx º—íB|èç ÔIeÛ´ ±`ô ºØpx «ºJzVI êè RVI|»2 πQH´ v^c+ç vx±#¨Ç vRńÄ´ Iæ c&¿è vÆæé ºπB|è HOOeû` ä´""

2. Enno Littmann, Philosophi Abessini, CSCO, script, arth., textus series prima t. 31, Paris 1904, reprint, Vol. 18, t. 1, Louvain (1962), p. 16: «õTz°FH: Hõ”±&ôxK+` æıÿ[ä ıÁ#Rä ®æ[eπä xÎ#Æä ¬v T≈`"" ®wMz% ô&Ôm¿ æıÿ[ä ûRBó ®Ô÷[ä ≈J™ä HzÔÈU|ä» («õ”≥ôxK+` πzVIè ô≈`‘ H&Ôÿ[èç vT≈`T Iæ xÎ#Æè H&º¿`—è æÅH´ äv["" ”è õè¬F ô≈`‘ H&Ôÿ[è ôJÔH—Tó HOVI| ≥”À¨Ç ô≈`‘ Ô÷[è õèÃ""»)

page013-032 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 page 4 O”v&º 17

[œPè {]° æFè ô‡` ≈`c|ç πTc◊Ä´è Tè·Ç eçäx õè¿èv{Hèó «ºJzVI êè RVI|» eHQwH´ ıJeıç ”è v^c+ vO O` ÿm*| OYOaÇ Iem≈T"" Ô◊] vœT` πz®îè Ø≈J ô”îÄ, võ≈—| ±Oé ºVH#Jî πA—^Çè |TF`|ç πôüwv&Ω wFJ çÄ´"" æF ô“◊Q Ø≈J πRVºΩ OX]º HGã| HOËMız%ñ HYØH:Ä%ñ HÁH:| y{¨Ä%ñ Ho¡d| õn¨Ä% õç H÷oII wFI™* o`fÅÇè ºJzp÷v ıo` ôd≈axìJ"" ûäc# éÿ Oÿˆ¨Ä% vv+z O±°`ñ ÿ\¨Ä% vv+z O±°`ç vv+z |TF`| û|´J≈ ®¿ |´J≈ v°x` õè¬zIHÒ õèÃ π|ïÄ%T °Ò ä—` õè¬¿èwÄ´ ôJÔJ”T"" ôBè üHèv| HO≈[e Tè Ææä| [ÃT —#¥ õè¿z’≥è πQä”\è õä±&F o`fÇ eHGãñ ÿÛ{Ä´ °e[{Çè ä´"" ôè≈ OÈKı zvIh c&H#î πQ{πî A—^™*´ °e[| xÅ dæGè πeT∞èè ”x[ MRR| πm√´ç õè¿c# ºH#| ÁKÚ¨Çç WÆH&¨Ç ≈üT ûèz% Gê Oo[| ‡T` ä´"" eT∞è û”^î ôOÌç ®[^ vÚ| πäv[ πA—[ R`ºT —∑ õç v+z °èz*ºëè º¿c wHÁ“ äv["" ”≤z%è π”^î ®^] W^™*| ôn÷Hv|ó õc#èT ôwz%è Ænv+ cÆ| ä—¿ ô&πc#eèç ®è≈Pè xõc+ õ”±&ôxK+`è õè¿—¿I;Ä´ —≈H´| æGçJ"" ôè¡ ®è≈P W`Î øc+ı π®Hn è—#Y äv["" eT∞è π¿Hv wHÁ“ Gê dHñ eP ºJ{®m´ πc# ÁKÚ vm√H| ”x[ MRR| á√‘Ç Iæ πËÛÄ´ JOç¨Ç πz^vç πz^pz c´ õè¿äv[ æOc°^H#3"" πTè¢^v|è πYä ÈK#ı o`dÇèè º®[c#è wHVº ôw}ÅÇè õè¿±&F πÇ“` Rá¿`ç ûô&|øÂº T[´ õe°è≈`ºç ô&π\dH+T võ”^Ä´ c&OIHc# πô¿“´ BH# Æ&IR Gä´ ä´"" õè¿±&F Gê πzÔ÷[ oèè ÿÛ| OeR| G≈ ôæÇH´T"" H+I´ Tè õè¿QcR´ ôIóTó õè¿é {]üÄ´è {]û# πQº¿`—´è ô&|øÂº™* ”è ôèµz%è ºd``v{J"" πä±&F c¨Ç wFIÄ´ wFH+ç πéäz, ôè¡ °ıJ (πzVIBv|/π‘HOeû#v|) GëJ"" ô—^Çèè πRº| v±&F Ææä| c´ ÆæêÄ, eHGäñ {]û#è eÈı ôezºπ}Ä, πı`≈ —>≈H| v&{æwÄ´ v^c+ —#√æ Iæ ^c+ √ì eHGèû# ä´""

3. EMML 5083, «ô≥≥ õ”±&õπ Jxc HÁKÚD H≤z* OÈKı ûO ô&æ≠J Ø^p HvÆI» («—+{Ωñ ÁKÚ™ πvÆI; ØH| ^m%z%è õè√æ´J Jxe õ±≥H|»ñ o÷J 44H)ó «`áv ®ÁTô ÁKÚûó ô≥≥ õ”±&õπ võèz R`ºT ıo`|û» («ÁKÚF z^vñ z÷RTó —+{Ωñ eHıo`F eHR`ºT xHF (πTvI´è) õ±≥Jî»ñ o÷J 87H)""

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æF wè≈ vû#J c&Gèñ vH+I vû#J ¿”Uñ ôÿv&ºÇè hè¢^ éÿ ÷#÷+ õè∏^` ≠Rãô+J æBè õèÃ πJœäz, v+{Çè õ±&º´ õhè¢^ éÿ ûPüPü }°Å õJı xH: ¿‘Tc&d ûQwJ y{ ä´"" («Pü }°Å» vúaTì «ôè¬| ≤ı» RH| eHGäç mvH+´ vTèÕ`ç v´Jè›z* vû#J Hô™j eHQm`x ôÏ+ ±`ô ºØpx vÆY^ ôTezì´ Tõ| ÆO| ûô√H# ôQ`/è—#Y ûv≈Iæ “^ eI¿[—´ Ÿ`ä| c&Èı «T≈[ ôK¡ ØÌ»ØÌ («πôè≈ ≤ı T≈`») πQH´ y{4 æFèè efi®| º¿”Bv|è «Pü }°Å»è æGèè õIHB"") ûô¬e ôvw ¿‘Tc&d HO≈[e vH—H— √¬ñ v¤Ù¤Ù ∆èd õç v∆v&∆v& vû#JT ºeû+√J"" «¤Ù»¤Ù» vúaTì «hè‘»ñ «ô¿wwæ» RH| õè¿Gä æ§èè ≈`c| vRèvx eè—Ûv| õè¿èv{Hè"" «H—H— √¬√¬» RH|T «π÷œ OJü» RH| ä´"" hè¢^ x±# {]° zÔÈUw{Jó HTdH+ñ «ôÁ+ z,¨≈ae hè¢^ cÔ\ πQwJ ®_ c&cR ä—\ (Ÿ`äz%) õè√JcI (πh™ O£èè|) w∫ —&±+ñ... πõ”±&ôxK+` Ôn¡ wæGè ä´ó —+{Çèèe (®◊| TåJ°è) ôçeR`°T xH´ zIJû´ ®¿ ôÁ+ z,¨≈ae æ±´ —v#»5"" πh™ ê —≥ä| ºè ØH| ôûzO"" h™ ê —≥ä~è vO—ÔÛ< πzp‹ «2 c¨Ç zäYz´ æF è—#Y (ôÏ+ z,¨≈aeè ä´) πQK+≈v| ôæ{®oTç ûôU^ç ûí ûõwx (ûôHe|ø) ô—` æ¥F æE√Jó õè”¬F πzûzJû´ ®{¿` —≥zèDJó ºv#ä cIR nJ ä´ õºH# vπcÔ\ õπ¥\ c&—≥z% è—#W# cTz´ ôc&º≤;Ä´"" ûä±&F “^ πOû\ vπ≈è£çÄ´ #8 äv\"" BH#èT ôe[´ ØHz%è z—>±´ }^ Oe° cÔ\"" û±&ºT ô¿wwæ (—#wô+) ô≈`—´ õä±&ºè π®{¿` m,fÇ ôT÷#ôÄ´ ôH#"" æFè —&±+ ôv#ä cIR û±&º´ zmT÷´ äv`çñ õä±&F c¨Ç õé dJkRÄ´ πRæ—w W`z™Jó ôBèT Hé e÷îñ vOÈKı vèeK Jo◊Ä´"" IèzT õä±&F vzç—\| Oè”Y|F ôæm`xFó °è}e õè¿c÷F |—≤HFó ôBèT z´Jîñ R`Jî ôH#¨ (ôH#™Ä´)"" è—#W#T ûTM[| ®¿OÆ| º¿IH#ç ôJz´T ôH#"" õè¿±&FT wH# —&±+ õä±&ºè H&Uz% πm[v# c¨Ç õè¿®“”^ ûGä

4. Kurt Wendt, Das Maêîafa Mild, p. 18. ≤Ò πäv[´ õRFJ ô´^ ‘√ç Iæ v&GèTñ πvmH´ ô´^ ‘√ç´ ûO´◊z% vÚ| dæGè ôæm`T"" v1956 Æ. T. eOHe ¿`p ô—íB|"" æ§è —&±+ π¿[m´T R—∆ Gêñ «æF y{ õ¢ Pü }°Å πQwH´ õ±&F “ ôè≈ ≤ı eHäv[ ä´» õπzwH æz[° æGçJ"" 5. ÁKÙ |õ≤≥ —x[ YIc+ñ {]û ±Oè ± √”R™* TåJ°ñ —. 48""

page013-032 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 page 6 O”v&º 19

”è≈ õºc\ äı÷ì zcJˆ m%U äv`ç õπm[v z¢cwÄ´ó vŸ`T v‘^ƒT z¤[c#»6"" «hè¢^» RH|T «ôTe| —#x{¨Ç»ñ ®æT «ôTe| ¢`Å¨Ç» («hè» «¢^») RH| H&Gè æÇIJ"" õ±&º´ hè¢^ éÿ P÷&¢^ («P÷&» «¢^») πQwJ y{ õè√H û±&º (õç ûP÷&P÷& —Iè—Iè) πO÷# ºe{´dH#"" ûä±&F BH# y{¨Ç “^ πJœä| ô—_ πTIÄ´ ûô‘z, “^ πê`û#v| z%H# Ô^ õç π÷OèÕ ºµ*´ (πäı÷ì´) ôºz, è| ºHv| (πäv[v|) U– ô÷—x πQ—í´ v&ÒÃ ®æT H#S ä´"" (eHä±&F πy{ eUÇT õ±&B ≈`c| éÿ õèR^Hè"") TçJw|T õ¢ «¿‘» πzwH´ ôÏ+ ±`ô ºØpx πä—Ww|ñ vâIT KOJRJç «H#w TeH+» πz™—#w| y{ π| õè¿Gä ºJ{®m´ õ±&F «¿‘Tc&d» õQH´ eT éÿ z¿xp æGçJ (π±+çB H“Iè °ıJ 9 zOJû|)"" π¿‘Tc&d ‘[v+{Çè ôwz, õè√wz% πQººÄ´ π—+{ ¬ä”ƒ v+z cyÇ äv\"" äıe dó ôwz, õè¿ä—[îñ —+{ ¬ä”ƒ ôo^v&ºÇè πQ´H´ πdTè| —vº c&¿è ûûx}ÅÄ´ ôè¡è v_ HOhÿ —vº æ®e√H#"" ”è ôè√è≈ —&±+ —vº õeû&Ô{ õ±&º´ ´H´ v_´è dæh÷#| æm\ç OJc´ ºO÷#{J"" ôwz,ñ «—+{ñ Tä´ v_´è OHc#|? —µ* ô÷# õèƒ?» c&IÄ´ (õ±&º ¤™{´ ®æ wR`ì ®æ vúaTì äv`)ñ «πHT JŒó —µ*e UJ} äv[ó ”è e÷ænÄ´ vmπ´ Hv_Ω πQvn πOeê d` ºH´ ôè≈T c´ ôI—íBwÄ´Tó Häc# hfl v_Ωè [Öx Iæ õè√JÿH´ xΩ OJh+ ôO◊B|» æH#{J"" vä±&F HOVIz, ôez™Èú w¿[—#| πúaU eT wIÄ´ y{¨Ç BH# πM≥v#è cÔ^ de{é π≤_¨Ä% ®◊}Ç eH ‘d¨Ç πQç—\| eHH+I A—` æOeHìJ"" õ±&º «ôR^´ õç “I´» ®æT «c&√R´ç úaU´» ôxa ä´ πcÔ[´"" õv+| BH#T π^c#è uèu æç—^Jó õ´› c&—çí% (û—vº ‡T`) è””\è v O[´ c´ uèu æmÿIH#ó ®æT º v±&ºñ æ§ v±&F uèu õπzä“—\ æ”wwH#"" ≠[ız ä—aÄ% ôR`ì ®æT “Jì æBã õèÃ ûnIz% éÿ ôè√è∆Ä% õ±&º ºH#| õ±&FT ôH#ó õ±&F ºH#| õ±&ºT ôH#"" «veJÅç vmèmH: OüûJ J∫ä| πHT» πQwH´ ôä“—` ûõè¿±&F ºH Bé{ πO◊ dæGè ôæm`T"" ôR`ì vnI| xÅ dæGè ≠[ız ä—\T v&Gè πúaTì zÈõê c+R™*äz%è ôç”}v{J"" “h+ ôvv ûzR û÷#| ôwz% (ûé ôw|) õç ûé “` c&ä“—` «ôèz»ñ «ôèz%»ñ «ôèÄ*» æHè πäv[´è ôBè de{ć´ πH´÷# C¿| õèƒ| õè¿äv[ ºOH°zìJ"" 6. õ±&º´ —. 50""

page013-032 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 page 7 20 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

úaTì´T ôè√è≈ zO^R]¨Ç û#d™*/üR™* OGãè õeû&÷^÷\ ≈[e vôR`ì zÈõê T°èº| zOddæ Bé{ ¿`fv{J"" õè”ƒFñ H±&F ≈`c| ûπTè‹ eHT÷odÄ´ ÿofÇ Rx^]º eÈı ôezºπ}Ä, πı`≈ —>≈H| v&{æwÄ´ v^c+ —#√æ Iæ ^c+ √ì eHGèû# ä´"" v±&F Iæñ ôwz, c&ä”[î vQ—w dI√T÷´ m[B õèÃñ |≥ πQHîè ºFJ ûGäñ ûo≈T ôº}Ä% ôè¡ vâI πôwz,è õç| πºe—íÇ´è JÕÄ´è õè¢¢ xH´ vô√J vû#J ®¿ v#J“ πO÷# ûúaTì vm` H+I uèu πRº´m% ®[c+§+ äv\"" π±&ºÇè Jœ ±` º—v#| (ôºz,) õè¿ zûH#| πõè∏^` ≠Rãô+J {y| πQûv\ üFè äv\"" wè≈ vû#J ôè¢v_ç v#J—+ xGèT vôè≈ vû#J æ§´ õè¬F äî"" ºè¢v\ è{Çè πz®c¿´ ô—\è dI´m´ ä´"" ôè¢v`èç v#J“è πRńÄ´ ûü`{ Iæç û±&º ûQO÷# ±O∆Ç ¤™{ ä´"" TèT ûzäXBv| ÆIR v&º`mîTñ πôüwv&ºÇèè y{¨Ç däX ô÷—wÇè ºHÇ´è —#^Twè dIe{é xm` cIT æ[ıwÄ´ç πõz,—+ ◊æz%ç πôwz, äıe æ®oc#ìJó ¿”äz% æ§ì´ ±—wΩT {]° ôJw ôæGèT"" πÛje| ®[^ π|´J≈ A—^Çèè ûReHmm% vÚ| õ™±+R´ Iæ ôwz, ü¿[v| π`K+ MOT v—#^Tw R`ºT ÷vJ HOÔ®e õ±&º ôè≈ dTè| ºFJ zmTŸ äv["" õè¿Re{ć´ñ v±&ºè —&±+ ûv+z cx éÿ ô÷—v# πäv[ õé xÅ äv`û#"" vMæ®z, üπâÄ´ y{¨Ç BH# õè¿—#^Tw vôõTaΩ Iæ πRæ[d π¿e{ç πçıp| |≥{ RázPè π◊H y{ πHT"" «ä— π^g —#√æ ôHw|» πQH´è wHRcv+ñ äıe ü®oB vâI zOJh+ EŒ —#^Twè HO‘xíÇ ºHîè Kdx vR±”πz, õÁÁ{HB"" H|TF`| ®¿ ´‡ ô—` eE≈ õçz, «JŒ vcITç v÷+ç ûzOHc û¿œF ôTÿÄ, ôdJO™HB» xI πzdHÇ´ H∆Û Qüô+J OGã m`} H—#^Tw R`ºT v&Gè õO`ÿ äv["" eIIRû[Çî ä´ õèÃ H—¿Jäz% ûGä BHz%T ôæzçäc#Tó eH| HOeRz% o≈e| ≈è”J (wHTM[| û&√ë) |vJ◊HÇ"" —#^Tw R`ºT Tïz,è eHT{ó EŒ JdHR| dJÇJ —&±+ (π«ôO æ|äYô# ØJ™è Ôz® æezæ Rπ õT≠±oz v+z JK+T» ıËS x÷+ Gê7) «πRè ®√œ Tïz% dæVI æm^J» xI v+z °èz*ºå~ πT|—H—JwÄ´è o¡d| OËMı|

7. √™*| {U väv[ —&±+ ÷I| Oè—√;è û±“´ ûv+z JK+T Tè‡ O÷◊| ôR[´"" ‡ıaÄ% «πRè —+{ v´K ÿT æU{J» xH´ Ôÿä´ zäW# ...

page013-032 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 page 8 O”v&º 21

vRæ°aÚJT zäYz´ õ±&F õTW^v| ∫å˚èz* v+z OËMı| m≈O´î Oÿz´ zûT[´ õè√—ìÄ´ ô¿[—Ç -- dIev´"" õ±&º —¿J éÿ c&®`¡ ´H: ûQ—í´ HTHT y{ Iæ v+z °èz*ºè HOY^| ûO÷è vIæ ô≈üQ õè¿ Gä ”JÈ Gê dHñ üJ÷Û y{ HTè õ±&º {Ç ®[¡? πm%Jm%Hz%/π√—z% Oè—≈ ÷wxä| wè≈ —&±+ ûôè≈ c´ vIæ ôºeû+≈T"" y{™è ôÏ+ TåJ°ç õz,—+ ◊æz% ûO£è{Ä´ “^ ‘xîz™{J"" (ôÏ+ ±`ô ºØpx ¿‘ Iæ ûä—W vâI ºW^| Oüä R`ºT OeIÄ´ æGè?) v+z °èz*ºë õè≈|{¿e Kdx ºm[v# πzm¿c#|ç π{]£ õOv+| õz,—+ ◊æz% çÄ´"" v+z °èz*ºëè πWb| ôç÷&¨Çñ —Tv&¨Çñ W^zïÇ vUI ûä¿U≤Ä´ ûô¬e ôvw ûv+z Oè”Y| {±´ç zJû´ πO÷# wHUº¨Ç çÄ´"" õz,—+ ◊æz% ôHn z°H+è ô¬e ôvw Oÿz´ c&º—òÄ´ π—#^Twè YØH:Ç õè¬YH# mHx ô´ÿzÍÄ´ äv["" ôHn z°H ô&πc#e x±#¨Ä%è π‘ÕT ôxºz °èz*ºè vYØJ ºhv[m%ç π‘ÕTè {]° πËÒ {Io H&o äv\"" ô¬e ôvw väv\v| —&±+ ûô≤∑ ≤RéJ “^ eHz◊H# «õz,—+T õè√JcII| wπÇ —&±+ π—#^Twæz% R`ºT Ôn¡™ wæGè ä´ xI» dJE≈ m[B æH#çJ8"" ™ç ™ç¨Ä%èç x±#¨Ä%è OËMı| v”µ*T vRem√|T Hv+z °èz*ºë πc÷# õz,—+ ◊æz% çÄ´ó ûä±&FT éÿ ™ç´ zôT[ R`ºT c&Gèñ πeŸ{´ cä≈ õè¬F æIJ9ñ ≤z* OÈKı ±õz,—+ ◊æz% x`Dè ±ô&|øÂº xõc&z% H√”R™* TåJ° è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂº ±ôÿ[π({) vè™º ®®Av{ H¿x[ R`ºT ±A—[ —#^Tw õèz æõz* ¿x[ O≈Üå| ûO |û#è Iz* OÀ HOè”Yz cRº| v)0®8)*®5 ÆOz TM[|...""

æÄ* OÈKı πô&|øÂº è—#W ä—Y| √”R™* TåJ° Qe|ñ πô&|øÂº x`Dèñ πõz,—+ ◊æz% ç| -- v—è±w; èx[~ º¿[—Å|ç HOè”Yz cRº| O] õè≈|Gç| ¿x[ O≈Üå| HT|wH´ H—#^Tw A—` ¿x[ R`ºT v08)*5 ÆOz TM[| πc÷Å|...""

æ÷◊ ±è≈ π®¿¿´è ´K ôO÷#H|ó πÖPe ´√c+ R`ºT |`’Só HTdH+ñ ´√c+ R`ºT o√c+ R`ºTñ (ô¬e ôvw) 09)^1 Æ. T.ñ —. 206-11"" 8. π‘ÕT {]°ñ EMML 4802, p. 202. 9. EMML 5781, f. 90b.

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RázPTñ «≥RázT ±õz,—+ ◊æz% x`Dè ±ô&|øÂº» æIJ"" OÈKÒ πzm√´ Ie{ éÿ ôTÓ π^c#è Oè”Y| ôum%U Häv[´ «Hè—#Y õJıøe» äv["" vôÏ+ vüÛ ±Oè (v1718 Æ. T.) c&häı èx[z% zv{|ê æGçJ10"" H+I´ OÈKı zôT[ ô&πc#e ä´"" æ§ì´ vzHæ Hv+z °èz*ºë ûzm¡| ôè¡ ä´"" cä¡ õè¬F æIJ11ó ≥èz% OÈKı ±õz,—+ ◊æz% x`Dè ±ô&|øÂº xõc&z% H√”R™* TåJ° è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂº ±®Av{ Hõ”≥õ|ä R`ºT ±¿x[ O≈Üå|"" ®±ôÈKˆ ôHn —x[ YIc+ ±´õz% ÁKÙ |õ≤≥ v0®8)*®6 ÆOz TM[|"" æF OÈKı πô&|øÂº è—#W ä—Y| √”R™* TåJ° Qe|ñ πô&|øÂº x`Dèñ πõz,—+ ◊æz% ä´ -- HOv+{Çè H¿x[ O≈Üå| R`ºT πc÷Å|"" (OÈKÒè) v08)*6 ÆOz TM[| ºËÔ´ ÁKÙ |õ≤±# ôHn —x[ YIc+ ä´"" RázP õè¿Iæì´ñ «≥RázT ±õz,—+ ◊æz% x`Dè ±ô&|øÂº» æIJ"" õz,—+ ◊æz% Hv+z °èz*ºë wem¡| ô`wØz% ®è—+J Iæ πzO±—v´è cä≈ õè¿Rπ´ñ Hv+z °èz*ºë O—J—º ôJwd|ç πzHº∫ «õn¨Ç» üv[ûz%| OüûJ vO O]º ¿[Õ õz,—+ ◊æz%ñ û±&º ÕèGæ (ôÏ+ TåJ°)ñ ô} cP è—#Y (ôÏ+ z,¨≈ae h™è c&®—# π”≈T —µ* πäv[´12)ñ Ú{´^] Axz —&ø`—&eñ ®æ±a ôJ{π (πÚ{´^]´ wHv+|)ñ Ú{´^] wJÅñ ôÔ è—#Y (äc&v#)ñ ô“Û] vπä (πO O]º´ π˙e{ Qåez`)ñ ¿ÕÇ ®cè c—≈ (πÕèGæ π√”R™* TåJ° Jœ)ñ Jœ ®J¿ —x`ô+J (è—#Y)ñ ôdIÚ ≈JäX+ æ—í%v{J13"" x±#´è õn ºO÷#| OT_ ®J¿πe çÄ´"" (πv+z °èz*ºë ÿvn πì eHGäñ cä¡ «OT_ ®J¿πe» πQH´ ôÏ+ TåJ°è ôeÔo¿´ hè¢^ õè∏^` ≠Rãô+Jè πzûH#|è πôwz,è ôw| OGè ôHv|"") æFè eHôez√¿—+ πËıû#|è e T`ñ «v^c+ç vx±#¨Ç vRńÄ´ Iæ c&¿è vÆæé ºπB|è HOOeû` ä´» xΩ äv`""

10. I. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iysu I et Bakff, part II, p. 302. 11. EMML 5782, f. 132ab. 12. ÁKÙ |õ≤≥ —x[ YIc+ñ {]û ±Oè ± √”R™* TåJ°ñ —. 45"" 13. EMML 5783, f. 184ab. õz,—+ ◊æz% H+IT ®è—+J v±&B 1886 Æ. T. (EMML 5784) ôeÈÔ´ H—√P ôv`°z™J""

page013-032 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 page 10 O”v&º 23

eHH+H:Ä% ºävxû#|èç πcRB|è BH# xÈı «ÆHT ^c# wJÅH´T» wæwJTñ ^c#è πÅH OÈKı æ®◊™J"" GêT H+I´ v&m`ñ π¢U∆` ◊c´ ¿e{è πô&|øÂº ôè≈ä| |≥{ç |”J (09)( Æ.T/1998 Æ. õ.) õç πô} —x[ YIc+ ú√è |≥{ HO{cv&ºñ (ô¬e ôvw) 1990 Æ.T. Ièwv& Ie{é"" «v+z °èz*ºè HOY^| üJ÷Û y{ HTè õ±&º {Ç ®[¡?» xΩ ÷æm, äv["" πô&|øÂºè {]° πQºäx ôw}ÅÇè HTè —¿J éÿ õπ®[¡ñ ûz^^ fiı õπ®÷#ñ z^^´è õπy[y\ñ ¿c+| õπÔH—# v+z °èz*ºè õè¿QW\ dæ÷æo O[√| ôºoz´T"" ûo¡d| Oüç| éÿ x±#¨Ç û”^îç ûúaU ûH+H:ÇT ®[^¨Ç ºOH÷#| õè¿±&F wH# y{¨Ç vOW^{Ä´ñ o`fÄ%T πz[Ò| õ±&º vO¿vnÄ´ õè¿Gä v|`’R+ ^õπ øKèe zä”bJ""

ûo`v# π|≥{ —#¥Ω ®¿ O`û#| ®¿o≈T ôº}ÅÇè ±+ç JOHe"" v±Oã ˙Hz*ü menjä|ñ ûo`x —&±+ Ta eHúaU¨Çç eHôRaÇ O¤üûè x±# õècRHèñ x±#T õçäwHè"" πz®H≈ä´ πzv÷v÷´ û[“ç {]û# z[| ûGä vâI eHGä æ§ Hì ô¬e ä—` ä´"" úaTì zç“]¨Ç õè£è vc´ Iæ m`} vûx| Iæ õè£è πRæ¤°ãñ õè¿RèT ô&|øÂº™* cIR™*ºèç πRèì´T ô&|øÂº™* õû#º¨Ç OGçÄ´è õèÃ RFJ ô&|øÂºè c&®\ eI¿[c#| õJm*|ç πwFJ ´≈O|ñ vâI v√”R™* TåJ°ç v^e ‘vç √¤ ±Oè ¿”U ºèè úaU¨Ç c&®≈m%v| πzè¢{¢z´è πô&|øÂºè RõûI™* Oè”Y| äı÷ì´ c&÷”è õ√` ô—` õè¿v¿IÄ´ πTç´m´ ä—` ôJäv[T"" π±&º πÿ—ç´ —&±+ v¿J õè¬F õè¿≤_´ ôè≈ mè ÿIÅ´èç ÿH#è H&ºe—[j vQºeÇJ Bé{ v÷I| xØ` zz`¢ π˙Hz*ü O`N æ®◊™J xH: Rè ôey|! {]û# õäc# õè√ÛÛP| ≈è—| ¡x c&J H&mJv#|T OJc´ H&®[´\|T (RH|ñ H&mvH#|T H&û^û\H|T)ñ H&ºv`¡|T πRæÅJ πõd| £e Gäxè! äı÷ì´ º÷◊´è ¢f O^`ä| ûO^`äz% vIæ õºO[\ c&ä”\èñ (vôw wM`æ uèu J÷mTç) ô&|øÂºè û«ô`™, û`Y» (±+çB... °ıJ 8) õè¿ôi^| õè£è Re{®e ônzè""

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OIõ°| πzÔ÷\ —&±+ dÿçô+J «Ô◊]ºÇB õé äî» c&J o¡eä| õè√OH÷´ç ÿm*}Ç OIõ°|è õè√ddzñ õä±&F vô&|øÂº™*ä| Ææè c&{∫ o¡eä| πH+IÄ´ π÷I| ÁKÚ¨ÇT πQºde~Ä´ ÿm*| ô&|øÂº´ºè ô”îz™J"" ô&|øÂº cIR™*| õè≈|Gèç J–Ñ ÷+çç xJÈ”ç õè¬º—í% ºI| zeÛç Tï| πQÔÁO´ o¡e —x`ô+Jñ «èm%T vvY`Æ|ä ®èÈçØ vôQè» («vπY`Æ{Çè õèm%Tñ võTä|T õèÈç») xH: dÿçô+Jèñ exJºêeèñ ¬ºxH:eè õè√häÔ´ñ zeÛ™èç Tï~è «ôSè» xHè πTèmvJ J–Ññ «võìä{Çè õèÈçó xè◊IT xèÛm`T õè√º}ÅÇè õè võ`dÇè õç≈`—´ õèÃñ H+H:Ç ôçe—w» xHè πô&|øÂºè √”R™* Oè¢{¢| πQOí%|è ÷I}ÅÇèè eçdı` ä´"" õç| ô&|øÂº πzVIÇ ôJäv[ÇTó ôº}ÅÇè ô&|øÂºè º®[c#è œTbè ä´"" HTdH+ñ Oè”Y~ π°èz*ºêÇ Oè”Y| äv[ó °èz*ºè ºJäv\ ô&|øÂº´ºè vOè”Y{Ä´ Ú| õû#J ôæ{∫T äv[ñ v&{∫T õû#Jäz% ôæcRÄ´T äv[14"" ôBèT π°èz*ºè Oè”Y| OGë ûm[ ®¬FT πzVIÇ ôæ¿HÇTó ûDæRê| “^ ºJzºº± x±# —>≈H| ôHw|"" õì ®^kÑ ôx[è õèã`w| üJè πzÅH´è ºFJ HBIÇèT õè¿T|eRRè ô≈`—è RVI| Ox{Çèç ”ƒ{Çè ÿoRÇèT ä´"" ôHO”ww|è ûÔ÷\| H+I´ ™ç T°èº| πA—^Çè {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç «“H:Ç O÷+¨Ç çÄ´ æwIJ» πQH#| |[ü ä´"" õc# {¬º xçóv| Rx^]º vOe÷| πQezüûJ õèÃ πQºno` ôæ¿HT"" ôè¿ìñ ±Oãè ºHº∫{J õèÃ π{]° ôezR]¨ÅÇè c&ä”\è O÷+¨Ç πQH#| úaU¨Çè xÅ dæGè πô&|øÂºè ä—∆Ç BH# ä´"" c+R™* πQwH#|è uèu¨Ç πQç—\|è vwx õJOè¿xñ úaTì πQç—\|è vUTwd ®æT v≤è±&w` ô≈`—´ O÷# v&H# J∫äz% G≈ç `w ûOGè πQº¿è ôæ¿HT""

14. eH±&F OGè ôHv| ∆°z` OKO≈ Kcèñ “Christianity, even the Ethiopian variety, just had to be an indicator of a higher level of civilization than a traditional African religion...” («°è|çñ πô&|øÂº´ Ææäz%T õè£ v&Gèñ (OÈKı eIH´) OÈKı ûH+H´ |´Ú{™* ôı]ü™* DæRê| æJo πûızì ¿[Õ πYJ◊é TJ°| Gê äv[») HRH| πvn´"" Mohammed Hassan, The Oromo of Ethiopia A History 1570--1860 p. 5. OKO≈ Kcè v{]üÇèç v{]° ôËËÛÇè zç∆ æGçJ õèÃñ «πô&|øÂº´ Ææäz%» °è|ç πRæço ûRèT DæRê| πRºèe ÿè{™*ç |Jo DæRê| õè¿Gä õè¿Qºó ôJ÷^÷`T""

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BHzìñ ô} ≠ÌST ôHn {πT «wH{]¢Ç õä±&F π“I M≥x ûõeº ÔJc´ ®¿ R√“eü` õè¿ zi—\ñ û±&ºT ÔJc´ ywd ô÷—x ûwM` ®¿x õè¿zmO÷# æä”\çJ» æIH# õèÃ {]û# æF ä´ ôIH#T"" v&H# êa õè¬F ºH {]° πQä”\è õäRçÄ´ xHè õè÷æo äv["" π—#≈\ úaU πäv\| H&o ôHn z°H ô&πc#e eHúaU¨Ç c&ÈÒ û±&F v{Ç õè¿÷meû#| BIÇèèT ®è≈RRÉÇ ô≈`—´ ä´15ó õåFT “H:Ç ÿè| A—^Ä´ ô&π\dH+T ä´ó ô+∆T dô+` æwIJ"" |´J√Ä´ πôx`DT πæeKo πô+d´ πô+JÛ≥ π®[U ±aÇ çÄ´"" æeKo ô+d´èç ºØpxè ®H¿"" ºØpx Hõ”±&ôxK+` zm¿có ô+d´ ”è H±&F ÆHT zw[ûó πx±# M≥x ôw| Gä"" vô+∆T T≈` vXô&` z^^ zmTŸ ûûäÆè ±` ûK+| πJœ J–Ç ô√ πT|wJ ô”x} ô+JÛ(≥)è ®H¿ó ô+JÛ≥ z,Rèèñ ú`Rèñ ôRH+oèñ m,ä≥èñ “Æ|èñ z,TçØèñ c#_è 7 ®H¿"" ûú`R ±` ®[U z®H¿"" ®[U πzwHT õè¬F ä´ó vU_| ôR^ õè¿zwH BH# vú`R ®[U zwH"" ô√ ”è πK+| Jœ ûô+d´ ®J√ πx±# M≥x õç| GäÇ"" eH±&F “H:Ç v®[U uèu õç| c&H# ô√ æIH#"" J–Ä%™ õœ” v≥z™Jçó ¿”U J–Ä%™ vô&|øÂº ûwM` õeû wM` OJz™Jç"" ä—` ”è (äv&∫) OKO≈ vzäX —&±+ ûx| HR`w| πRæOÇ Gä -- ±[Û´ ô&πv≤ õeITç “I BH”±+ ô&πz™—#"" πô+d´ ±` π®[U J–Ç ”è ±Iè Bä´ æê\ äv`ç O O]º ûô&π\dH+T c&O÷# vFè≈ wM` zi”[´ ≥èœ wM` (≤è±&w`?) ûQwJ eı^ zmT÷´ õIT ô&º[v# æê\ äv["" õeû c&√U õeû ®IU ô&πO÷# æcJv# æ—≈H# äv`"" æ§ πôHn z°H+ {]° õè¿H+H:Ä% ôHpÇ {]° —ç T`T` ºJ¿—Ô´ vÈÔ| πcÔ[ ºı {]° v&GèT OJõ°z% vÆæä| [—≈ ûH+H:Ä% “^ zOddæ ä´"" väc# Ææè BH#T O÷+ ä´ó BH#T πôx`DT ±` ä´"" úaU¨Ç û´‡ O÷# πQH# H+H:Ç xÅ ôæ¿H#Tó úaU¨ÇT æIH#"" HTdH+ °v#` xI{ O`eÆ+ Ö±è ûúaU jR”H+¨Ç πcP|è «“I û®¿¿v#x Oÿ} y[ç —w πQH´èT nJ vôÔ {]° π{®m´ç v“Jì πQä—[´ πT`n| nJ c&¿”Ô´ æ{ºJ» æH#ç «´z%w RèÕa {ô&ó ô&ÕÕ KÚ» («πRèÕaè ®“”^ Bèó vMæ®| m%T») πQH´è πjR”H+¨Ä%è

15. EMML 5403, ff. 61b-62a.

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T`n| æ÷odH#16"" úaU¨Ç π°H&RèÕa |≥{ üIÄ´ m√R™* TåJ° πzmv[| õ±&º ä´ ûQH´ ºı {]° “^ æE√J"" ±OãèT v&Gè πô&|øÂº ä—∆Ç (úaU¨Çè ¤Ta) ô&|øÂº π—v#v|è ±Oè úaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº ûO÷#v| ±Oè “^ üIT{{ä´ m√Q´è û¿Ü]´ (ôôôJÛ´è ûúúúS“) JèHπ´ ôèÇJT"" õè¿QOeH´ñ úaU¨Ç vä—≈ä| õeû ÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| ≈[e ûô&|øÂº RõûI™* ôez√¿` ´› πGã| πcÔ\v| ¿v#v# vôè√Ç vRç´m´ {]° T°èº|ç ±Oè ûô&|øÂº ôez√¿` c&s[ÿ ôx[´ v&s[÷# ä´"" ®æT π Òè zO^R]¨Ç c#RH+¨Ç ûôè≈ h&F ÆO| vÚ| ûRFJ ô&|øÂº zäYz´ ®¿√` πE¡ ô&|øÂº´ºè HOGçÄ´ TJ°| õè√—í%17ñ úaU¨ÇT vôè≈ ±Oè ®¿¿v#x πQº`nÄ´ õ°J ô”î~Ä´ ûô&|øÂº ®ÿz´ E¿´ æGçJ"" TçJw| ûBH#T æJo ûı ºH ™“ H&c÷´ πQ—w´ ôæû+ DvÌè≈ ûúaU ‘d¨Ç ÷æp º—í´ æOeHìJ"" õè¬F æIJ18ó “H:Ç BH# eHä—√Ä´ ôO◊ÿ π“^ πGä z[|-OcJ õTä| ôIÄ´ó w]“R ûQwJ ô—` õè¿O÷# ºTçH#"" æFèè (w]“Rè) «ûwM` R∆» ®æT «û÷™| ´““è R∆» xH: Oz`—:T æÅIJ"" (”è) eH±&F y{ û±&F vm` H+I ºp∫| ä—` πIÄ´T"" æFèè z[| OcJ Kdx Jz®´çñ πôº}ÅÄ´ õ´äzì π|´J≈ A—` wH& éÿ m≥n≤´ ¿“ æOeHìJ"" DvÌè≈ π«w]“R»è {]° z[| OcJ ô≈`‘ «Jz®´» ûRH| æJo ôÿxp v&û{zH´ πúaU¨Ç «õ´äzì π|´J≈ A—` π| õè¿äv[ HR®o πO O]º´è Ô` º®◊H| äv["" «wH& éÿ m≥n≤´ ¿“» ûwM[ —U mÿH: º[Òv| ô—` ä´"" «w]“R» ºI√èÇ ÿ`ÿ` «wM` —U» OGè ôHv|"" ¡a «wM` —U» æwJ πäv[´ A—` ≤_ πz% õè¿Gä õè¿H+H:Ç x±# πÿè| y{¨Ç v|°°J wæ{®oTñ û”^îç ûúaU¨Ç ®[^ vÚ| Hô&|øÂº

16. xI{ O`eÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`peñ ±+çB Hôw wM`æñ EMML 3749, —. 6"" 17. Deutsche Forschung Gemeinde, Vol. 3 (1981), p. 21. û1307 õeû 1336 Æ.T. πä—W´ ôÏ+ ÆT¿ Èøè “I A—` E∆ õè¿äv[ {]û# æç—^J"" O O]ºñ «è—#Yc ÖHÔ ®vÈK Oè—H “I ôO @®8 HQº±&º» (è—#W# ”è ôJˆ vQº±&º @8 û“I A—` ¿[c)ó vâI û±&º «û“I A—`» c&Ho ¿”Uñ «zèYô è—#Y TeH W^™*z% õTA—[ “I ôO cv#ô# Hcé» (è—#W# vcé cw| ûW^™*z% “^ û“I A—` zäX) ºH´ è—#W# vô&|øÂº ´eÿ º¿[—´è õèoenc+ c&—JÈ õèÃ ûô&|øÂº ´› E∆ äv` RHz% ôæ¿HT"" M. Jules Perruchon, “Histoire des Guerres d'ÔAmda íyon roi d'ƒthiopien,” pp. 294 and 305. 18. Eike Haberland, Galla Süd-Äthiopiens, pp. 4 and 772.

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ä—Y{| πQ—x` πô&|øÂº ”≤| äv["" HôÏ+ æYKo vz±Ôä´ πÿè| ôR`ì ´eÿ !^ñ ≤}ñ ®IUñ wM` —Uñ c#ı —U Hô&|øÂº è—#Y Ô[e —w]¨Ç Gä´ z±`≥[™J19"" π«{Iu ô&|øÂº» {]° OËı z O[ õèÃ ôJzÔÁOT"" v±&ºT Gä v±&F T°èº| zs`÷´ ûGäñ v±&º zs`÷´ wdHÒv| ±Oè õè¿ ^e ÆT¡ç õè¿ õ¤—+ ØèwpT ºH# x±# v+z cyÇç ”HcyÇ û´› (º´T ûwM` R∆ ≈[e) õπO÷# ô—]z%è vwFJñ vè”≈ñ v˙Hz*ü c&ºvHÈ—#20ñ úaU¨Ç ûo`v# ¿v#x ôæO÷#T äv` RH| æÅIJè? ô} ≠ÌST ôHn {πT úaU¨Ç ®¿RFJ ô&|øÂº OT◊| π O\| v≤" ±Oä Oè”Y| õè¿Gä æç—^H#21"" vôÏ+ æû#ê ôTI° ±Oè (1263-1277 Æ. T.) πê\ πU[z% OTF` ôv#ä ±+ç R`pe ≠`Ô´ πOèÔe J–ÅÄ´ πOèÔo z≥ü^Ä´è c&º®÷# «“H:Ç» õè√eÄ—bÄ´ vË≈m% —≈J zÈÛ

19. Ignazio Guidi, “Le canzoni geez-amariña in onore di Re Abissini,” p. 56. 20. π^e v&|®¿≈ ÆT¡/ÆT¿ Qüô+J o≈T ôº}Ç v≤" ±Oä Oè”Y| ûπOè πO÷# æB¬¨Ç äv\"" ÆT¿ Qüô+J û±`ô ºØpx õeû çú≈ ±Oè ûRèT ævJÿ πzûv[ç ô&|øÂºè ºeûv[ wHYJ◊è äv["" J–Ä%T H^eä|ç HKe’ä| voz™J"" |´J¡è º®oä´ õè√“◊Q ûz™| |èj Re{®i ä´ó Taddesse Tamrat, “The Abbots of DŠbrŠ-Hayq,” pp. 112-3; Getatchew Haile, “The Kalélah Wa-Dimnah and the Mazmura Krestos,” p. 376-8; Perruchon, “Histoire d'Eskender,” pp. 338-9; Sergew Hable-Selassie, “The Ge’ez Letters of Queen Eleni and Libne Dinlil to John, King of Portugal,” p. 547-8. õ¤—+ ØèwpT û”^î ®[^ vÚ| Hè”≈ ô&|øÂº πQOIHc# πOç™* Æ[x/õeIT äv\"" ¿x[ H&wêe πdÄ´è ºFJ πT{ûx^Ä´ õ¤—+¨Ç v◊T ÿm*}Ç çÄ´"" E. J. von Donzel, ‘®nbqom Anqêa Amin (La Porte de la Foi), Leiden 1969, pp. 17-28; L. Ricci, “Le Vite di ®nbqom e di Yoîannes, Abbati di Dabra Libnos di Scioa,” Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, Vol. XIII, pp. 91-120, and Vol. XIV, pp. 69-107. 21. ôHn {πñ πô&|øÂº M≥x {]°ñ ô¬c ôvw 09)^4 Æ. T.ñ —. 62ó õ±&FT —È 171-172 Iæ zOJû|"" 22. EMML 3987, f. 71b., Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscrips, Vol. IX, p. 270.

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¿”Ue úaU¨Ç πo`x —&±+ O÷+¨Ç v&Gã o_{´ õTã Iæ ä´? ûH+H:Ç vâI Oÿ} ô&|øÂºè õç| R≈[”ç õè¿ì ûH+H:Ç vâI z®J∆ ô&|øÂº™* OGè ôè≈ Ææä| çÄ´"" æ§èè ûRèT æJo π—#¬ÔÅè wFJ º®[c#è ôw}Ç (πúaUÇ) J–Ç äè πTèJ R®oç c&GèT RezR` ôHxè"" ô&|øÂºèT Gä RèèT ô—` õç| HR≈[” π—&±+ —¿x πHv|Tó π¿T ”èí%ä|èT ôæ÷æoT"" ô&|øÂºè wH{]° vR≈[” [—≈T ûGä ûÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| õeû≤_ πzÔÁO´ ≈`—&| õè¿mIJ πQ{æ ôæ¿HTó ôH—&±+™ π÷HmÇ´ πô&|øÂº ÎKæ y” xI π®◊Çv| ±Oè ä´"" πô&|øÂº OTF^è û´› πO◊è ä—∆Ç c&º¿`—#è H&º¢\è õèÃ H&º™`¡èç H&ûÛıH#è ôev´ ôJäv[T"" æJoe OeI;Ä´T Gä ®æT Hzè¢Jñ õìè πûÛÔH#è «KviKviKvi» HQH´ eT πH+H´è |`—>T õπc÷#ñ «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õç «ôv&c&åº´ºè ºJGã» («KvkÇ» õç «KvkÇ ºJGã») ô&|øÂº´ºè õºH# πô&|øÂºè {]° πQÈÒ TØ^w´ºè çÄ´"" vÿè| |`—>P «Kvi» UI πTYô ôı]üè M≥x (ôè√èƒT ûwM` R∆ πOèè) º÷nJIJ"" {]° ôvIkÇ ”è «ôv&c&åº´ºè» («KvkÇ») πQH#| c+R™* uèu zç“]¨Çè (ô”Æ≥ºèèñ ôRaÇèñ |”_¨Çèñ ®±z) xÅ º¿`—#ç πô&|øÂºè YJ◊éñ ÈK#Û™* o`dÇèè ¤T[´ ÷oJH´ Häc# HxÅÄ´ æc⁄Ä™J"" æ§T võè”H&≥ì πzËÒ|è OËMı| BH# (πä ™H& kæèü Jx ®H∆Çç ”ÿUÇ dæm\) Hõè”H&¥Ç õè¿Oe÷| ä´"" vzHæ v|TF`|T Gä vH+I T°èº| ûQc&øç´ºèç πú`}∆°e °è|ç üJGä DæRê| “^ è°û&| ºIÄ´ ô&|øÂº´ºè πú`}∆°e DæRê|ç π°è|ç´ Oè”Y| õè¿v¿I;Ä´ eHQ[¡ æ§èè πTØ^w´ºèè ôûÛÔJ πA—`èç πM≥xè ôè≈ä| vQ—:√ Oè—≈ æ÷mPv{J"" c&ÈÒT Gä H+I Y^ c&W\ñ ô¿—ì ÿIÅ ºdºH#"" vTB`ä| eT πQÈÒ| BH# TB^™* ≈`c| OGã m`} HvmJ πQ◊^ ™æ{ æGçJó π[“´è πQv÷xÿ õèÃ πzv÷v÷´è πQº[“ nJ ®æT vmJ ºJm¿O´ Oı|K+ ôºO÷#T"" v”^î Ÿ`ä|ç úaU¨Ç RFJ ô&|øÂº c&—v# eH¿[c´ ÿÛ| c&ÈÒ πQ÷mPwÄ´ nI|ç Æ[ız ä—aÇ ¿e{Ä´è πRæ¿xm% çÄ´"" æ§èè TØ^w´ºè «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õç «ôv&c&åº´ºè ºJGã» õºH# ºHTèT OW[| πQûÛıH#èè vº≥û#| `õc ä—` Iÿxv´çñ v{]° v¿J πzcRÄ´ ôè√è≈ úaU¨ÇT

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õè¿õeIUÄ% zmxH´|ñ «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õç «úaU¨Ç» õºH# æÈÛH#"" πzddz% æOeHìJó T°èºz%Tñ πô&|øÂºè M≥x õè¬F vBH| O¿x HOO¿x {Rî OHû&º πHèT"" v&ê[è êa õçz% û“Jì H+I uèu πR|ç—` ôÏ+ ô&øôe (1747-1761)ñ π®H“´ —x[ õ”±&ôxK+`ñ πwH+´ „+ÿaeñ π‘è¿\ ≠x¿Iñ πh™ ú`}∆°c# —OÄ%ñ π—#^—+ ü}H&û# ÒIeñ π®H:´ õeIT vπäñ ÁKÙ IMT z%H# (vôÏ+ ô&ºc# ±Oè «æH# ôæH#ñ π{J z%H#» æwJH| πäv[´)ñ û“I ä—≈ç ûK≈º ®—è πäv[´ xIz,è —+{ weJøe (v±&º´ ±Oè vÿvv#ñ vØ´mz%ñ vı`≈ ôez™æäz% eT ºz[Ô´)ñ «πKvi è—#Y» õºH# æÔ`P πäv\| |èh# ê ÆH& ûBHz% O¿yÇ wè¿ì´ xÅ õè¿RæmO÷# HRπ|T HRdπ|T æÅJ äv["" π±Oä Odıè|è πô&|øÂº {]° πQºäx v±&ºè ±Oè ô&|øÂºè æ—±# πäv\| ππÀ Odıè| vRèì´T πeUÇ ´dé ô&|øÂº´ºèTñ úaU¨ÇTñ ôv&c&åº´ºèT OGçÄ´è æ—ä±wJó T°èºz%T {]û# õè¿QH´ v±&ºè —&±+ πè—#W# J|Gè πQ—w| è—#X™*| YJ◊è «v“H:Ç õœ äv[Ç» («AH®| YJ◊ä è—#Y võ¿ “I»)23"" ±Oã ôJ[√Ä´T õèÃ πÀ¨Ç YJ◊ãè æ±´ πzÅIÄ´è ºFJ πA—]z%è ôè≈ä| HO÷vo ôJy±ãT"" πô&|øÂº´ºèè Ox| πA—]z%è √` ≈Tv` vRe÷vo [—≈ ûπ|ïÄ%T πA—]z% —µ*¨Ç ºäc Y^ ôJW\T"" ”xÓÇ |Jm% ê ÆH& πQzwvbÄ´ OeI;Ä´ ô&|øÂºè H&¿ı\ ôev´ äv["" O£èè}ÅÄ´ A—]~è õeûU| õèO°|I{Hè eIH# √äÇ24"" vô&|øÂºç v{Iu x]{åº OüûJ HO O]º —&±+ π®√œä|ç πè”≈ ´J πzÔÁO´ vê ÆH& ±Oè ä´25"" û±Oã πô&|øÂº´ºè Ç”aÇ ôè¡ πô&π\dH+T —√RÇèè ûä◊m*¨Ç OûIûJ äv["" v±&FT [—≈ ê ÆH& õè¿H+H:Ä% YJ◊ç| BH# vz^Ä´ {”H™J"" û±&F v{Ç ºH´ Hè”Y| ˚&°}]º v1852 Æ. õ. vôR`ì πËÒI| ¿x√v+ ä´ (O”v&º´ xÅ ä´ ”Ø≥)26ó

23. Conti Rossini, “La cronaca reale abissina,” p. 803. 24. õ±&º´ —. 858"" 25. Sven Rubenson et al, Correspondence and Treaties 1800-1854, pp.178-187. 26. õ±&º´ —. 194"" dPô+J ‘w| ô&|øÂº ´eÿ π˘az,e{è| Qh&ä] väv[v| —&±+ ûô&|øÂº wHYJ◊êÇ “^ æz™®o äv["" vâIT πô&π\dH+T ‰‰e Gê äv["" TØ^w´ºè ®¿ ôı]ü c&O÷# eHQ äã c´π´ H^e ÆH& πõè”H&≤; è”Y| wHVJ v&OeIÄ´ ôºe—`TT""

page013-032 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 page 17 30 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

õTÖv `õc O£èè| ôH& —x[ è—#W ä—Y| õ”±&ôxK+` ±æ|®K≈ vOH¢| ®æX+He v—Ë|"" |xËM Öv è”Yz õè”H&≥ õèƒ| äjó v‘ äj πcRæ πT≈\è ºFJ"" õé wèÇ ®√œä| ÷èÅHB"" ôèÇT vé ®√œä| ÿî"" Tä´ ôèÇ dHj èz,è OämH+"" BH# vπèz% zmTŸ õé zämJB"" ôBèT èz,è õè√JämJ ô≈`—&Jî"" πKviè õ◊ O_z,è zämJB"" è| OämJ ÿã ä—` ä´ó èz T≈` èz cRæ ä´ç"" vôèÇ Oè”Y| ±Oƒ ôæämJ"" dPô+J —#w ô¿^¶è ÷vn BçÄ´ èz,è ôJämJó ±O∆Ä,è ô¿^"" πT|®œ´è ä—` Iû&xî õc≈JiHB"" |Jm% ê ÆH&T v|´J≈ A—^Ä´ vπÀ cw| ¿x` õè¿zûH# æä—ÌÄ™J"" ûä±&FT éÿ —#v`Õ R`ºTñ ≤TJ —&ø`—&eñ ®J≈º —x`ô+Jñ °v& nH: Qüô+J æ—í%wÄ™J27"" ô&|øÂº´ºèè «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õç «ôv&c&åº´ºè ºJGã» xH: OûÛÔJç «ôv&c&åº´ºè« õç «úaU¨Ç» xH: OûÛÔJ vxK+^™* —>√| [—≈ zOddæ çÄ´"" πO O]º´ «ôv&c&åº´ºè ôæ¿H#T» πQwH#|èñ BHzì´ «úaU¨Ç» πQwH#|è Hôv&c&åº´ºè YJ◊é ôez™Èú ºI¿[—# º¿`’Ä™J"" M≥wÇèè ûBH| O¿x O°ÔJ vôè≈ä{Çè Iæ ÔèÃ O◊J xÅ dæGè v”H cxT ¿[Õ Rèä{Çèè õè≈è÷^÷` º¿`—çJó HTdH+ πôv&c&åº´ºèèç πH+H:Ä%è eUÇ πzHº∫ vR≈[”ñ πcHP| úaU¨Ç vH+I ô—` uèu vû=^| «OKO≈»ñ «ÆH&»ñ «cÆ&≈» «≠x¿I» õπzwH# °èz*ºè πGã| úaU¨Ç vA—` uèu «zOe—è» (= «OKO≈»)ñ «vIæäF» (= «ÆH&» )ñ «—x[ õ”±&ôxK+`» (= «≠x¿I») c&wH# H&ºdıbÄ´ æU°^H# -- πz—Iv&Ÿj"" ±ƒºÄ´ [m*o eHGäTñ πQºıÌÄ´ ôJˆ ôJˆ dº—í% ôJm\T"" !"

æ§ OÈKı vOW[z% ôx≤ïÄ% üBè vÚ| π{zP cä∆Ç ÿ`oT ä´ó x±# ô¬e ä—` πHv|T"" ”è IIºÄ´ BH#T ô¬e çÄ´"" (ô¬eä{Ä´ ”Ø≥ HRº´m% π{]° zR]¨ÇT ä´"") ûcä∆Ä% ´eÿ HzäXBv| ÆIR πQGã|è õπO[ÿB ecvexñ Tè·Ä%

27. ôHn {πñ πô&|øÂº M≥x {]°ñ JE692E —. 610""

page013-032 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 page 18 O”v&º 31

πz¿[c#| πúaU¨Ä%è ®[^ æn®T πäv[´è Oè”Y|ç z®^]´è äw\è M≥x vQ¿”Ò ÁKÚ¨Ç OGãè dJ[d ä´"" ºT Gê ÁKÚ¨Ä% πôÏ+´è —#x≥çç ¿”ä|ñ π÷IÉÅÄ´è vcæ◊è zO]ä| æä”\çJ õèÃ πGäè ≈`—&| ≠´m´ H´÷´ HOO≥—wÄ´ πQºe÷[ÿ[î ä—` ôI“÷OîT"" è—#W# c&ºhèı ”èäz%èñ c&häı BJ —&±+ ôhçÚ õ”±&ôxK+` xÅ OGãè æä”\çJ"" ÷I| c&häı °è}e ®—êÄ%è eH[√ñ ÷I| c&ºhèı π°èz*ºêÇ Ü÷&ô| eHv≤ OGã õTä{Ä´ äv`"" û±&F ôJÔ´ {]° c&º≤v# ôI—íâÄ´T"" πA—` éÿ Tè·Çè πQºÿIH# ±Oç™* {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç üH# wæO±—x πQ®¡| eHzO±—v ä´"" õ`”ÿñ Gè xH´T Gä ®æT ôeÔI—&äz% dæ{ºÄ´ m`} x±# {]ü™* ≈`—&}Çè dæO±”v#Jè õè¿m\ O—O| æÅIJ"" û{]û ä—Yz% HRe[Õä| ºeÔJ“Jç ævnJ ºJû#|è ºFJ v”Ø±# õπ÷meû# dm`x ÿofÄ%è ôè≈T dIem` ®¿ ôR`ì õπz[—:Tû# ä´"" õä±&F ÿofÇ πRe[Õ Tè‡ õç Rx^]º ûOGçÄ´T vIæ π±Oãè ôezdcx ºd∫çJ"" v±&º Iæ πA—^Çèè π{]° c¨Çç Œú”^Ú™è õè≈èR` ºdev#çJ xΩ õ—T{HB"" (”Ø≥ πRº´m% ô&|øÂº´ºè {]° ÁKÚ¨ÇT v&Gã vôR`ì c&ÈÒ πy{ñ πc´ñ πW^™*| πzÁ´∞ eUÇè ûÔ[èœ OËMı| õπm¡ ®¿ ôR`ì c&OJgÄ´ πQºvIh#|è õè¬º`P æ[√Ä™J"") vÿofÄ% Iæ H+IT zeÛ ÿπwÄ™HBó πä—Y{z% {]° πzËÔ´ vmIJ ”Ø≥ eHGä ”Ø≥ HOR` π÷vm Tï| ºH´ ÿofÄ%è ôxbÄ´ üH´ |`—>RÄ´ “^ õºezºπ ^c#è v^c# H&ºezT`wÄ´ æÇIJ"" π±Oã ä—Y{| ûzHO¿´ ^dÄ´è πRez√¿` H+I ™ç ÖIÚä| πúaU¨Çè ®[^ O”{| eHäv[ñ πÿofÄ%è õç}Ç (Tè·Ä%è) πQºäx ºè¡ ”‡| {]° ôJp πH+I´ ”‡| {]° πQzü´ x±# —ÍÇ dæ—Hv÷# OGãè ººJ"" õè”¬F ûä±&º éÿ ôHı ôHı õºJû# H±&F ≈`c| πO[ÿâÄ´ ÿofÇ vÆæä| [—≈ c&{∫ Tè·Ä%è v|°°J πQ®°H# c&Gã vO÷è vû#J ”è π|Jo {]° x`Dè O÷äì xJ‡{ OGçÄ´è õè√è[d ôÿxm, ôdewHBó {]û# õ±&F vRm`wÄ´ TdH+¨Ç πz®cä ôæ¿HT"" eH ÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| «π“H:Ç ®[^» e|Èı vÆY^ ±÷äì´ Tõ| ÆO| «äı÷ì´ vúaU¨Ç Iæ eI¿[c´ v¿J» ôJËı°T πQJ ®md õè¿RæäXxî ôTçHB"" õc# πôw wM`æ «±+çB H“I» πRº´m´ {]° eHGä õ±&F ≈`c| éÿ TØ^ı H&º—î õè¿RæÇJ ”JÈ ä´"" GêT õc#èT v&Gè

page013-032 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 page 19 32 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

π¢f´è O^`ä| ûc÷´ j[| “^ ôO≤≥ê πQÈÔ´ û÷Û OËÒ ôº√”|T"" æFè ÈK#ı d±“œ πO◊Jî Kdx BH# ”^ç mî õπ‘zzî ûzäXBv| ±+çB H“Iè πOz`—:T ÆIR `m, EÕHB"" HRä´ πTÈÔ´? HTB^ã πT`T` ≈`c| HRo[x ûGä T`T\ æm[™J πTIÄ´è x±#¨Ä%è πá√” Rx^]º¨Çè RVI| äv[xîó HM≥x ûGä ¿”U æ§T æv≤J"" ´÷+z% õäG æF BH| —+}Çè õû#J πRº—H”Jç πQÔJ—#|è ºFJ πRºe¿e|ñ {]üÇèè HOR` πQÔJ—´è ”è HTè·Ä% «OezÛo`» πQGè OÈKı ä´"" TØ^ˆÄ% vOèÔe ôè≈ vôüJ x±# eHGã RèìÄ´èT ôem≈U ®æT ôpæ} Rèvx æÅIJó ûO O]º´ Ta õè¬ävx xÔJ”Tñ º±“ B| õè¬º õè¬Gè ô≈`—+ ôæ¿HT"" õè¬º´T eH ôw wM`æ πËıû#|èç ^c#è π±+çB H“Iè TØ^ı ôBè üH#v| ºd[ı£Ä´ vOmT` (v¢T˜*∫z`) õπﬁèû# x±# üèû^z|£Ä´ vâI ä´""

page013-032 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:37 page 20 TØ^ı !

ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´

®HõO U|û# üJôè æÈMÒ ±+çπ ®±+ç H#w ±æOÈõ"" ®wMz% xÎ#Ø ±Uz õeO ôØ[Ô""

ûU|û#T {]û+èç πQO◊´è H#w {]° H+H:Ç æÈÒ{J"" ”è πUz xÎ#Ø ä´ó ô`Û

ôw wM`æ

page033-052 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 page 1 úaU¨Çè º÷ç ôè}åø c+û&""

(û Da Zeila alle Frontiere del Caffa, Viaggi di Antonio Cecchi, 1886)

page033-052 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 page 2 "

eH ±+çB H“I πËÒ BH# eH ¿^c&´ eH ôw wM`æ πQä”\è ¿^c&´ v±&Ç w‡b ≈`c{Ä´ éÿ eH^dÄ´ ûä—\è ôºJıT"" πQä”\èñ «ôw wM`æ πQwH# v“U éÿ πôè≈ v+z °èz*ºè ô—J“æ Oäû=c+ äv\ó eHdÄ´ û±&F vm` H+I TèT πQ{®o ä—` πHT» õºH# ä´1"" ôBè õè√πB|ñ «πQ{®o ä—` πH+H´» Tè·Ä%è vQ—w dèO[T^Ä´ vOo[{Çè ä´ õèÃ xèO[T^Ä´ñ eH ôw wM`æ πYä ÈK#ı ôez™Ìú H+H:Ä% πm≈U ¿^c&¨ÅÇè eHËÒ| ûQ{®m´ πRºèe õç—îwÄ™Hè"" ôw wM`æ π”Ø≥ Yä ÈK#ı zO^R]¨Ç eRÄ´è π±HH#|2 {Io H&o äv\"" õè¿ H+H:Ä% π±Oã ÁKÚ¨Ç û±+çB H“I xè T`ñ õîF c´ “U éÿ wè≈ (TçJw|T x`x` R`ºT vT|wJ) v+z °èz*ºè vüFèä|º—H”H# õè¿äv\ õçńHèó (π±+çB H“Iè °ıJ 2 O¿T¿Qº zOJû|"") eRÄ´ ôw wM`æ OGã π{®m´T æ§´ ≈`c| «æv+ wM`æ» («wM`æ æIJ») xH: eH¿O¿O ä´ (π≈`cz%è O¤[i zOJû|)"" OÈKı mÃ¨Ç eT eHQH´÷# ®æT eHQW`±# ±+çB H“Iè πm¡Jè c¨Ç πôw wM`æè eT wHOW[≤Ä´ |Jo ô—J”H:| cÿz™J"" πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç x±#¨Ç çÄ´ó ôè¿ìñ v±+çB H“I éÿç vH+IT y{ πQº¿èm%|è πôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”Jè {]°3 BH#èT πËÒ| õdÄ´ wæGãT πdÄ´ ôez™È∞ dæê`v| ôæm`T"" BHzìñ vw∆ —ÍÄ% Iæ ±+çB H“I zÈˆv| vz—í´ πH:è∆ã πx^ç OÈKı éÿ ºH#| ≈`c}Ç (TçJw| üè¡

1. Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, p. xxxvi. °v#` xI{ O`eÆ+ Ö±èT vy{´ ûTzÄ´ OÈKÛÄ´ ´eÿ eH ôw wM`æ πËÒ| H+H:Ç ûËÒ| πzHπ ä—` v&ê`v| π—P ‘Û x`x` R`ºT üFè äv\ RH{Ä´ xÅ ä´" EMML, 3749, f. 3a, Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. IX (1987), p. 127. 2. HTdH+ Guidi, Storia della Letteratura Etiopica; Cerulli, La Letteratura Etiopica, Milan 1968. 3. Conti Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), pp. 3-220.

page033-052 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 page 3 36 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

vm`) BH#T πdÄ´ çÄ´"" OÈKÒ ôBè ºH´ π1860 Æ. T. πŒé^J ç˜*π` Ÿ` W^™*| T`¢ì Gê õè”H&≥ ô—` H:è∆è vQ—í´ πõè”H&≥ v+z OËMı| (British Library) éÿ ä´ó õ±&º BL Or. 534 πQJ πO{®m*º tÿ` zcÿ}| æ—ìJ4"" vé÷# ºH#| πôw wM`æ çÄ´ πTIÄ´ ≈`c}Ç û±&F v{Ç ºH#| çÄ´ó (1) O≥P[ °è}eó (2) «ô‡\ O≥P[ °è}e»ó (3) OJ°≠ —x`ô+Jó (4) cIO o¡dè"" (5) ±+çB H“Ió

(1) O≥P[ °`e}e

O≥P[ °`e}e vRçÄ´T [—≈ O÷ã O≥P[ √™*|è ºFIJó õè¿O≥P[ √™*| 151 O≥PaÇ ôH#|"" û±&ºT ôJˆñ O≥PaÄ% õè¿ ”ÿT v+| æO{H#"" π√™*| O≥PaÇ vzËÒv| vÿèz% vØx^æeÿ õèÃ v|`—>RÄ´ ”ÿUÇ ôæ¿H#T"" O≥P\ õè¬F c&J æ T^Jó (voèı πc÷B| πÚ¿H:Ä%è x≤| ä´)

O≥P[ °`e}e xÎ#Ø xõc& ±ô&N[ Öv ıêz üM≈ó (18) ®±pO võTäz ôx ®®J≈ó (15) ®vDæRêz OèÔe o¡e YIc+ ™M≈ó (20)

4. Wright, Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts, p. 84. v+z OËMız% ôBè British Library æwJ õèÃ vÚ| British Museum äv` πQwH´"" πO≥P[ °è}e oÃ wBã cÆ| H+H:Ç fe| õè√H# æ{®nJó (1) v`H&èñ Ms. orient. quart. 996, Hammerschmidt und Six, Äthiopische Handschriften1, pp. 220-2ó (2) ™jè”zè ûzRñ v¢è”_e v+z OËMı| (—ç vü{H:” ôJ{zOT)ó (3) EMML 3473, Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts,Vol. VIII, pp. 286-9. O≥P` 18 EMML 2335, ff. 162b-163a éÿ æ—ìJó õ±&º´ Vol. VI, p. 384. π™jè”zãè oÃ ôIπB|Tó OÈKÒè vô} ÿ\äF Ûè{ eT "Fanta 1" πQJ O{®m*º πc÷´ ô} v#\° ôx¬ õè¿ä—[îñ vÿ\ Bé{ πzº± ä´"" πm\| ”è mÃ õº®mT dºóT ôè√è≈ y{ ôvIj~Ä™J""

page033-052 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 page 4 ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ 37

®xÎ#Ø üØv võdz ıo^ è¡≈ó (17) ±vJdã æ—å ®x`û# æc”≈"" (16) . . . ! ®¿°¿| Oè—≈ ºJE¿ xÎ#Ø ä´ó vôxç v®J≈ õTä| (Áè}) πpOT ó vOèÔe o¡e YIc+ ôè≈ DæRê|Tó vıob õd| πä¿¿T xÎ#Ø ä´ó vTIc# πQºOc”è —>Jvz%T πQc”≈"" . . . ôTdº´ O≥P[ √™*| û±&F v{Ç ºH´ ä´ (πÚ¿H:Ä%è tÿ` ôez´J)""

O≥P[ √™*| vÎ#Ø xõc& ±ô&N[ vT°[ [c&Æèó (18) ®±ô&pO ´ez ıêz Üÿôèó (15) ®±ô&äv[ ´ez Oèv[ OezdJnèó (20) ±√õP M— õ”±&ôxK+` YT[z%ó (17) ®±M‘ ºäxx OÆJz ®H+H&z"" (16) . . .

! v°Ò¨Ç T°` ºJE¿ xÎ#Ø ä´ó vÜÿôzïÇ Oè—≈T ºJz—íó v™±ïÇT hè‘T ºJzmO÷ó ¿e{´ ”è võ”±&ôxK+` M” πGäó M—#èT mè ûH+| πQºäx"" . . .

O≥P[ °è}e õè¿ eP πQOHûz´ °è}eèç πz™M∆ v+z °èz*ºè °è|çè ä´"" õè¿ JR≈ Gê (|M|ç) πA—^Çè ¿^c&¨Ç π≈`c{Ä´ wHv+| OGçÄ´è eHRæç—\ñ O≥P[ °è}e «±õ—H+» πQJ wHv+z%è πQç—` nJ πHv|T"" ”è πôw wM`æ ≈`c| HOGã vm* é◊™* Re[Õ ôHv|""

page033-052 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 page 5 38 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

ôè¿ìñ «HTè õè¬F ô¿[— πQHî üH «áYY éz OËMı|» (≈`—&z,,,, πQ—w HOGã «OËMı|è O`T`» {—í™HF) πQH´ v±+çB H“I Oo≈T πQ—í´ πæo`{ ÔI—& (apologetic) ôä“—^Ä´ õ±&F Oo≈T éÿT z¿“”U æ—ìJ"" (HTdH+ñ o÷J 10Aè xèOHû| «áYW# éz OËMı|» πQJ õç—îv{Hè)"" BHzìñ õè¿ ±+çB H“I eRÄ´ vé÷# æ—ìJó ûO≥P` 34 æ§èè õèOJû| (o÷J 39A)ó

Hæ|ÔYK# ®æ|KW∫ ±æ±+°\ eTπ vWçæó ®õH πÖYW# H&z cIO õèvH õûæ"" õ”±&ú H—x`û wM`æ cQÆ nJπ ô&||Kπæ"" ®M™Á+π ô&||Aûæ"" !

eSè v¿” πQºe{ć# ¿e ævIÄ´ñ æ¿cz%Tó °Û| πH+Hv| cIT πQÔJ—#JîT õè¬B"" ôv+z% πô—J“æFè πwM`æwM`æwM`æè nH+è OeR|è ÄJ ô|vJ"" õéè O‘xí|(F)èT ô{pæ"" fezìñ ôw wM`æ “U vôè≈ v+z °èz*ºè c&º—H”H# ºûRÄ%|è èx[| √™, πQwH# úaU¨Ç õè¿±[ÒwÄ´ v±+çB H“I éÿ (v°ıJ 2) c&ä”\è õç—ìHèñ õ±&FT Iæ ¿”O´{J"" æFè ûO≥P` 74 πzm√´è õèOJû| (ûo÷J 71H õeû 72A)ó õ—å Hû õ”±&ú õ—å Hûó õ—å Hû ®õÁ+´Ø eOûó ®õä”` û=H: exKz*ûó væä ±≠mxûåó 5 ®væä ±ô&—¿ıûå"" ®H± æOÈõ õeõJ Öv+ûñ ô&|á≈—å"" ®ôezvtÆû {≈áäåñ õTä õ¿ Ôº| õH ôtcH#åñ ®cHv#å ±±—x°¨ H¿Ü]|π"" 10 Qÿ H&z û=H: ±äYô ÁIô& õTéπä"" !

page033-052 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:38 page 6 ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ 39

ôOc”èDHBñ ôv+z% ôOc”èDHBó ôOc”èDHBñ eTFèT õ÷^HBó °x`FèT BH# õç—^HBó eH÷vûîó 5 eIJ◊JûîT"" eH®¿Úz%T õHTèDHBó ô|◊Hî"" {≈äî ±è≈ õHTèDHBñ üpcH#î H+yÇ õœñ HâIΩ ºûRÄB|è û®c¡xî"" 10 ÷I| π®c¿xîè BH# OJeJî"" ôw wM`æ O≥P[ °`e}eè π¿[c#| õè¿ ±+çB H“I vôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J ±Oä Oè”Y| ä´"" æ§èè πQº¿èm%|è è—#Y ¿“”O´ ûRèX{Ä´ vIæ «õ”±&ú û=äéû Ay Hè—#Y» πQH´è O≥P` 71è Hc# ä´ πc÷#| (ûo÷J 68A õeû 69A)ó õ”±&ú û=äéû TeH ÿvx Hè—#Y W`Î ≈è”J Axó ûO vôWèø æû:èêP HM≥xñ ®æoèøP HôM≤x"" 5 [c& v±Oã ºèÁıÈı OÆ` õTô≈w`ó ®KH&xå πÜ≥ õTä ô´”`"" ®ôáxa HmeT TeH Rõ[`"" [c& cIO HxK+`ó ®XFH Hû=H# ôF—#`"" 10 v[ûz ±`õ ®v[ûz mTM YP` æ[≈ ôTdH ÷J ´ez ÎT`ñ ®ûO ä÷x◊x ºè÷xÿx v¬v T≈`"" æ≥Öè U—¿ A´° ®ÏØ`ó ®æá√õ RØvH |èXô+B HÎ`"" 15 ®æû:èè õTÈwM õeû wM`"" æ[e∫ M≥v# û@çz RØÎ¿ ”x` (ô&dæºe)5"" ®æQ÷# cæˆP Öv Td`"" æ”äæ H:z% û=H# ®æ”[`"" ä—Yz z`c+e ®¿cº| ôTÜ ºxô#ó 20 ®ä—Yz dw ®≠[x “√ ºTÈô#ó

5. ¿^c&´ ûx±# OËMı| vx±#´ æ÷odH#ó ™ç ™ç πQI;Ä´èT Tè·Ç v”^ á√” æÈÛH#"" TØ^ıç tÿ` ”è ôæc÷#T"" em√ç ez[—>T πdÄ´è π”^ á√” vmî vû#J voèıñ TØ^ˆÄ%èç ºJc÷#èè Tè·Ç ûQ—í%v| õπÔH”B û”`—+ á√” õπ÷pTû# ä´""

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®HôÈT∞ ÿvv# û=H:P æ|“xô#ó õè± æm≈T ôK¡ õTüJô#"" √áä πÆJ ®Wçπ æv&| õèvH McTó ®±õèvH ¿™, ®MRT"" 25 ®æ|Æmx ±JÔ vcIT"" ô¢ã vO|ûız% e∫T (ı|K ä—Y|)ó ®em%J äıc û=Jä ôTdH ôØÎ#o vúT"" õeO ûO `õeä ´õz%ó ®èMäå ôTdH OHºJæ H:z%"" 30 èeôJ ±JÔ võèz ≥èz%ñ ûO |èKæ Oè”Yz%"" õOå zA´û| ô¢ HwMz*z%ó ®HõO M≈ô| ¢ä yz%"" ô&è|ÔHÿ õTä °Jô+z%ó 35 õeO vz™JŸz äÛe ®è—#Y ıÁ#O (OÈKÔ ÔIeÛ)ñ æ|™,Hÿ û=H# ”x` ±m¿O"" ®ûO≥ èvJ —&±+ ÁH:|äñ XFJû ®TM[|û æ`ûx¨ ı÷#ä"" Æ¬ çezxtØ èMä û=Jäñ 40 Öv ±û=H: æõá≥ õ”±&ôxK+` ôTI°äñ ûO ºezõá¥ Ø\ºäñ °Jô+ ôx|[ñ ÖxH ®Yä (±ü`ºe)"" ®ûO M`nêe æû:èè (OÈKÔ ÔIeÛ)ñ vOÈKı ®cæı áv#[ õeû HÆHTñ Hæû#è"" ! ôv+z% ı`≈Fè ûÿvx “^ Hè—#Y W`Î ≈è”J eÿó M≥v#è vOJüT æ√î ±è≈ñ ôM≤xèT æ—≤ ±è≈"" 5 v±Oã R` ûz^aÇ õè¬è÷w÷x ô≈`”ó ®z|T û¢[x}Ç õè¬®`≈"" oOTè ûô≥O^ “^ ô™M¿´"" ô—`è cIT ô≈`”ó Ø`oT vô´^Õ¨Ç BH# (ô´`≈)"" 10 π±` v[û|ç πWO[ πT`| v[û| æ´[≈ñ õè¿≥çT v{¤¿ Oe° Iæñ õè¿ ä÷x◊x vT≈` Iæ ºè÷wÿx"" πxÿxÿç π‡èo U—≈ æ`“ó π÷I| |èXô+ RØvJT Áÿ ævJ""

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15 ûTY^o õeû TØ^x æ”≤"" M≥v# Ÿ`è π”x`ç R‡≈ º≈`—# (ô&dæºe) 6"" cæÛÄ´èT ®¿ Td` æH´÷#"" BH#T æ{±±#|ñ æ—x\H|T"" πz`c+eç π¿c+}Ä% è—#ZÇ õœ Oèi ºe—v#ó 20 πdwç π≠[x è—#ZÇT —Á v[û| ºT÷#ó ÿvv#è HR√OÿT BH#T æcxcv#ó ôè¡ ûH+I´ õπzjm√¿P"" ºHTèT °Ò (ä—`) v¿áç æ™Jñ vÿ\T æ¿`ó ºHvj{ç ºHMOT"" 25 BJ—&±+ vcIT æ÷vo"" v|ûi´ h#T ôæ¿HTèó (ı|K ä—Y|)7ó πBIÇèT äıe (vc# Iæ) zè÷JÿIHÇñ õè¿ o`èﬁˆÇ v≤ı Iæ"" T°èºz%T õc# Hì õè¿ ^dÇè ä´ó õìT Hc# õè¿ (c´ä|) ôwH:Ä% äè"" 30 BJ—&±+ eH±&F (—#√æ) õèÁJæñ Oè”Yz% õˆæ õè≈|J"" e|{®°T Gäñ Áÿ{ c&cıèw|T πxÅ´ ôæGèT "" vBHz%T (—&±+) ôèHæTó 35 T°èºz%T πäÛeç πè—#Y ÔÈU OH®ÿ c&O◊ñ πm≈U´ ä—` BH# (ôxa) æH®◊J (OÈKÔ ÔIeÛ)"" vÁH:{Çè —&±+ õè¬F õèvJñ «æo`{Fç TM[|F }H: æ≈[c#H|""» ¿”U BIÇèT JOç õço`xñ 40 BH#è ®¿Qæ≥ ®¿ õ”±&ôxK+` ®¿ ôTIüÇèñ õû#H:Ç ô≈`‘ õè¬ºc&±´ñ BHz%è v|aÇñ —O≈èç ´v|è (±ü`ºe) 8 "" õè¿ M`nêeT õè¬Ô`≈(OÈKÔ ÔIeÛ)ñ vOÈKıç vcæı vôè≈ä| H±HÆHTñ æBè""

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O≥P` 20èT õèOJû| (ûo÷J 26H õeû 27A)ó õ”±&ú vÜæJû ıÁ#O æ|ÙXMñ W`Î ≈è”J Oc&M ®J¿ Oc&MOc&Mñ ±æÆ+oT nH: vı|Mñ ®æ|ÜWæ v[≈ô+|û x±#áó 5 õeO vËM¢ vv[û| È¡o"" ®ôèv`û v`õc# ô°H&H O™*õ ±ºèÎvòñ ±°v#` õT—+^ ®òñ õeû Ô`F¨ ±ô±+x ®Wòñ ®õHC éz wM` `Ö#o"" 10 OüM ´õz% —&±+ Îxõ"" ®ôJy ôO zO´ôó õeO JR¡ O™*õ"" ®J≈ ÷v&x ±Jv# ¬v πRãó ®®_≤ RõT` ±éz `õc# Ææã (O°xx)"" fvå æO´õ ô&æ±+Ü` vÜæH#ó 15 ®ô&æ|ç—` |Øæ`z vnH#"" ®x±#Üä ä—Yz ô”xô O|Mz õ¡"" ®ôez“xúP Hû=H:P Î` éz RØ¡ (Odıè|)"" ú°è}e Ømw H±Oãó ®eTº YFJz (Gc+Ø)"" ®ô`áo õTéD Oèc#z"" 20 ®eTøP HW^™*z% M≥xπ H&z"" ®ô&{áÿú ±KHπ zTézó õeO û&ºû õRØTm Jv# æÁ+®èó ®võTû æ|OKÎè"" |`ûyP õƒû HÎ\ ®ÁIõz%ó 25 ®|xJ∞P HOÆ|û õdz%ó Hû=H:P õH æ|n®T¨ H:z%"" ! ôv+z% vÜæJF vıÁ#T æ¿c|ñ Oc&M W`Î ≈è”J πOc&M Jœñ ä—\è vı`≈ πQÔÈTñ vx±#´ õ`√{FT πQ¿c|ó 5 võ´äzì v[û| ¿`cFH{Jç"" v^c#T Iæ πQºèÎwò π≈J ô°H&J ôemT÷DJñ û®ò ô°H&J πûv[ñ π¿v#xç πTYô (M≥yÇ) õeû&Ô\|ñ v\m% TØ^x ºH#|T"" 10 vŸ`ä| —&±+ ”ç ä´""

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πzhäÔv| —&±+ πHTó JR¡ Rhäı ä´ç"" Jv# ûmî (õÀ) Iæ πGä ÿvvì Jœ ä´ó Ææã v^c# éÿ πGä ≠™m* ‘JRdT ä´ (O°xx) 9"" c&ºhèıT vÜæH# ôæ{ `Tó 15 vnH# èm|T ôæç—`T"" x±# è—#ZÇè võÀ e` ôe—w"" ÷I}Çè BH# ûRØ¡ cvcwÄ´ (Odıè|)10"" °è}e Gæñ ±Oãè ÷xn|ó «æo`{ πcÔäw|» vI| (Gc+Ø) 11"" ÿÛ|è ûg ôò"" 20 W^™*z%è «πé M≥x çÄ´» vIÄ´"" ºcv´è Tï| ô{d◊´ó vÿJo Jv# ôèzè z÷”~Jçó võç|FT zRÌëJ"" ÷I}Ä%èç πQ÷H#|è õœF {”ìÄ´ó 25 πm%◊F õd|T |xIÄ´ó õc#è πQn®P|è BH#""

vO¤[iT ñ ôw wM`æ «èô#e ôä» õºH √™*| eH^c# πQç—`v| πO≥P` 151 ôTdº O≥P^Ä´ ´eÿ eH^dÄ´ c&ç—\ õè¬F æIH# (o÷J 137A)ó èô#e ôä õTüFç|ñ [≈úP HOä¢d|ñ ±¿x[ R`ºT Té|"" ävxû# ≈`dä O≥P`ñ 5 TeH Ö>Js nH √™*| ±πÖx`"" ú±{äxx OÈKıπñ võèz áWP ô&|—:—>Ø KTø|π"" ôeze] H&z wMz%ñ z±û&[û e^Mπ vÖ:Jpz%ó 10 õeO fv æOJõ nJñ ¢ä πKÌÌ xπ Ö:Js Ú¿J"" ®y —&±+ ôO æv≥á õTnJ"" ®ôezÆ[æû# vx±#á ËR ®—≈Jñ vO™ØH W`Î ≈è”Jñ≈è”J 15 ôO mzH: HÎ\ OKO≈ è—#W ô¿J""ô¿J

9. O°xx 2" 14"" 10. Odıè| 1" 7"" 11. Gc+Ø 2" 1-3""

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õèûcû+ õvJñ exK| Hõ”±&ôxK+` ±õTéB °CJ"" ! ûüFç| |èh# äîñ πOä¢dz% ¿m O≥P`ñ π¿x[ R`ºT —√T"" ≈`dä O≥P`è (õäG) ¿[eû#ñ 5 û√™*| nJ tÿ` “^ πQzwv`"" OÈKÙè πT{äx Gæñ eH Oÿˆäz% J|äoÔî ô|Äû#J"" æo`{ ô≈`”Jî õèÃñ vs÷^´ ≈üSè ôe{´cFó 10 T°èºz%T nH# c&UIñ πÚ¿H# tÿ` æ—:≈JxìJ"" ûnH# πQv≤v|T —&±+ äv["" vx±# ≈üTç |”J ôezüûJû#|ñ vW`Î ≈è”J ±Oèñ±Oè 15 ÷Iz%è πô¿Jè è—#Y OKO≈è π—¿H —&±+"" õè”¬Fe (õè¬F) JvJñ «ÇH:{ ûc# HGä Hõ”±&ôxK+` Te“ç æ”w´""»

ôw wM`æ ≈`c{Ä´è vÔH—#| OJ° HRmäwv` c&ÿ\ π¿[cwÄ´è v±&F vO≥P` 151 πä—\èè Ç”` vûÚJT v&Gè HRe®—≈ Tè õè√¿[—# vOo≈RÄ´ õè¬F c&H# ä”[´çJ (o÷J 7A)ó ±ôezKOTû#c IØH ≥èz% ≈`dè õè± ôezÆ] nIz*B TeH nH# HO≥P[ √™*|"" ®õè± ô&æ™,e° ôK¿C àáºz IØH àáºz*B ®ô&πKÌÌ Tèzå õTéGP ôI ôez™K≈°¨P vÖ>Jt ıÁ#T"" ®HõO z[Ô ôK¡ ô´ °Jô+z% àáº| õTä ôK¡ OYO` õ™,e¢ Öv üJõ OYO`"" !

v±&F ≈`c| Iæ π¿ûTû#| nH:Ä%è ûO≥P[ √™*| nH:Ç “^ dezü°J ä´"" vàáºz% (vÚ¿H:Ä%) Iæ ôè≈ àÖ+ dJ¤T`ñ ûäc# ôè√ÇT dI—:≈J vıÁ#T tÿ` ôOdeºÄ™HBó ”è üè≈ OYO` Iæ ôè≈ ®æT BH| àÖ+¨Ç c&z`Ò ûBHzì´ (ûQmÿH´) OYO` Iæ ¤T_ºÄ™HB""

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π¿^c&´ Ç”` OèYô+´ñ ≈`c{Ä´è O≥P[ °è}eè πO≥P[ √™*| OO±ì (OHû&º) õè¬Gè O®cçÄ´ ä´"" KdwÄ´ ôè≈ c´ ôè≈ πzm√ √™*| c&º—î ®æT c&ºem√ —>≈H| πH+Hv| OGãè HR®o v&ÔJ” vdÄ´ O≥P[ °è}e õºu÷[ õè¬ºezºπ´ ä´"" v±&FT T°èº| v≈`c| Oè—√Ä´ c&’±# O≥P[ °è}e õè¿ O≥P[ √™*| 151 O≥P` õè¬ê[´ñ πõºè√è¡ O≥P` OYO`ç vπOYO\ Iæ ºH#| Ú¿I| (àáº|) vx≤| πôÅ´è πO≥P[ √™*| O≥P`è õè¬ºFH# õº¿[—# OÔ≈ äv[wÄ´"" æF ôJvn xH:ñ wIÄ´ |Jo πwM[ Kdx Ø´m| vUI ≈`c{Ä´ éÿ ºH#|è àÖ+º| ôè≈ —&±+ HÆY^ fez% ®aÇç HÆY^ BHz% û™°x|ñ ôè≈ —&±+ Hcwz% πdTè}Ä% ØH{|ç Hcwz% û™°x|ñ ôè≈ —&±+ HÆOz% cÆ{| õºH# õû#J ôüıH™Ä™J"" v±&F —&±+ Tè ä—` õè¿zÔ÷[ æè—bÇBó ®z`Ò 2ó ®û&ºGP [cæû# H&z"" ®ÁKı°¨P o≈O —Èπ ûO ô&æèØ¨P"" ®eO õH# GFº| U|"" ®õ”±&ôxK+` ±`Ö#o õTéGP º`áo H&z û&ºGP õeû ôWTa"" ! (àÖ+ºz%è dûÛıJ) BH| z[Òó õäc#è H^c+ ô¿[”âÄ´"" õè√J[dÄ´T ûÚ| HÚz, Ëı£Ä´"" πä±&º (πBHz%) àáº| eT «U|» ä´"" ûäc# \o πGä õ”±&ôxK+` õeû ôe¿ez´ ≈[e ûé º`nÄ´"" H≈`c| πQGã|è ÿJo πÁKÚä| KdyÅÄ´è ûR´÷è÷è ôJÔ´ HÚ¿H:Ä% vtÿ` OO◊÷èç H°ıº´ õû#J O√[e c&¤äm% ÷nQ —&±+ºÄ´è õèƒ| õè√÷Ò O—O| æÅIJ"" πÚ¿H:Ä%è x≤|e ôè≈ wè≈ sÿ[´ æ≈[c#v|ó ”è ºèè tÿ` vÆOz% cÆ}Ç HRüÔJ πÅH#| Tè ±ƒ z÷oO´ äv[? æFT Gê π≈`cz% cz| xH: OE≈ Jx æR`üJ"" û±&F ûO≥P` 151 πTç—ìÄ´ ™ç ™ç π{]° O[Õ¨Ç ”è BH| çÄ´ -- (1) ôw wM`æ π¿x[ R`ºT12 üFè (Oäû=c+)

12. Ä\H& πO≥P[ °`e}e õç π±+çB H“I ¿^c& ôè≈ c´ OGãè wHO—è±x ¿x[ R`ºTè v|”^æç v◊ç ¿c+}Ç ÔJ‘ ô◊|ó Cerulli, “The ‘Kalila wa-Dimnah’,” n. 4, p. 77-8. DO`jQ|T ºèã æ¥ vOE≈ eH ◊ç ¿x[ R`ºT c&Èı «TçJw| ôè≈ π±&Çì™ ¿x[ R`ºT Oäû=c+ æGçJ O≥P[ °`e}eè vôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J π”≤| ±Oè (1563-97 Æ. õ.) π¿[c» æIJó Hammerschmidt, Äthiopische Handschriften vom Tnsee1, p. 60.

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õè¿äv\ç (2) O≥P[ °è}eè π¿[c#v| ±Oè vôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J —&±+ õè¿Gä"" è—#Y OKO≈ πUz´ 1569 Æ. T. ä´ (PH# eP OKO≈ ô&xè çc&` ô&xè ô#eRè ô&xè v≈Iæ OGãè Ä\H& ä”açJ13"" ≈`cz%è ôÒ´ ôezü°H´ πm¡v|è ±Oè ¿”U vOo≈P éÿ v±&º —&±+ vQW^wÄ´ π±Oè Ot÷]º ±ƒ¨Ç BH# ômäwx[´ ÈÔ´{J (o÷J 12H)ó

zÔÁO ÈMÔz ≥èz% OÈKı ôO0®9 ÆOz Oè”Yz% HOım_ õ”±&ôxK+` è—#Yä ....ñ v&)®&®4 õTÆOz ÆHTñ ®v0)®8)®( ®3 õT ÆOz õe°è≈` Om,∆ç™*ñ ®õTÆOz cRØ{| v0)®2(®8 ÆO|ñ ®v()®( õTÆOz ô“`"" ®ôSD $6 ÆO| õTJ¿z% HvÆH OÈKıó æOKa õ”±&ôxK+`ñ ®æWAH:ó ôSè"" !

π±&F OÈKı ÈMÔ| võ”±&ôxK+` ®√œ vè—#XÇè v ...19äì ÆOz Oè”Yz%ñ v7074 ÆOz ÆHTñ v1893 ÆOz õe°è≈` Om,∆ç™*ñ v1298 ÆOz cRØ|ñ v990 ÆOz ô“` (K&œ^) zÔÁO"" v±&ºè —&±+ πOÈKÒ wHv+| Ø≈S´ 46 ÆO| äv["" õ”±&ôxK+` æR[´ñ æo` ævH´ó ôSè14"" ôw wM`æ πz®H¡| v”^î ±Oè v1528 Æ. T. OGã ä´15"" ôw wM`æ HY^Ä´ væo`{ ÔI—&ä| ÷wºÄ´ñ «O≥P[ √™*|è πËıû#| v^c+ nJ dæGè ûOËMı| õºO◊B ä´» æH#ç π÷mc#IÄ´è ±÷ç ôè≈ ™v& OËMı| õOo≈RÄ´ éÿ æ±[≥\JçJ"" õºè√è¡èT OÈKı eè| —&±+ õè¿÷mc#| õ±&º´ õOo≈RÄ´ éÿ ûä—\è vâI õ≈`c{Ä´ éÿ v÷mc#| tÿ` ”^ á√” Iæ æ÷m%P{J"" H+H:Ç ÁKÚ¨ÇT TèfiÄ´è ûá√” Iæ c&÷m%P eIπB Y`Æz% vA—^Çè πzHO¿ OGè ôHv|"" πQºe—Ò´ π”Ø≥è Yä ÈK#ı õè√H R®nÄ´ xÅ dæGè πz%è Kdx ûπ|ì´ Tè‡ õè√—í%| Re{®dÄ´ ä´"" û±[±\Jè OËMı| éÿ ^õπ ô+Jºe õç ûH&I ®≈Tç

13. Cerulli, “Documenti arabi per la Storia dell'Etiopia,” p. 60, nn. 8 and 9. 14. 6 õç 7 eHQºdez% π¿^c&´è õ≈S û47 æJo 46 xΩ ºävxû#| ôËËÒè vOÈKÒ ´eÿ üH#| ûx±# $6 õç $7 “^ üezºπB| vâI ä´"" 15. õä±&F πzHº∫ π±Oè s÷^ eJ}Ç õèƒ| õè¿Qz[—:P HR®o wM[ Kdxè zOJû|""

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v”Ø≥ Oê^Ä´ õeüBè ôæ{®oT"" õ`”ÿ πûH&I ®≈Tç ÔH” z—î~J""16

(2) «ô‡\ O≥P[ °è}e» π±&F ≈`c| ”ÿUÇ õºè√è√Ä´ wHôTe| OYO` xÅ Gä´ x≤{Ä´ ≈`cz% zû|H:| õè¿QE¿´ õè¿O≥P[ √™*| O≥PaÇ 151 ä´"" ¿^c&´ æFèèT O≥P[ °è}e æH#{Jó (o÷J 149H) v≥èz% zÔÁO °ıJ ÜTeñ ±TdH+B —c&eñ õè± õcTø HeP O≥P[ °è}e"" ı√ ôezKOTû# võèz*ôû z`—>U O≥P` o¡eñ Avå ôev ±Y“ ®äıe"" ! ôTezì´ °ıJ v±&F ôHmñ TdH+´ O√ce πGä17ñ ePè O≥P[ °è}e õºJû#|"" eIèz o¡e O≥P\è vOz`—:T eH¿ûTû#ñ πY“ç πäıe ™“ e÷î"" H≈`cz% πQeRR´ HìT πQOÄ´ eT «´√c+ °è}e» äv`"" wæGè BHz% ≈`c}Ç veT õè√æ“‹ «[ÃP» õç «ô‡\» vQH# oÈH:Ç õπHπè BHz%è O≥P[ °è}fÇ v±&º´ «®IÕÄ´» vc◊Ä´ eT Oÿ^| æê`xçJ"" æF ≈`c| ¿^c&´ dæ{®o z¿“”U zm≈~Jó ûO≥P[ √™*| “^T {|VJ18"" õ≈`cz% éÿ ôw wM`æè

16. Ä\H& ûIæ vtÿ` 12 e` πz÷mc´è “The ‘Kalila wa-Dimnah’” πQH´è T`T^™* ÈK#ı º±“ ´ πO≥P[ °è}e ¿^c& ûH&I ®≈Tçè v”Ø≥ ôIävv´Tó õè¬º´T OÈKÒ ®¿ ”Ø≥ Oz`—:P º÷^ÿ^J HRH| ä´"" ûH&I ®≈Tçè õ´ä|T õeüBè π”Ø≥ |`—>Pè ôI—íä´Tó ”è ôw wM`æ ôJ™h#Tó zz`—>U õè¿äv[ ôBè Re[Õ z—î~Jó Getatchew Haile, “The Kalélah wa-Dimnah,” pp. 373-386. 17. TèfiÄ´è πo¡e ô|çz,ëè |`’S √™*| ô≈`—´ñ vôTez% M™d| tÿ` («`õæ»ñ «Rπ|»ó «cQØ»ñ «OeR|»ó «ôÁ+è¨»ñ «Rjz|»ó «◊ØT»ñ vm%Pó «—c&e»ñ «O√ce») ûôTe| ûıH´{J"" 18. HTdH+ EMML 3996, Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. IX, p. 281; Cod. aeth. 46, Six, Äthiopische Handschriften 2,

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πQOHû| ôÿ“v& Re[Õ HR”í| wHOÅH+ πdÄ´ HOGã õ`”÷ì ôæ¿HBT"" v±&º Iæñ «≈`cz% õ`”ÿ πôw wM`æ ûGäñ πQº¿èm%|è πôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”Jè eT vé÷# HTè ôè≈ y{ õè£è ôIäW#|T?» πQJT ÿºm, H&äX æÇIJó ûzäX OJc# TçJw| O≥P` 151 («võèz `õc#») éÿ æ—î æGçJ (o÷J 149H)ó ôO ôez™¿≈û# ±èz O≥P[û ±æX+He vvDTdñ èô#e ôä ®J¿ ÆO{| OèÔm DTd"" õè± |û≈äå °è}e U—c „ôH&Ÿe vÆH DTdñ äıeπ ôØv& ûO ôx≈∫ H&m K^ ôüÆx DTd"" vO™ØH z≈I Avå üØv} HDTd"" ! æ¶èè vDTd πQWHe (3 —&±+ 50) O≥P`Fè º—◊÷Tû# —&±+ñ πôTd ÆO| ”Rj |èj Jœ äv`û#"" °è}e (Gæ)ñ vvÆH DTd „ôH&Ÿe U—e ôJxc§îñ äıc+è ûı ûı ô≈`“|ñ õè¿ôüÆx πŸ` ôHn ôx≈∫ ôTdè õ÷ı""19 vz≈I ±Oè πDTdè õÿı (õ≈S) c÷î"" ûIæ õè¿—O|ä´ñ ôw wM`æ πz®H¡| v1528 Æ. T. ûGäç æ§èè ô‡\ O≥P[ °è}eè c&¿`c# õ≈SºÄ´ «πDTd ”Rj» (25 ÆO|) ûGä π¿[c#v| ±Oã (1553 Æ. T.) —ç πôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J ±Oè ôJäv[T"" æ§è ≈`c| πôw wM`æ H&º¿`—´ πQÇH´ H+I´ Re[Õ ûo÷J 7A õeû 12H ≈[e ºH´ Oo≈RÄ´ πQOHûz´ BHz%èT O≥PaÇ OeH:î äv`"" ”è BHz% πz¿[c#v| ±Oè eHRæm^[x HRe[Õä| H&÷me ôæÇJT""

pp. 79-80; O≥P[ √™*| TeH O≥P[ °è}e"" Qez,` ô_è ôHn {π ¿[c#| πQH´ O≥P[ °è}e æ§èè v&OeJT H+I ≈`c| ä´"" 19. ¿^c&´ πUû\| «ôûÆx»è «ô°Æv» (õÿı ô¿[—») ûQJ ”Y ô´ÿz´ váx` HOç—` ä´"" TèfiÄ´T ä—Y| m√R™* 18" 3-4ñ «ô°ÆxT πv+z%è ô≤∑ ôx≈∫è ÷^ó ôx≈∫ õ”±&ôxK+`è õœ” æÔ^ äv`"" ô+J≤v+JT πõ”±&ôxK+`è äv&º| we—¿HÇ —&±+ õ`c# O}´è äv&º| ®e∆ ôTd ôTd´è v™i éÿ hj‘ õè ^ç ´K æO”wÄ´ äv[» πQH´ ä´"" ”è ”W# v±&F OJû# v”Ø≥ v&ê`T ®æT õdÄ´ v&Ôÿ\| «ô°≠v» («ô÷Ô») ®æT «ô°Øx» («õ÷ı») OGè äv[v|ó πmœ eMz| H&ßè æÇIJ""

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(3) OJ°≠ —x`ô+J π±&F ≈`c| ¿^c& ôw wM`æ OGçÄ´è HRe[√| x±# `p OE≈ ôºeÔJ”Tó ≈`cz% o÷J 150A Iæ πQ T[´ñ ≈`dä OJ°≠# H—x`ô+J ±wM`æ («πwM`æ OJ°Æ —x`ô+J ≈`c|») vQJ ä´"" πcIT{ ”ÿUÄ% v±&F æ T^H#ó cIT H≥°[ eTû vOÈKÔ √èô+J ±z÷πmó õeO ®`Ü xe^| m`v ®±Oä ®è—+J ôJÁmñ —x`ô+J ±¢èû HO—xz K¬e H&mñ çB ®÷èû# õ”±&ú ûO õ®≈eû Mmó U—c „ôH&Ÿe Á”®å ±æÙÈT ËMm"" ! vOÈKÔ √èô+J H{®m´ eTF20 O{cv&º cITó «πxY^| ®` m`w;Jñ π®è—+JT ±Oè ¿`gJ»(xHF)ñ HK¬e (û&√è) wHYJ◊êÇ H&o πGè° —x`ô+J äF21"" —+{ Gæ%ñ vÿm*z% IOc”èF õäG O`û#ó Tï|è ûO¤[i πQº¿è π„ôH&Ÿeè U—e e÷î"" ¿^c&´ x±# IvW[Ç HOJôû# OIe cIT{ ûc÷# ûâI JOçÄ´ º´ ºÇã ÿoVèç Te÷&bè zR] πQº´m´è ä´ó Á”®å `õc Ax{| õèz æõz* ôõTaó TeH ô”Æ±& õ”±&õ ±{Æ+] —xa"" ! Ø´m|è e÷î πAx}Ç ê πGäÇ´èó ûäÏ —+{ “^ õû#J πT{¿`” w]º´è"" OèÔd™* ≈`c}Ç vπy{´ õπz¿“—P c&m¡ æFèè ≈`c| xÅ ûH+I y{ zm≈} ôIπB|T""

(4) cIO o¡dè v±&F OÈKı (vOr. 534) ´eÿ ôx[´ ûzm¡| ≈`c}Ç πO¤[i´ «cIO o¡dè M≥xñ ®õRÖ+ û=H:P cRØ| Hweºä OemJ ±Æ`x» («πo¡fÇ M≥x cIT{ç πÆ`x OemJ HwkÇ

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cRØ{| BH# õœ ôäXY») vQJ `õe πQ T[´ ä´"" ≈`cz% πô`ûô`û YH#e ≈`c|è eJ| æûzIJ"" eH ô`û YH#e ≈`c| πRºó üHñ ô`û YH#e πQwJ ¿^c& eè°d\è æ¥ ûOeû[T ôè≈ õeû ‰—>Sè e≈e| —≈IÄ´ v®\ éÿ vØHz Ø[ı{Ä´ HzO±—v´ o¡dèç cRØ{| BH# eRÄ´è õπ÷^ «cIT» xH: πQ T` π”ÿT cIT{ ¿`fIÄ™J"" õä±&F ”ÿUÇ zcxev´ HxÅÄ´ õè√è≈ OÈKıç veè°d\T éÿ Hπ—≈H# ±—w O¿T¿Qº (±`ı) õπGã vπy{Ä´ õπzc—c—# zÈÔ´ æ—ìH#"" æF wH ôTe| OYO` πcIT{ exex `õc# «O≥P[ ıW#Kè ®ÁH:z |û#≤è »(π¿ezïÇ O≥P`ç πK±èzïÇ ÁH:|) Gê dH π”ÿP eJ|ç ”ÿUÄ%T v¿^c&ºÄ´ ô‡` eT «ô`û+» õπzwH# æ÷^H#22"" ôw wM`æT J° ô`û YH#e õè√¿[—´ñ eè°d\è æ±´ vé÷# ûOeû[T ôè≈ õeû ‰—>Sè e≈e| —≈IÄ´ HzO±—v´ o¡dèç cRØ{| Hÿm*}Ä% HxÅÄ´ñ HH+H:Ä% ¿”U π“^ wHôTe| OYO` cIT{ —ÿOÍÄ™J"" ≈`cz% πdÄ´ HOGãç ô`û YH#eè HOûzIÄ´ π≈`c{Ä´ ôıô™* OJ° xÅ dæGè é◊™* Re[ÕT ôHv|"" ππüz*z%è ®` ≈`c{Ä´è õè¬F c&H# æ¿O≈P{J (o÷J168H)ó H±x±#Ü ôO—x¨ æ|ÜWY¨ ôT◊ä ¢äó õTä x±#á xØH# ûO ôo[v ô`°äñô`°ä ôTÜ èƒ| èez*z ±ôo[xû Häñ Ë≈nä πüz*| vH#å z®ûıäñ zÔXMñ wM`æäówM`æä õeO ôèz ¢èû v´K#≈ TõOä"" ! x±# üWH÷ã| v±&º´ J° æÔH”v{Jó «®√ÕÇè ûx±#´ Axz% õè√m[vñ ºm[x°Jèè π¿•ä| |èj —Á v[û|ñ» ππüz*| Ë≈nèñ «zmxHçJñ ¿e ævJFñ wM`ºÇè Gæ» vH#îó «vÿm*z% π{Oè° GäDJç""» 23

22. TØ^w´ºè Encomium caelestium et terrestium æH#{Jó ¿^c&´ õ`”ÿ ô`û YH#e OGã ä´ó õé ”è õπz÷^÷`û# ≈`cz%è ûBH| y{ zÇÄ´ äv`ó Getatchew Haile, The Different Collections of NägÅ Hymns, pp. 16 and 72 õç EMML 2706, Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. VII, pp. 100-7. 23. Tè‡ Rz,¨e 25" 23" «OJüT ôèz v‘ {Rî ô—J“æ vÿm*z% {TäDJ""»

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«®√ÕÇè®√ÕÇè®√ÕÇè» õç «wM`ºÇèwM`ºÇèwM`ºÇè» xΩ πz[—:T£Ä´ «ô`°äô`°äô`°ä» õç «wM`æäwM`æäwM`æä» v”Ø±# áx` çÄ´"" ”Ø±# HôR`ì´ ôæÔo≈H|T õèÃñ «πì ô`û (YH#e)» õç «πì (ôw) wM`æ» xΩ xz[—>RÄ´ Te÷&\ πQºOH°z´ BHz%è ¿^c&¨Ç OGã vævJÿ ”JÈ æGè äv["" æF ÿoe ºezR[è H+I´ ÷nQ |TF`| ô`û YH#e ûôw wM`æ vÚ| õè¿ê[ õçñ vÇH:{ æBè ®æT vAx| ôæ{®o õèÃñ ûõdÄ´ æJo õc# õè¿QvJÿ ä´"" GêT ô`û YH#eè û^dÄ´ ôxJ÷´ Oç—^Ä´ πôw wM`æ π|M|ç ôä“—` H&GèT æÇIJ"" ôw wM`æ æ§èè ≈`c| ¿`c´ c&¤`c# OÄ õè¿¿[c#| v±&º´ π”ÿT eJ| õè¬F c&H# ä”[´çJ (o÷J 184A)ó õT—≈H o¡dè x±#Üè ôez“xô# ÁKız eè°d` |ü|ñ v{eØ )®^ ÆOz v#\üè cRØ|"" ®õT≈á[ ÆY` )®WId Tõ|ñ õTôoRK ≥û# eè°d` mcTû# vv èez*|ó õeO H±Oèπ ô&YFJ| mäº Aû+|"" ! ÿè| πeè°d` ÁKÚ¨Ç (eè°d\è) ûx±# o¡dè —≈Jñ v960 πzw[û# cRØ{| ÆO| cvcv#|"" û1300 ÆO| (ÆOz cRØ{|) vâI ¿”Uñ û±&F πeè°d` T`| vÿm*| vÿm*z% mcTû#ó T°èºz%T æo`{ º◊Ç ±Oéè xÿxÿ —≥~{Jç"" eè°d\ v960 Æ. c. O¿[c# J° dæGè ôæm`Tó oÃ¨Ä% ”è x±# wæ^^oT πzHºπ mè æc◊H#24 ôw wM`æ ºèã ôºæ±´ πä—\è õ`dÄ´ æFèè ≈`c{Ä´è π¿[c#v| ±Oè (1300 Æ. c.) 1576 Æ. T. OGãè ä´"" ôw wM`æ v±+çB H“I ≈`c{Ä´ ´eÿ ôè¡è dº´m%| ôè¡è ≠´m´| BH| |èv&| zç”[´ äv["" ≠´m´ πzç—\| |èv&| vMæ®| õºH# õè¿zÔÁO ä”[´çJ (°ıJ 2è zOJû|)"" BHzì´ |èv&| dº´m% πzç—\|ç vMæ®{Ä´ õºH# πRæÔÁO´ «HõO U|û# üJôè æÈMÒ ±+çπ» (ûU|û# H+H:Ç {]û+è æÈÒ{J) ºH#| ä´"" H±&º |èv&| OÔÁQº

24. Wallis Budge, The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church, pp. xv-xvi.

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πO O]º´ eHGèû#ç õä±&Fè OYOaÇ eHËıû#IÄ´ ^c+è õè¿ Ø≈Hì õπs÷`û#ñ ôw wM`æ º[Ô ®√ÕÄ´è c&ºäW# «IØH+B cIT» õè¿QH#| «cIT æ[ıwÄ´» õºJû#ç v#^û+ºÄ´è õπHOèû# H—&±+´ õcçv{Ä™HB""

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±+çB H“I («π“I ±+ç») πQwH´è ôw wM`æ πËÒ|è πúaU ô‡` ±+ç H+H:Ç üèƒT BHz, ôÿèz´ ôd|O´{J"" ôBè õé vâI OÿÄ, õè¿—ç HRÿç|ç HRdzT ºcxû#v| ™ç´ T°èº| üBè vÚ| πz¿[—#| ÿç}Ç HôR`ì ôèwv&¨Ç vuèuÄ´ zz`—>O´ vá|O| vcÚ´ õè√Jzc^‹ñ ≈`cz% π{]° Tè‡ ûGäT ÿ_ |`—>T xÅ´è õè¿Rævn vRπz, ä´"" ±+çB H“Iè HO O]º —&±+ ûô`w ÆO| vÚ| üävxû#| Ta õè¿ ô&|øÂº™* π”Ø≥ Yä ÈK#ı °ıJ õèÃ πôè≈ ‘d {]° ô≈`—+ eIIπB| æ§èè ≈`c| Oäi vR≈[” ®æT vH+I T°èº| vúaU {]° Iæ πzHπ ®æT H+H:Ç w¿[—#| Iæ z¤R] ÿç| ôI¿[”BT"" ‘d¨Çèç ä—∆Çè äÿH: Rÿç| πé dæGè ûÛT HRT áx[zcw™* O™oaÇèç wFH:Çè πQO[T\ πôè|a˙H:Ãe}Ç Oe° ä´"" Hé πô&|øÂº {]° ºè≈ A—`ñ ºè≈ M≥xñ ºè≈ Oè”Y| ôè≈ {]° õèÃ ππ‘d´ ®æT «ππ°JH#» {]° ÿòT Gê ôæ{πîT"" πôw wM`æ ≈`c|T v&Gè õ¢ û{]°äz% Iæ ôz¢`è õèÃ {]° H&wJ πQ—w´ û÷oII´ ÿç{Ä´ éÿ ôè≈ °ıJ xÅ ä´ó H+I´ñ ¿^c&´T eHúaU¨Ç HOËı Tè õè√cìÄ´ —ç ≈`c{Ä´è c& T\ñ «πä—¡èπä—¡è tÿ`ñ c´è HO”¿J π|“z%è ä—`ñ π÷w∫è õèedä| HR®o ä´ä´» xH´ OGãè õè¿ä—\èñ ôè|a˙H:Ã ä´"" «õè”ƒF õeû±&Ç cÆ| ≈[e ®¿z´ä´ ®¿v[æz%R ±+ç õèOHe» vRH| °ıJ 2è ôm%O´ ºeûzH#| °ıJ 3 õç «õè”¬F ®¿ “I´ ±+ç õèOHe» vRH| π O\| °ıJ @ ôè√ÇT {]° πHwÄ´T"" v±+çB H“I éÿ {]° v&ê`v| eH úaU¨Ç T`T^™* ÿç| c&Ëı H&{Hı πRæ—w Gê πz—í´ ä´"" πúaU {]°R õè¿ ô&|øÂº M≥xç Oè”Y| {]° v{]û ä—Yz% éÿ vcÚ´ zÈÛ

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æYKoç ey wO◊Ä´ z%`¢Ç Iæ ±T} æYKoè HOo◊|ñ z%`¢Çè ≤_ ô+`|^ õzwHÇ´ °ıH A—` éÿ πº±#|è T≈` HReHmo v1571 Æ. T. ®¿ cSè c&±T| û®{¿aÄ% éÿ «x±# “H:Ç» õè¿äv\1ñ õè¿—ç ¿”U v1583 Æ. T. zOJf c&±T| πŸ` ôHn´è ôem≈U πIû´ «ûx±# “I “^» õè¿äv[2 ñ ÔIi¨Ç v1579 Æ. T. v—>hè O]ä| c&ºTÎ# «vŸ` πcH÷ã “H:Ç» õè√±OzwÄ´3ñ ôÏ+ c#eèøe HOè—Y πÅH´ vO- HOIÄ´ πúaU ®{¿aÇ ÖæJ õè¿Gä4 πzËÔ´ û{]û ä—Yz% éÿ õèÃ ôè¡T ±+çB H“I éÿ πHT"" ±+çB H“I éÿ ºH# {]°ä| ºIÄ´ O[Õ¨Ç ôx≤ïÄ% {]û ä—Yz% éÿ c&ê\ñ ôw wM`æ ±+çB H“I éÿ eHúaU áx[z cx O™o`ç ôez√¿` πQ—JÁ#Jè °ıH:Çç ôèmÍÇ õ±&º xç—ìÄ´ vm%èÈJ ä´"" T°èºz% ”JÈ æOeHìJó æF H+I º H+I5"" «±+ç» RH| «{]°» RH| xÅ ôæ¿HTó |Jm% H&o ôHn û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ nH#è ®¿ ôR`ì c&z[—>P|6ñ vm%Pó ≥ç ¤¨{ ®_ó πzwH πzä—[ nJó πßä πz¿[— Y^ó c´ ûc´ ôı ®æT ûOÈKı πQcR´ πQmvH´ õè”√ ä—`ó |èv&| xY^| exû|ó ¿áèä|ó O`∆ ®” {]° —≈Jó ¿x√v+ OJ°| πOcH´ §#H# æIH#"" «vm%P» RH| vôR`ìT õè¿ ”Ø±# º´ «±+ç» æGçJ RH| ä´"" O≥—v nIz%ç π±+çB H“I æ¥| õè¿QOc°\|ñ π±+çB H“I «±+ç» |`—>P «±+ç»ñ «eH» RH|T æGçJó eH±&F π≈`c{Ä´ `õe «π“I ±+ç»ñ ®æT «eH “I» zxH: v&z[—:T ¿^c&´ H&ºezT\è πÔH—#| Tè õè¿Gä v|°°J ”JÈ æGèJçJ"" ±+çB H“I v”Ø≥ Yä ÈK#ı z®√√] πH+H´ πôè|a˙H:Ã T`T^™* ≈`c| ä´"" ≈`cz%è ºävvñ «π±&F ÿç| ÁKÚ (πôw wM`æ) ô&|øÂº™*ä{Ä´ πRº÷^ÿ` ûGä πKz{ ±±`ô ºØpx ¿^c& (π±`ô ºØpx) ô&|øÂº™*ä| πQº÷^ÿ[´ vBHz% ¿^c&¨Ç OüûJ Tè π—:I J∫ä| {æ} ä´?» πQJ

1. Conti Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), p. 67. 2. õ±&º´ —. 129"" 3. õ±&º´ —. 104"" 4. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, p. 22ff. 5. °v#` ô} æJR ƒ_d eHúaU HOËı ôev´ πÆY^ ôTezì´è Tõ| ÆO| πô&|øÂº {]° ôx[´ πËÒ| v±&B T°èº| æOeIJó æJR ƒ_dñ πô&|øÂº {]°"" 6. û&®° —. 419""

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ôeÄ“] ÿºm, ºäXJ"" π±Oã TB^è vÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| ûz¿[c ûRèì´T A—` πT`T` ÈK#ı πQ÷xm%|è BH# ±+çB H“I éÿ ôº÷#|T"" ±+çB H“I «“I» eHQH´ ä—≈ ôe¿çm* O™o` õí*F H&o wæÈÒ| êa dæ{®o æm` äv`"" πôw wM`æè H+H:Ç ≈`c}Ç ºävv v±&F ôæ—[TT"" eH±&F ±+çB H“Iè |Jo ÿç|ñ |Jo Tè‡ñ |Jo oè ä´ xH: ^c#è ≈`cz%è Rdπz% æiIJ"" ±+çB H“I õçz% Oê` ôHOê\ ôæ{®oTó ”è dæ÷Û ôæm`T"" ≈`cz% ô‡` eHGä ôw wM`æ πËÒ| ûOÈKˆÅÄ´ wè¡ vw∆ o÷H:Ä% Iæ æGçJ"" v&—î º OÈKı c&—î ä´"" ≈`cz% õeüBè vBH| PH# oœ z—î~J-- ôè¡ BL Or. 534 éÿ7 ûH+H:Ä% ≈`c}ÅÄ´ “^ zm≈} c&Gèñ BHzì´ äTd ˚&πç vQ—í´ π˚&πç v+z Oè”Y{™* v+z OËMı| éÿ tÿ` Aeth. 4 vzc÷´ —≈H ÚoŸ` éÿ8 vw∆ —ÍÄ% Iæ zm≈} æ—ìJ"" ûO O]º´ õeû 09äì´ °ıJ πO O]º¨Ä% OYOaÇ ≈[e π—:¿H´ tèÈJ oÃ v`H&è v+z OËMı| éÿ πO{®m*º tÿ` MS. orient. quart. 996 vzc÷´ πO≥P[ °è}e H+I oÃ O¤[i Iæ æ—ìJ9ó ûBL Or. 534 Iæ πzm√ æOeIJ"" πH:è∆ã õç π˚&πç´ oÃ¨Ç (BL Or. 534 õç Aeth. 4) ûı wH ¿[Õ æOdcIH#ó GêT ôæz™®m%T"" πzOdcH#| ôè¡ ûH+I´ v&m√ dæGè BHz%T üè≈ Tè‡ v&m¡ H&Gè æÇIJ"" ≈`cz% vzs÷\ °ıH:Ç zûÛıH: dHñ tÿaÄ%è π˚&πç´ oÃ c&cÿ πH:è∆ã ôæcÿT"" mÃ¨Ç x±# —&±+ õè¿Qº¿`—#|ñ π±&FT mœ vâI vmæ mHT H&UI´ ôey æGçJ y{´è °ı| |}{J"" ôw wM`æ v°ıJ m%ÿ` õè¿ûÛÔH#| ôº÷^ÿ`Tó ≈`c{Ä´è OJc´ πQ÷oc#| π°ıH#è m%ÿ` õπc÷# ä´ (°ıJ 02è õç 05è zOJû|)"" õä±&Fè oÃ¨Ç H±&F ÿç| e÷odÄ´ πO O]º´è «H:» (H:è∆è)ñ BHzì´è «˚&» (˚&πç)ñ fezì´è üeÔH— «v» (v`H&è) õºJû# ä´"" πH:è∆ãè oÃ jIæ§` πQwJ Òç™* ôÿè} ”Ø±#è û Òèì |`—>P “^ v1893 Æ. õ. ôd|U{J10"" jIæ§`

7. Or. 534, ff. 1a-3a, Wright, Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts, p. 84 (col. 2). 8. Codex vindobonensis Palatinus, Aeth. 4, ff. 1b-2ab, 103a-104a, and 86b-88b, N. Rhodokanakis, “Die äthiopische Handschriften,” p. 69. 9. Ms. orient. quart. 996, ff. 164a-165a, Ernst Hammerschmidt und Veronika Six, Äthiopische Handschriften 1, p. 221. 10. Schleicher, Geschichte der Galla ±+çB " H“I ""

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”Ø±#è ºdzO´ ûx^ç´ OÈKı Iæ õè√—í´ dæGè πc™e©è M” õπzûzH mÃ ºddz´ πOcH´è nJ Hc# |°°J vOcH´ vnH# H+I OJ° õπH®÷ ä´"" πH®◊Ä´ nI| π}Ä% õè¿Gãç HTèe õè¿H®◊Ä´ BH#èT v≥`≥` eHRºdæ õè£è õçz% ^c# πH:è∆ã oÃ Tè õè¿QOeJ ûjIæ§` á|O| HO[√| ôæÅJT"" ^c# jIæ§`T v&Gè «(dd|T) û”Ø±# ≈`c| Ú¿J õè£è dJmæ` vOo√| ä´»11 RHz% vRæ—w ä´"" BHzìTñ πO O]º ÿç| eHGä ≤_ πRæ¿[—# x±# eMz}Ç ô≈`’J"" °v#` xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`pe ôè≈ —&±+ HY^ —#√æ üæa E¿´ dH ∆°z` P^≈ üQJ πjIæ§`è OÈKı ºdºÄ™J"" ºèè võÕÄ´ m≈z´ vzs÷\ ôèmÍÇ ûÛıH´ ûôR`ì |`—>RÄ´ “^ HRdzT v09)%9 Æ. T. ±+çB Hôw wM`æ ±ÁKˆ vJdä ”Ø≥ vQJ `õe º±“À{J12"" HTè õè√IdzP| πQ{®o ä—` πHT13"" v&{zT êa ”Ø≥ HRº´m% π{]° zR]¨Ç vÔÿê ¿^jä| ûı ºH ÿoT æcÿ äv["" πH&m% xI{ |`—>T ®¿ õè”H&≥ì ûzz[—:O´ BH# Jm| ôH´ v&wJ |`ı ôä“—` æGçJ"" —>√z% ûjIæ§` á|O| Iæ OGã ä´"" πá√” Rx^]ºÄ´T v◊T πzO÷ä ä´"" ô+ê H&|Rè πQwH´ Òç™* H&o v{®m´ πô&|øÂº Ø´m| ÇH:{´ vOzROèç jIæ§` ºIπ´è π˚&πç´è oœ vOº≥ vjIæ§` ÿç| Iæ H&{[P πQ—wÄ´è eMz}Ç ôÙñ H&{®m% πQ—wÄ´è vBHz% oœ¨Ç OüûJ ºH#|è J∫ä}Ç ôdæ}ñ v1938 Æ. õ. ôè≈ O◊ÿı ôm[v14"" ÿçz% ÷nQ Gê dH ôèwv& πjIæ§`è OÈKıç πô+ê H&|Rèè O◊ÿı BJ —&±+ ôx[´ eHRº—ìÄ´ πõ`Rz% ÿoT zmèf äv[""

11. “'Den äthiopischen Text habe ich bis auf die Orthographie unverändert viedergegeben...” õ±&º´ —. iv. 12. xI{ O`eÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`peñ ±+çB Hôw wM`æ ±ÁKˆ vJdä ”Ø≥ñ EMML 3749. 13. ûc÷#| `õe HO÷`÷` v&Ôm≈ñ π±Oã dèc#` ôJÔm¿´ æGçJ"" πH+I c´ õœ vº±´ õ`de «“I» πQH´ eT zmèÛUÇ x±# y{ v&OdcH# ôºe¿èoT"" |`—>Tñ û{®mv| πCdx ÿºm, πOOHeè ºFJ wæOdcJT H&m^[x æÇIJ"" 14. Littmann, “Zu A. W. Schleicher's 'Geschichte der Galla',” pp. 389-400.

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vO¤[i ô&”ç±&ø —#æ¬ πQwH´ ô&◊Jº™* H&o Ç”\è vO—è±x BHz%è oÃ¨Ç ôezºæ}ç ôeRT} ”Ø±#è ûÔ[èdæì |`—>P “^ v1907 Æ. õ. õè¿ ô¬e ôdzO´15"" π—#æ¬ Y^ πz◊^ eHGä û±&º ®¬F ”Ø±#è πäü´ πHT"" v±&F T°èº| ≤_ πjIæ§`è ÿç| ûRe{®e ôJˆ Hÿç| πQ÷oe zO^R] v&ê` πjIæ§`è eMz}Ç ºIπç ûjIæ§` vâI πGä´è ºJz[√ xÅ ä´"" ±+çB H“Iè H+H:ÇTñ vzHπ Rãô+J ôJS√ õç ™H&e wœ H≈`c{Ä´ z÷oO´v{J"" ôJS√ π®c¿´è v+û&è”DTç Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ πôJS√è ÷oII ≈`c| võè”H&≥ì z`—>O´ v1954 Æ. õ. c&ºd|P ôx[´ ôd|O´{J16"" ™H&e wœ ”Ø±#è ®¿ õè”H&≥ì z`—>U û|Jm% wHBH| oÈ πô&|øÂº {]° OÈKÒ ´eÿ ôe—x}{J17"" ≤_ πTØ^x ÁKÚ¨Çç vTØ^x ô—aÇ π|TF`| Yä Y`Æ| π{äÎ# H+H:ÇT eHúaU {]° c&ÈÒ æ§èè πôw wM`æè ≈`c| πQ÷oc#| ôx≤ì´è —&±+ v+û&è”DTç Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ ®¿ õè”H&≥ì z`—>O´ ûRãô+J ôJS√ |`—>RÄ´ “^ v1954 Æ. õ. —È 111-129 Iæ ºdzP|è ä´"" æ§èè πäv+û&è”DTè |`—>T π˘aÙc` ÆHS ≈`œ|T ôw≥} ôc^‡}{J18"" |`—>P ”è eMz| ôJw ôæ¿HT"" ûBHz% oÃ¨Ç (BL Or. 534 õç Aeth. 4) H+I eIJz—íç BHz%T ºH#| ûô&|øÂº ´› eHGä πôw wM`æè ≈`c| vA—^Çè |TF`| º¿—# ô&|øÂº´ºè {]° ÁKÚ¨Çñ vzHπT ô} ≠ÌO —&ø`—&eç ôHn {π —x[ R`ºTñ ôæz´| õè¿Gä jIæ§` ®æT —#æ¬ ®æT BHz%T ºdzVÄ´è OGè ôHv|"" πäjIæ§`è á|O|èT v&Gè Rπ{Ä´è OÈKˆÅÄ´ vRº÷^ÿ` Bé{ ôºd∫T"" æFè πôw wM`æ ≈`c| Há|O| dm`xñ v”Ø±# ô`|∞ [—≈ —#æ¬ üdzO´ πzHπ x±# m%T ä—` ôIO◊BT"" —#æ¬ ”Ø±#è ºdzO´ jIæ§` ºdzO´è HRezüûJ eHGä x±#¨Ä%è eMz}Ç ôezü°I;Ä™J"" ô&|øÂº™*´/ô+`|^™*´ H&o zıI wæ\ πô} ≠ÌO —&ø`—&eè π“Ièç πô&|øÂº Oè”Y| {]°

15. Guidi, Historia Gentis Galla, pp. 221-232. 16. Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, pp. 133-139. 17. Wallis Budge, A History of Ethiopia, Nubia & Abyssinia, pp. 603-613. 18. ÆHS õhz,/Oz°ñ «π“I {]° ÁKÚ´ - wM`æ History of the Galla (Oromo) of Ethiopia by Bahrey.”

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«π“Iç πh™ Oè”Y| {]°» vQJ eT H´Ÿç ûõè”H&≥ì |`—>P “^ v1987 Æ. õ. c&ºd|Tñ π—#æ¬è ÿ[| «(—#æ¬ πjIæ§`è á|O| õè¿—ç RdzP) H|TF`z% ÆHT πziH á|O| HRo[x ôey OGã ä´»19 ºH´ π—#æ¬è πÿ[| —>JM ı_ Jx wæH´ ä´"" πjIæ§` OÈKı ≤_ vTB^è πRæ÷mc´ π—#æ¬ ÿç| eIv÷H´ (eHi[´) ä´20"" π—#æ¬ π”Ø≥ á|O| πzOc—ä v&GèTñ õé õ±&F ºm[xû#| BHz%è oœ¨Ç ôezºæÄ, ^c+ π¿[eû#v|è ”Ø≥ ä´"" ûôR`ì´ |`—>S “^ ºdzTû#| πéè πôR`ì |`—>T πQºäx ûÔH— ”Ø±#èT vo`v# õè¬º—í´ vRcx ä´"" H”Ø±# OW[| º¿[”B| πH:è∆ãè oÃ c&Gè eMz| dæv| ®æ ®¿ ˚&πç´ oÃ õE√HB ®æT õé´ ôÒ™HB"" GêT º¿[”B|è H´ÿç H&H®ÿ c&—w´ vôè√Ç T°èº| ºJH®ÿB|è BH# vUI v”`—+ á√” ôdæÅHB"" æF πzHO¿ Y`Æ| ûOGãT vIæ πH:è∆ãç π˚&πç´ oœ¨Ç Tè õè¿QOeH# õ±&B HRπ| πQºeÇJ ±ƒ ä´"" ”è ôè≈ M” ÿiHB"" v±+çB H“I õç vT÷odÄ´ ”Ø≥ éÿ πQ{∫| äÿyÇ π^c+ õèÃ oÃ¨Ä% Iæ ºH#| ôæ¿H#T"" v±&º Iæ vBH| äÿx ôJz÷mTû#T"" eH úaUÇ πQä—[´è vO÷ãT v&Gè HReÛ| eJ üJ{zO´ ûôHn {π —x[ R`ºT |Jm% OÈKı éÿ vO÷ã m≈Ä, ôx_ ôd|S™HB (ôw] 1è zOJû|)"" BH#T wæGèñ x±#´ ô} ≠ÌS ûËÒ| “^ æOdcIJó πBHz%T TèfiÄ´ ôè≈ v&Gè ä´"" πôHn {π |Jm% OÈKÛÄ´ ôBè πQ—í´ ô&π\dH+T wH´ ƒ` eJ◊è vQwH´ πô&|øÂº —√T v+z OËMı| éÿ ä´"" πRæ°aÚJT oÃ´ JE692E vQJ O{®m*º tÿ` õé vTW^v| vo¡e øKèe ∫å˚èz* (¢H+œ˚&Jñ Qåf{) æ—ìJó πz÷mTû#| vc# ä´21"" πô} ≠ÌS

19. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work, p. 66: “... supposedly with the intension of availing the academic world of a better edition.” 20. wæ\ zıI ûIæ π÷meû#|è πô+ê H&|Rèè õ`R| vz¤R] ôæ}ç z÷oUv| v&Gè êa v—#æ¬ ÿ[| Iæ õè¬F ºH nJ ôæç—`T äv["" 21. JE692E ´eÿ πôHn {πè eT OÈKÒè vm√´ c´ õœ zÈˆ ôI—íBv|Tó πm%T ÈMÔz% ´v|T ûôHn {π xØ` “^ ÔÈU ôæOdcJT"" {]û#è πËÒ| õdÄ´ HOGçÄ´ ”è ôè√è≈ Re[Õ¨Ç ôH#ó ôè¿ìñ ÁKÚ´ õé xH´ πz´|è H+I c´ {π πQJ eT ô°H:v{J"" BHzìñ πô&|øÂº M≥x {]° πQwH´ OÈKÛÄ´ õè¿—ç v09)^4 Æ. T. c&{zT ˘aÙc` {¿c {T^| vËÔ´ Oo≈T ´eÿ —È 20-33 Iæ πzÄ´ æ§èè OÈKı OGã ”JÈ ä´"" fezìñ

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OÈKı oœ vOY]º v+z, v&ê`T πz÷mTû#v| ∆°z` wæ\ zıI wdzO´ v¯]c# oÃ ä´22"" ±+çB H“Iè ôR`ì HQºäv# z`—>S ôR`ì´è ûä”Ø±# HRo[x ûzäXB vâI õè”H&≥ìT π¤O`û#v| TçJw| æ§èèç πäv+û&è”DTè πõè”H&≥ì OÈKı πQºäv# c¨Ç πzHº∫ õè¿QGã vO—O| ä´"" GêTñ BHz%T ®—êÇ BHz%èT |`—>UÇ v&ºäv# ÿoT õèÃ —#√| πH´Tó T°èºz%T πäv+û&è”DT õè”H&≥ì ´v| πé õè”H&≥ì H”Ø±# o`v| æ{æwÄ™J23""

v±&F z¿“”U v{zO´ ô‡\ OÈKÛÄ´ éÿ eH ä—¿ “I õç eH ä—¿ õç]º πzËÔ´ O÷ã OHezì v&GèTñ ºH´ ûJE692E éÿ ûm√B| “^ nJ vnJ æOdcIJó ô^zìñ ôè≈ H:_è≥ πèeè πQwJ Òç™* ¬˘H:R| ôHn {π v`H&è väv\v| —&±+ ôx[´| HW\| H˘aÙc` Q|˛¶ vÀIæ 11 mè 1910 Æ. õ. v Òèì ûô¬e ôvw vËÔ´ ¿x√v+ éÿñ «ôHn {π æÛ” çÄ´ñ v◊T π{OP æOeIJ"" |Jm%è π{]° OÈKÛÄ´è ÈÔ´ HO¤[e °[T| c&®◊ ®¿±&F zOJc´ æO◊H# æwIJ» æIJó Edward Ullendorff, Studia Aethiopica et Semitica, p. 155-6. 22. π¯]c# πô} ≠ÌS π“I {]° oÃ vRæ°aÚJT zäY} õé vTW^v| ∫å˚èz* v+z OËMı|T vO{®m*º tÿ` EMML 1517 zO≥”y æ—ìJ"" H+H:Ä% EMML 2393 õç û˘aÙc` Oeıè ®J¿ R`ºT π”J oœ πzäX´ çÄ´"" π¯]c#è oÃ vü{H:” π—HÁ´ ez,Ûè e|_Jc&è c&Gè õ±&F ºH´è π—HÁ´ ∆/` ™*JºT RûTv` ä´"" wæ\ zıI eH±&F oÃ c&Èıñ «πQºe—Ò´ ez,Ûè e|_Jc&èç —+{Ä´ ÜæH+ OÈKÒè ü{H:” c&º¿`—# æFèè (vé÷# ºH´è) O≤äı Jx dæH#| Oo[{Ä´ ä´» c&J πéè eT RÿÛz% vRæ—w ä´ó Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis, p. 59. EMML 1517è Rè ü{H:” õè√¿[—´ vü{H:—# éÿ z—JË;Jó Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. V, pp. xi and 19. 23. πv+û&è”DTç Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ õè”H&≥ì PH# vPH# ”Ø±#è πzO[û:± ôæ¿HT"" ®¿ ”Ø±# πQE¡| û—#æ¬ Ô[èdæìç ûjIæ§` Òèì éÿ ”JÈ ºJGä ä—` c&º“ÿRÄ´ æOeIJ"" v±&º Iæ π˚&πç´ oÃ Oê\è Jx ôIH#|T""

page053-062 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 page 9 πôw wM`æè ±+çB H“I ôezü°H: ºdzO ô&”ç±&ø —>æ¬""

(û Ignazio Guidi, Il “Fetha Nagast” o “Legislazione dei Re”, 1936)

page053-062 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 page 10 ! ”Ø±#

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ÜTe Aü¢ñ d≈e úyñ ®dxØ c#wó õH# æcO∫27 c¿Åó dTè ‡H+ñ {eØ28 H&vèñ ®ÆY` —>≈\29ñ ôW`z% ®ôK¡ G¢ó õH# æcO∫27 ôı_""

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°ıJ 4 ®O[™ ôº ®H∆P Hôç ®H≠#\ ®Hôv÷&"" ®ûRB v≥Ö# ¿m*pP ®¿m*m43 ¿m*pP44ó ®¢ã ôè“¿ x±#Üäó ®æcO∫ ôeRz*GP vvä—∆P"" ®ôJyP è—#W45 ®ô&õ”±&ô ûO üJõ46 M≥x õH47 æ|ô+±±# HH#w õeû 8 ÆO|"" ®≈á[ 8 ÆO| æWπT48 üJõ H#w ®æcÆ` m√R™*"" ûO≥ æ—x\ vv±Oã"" ®xCH H#wc ±z—≥\ v1 ±Oè"" ®Y`≠z ”≥[}Pc ûO≥ ´õz%ó õeO fv æW≠` H#w º®Ìô# eO H`õfP û=H:P v`z%R ®y[èñ vûO æcO∫27 K^ è—#Y YH#e ÜæH+ v≈J ÎKæ ®—&ø`—&e ÜæH+""

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°ıJ 9 ®ÜTe H#w zcTπ TeH+"" ´õz% ±mzH: H∂è ôU^"" ®zÏxú HKOJRJ v¿‘56"" ®ôÿıúP Hû=H:P ôF—#^|ó ®zWJ÷ IØH+Gèó ®yô TeH õèedB"" ®m¿T|c “I ¢ä æÏwõ ®Ï&ú õT®v& ®æ|Oπÿ Fπ"" ®û&ºB Îxô# è—#Yä ôÈçı c—≈ zèX&úP õTÆX57 ±äx"" ®ôO æ®`≈ ã` A—a õT≈á[ "±—x[ —x[58 ´õz% z^ûy vo\v59 Ö±H: ®mzH Ox≥áz W^™*z% ±ôJy Ö>Js"" ®õTôO ®Ìô “I A—`ä ôJy ±Uz% ±ûO Uz% ôSD"" ®õTW^™*z ô´X ±AH®ä è≥°aP60 v—&±+B æv≥Ö# W^™*z ã` ±zm|H# ôSD"" õeO Ô¿øP õ”±&ôxK+` vmH ¿UP Hô”x`z*B ±ûÆ© vOœ61"" ®≥èz% TeH+ ®÷ä zÌØê Ô[e ®voJ ±ô&¢ä õTo≈SBñ õeû æv+H:P HH#w ±m¿T¨ó HõH ¢ã πK´\ v2 ®3 õ”` [cæ°¨P æN\ v4 õ”`"" ®xCH:z%c v3 õ”` võèz ±æ|O[—:±# û@ç}P fv ¿°P vıê|""

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°ıJ 05 ®õT≥ zYØ[ v&`OŒ ®zWæO PJô{ ®J¿ v&ˆH+"" ®—x[ ¡I—#} v—:∂T"" ®ıü_B H¡I—#} Áxô —>|º ´õz%"" õeO “I 88. ˚& »ÿ æOeIJ"" 95. ˚& »¢"" 89. H: πH´T"" 96. ˚& »["" 90. ˚& »["" 97. ˚& õ`»"" 91. ˚& »dd"" 98. ˚& »Ö#»"" 92. ˚& AI®"" 99. ºÿ»? 93. ˚& »Je|"" 100. ˚& √á^æ"" 94. ˚& »|""

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fv z—≥\ v1 ±Oè º®Ìõ eO H`õc# vûO èv+ v`õc °ıJ 4 "" ®æÎxõ ôK¿ A—[ ±ô&Îxõ¨101 m¿Tz%"" HõO mzH cxô ®ô^™*z Æv&ºä æ|IÁæ û=H: `õfó ®πÜ≈” èez*z YØ`z vRõûH102 ≈RB"" ®±ô&mzHc ô&æ|IÁæ õeû æ|Oä¿x voRJ"" ®võèz≥ æz”F103 Hmz*H:|ä"" ®v´õz% O™ØJ Oû\ KÏ+—+ ûO æN\ T≈[ √U|"" ®õè± AH© vıê| cT≠# ûO Îxô “I T≈[ —:∂Tñ ®ûO ≠`—# õUP è”Y| ¿x[ ôx`DT æÎ®ã Fπ"" ®™,±a z´√√ õáz ôv™*GP ä—Y{| ôÈçı c—≈ ®ô≈Re c—≈ IØH+GP cIT"" ®fv vÈK Öv+GP “I ”xz v—&±+ ô&|Ü±x¨ ¿è—Î# û=H:P cxô A—`ó ®z±`© W^™*}P"" ®®J∆Pc104 ±æJFo zÜπH IØH “I õH m`v# Öv ØPó c¿∆P105ñ õeO ®_≤ ´õz% ®æ|™,¿e vÜæH#"" ®zOæ÷ ®ôÖ± õ¿ õP ®ôØ[‘P Öv ¿x` ä™á ±eP œvI"" ®KÏ+—+c Ö¿—# ıê}P ®zOæ÷# v—>—>Æ106 Öv AH: “Ió ®yô# TeH W^™*|"" ®Ü¿—# Y`≠z ôv™*GP ä—Y{|ó õeO ¢ä JR∆P fv ævÈK# Öv Îxõ æÙè© Oezn|Iä ®æm´P TeH á\ºè cxô ôıê ®õ”`ó æ™,≈e¨ H±v¿[ ®æ!èè¨ H±z≈á[107"" ôSDc m¿P è—#Yä õTÜºIè ®zÜπH#"" ®fv `õ∫ ±èz W^™*| aÁ#ó ®zô`®∫ IØH “I"" ®mzH# û=H:108 õèvH ô|`ˆ"" ®Ox≥áz% zäÈK éz Á≈ı õeû ¢ä109 cxô A—` ®Oez—x^è æm|J¨P vÖv [ûv#"" ®ô±±# ûO æT|\ ô`õez*GP H“H:Ä110"" ®OJô éz ô∆^ñ ±´õz% Oüè eÒM"" ®ô´[≈¨P Hô&z,—+ ®H™,±a z,¨√√111 õTä ô≈w^| ±¢ã éz,z%"" ®zmvJ¨P v°x`"" ®fv `õ∫ x≥àP Hô`õez Î` õH zO|\ zÔYK# Æv&π ıYK"" ®ôõû:|¨ Hõ”±&ôxK+` ±X+O OèÔc O™*õ IØH Oc&K#"" ®ôJFT|c ±ôè—Ò õTõ¿112 “I S÷# H:P HõH zRá[û#""

101. ˚& ±æÎ»"" 107. ˚& H± z≈»"" 102. ˚& »I"" 108. H: “H: "" 103. H: æ|»"" 109. ˚& ¢ã"" 104. ˚& ®´»"" 110. »Ç HRH|"" 105. H: c¿¿∆P"" 111. ˚& z,´»"" 106. ˚& v—#—#ô"" 112. H: IØH""

page063-074 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 page 8 ±+çB H“I - ”Ø±# 71

°ıJ 06 ®õT≈á[≥ Oû\ è—#Yä º`|≠# ıê}Pó õeO æ—x\ vûO KH∫ñ ®æÙÈP vûO ävv#"" ®N\ ®œ HÎv&ô “I "±eP √™,"" ®“Ic æcTø “I113 ±≈á`"" ®cxõc æcTæ¨ √™, võèz ±ô≈®øP"" ®T°èºz K™*a}Pc114 Fπ õeO OcH:P ±æByP cJÔñ ®ô&æ—:ææ"" ®fv vÈK# Öv æv+J¨P AH: ≥π Üÿõ¨ó ÖWW# ®ô&[ûv# Oüê"" ®fv Üÿô# TF`ü õèed™, ®Îxô Y“™, Oû\ ûO æÏxô# TeH cæ◊è ®æRF`û# õTéB äıdz ôM≤x"" Á´Ø¨P Hõç`º ®Hyi ®H‘O`"" ®æv+J¨P û#ã °`ez*ºä"" ®¢ãó ®z÷Tm% ÿTmz °`e|ç""

°ıJ 07 ®PJô{ ±®`≈ôº fv Îxô A—a Hê ®J¿ °è}e115"" Uú116 ®ôè—Ô TF`üBó ®mzH x±#Ü õTéB"" ®HOèÔm% ƒ—êP õeû zäÈK# vÁ≈ı"" ®Æmv A—[ õeû æ|Oπ÷# KÏ+—+"" ®fv zOæ÷# KÏ+—+117 [ûx™ HA—` Øoxz118 v|“B H®J¿ °è}e ®vzÏxúz%"" ®võèz≥ [cø õ”±&ô Hv+z% ®ôû:äê119 IØH û=H#120 Oè”Yz%"" °ıJ 08 ®PJô{ ±y[è ôÈKyP H°èz*ºè ±√U|ó ®±[¨P ®ôÿıô A—aP"" ®¢ã v≈® v±Oã T≈[ h™ ®√U|"" ®±ÁKıû#c TØ[ O™*úz “I ®TØ[ O™*ô °èz*ºè JR¿ OÈKı ´õz% ±æv+ øT Hû ®—+WT HüJõû"" ®O™*õå |û´è —&±+121 H≥èz% ®—&±+122 H≥°z%"" ®±æO´õc û=H: —&±+ 1 õ”±&ôxK+` ±IØH û=H#"" ®A—`c123 —xô| éz õƒBó ®ôJy ±z`Ô"" ®õTôO124 zÈMÔ ≥èz% OÈKı ¢ä 7 ÆOz X&Oz% HPJô{ ®J¿ v&ˆH+"" Æ¬GP ≈J™è Hz—≥a125 ®HX&O|

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±¿m*m TeH+"" ®±æû´è v±OêP õTä ôÈwØ| ®m|J HõO Køû# õÈMˆ ≈á["" ®HõO U|û# üJôè æÈMÒ ±+çπ ®±+ç H#w ±æOÈõ"" ®wMz% xÎ#Ø ±Uz õeO ôØ[Ô""

°ıJ 09 ®æ|ÜWW# RõT^è zÜYZz x±#Ü ®æxH# võˆ æO´ôä “I õè± èMä x±#Üè ®x±#á è™π Îxõä"" yõH æv+H# ôxN126 õ”±&ôxK+` võèz Ü÷&ô|ä"" ®y ±æv+ võèz zûıH:z127 cxõä Öv 0 Í{ó õTéGP 9 Í{ ô&æm`v#128 Öv Îxõ129 ®ô&πÜı\ vı`D}P"" ®wMz% ÆY^æ Í{ æÏwõ ®æ|nzJ O÷ä z°FH:"" ®HõO x±#á Ö#Jtä ´Ö#√è õPèz% õH æ°H# zÏxúñ ®x±#Üè õH ô&æm`v# Öv Îxõ"" 1 õTéGP ä—¿ Oä¢d| õH ôJyP Ö#Js"" y±æOäû=e130 vçõc# fv Ö+ÿ¨ Oä¢d| v—&±+ |TF`z% ûO ÁKÙ131 ≥èz% {]° ®õH ûRBó ®y ±æOäû=e130 õTı`Dz132 Îxõ"" üJõ ä—≈ æcO∫ ¿xz^ó æ|OA\ OËMız ®û=H:133 ”x[ °Fä|ó æ÷ıK# võ¿™*GP ®ºÈMc# võ—]GP"" ®ô&πÜı\ võèz ı`D}P"" ®æäYô# ô`ôº õTH+™´ºè ®õTüFç|ñ ±´õ}P ¿m*m ôaè"" XJe ä—≈ æcO∫ ∂è KÁç ®∂è OÆW_ó πÆov# ı|K134 ®æ|Æmv# õTzÏxú"" ^xØ ä—¿ ¿“ˆÄ*135 ±ôèe|º O£èè|136 ®™,≤≥`ñ õ¿´ ÜºIè ®®^±#| ÈãÆè ô&æm`v# Öv Îxõó ®æxH# ®ÆJºä ôèe| èMä"" ÜTe ä—≈ æcO∫ jR”H+ ®—±+137 ®vÆH `e|ó æûıH# T≈aP HOez—x` ®æô+≥≥¨ó ®ô&πÜı\ võèz ı`D}P"" d≈e ä—≈ Oez—x^èó æ´ØH# Öv —^F| ®ôJyP KJø HzÏxú"" dxØ ä—≈ õH æ|vt≠# vä—&≈ ®æ[xK# H`õfP"" dTè ä—≈ ÷v&wè ±ûO äAx| ®ÁKı| ®cÛæºè ®Î^xºè ®õH æOeJ¨P138ó ô&πôT\ zÏxú""

126. ˚& ôxK"" 133. ˚& ®û#H: "" 127. ˚& »H:|ä"" 134. H: Ô{K"" 128. ˚& »o[v#"" 135. H: »Ä"" 129. ˚& cxõ"" 136. ˚& O!»"" 130. ˚& »û#e"" 137. H: ®—&±+"" 131. ˚& »Ô"" 138. ˚& æT»"" 132. ˚& »z*""

page063-074 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 page 10 ±+çB H“I - ”Ø±# 73

{eØ Í{ ô≥RaÄ* ®vÆH mè¿ ûva ®vÆH v—ç õH æ_eæ¨ z”w[ Heô&J"" æw`°¨ H±®AyPó ®æBx¨ exKz x÷#H ®´√c+ È\Æ"" ®HõOå [—T¨ H±ûJúP ô&æû´ã139 Ø√ õeO æxH# M— xä"" ®ä™Ü æ`ám% õTÎxõ"" ÆY^æ Í{ õH æõá±# û@çz ®®J{ ®õH æ°H# zÏxúó ®æzJ© ôW[ è—#Y H[™*È"" ®võèz ´á¿}P HõH#140 ÷ıô| A—`ä"" H“Ic ôJy vÖv+B õTõH# 9 Í{ õH ±û`çGP"" ®û=H:P TB^ä Îxõó õTèô#c#141 õeû Æv&∫"" võèz≥ º÷ıôä ®æm|Hä"" ®õHc æxH# æm|Hä v|õ≤± õ”±&ôxK+` äYô# T°èºz õTzO´úz ¿m*m õe^ô+J ®ÿıô}P võ¿ ä—Yz Û`e ®wv&H:è"" ®æxH# õOc OezÏxõ æO´õ142 Oã õTcôH143 [≈ô+z144 õTõ”±&ôxK+` °v#` ®J≠#J"" ®õOå x±#á æO´ú H´Ö#≈ õT¢ä x÷#H nH OÈKı ±æv+ 1 ºä|∞P H0) ®°Jô+z% æc≈≈¨P HõJı"" ®HõO õPè nH:P HOez“Ø≤è m√R´ºè ô´ H¿Ü^´ºè ôè|P zôT\ úRõT^è""

°ıJ @ è”wõû+ Öv ±+çB H“I"" Hèô#e MÏç| æcTøP PﬁØ"" ®HõH æJFm% æcTøP ô+JRè"" ®õTä õH#C õH æJFm% æcTøP —:`wõñ ±æ®ÿã zÏxú"" ®H®^±#| õH ô&z—≥\ æcTøP sè¿Iñ õH æ—x\ YØ`z `õfP ûO ‘^ ®æcTæ¨ ûHI"" ®HõO mzH# 145 cxô ®ä—+ ®ôèvd ®ô`™, K]e ®—:j æ|IÁ∫ èez*z YØ`z RõûH ≈RGP"" ®±ô&mzHc ô&æ|IÁæ"" "®HõH äYô# ôèez*º ô&æ|IÁ∫146 õO ô&mzH#"" ®vO™ØH PJô{ vJ≠# —:h147"" ®æv+H# õOc vIØçB IFT ´õz% ô&è|IÁæ `õcä "õO mzJçB"" ®OèÔpP æv+H# vnH |Øæ`| ô&è|IÁæ `õcä148 õO mzJçGP Hcxô h™ ®ôTK^ õeO ôJFT| äwxºè õPèz%ó ®ô&æ°H# zÏxú""

139. »êP HRH|"" 144. ˚& »|"" 140. H: v"" 145. ˚& mzH: "" 141. H: »õc#"" 146. ˚& πH´T"" 142. ˚& æ´õ"" 147. H: »j"" 143. ˚& »I"" 148. ˚& πH´T""

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®û=H# “I õOå H#w ®õOå mè∆I149 ±ô&äYô# xõc&z æcO∫ m,a"" ®πÜ≈\ v1 v+|ñ m,a ±H#w TeH H#wñ ®±sè¿I TeH sè¿Ió ®m,a ±—v` TeH —v`"" ®æWæP150 O÷ä @ cxõ õTéGP Hc]K csIó ®æcTæ¨P ô `z%"" Æ¬ æWæT¨P H÷v&K ôJFT| ®æWO∫ mJ{"" ®üØv æcO∫151 2 cxô õH æ÷xc# Y“ ®æO|\ ®æBv# Hû=H# Ø\π vvT{`ó ®æxJ¨P152 ™–"" ®üØv æWæP 5 Ø¿® HKH&v ®|®| õTôJFTz153 û=H#ó ®eUP KHx∆"" Æ¬ æWæP 2 Hm¬K ®|®|ó ®æBv# HH1 1 vOeÔ`|ó ®eUP ÿÖ&}"" ®üØv æWæP154 7 cxô Hôõ|¨ ôJFT|ó ®πÜYW# ±÷ıôó ®eUP v`w∆"" ®Æ¬ πÜ`∫ 2 õTéGP ®æWæT¨P155 ûO æ—YÁ# ®æoYÒ H±πK´`156 Öv xõc&|ó ®æcO∫ ‘`d"" ®≥èz% zÆoy}P ô¢ HÈ≈o157 ôI158 ûO æû#ã èm%Dä ®|—#Dä Hzn|H:"" ®±c ô´cv æK+H& v±ºWT^ Hxõc&z%"" ®üØv æWæP O÷ä 0 cxõ Hä¬ô ôJFT| ®eUP ÷´z%159"" ®±Ôm¿ õTéGP äX&ô xõc&| æ|ÔHÿ ®æäx` vv+z%ó ®æcTæ¨ œJCü"" ®Hô[“™*160 æcTæ¨ TJ—@∆"" ´õz%å ô&πô`ı õTzÏxú161 HõO ô&¿ûO vMm% ûO ôÖ™*ä ±Ê162 ®ôw K^"" ®ôJy ûRä ±[ûv Î[ ±æz”F H—v&[ õûæ"" ®ôJy ûRä ±[ûv õ”±&ô ®è—#W ±æz”F H—v&[ Wçæ"" õ”±&ôxK+` æØmy163 õeû ±Oè ä™á ®O™ØJ —@è¡æó æv+ wM`æ"" "" ""

149. H: ˚&"" 157. H: HË»"" 150. H: »πP"" 158. ˚& πH´T"" 151. æWπP HRH|"" 159. H: ◊»"" 152. ˚& »¨¨P"" 160. ˚& ®Iô[“™,"" 153. ˚& »|"" 161. H: Hz»"" 154. ˚& »πP"" 162. ±„^oH&Ÿe"" 155. ˚& ®WTæ™P"" 163. ˚& H—x\èñ H: °ı| y{ 156. ˚& H± π»"" æ¤T^H#""

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°ıJ 1 (π±&F) OÈKı wHv+|6 (õè¬F) æIJó “I´ vôÏ+ ®ç” c—≈7 ±Oè ûTØ^x8 ®ÿ} —Hç9 πQH#|è πA—\è ®è≥ ®¿wH&10 √`Å zi—["" õc#T v[æz%R õç y[è πQwH# BH| ä—≈ ä´"" v[æz%R e≈e| J–Ç æ®J√Jó vû=\ û[∫ æwIJó BHzì´ O[™ñ fezì´ ô&z%ñ ô^zì´ ôûÄ%ñ ôTezì´ ®[è÷&iñ e≈ezì´ BTvç (æwIH#)"" y[êÇ ôw{Ä´ c„&^ æwIJ"" c„&^ √¤è æ®J√Jó √¤ Oﬁè æ®J√J"" Oﬁ ¿ôH+è õç Ã√è æ®J√J"" (õä±&F) BHz% ®è≈RRÉÇ x±#¨Ç ä—∆Ç ®H¡"" õäc#Tñ π¿ôH+ J–Ç (õä) G¢ñ BHzì ‡H+ñ fezì úyñ ô^zì c#w çÄ´"" Ã√ vû=\è Kü¢èñ BHzì´è —#≈\èñ fezì´è H&vèè æ®J√J""

6. «¿^c&´» RH{Ä´ ä´ -- «õé» ®æT «π±&F {]° ÁKÚ» vRH| Ôè{"" πzHO¿ ôËËı ä´"" 7. ®ç” c—≈ v1500-1533 Æ. T. πä—W´ πJxä ≈è”J πè”Y (π±#Ûè) eT ä´"" (”^î Oè”Yz%è õè√ç®÷v| æ{®dJ"") v”Ø≥ «Jxè»ñ «eÖ&è» RH| «Ø◊è» RH| eHGä «Ø◊ä ≈è”J»Tñ «eÖ&ä ≈è”J»T æH#{J"" «®ç”» RH| «ôèvd» RH| eHGä «®ç” c—≈» RH| «ôèvd c—≈»ñ ôèvd dæm` πQc”≈H| RH| ä´"" 8. úaU¨Ç ®¿RFJ ô&|øÂº π—v#| ûô&|øÂº ¿v#w™* TYô zäYz´ ®¿cSè õπz’±# ä´"" «ûTØ^x» πQH´ nJ ®æ π¿^c&´ ä´ ®æT πmÃ´ eMz| H&Gè æÇIJ"" π¿^c&´ ûGä ô¬e ä—` ôæ¿HTó ÁKÚ¨Ä% ôè√è≈ —&±+ Rõ≥èè (πŒú”^Úè ôo◊fi) πQºOH°z% nI|è õè¿OcIÄ´ æ÷mPwÄ™J"" πÎKæ O´fiè ôè√è≈ —&±+ TØ^x õè¿QH#| ¬JRè m¿T xH´ ûzm¡ OËMı| éÿ HTdH+ ô&dæºe 11" 11ñ 45" 6è ô”î~Jó Dillmann, Lexicon linguae aethiopicae, col. 964. BHzìTñ «ûTØ^x ®ÿ}» c&H# «®¿ TØ^x ®ÿ}» RH{Ä´ H&Gè æÇIJ"" ôw wM`æè ºw[bÄ´ û“U ûGä RFJ ô&|øÂº πO÷#| û¿v#x vû#J ä´"" 9. «—Iç» πQwH# BH| ®æT fe| ®è¥Ç õè√H#ç ®è¥Ä% õä±&º õè¿Gã ôè√è≈ ÁKÚ¨Ç ºOH°{H# -- «—Iç c—è» õç «—Iç ¡H+»"" ô} x`Dã HSfç ô} {y` ™QT õä±&º OGçÄ´è zmxH™Jó πúaU M≥x {]° ñ —. 36"" v˚&πç´ oÃ éÿT nH# «—Iç» ä´"" ”è «—Hç/—Iç» vúaTì «®è≥» RH| eHGäñ π¿^c&´ ôä“—` «—Hç πQH´è πA—\è ®è≥» RH| dæGè ôæm`T"" «—Iç c—è»ñ «—Iç ¡H+» RH|T «πc—è ®è≥»ñ «π¡H+ ®è≥» RH| H&Gè æÇIJ"" 10. æF ÷oIæ ”≤| (®æT ô´^Õ) ≤_ «wH+» æwIJ õèÃ m¿T ºH´ ±Oè π{]° Tè·Ç õè¿Qºd∫|ñ «wH&» äv` πQwH´""

page075-094 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 page 2 ±+çB H“I - vôR`ì 77

¿”U √¤ (õä) √‡è -- (õä±&Fè) v^c# eT ÷^Ä´ -- (õä) ¢êèñ vÉèñ œH+è æ®J√J"" õä±&FT x±#¨Ç ä—∆Ç ®H¡ó eRÄ´T æF ä´ó πvÉ J–Ç ≠#\ õç ô&H#ó π√‡ J–Ç f∆ñ ôyñ “Ièó π¢ê J–Çñ cocoñ H&vèó πœH+ J–Ç ô+Iñ ôy õç Jô&e11 çÄ´"" õä±&F BH#T x±#¨Ç eHGã z%HR12 æwIH#"" ôx[´ æ®—# äv["" ûx±# ±Oè vâI z◊H#ç ôx`DTç H:ÿ ûx{Ä´ vv≤ —&±+ñ «®æ ôèz vmî õé v”^ñ ®æT õé vmî ôèz v”^ õèHºæ» õè¿zwwH#ç õè¿zHº∫ õ`e v`dÄ´ zHº∫ó (v±&ºè —&±+) õè¿Gä (ôBèT) Gä""13 ¿”U π√ôH+ BHz% ä—≈ñ RH| ‡H+ç G¢ñ õè¿±&BT BHz% πœ√ ä—≈ñ H&vèç —>≈\14ñ û®è≈UÅÄ´ zH∫ç y[è «ôTv&d»15 vQH´ -- v`z%R «awH+»15 vQH´ -- H#w16 ±Oè áx[| Ôÿ[´ «ôı_»17 zwH# ""

11. v”Ø≥ «®» ™™, ôºº∑ (OezËT`) eHGä vôR`ì «ç» ®æT «õç» zxH: æz[—:RJó ®æT dæz[—:T æm^J"" v”Ø≥T vôR`ìT ôè√è∆Ä% Oez™≈∆Ç õè¿ «®» ä÷I àÖ+¨Ç c&Gãñ ûQº™≈¡|ç ûQºËT\| nJ “^ ôx[´ õè¿QËÒ æ{®dJ"" º πQËO[´/ πQ™¿¿´ nJ π{®m c&Gè Oez™≈≈ ®æT OezËT` õè√[Ôv| ®æT õè√I[Ôv| R®o ôºeÄ”`T"" ºJ{®m ûGä ”è Ç”` æÔ÷^J"" HTdH+ õ±&F y{ «ôy õç Jô&e» ºJû#| ”Ø±# «ôy ®Jô&e» ºH´è ä´ó ”è «®Jô&e» π O[v| «®» πnH# °ıJ ûGä πœH+ J–Ç «ô+Iñ ôyñ ®Jô&e» H&Gã ä´"" æ§ Ç”` vzHæ πQÔ÷[´ ¿^c&¨Ç eT c&±[≥\ ôè√è≈ —&±+ v «®» ôè√è≈ —&±+ ºH «®» õºËO\ vO±`±^Ä´ ä´"" æ§èã ôèmÈ zOJû|"" 12. ôä“—\ πQºOH°z´ «z%HR» RH| x±#¨Ç RH| OGãè ä´"" 13. ±ıÿ[| 13" 9ó vûx| x≤| (vQÿﬁ/Å) zHº∫ RH{Ä´ ä´"" 14. «—>≈\» õç «—#≈\» ôè≈ çÄ´"" πzHº∫ ºeOeIÄ´ π «—» ◊◊ ä´"" «|`—>T/|`—#T»ñ —>^—+/—#^—+ñ «—:ÕT/‘ÕT» πQH´è zOJû|"" 15.«ôTv&d»ñ «awH+» πW^™*| πeJ◊è (h#UÇ H^dÄ´ πQº®⁄Ä´ ô¬e) eUÇ çÄ´"" ûQmÿH#| °ıH:Ç õè¿Tçπ´ñ H+H:Ç eUÇT ôH#"" Kdv# «®ç” c—≈» ûQH´ “^ æeRRJ"" úaU¨Ç ®¿ô&|øÂº ”≤| c&O÷# πô&|øÂº è—#Y πJxä ≈è”J π±#Ûè eT «®ç” c—≈» õè¿äv[ °ıJ 1 Iæ zä”açJó «®ç” c—≈» RH| «ôèvd c—≈» RH| eHGä «ôTv&d»è ûôèvd/ôTvd “^ HRºº≥ º’’Jó ”è ôæºº≥T"" 16. áx[z cv#è eTè| ÆO| õè¬O^ ôxa vO—±` πQkO´ |´J≈ «H#w» æwIJ"" °`ez*ºêÄ% è—#W#è «Oc&M»ñ «Y∫T»ñ «ov#Ø» õè¿QH#|ñ «H#w» RH| «”±#`» («πz—±[») |´J≈ RH| ä´"" 17. «ôı_» πQH´ nJ «ôÒ`» («ô^|») ûQH´ πz®H¿ eHGä «ô^|ø» ®æT õä ô^| (®æT õè¿ä õH ôQ√ «õH ô`wØz%») zxH: H&z[—:T æÅIJ"" õäc#Tñ (1) ‡H+ñ (2) G¢ñ (3) H&vèñ (4) —#≈\ çÄ´""

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¿”U πœ√ Jœ Kü¢ç π¿ôH+ J–Ç ôy õç c#w «v&`OŒ» vQwH´ H#w ±Oè áx[| Ôÿ[´ «c¿Å»18 zwH#"" õä±&FT x±#¨Ç ä—∆Ç ®H¡"" eRÄ´ æF ä´ó π‡H+ J–Ç —ITñ ®y/ôy19ó πG¢ J–Ç û&[Uñ õP\ñ Ã√ó πH&vè J–Ç ™H&fñ û={™,ñ ôTΩó π—>≈\ J–Ç c&`wñ OH:Jñ ¤[nó πKü¢ ä—≈ ôyñ K`c#ñ H&Pó πc#w ä—≈ K—Hwyñ ‹^ó πôy ä—≈ føñ ôyêñ z%Tô+ñ H+n (æwIH#)"" õä±&F BH#T c&Ûm\ «Oﬁ»20 æwIH#ó c&◊H# «ôı_» õç «c¿Å» æwIH#"" BH#T ûz%HR “^ c&ºx\ «c„&^»21 æwIH#"" y[è ¿”U ÆY^ BH|22 J–Ç æ®J√J"" vû=\ √¤ ä´ó BHzì´ œH+ñ fezì´ ¢êñ ô^zì´ vÉó õä±&F (ô^z%) «z%HR» æwIH#ó ôTezì´ Aü¢ñ e≈ezì´ úyñ cwzì´ c#wó õä±&F (fez%) «c¿Å» æwIH#ó eTèzì´ ‡H+ñ ±÷äì´ H&vèñ ÆY[ì´ —>≈\ñ ÆY^ ôè¿ì´ G¢ çÄ´ó õä±&F (ô^z%) «ôı_» æwIH#""

18. «c¿Å» π®◊´ «c¬» («fe|») ûQH´ nJ eHGä «fe|ø» (õä fe|ñ õH cHez%) zxH: H&z[—:T æÅIJ"" 19. πH:è∆ã (H:) oœ «®y»ñ π˚&πç´ oÃ «ôy» ä´ πQH´ó vT`fi —&±+ eIH´ Ç”` ûIæ tÿ` 11è zOJû|"" H+I´ ôËËı πQºO◊´ Ç”` «T» õç «è» û«v» ±` c&m≈P ±\ æ´◊Ä™J"" HTdH+ «ôy« vOW[z% «ôTy» H&Gè æÇIJ"" 20. «c&Ûm\» RH| «c&zwv\» RH| ä´"" eºS´ õè¿H+H:Ä% tÿ`è πQûzJ eIæ¿Hñ õä±&F ‘d¨Ç «Ofi» πzwH#| Dº eHGã ä´ xH: «Ofi»è «Dºø» («õä Dº») xH: Oz`—:T ôæÅJTó «Ofi» û«¬”¿R» («Dº») “^ ”èí%ä| πH´T"" 21. «c„&^» úaTì OGã æ—`RJ"" nH# ”Ø≥ û”]° π®c¿´ c&Gè |`—>P «‡ı^» RH| ä´"" πúaU jR”H+¨ÇT ePè πQº´m%| ôæOeH#T"" xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è õè¬F æIH#ó «ôw wM`æ c„&^è πä—≈ ê ô≈`‘ c&Èı eH^º TèT π÷mc´ ä—` πHT"" ôè√è≈ (πúaU) wIw}Ç õè¿Qz`û#|T πä—≈ ê πQH#| ^ºè c&Gèñ c„&^ πzwH´è eT ”è õè¿Rº´m%| æ—JËH#""» (EMML 3749, p. 57)"" æ§ «úaU¨Ç û˙`z%“H:Ä% “^ ”èí%ä| ôIÄ´» πQwH´ |[ü |èj õ´ä|ä| dæê[´ ôæm`T"" 22. πz±[±\| ÆY^ ôè≈ xÅ eHGã ÆY^ ôè≈ HRH| æGçJó ®æT πÆY^ BHzì´ Jœ eT dæËı m`~J""

page075-094 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 page 4 ±+çB H“I - vôR`ì 79

°ıJ 2 vÿ[ ôU^è23 º÷Û √™, ûy[è c¨Ç ä´ó ûH+I ä´ πQJT ôHó (ûH+I ä´ πQJ) ûy[è “^ O™“z%è T°èº| æc◊J"" æ§ ”è Uî ä—` ä´ó õ´ä| ôæ¿HT"" ôe[Ã ”è (õè¬F) æIJó «(“H:Ç) ûA—^Ä´ π®÷# —&±+ πÔH— (õ±&º´) m[ñ πÔH— ®◊ õèÃ BH#T ôJ®÷#T""» T°èºz%T (BH#T) vJv# ºcí´è º¿`“J õèÃ πQº≤Ä´ —+{ πHT"" õä±&º ûy[è (zs`÷´) πm\| (vâI) ûA—^Ä´ v!^24 Oè—≈ ®÷#"" Ûc&J ±T}wÄ´ äv[ó —¿H#|"" v±&ºè —&±+ √™, °`ez*ºêÇè O´“| O["" v±&ºè —&±+ π±&F {]° ÁKÚ25 «πÛc&Jè —√æ õÔ^™HB»26 c&J zävπó T°èºz%T π°`ez*ºè ¿T mTgJçó vÿ^ ôU^èç

23. vÿ[ ôU^ (vÁ` ôU^) πW^™*| eT äv["" vâIT W^™*z% πWÔ[v| A—` veP z÷`~J"" c´ç M≥x ePè HA—`ñ A—` HM≥xç Hc´ Oe÷| vì ôüwv&ç vOÈKı o¡e πzHO¿ ä´"" vÿ^ ôU^ (vÿÛ^) —#^—+ éÿ ®æT ô÷—x ä´"" 24. Hÿè| ä—Y{| HäôÏ+ æYKo vz—÷OIÄ´ ±Ôè éÿ «!^ æè—`ñ Ô[c#è πQ—x`» πQJ eIHv| «!^»è õè¿ A—`/ä—≈ ô≈`‘ Oć≈ æÅIJó Guidi, “Le canzoni geez-amariña”, p. 56"" π˚&πç´ oÃ «£^» õè¿QJ ôæzçJ"" H+H:Ç ôè√è≈ Tè·Ç "^ æIH#"" «!^» πQwH´ y{ ihOé ô÷—x ºH´ û=π^ ä´ πQwH´è x`Dã HSfç {y` ™Q (πúaU M≥x {]°ñ —. 55) zmxH´{J"" ô} ôTvH# ûv¿ v—P —:Û ÷oIæ ”≤| v√îä| º—H”H# väv[v| —&±+ eH¤èÅ O≈Üé ÆHT v+z °èz*ºè v”èy| 06 mè 09)$4 Æ. T. vËÒ| Re{®i Iæ ¤èÅ ÿè| «Ö^» æwJ õè¿äv[ ûA—\ jR”H+¨Ç πcP|è O≥”v™Jó EMML 5731, f. 114a. √™, ôw wM`æè “U väv\v| —&±+ π±[ÛÄ´ ≤_ ¤èÅ vÚ| Ö^/!^ vQwJ y{ ôo◊fi Oÿ} H&Gè æÇIJ"" ûô`w Tè‡ v¿v#x TYô ôTd û&H:S|` ºFJ `p ¢æ^ πQwJ y{/‘d ôH"" û±&º ¿v#v# «y[ç úaU» eHGäñ H!^ ûBH#T πvH÷ zeRQ´ õc# ä´ó √™, ûy[è c¨Ç õè¿Gä ôw wM`æ ä”[´çJ"" Bender, The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, p. 298"" HRèì´T eH±&F y{ ôè√Ç ôezºπ| eècÿ ôw wM`æ πc÷#è eT «!^» OGãè dè±ä“ OGè ôHv|"" «û=π^» ®æT «¢æ^» eIIH#ñ «!^» õèƒ| «û=π^» ®æT «¢æ^» H&Gè õè¿QÇJ dçe[√ «û=π^» ®æT «¢æ^» ä´ RH| ôæÔm≈JèT"" 25. õè¿ vÚz% «(π±&F) OÈKı wHv+|» ôIHTó ûIæ tÿ` 6è zOJû|"" «æv+ ÁKÙ ≥èz% {]°» π—&ø`—&e ®J¿ ÆQ≈T uèu ä´"" 26. ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J vä—W vfezì´ ÆO| Ûc&Jè π√U| —µ*ä| kU| äv[ó wOz% z◊Jz´ z™—#ó zhäÔó ±+ç O™ØJ EMML 7109, f. 58b"" c#eèøe HOè—Y c&ºTÌ πOè”Yz% W^™*| ®^c& JÀè ºØpxè

page075-094 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 page 5 80 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

°ıJ 3 û[∫ e≈e| J–Ç æ®J√J"" x±#¨Çç ÜæHïÇ ä—∆Ç Gã"" ûäc# πO O]º´ H&vè ä´ó BHzì´ ®H:ñ fezì´ œH+ñ ô^zì´ úyñ ôTezì´ c#wñ e≈ezì´ vIõ çÄ´"" ®H: e≈e| J–Ç æ®J√Jó õä±&FT ®[ v#¢ñ ®[ —>^õñ ®[ êH+ô+H# -- õä±&F v®H: eT ôH# -- ®[ û[∫ñ ®[ ô&H#ñ ®[ êH+ôH& c&Gãñ õä±&F fez% ¿”U «c¿Å» æwIH#"" πzH∫| ôyH&è π—¿H# —&±+ ä´28"" ôBè vì Iæ õ`o ô≈`—´ ôX+\ó nJ û&√è z“v#""

°ıJ 4 O[™ ôº ôçèñ ≠#\èñ ôv÷&è æ®J√J"" (πäc#T) J–ÅÄ´ç πJ–ÅÄ´ J–Ç õè¿±&B v≥z´ x±#¨Ç ä—∆Ç Gã"" eRÄ´ vπä—√Ä´ (eT) æ÷^J"" HeTè| ÆO| Hôè≈ H#w æ{±≤H# õèÃ õè¿ H+I M≥x (πQ{±±#|) è—#YT —+{T πIÄ´T"" ûeTè| ÆO| vâI H+I H#w ækRJó πÚzì´ (H#w) æi^J"" vπ±Oã õè¿±&F º¿`“H#"" H#w RH| vôè≈ ±Oè πz—±\ RH| ä´""29 πô—≤±^Ä´ Y`Æ|T õè¿±&F ä´ó ôè≈ H#w c&i` v`z%Rç y[è BH#T H(π)^dÄ´ eT º®◊H#ó (J°) πè—#Y W^™*| «YH#e ÜæH+»ñ «v≈J ÎKæ»ñ «—&ø`—&e ÜæH+» õè¿QwH#|""30

ôœv´ñ «Ûc&Jè ºhäıä´ç º™[≈ä´ õì ôæ¿HèTè» xH´ ˆ°[´v| äv[ó πc#eèøe {]° —. 86"" —:ÕTç √U| πzºº±# çÄ´"" 27. —#^—+ ´eÿ ®æT ô÷—x"" 28. ôyH& πUz´ W`Î ≈è”J vä—W v22zì´ ÆO| (v1576 Æ. T.) ä´ó —+{Ä´ ÜæH+ñ wM[ Kdxñ —. 248"" —√∫T «“I ®H:» ä´ó ±+ç O™ØJñ EMML 7109, f. 59ab. 29. «vôè≈ ±Oè πz—±\» c&H# H#w RH| «ôè≈ π”≥` |´J≈» RH| OGãè v”JÈ ºe[√J"" 30. HŸ` W^™*| °ıH:Ç õè¿±&F eT Oe÷| õeûo`x —&±+ πzHO¿ äv["" {]û ä—Yz%ç H+H:ÇT Tè·Ç õè¿QºOH°z%| vz¤R] õä±&F |≥ æH#ìJó «ôıa ôæ—x»ñ «ôm,|µ`»ñ «t`wè»ñ «eçè»ñ «√R»ñ «äÛî

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°ıJ 5 õè¿±&B wH&è O´“| v O[v| —&±+ πz—±[´ «SJwM» æwIJ"" πôwz%è eT ôI´oTó T°èºz%T πQä”[î (ôe[Ã) πHT""

°ıJ 6 BHzì´ H#w «P¿ç» zwH"" π±&F (H#w) πôwz% eT œvç ä´"" π®v&è ®è≥ πzi—[ õc# ä´""31

°ıJ 7 fezì´ H#w «û&H:H+» zwH"" õè¿ ô¿J Ox[oç32 õè¿sI¨Ñ (ºH#|è) π¿™aè33 pI¨Ç ®“Ä´""

°ıJ 8 ô^zì´ H#w «v&ˆH+» zwH"" ¿™aè vOI™ º÷Û õc# ä´"" Ô÷“`èT34 O™“| O["" c´ (R`¢) R“≥ O[ó ô—J“øÇ ô¿[“Ä´ó «—v`» ôIÄ´"" ¢f O÷◊| O["" (ûIæ) π÷meçÄ´ πÚzïÄ%

±—`»ñ «”è¿vJ»ñ «‘è¿`»ñ «vÎ` ™ |»ñ vÎ` kzJñ «mez èFx»ñ «ô¿J Ox[o»ñ «v&HR»ñ «v+`d»ñ «¤Ôè{»"" v±&º Iæ «ÖæI|»ñ «ô`wx» õºH# vä—¿ OIõ°| eTT πQ÷bÄ´ äv\"" 31. ûô&|øÂº ”≤| π—v#| ”è π®v&è ®è≥ ûOi—^Ä´ vÚ| ä´"" 32. «ô¿J Ox[o» vOW[z% πŸ` W^™*| eT ä´"" õ±&F ”è «õè¿ ô¿J Ox[oç õè¿ sI¨Ä%» c&J πQºOH°z´ W^™*z% πcÔ[v|èç sI¨Ä%è ä´"" 33. ¿™a û¤`¤` õeû ô\c& (ô`c&) ºH´ ô—` æOeIJ"" ô} ≠ÌS ôBè f∆ πzwH´ ä´ æIH#"" ”è ”^î c&ºTÌ O O]º πO{´ ¿™aè eHGä Hô√J o`x OGè ôHv|"" —√RÄ´è ¿x[ ôcy|è ¤`¤` ´eÿ πp[p\| πôv#ä dPô+J ±®—” —≈JT πQºOH°z´ æFèã ä´ó Kur, Actes de Samuel de Wagag, p. 84 "" û≈`dä ≠#^ô+J ôè¡è ôèmÈ xèz[—>O´ õè¬F æIJñ «û±&F vâI (≠#^ô+J) ®¿ÎKæ O´ﬁ E¿ó û¿x[ ÈwM IæT ®◊ç π¿x[ º”Pèç π¿x[ Ö±H:è —√UÇ BH# m¿dÄ´"" ¿x[ ôcy| Iæ c&®◊ o¡e Qüô+J o¡e ≠#^ô+Jè õè¬F c&J ä—[´ñ æÄ*è ¿x` }H: w`ü|ó..."" v±&F —&±+ }H: m¿d| ¿xbèT ¿x[ ®—” ôI;|""» 34. Ô÷“` vv#J“ç v—#^—+ RFJ ºH´ ô—` æOeIJó TèÕ`è æ¤T^J""

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H#w¨Ç ”è c´èñ ®è¡èT c+z%èTñ æ—≈H# äv["" Ô[eT voH:T æ—≈H# äv["" ûv”ñ ûıπJ ûûx| (ûITç ûv_) vm` (TèT) ôæz´T äv["" πG√Ä´ ô´_35 õè¿õèed vuèÕÄ´ Iæ æ®`√J õèÃ vO√å| ôæ—≈H#|T äv`""

°ıJ 9 ôTezì´ H#w «TeH+» zwH"" ∂è ôU^è36 πÔ õc# ä´"" KOJRJè37 ¿‘ Iæ ®“´ó ô—aÄ%è BH# ôÿı} WH÷äwÄ´"" ûäûxz%T —w(wÄ´)"" vÚ| ”è “I´ û®v& õπ®◊ æ™“ç ®¿±&º æOHe äv["" è—#XÇè ôÈçı c—≈38 ûÆX ±äx zäYz´ ®”z´| äv`"" ã` πW^´è ûW^ vâI39 ®¿ A—\ c&®`≈ Ö±H: ô÷—x —÷O´"" tÿ` πH+H´è ôx≤ì´è W^™*z%è ÔÕÄ´"" “H:Ç ®¿A—^Çè ûO÷# Ta v±&ºè —&±+ õè√Hm%| ôIHm%T"" ºè —&±+ πz—¿H#| πã` W^™*|T v—&±+´ ûTçäXÄ´ ûô´X W^™*| æv≤H#ó T°èºz%T õ”±&ôxK+` vOœ ºÔcc#|è πô—J“øÄ%è π¿T vmJ (ôe)ûÔIÄ´""40

35. vO√åz% eT v¢f πQ÷^´ õ`ÿx Y“ c&vH# πQæ±´ |J"" 36. «∂è ôU^» õè¿ «vÿ^ ôU^»ñ vOW[z% πW^™*| eT äv["" 37. KOJRJ πôÏ+ çú≈ (1488-1500) πJœ Jœ ä´"" KOJRJ º±Oz´ W^™*| ∂è ôU^ H&Gè æÇIJ"" 38. ôÈçı (ôÿçı) c—≈ πôÏ+ —I´ƒë (1533-1551) eO Oè”Y| ä´"" 39. ã` PKO≈ ôJPÕC≈ π”^îè ôJ“ ûäQez% π®[c πô√J ô&RT äv["" (πô√J ô&RUÇ πOkT πOi` PH# πéÿ YJ◊è eHäv^Ä´ π”Ø±# Tè·Ç «è—#Y» æI;Ä™J"") —I´ƒëè ®”} ôhèˆ{J"" ¿^c&´ «πW^´è ûW^ vâI» πQH#| ôÏ+ —I´ƒëè ühäÔç x±# M≥x ûÔ vâI πè—#W#è ôè—| p`Ÿ ÄxÄy´è v±è” fiı æ¥ OE¡è vm%‡| HRe{®e ä´"" (πè—#W#è ê ôJw c´ä| ôTÜ^ dæè| éÿ wW^| vz≈wv R`ºT v+z °èz*ºè mv\|ó ^c#è vâI ôTÿz´ h™ éÿ —S ûQwJ ô—` û®è≈P ûôv+} ºØpx Onx` ô÷—x mv\|"") 40. ¿^c&´ «v—&±+´ ûTçäXÄ´» ºH#|è ôèYz´| v&Gè x±# {]° æä”\è äv["" π—I´ƒëè {]° πËÒ| õdÄ´ ûGã ºèè RH{Ä´ H&GèT æÇIJ"" GêT ô√H:Ç (õeIUÇ) õç úaU¨Ç vô&|øÂº T≈` Iæ ôºJm% õJm*| õè¿zIHm% æF ôèmÈç H+H:ÇT x±# Tè·Ç æ÷m%RH#"" ôè√è≈ {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç «vOœ ºÔcc#| ¿T» πQH´ ô√H:Ç ôÏ+ —I´ƒëè π—¿H# —&±+ πÔcc´è ä´ æIH#ó J° ôæOeHîT"" H+H:Ä% Tè·Çñ π^c# π—I´ƒë {]° dæm`ñ è—#W# πz—¿Hv|è y{ «ä‡ X`» æH#{J"" ¿^c&´ñ «õ”±&ôxK+` vOœ ºÔcc#|è πô—J“øÄ%è π¿T vmJ ôeûıI;Ä™J» πQH´è ≠[ız ä—` H&ÈÒ ûQ—w´ y{ |èj eI^m%| ºde{J õèÃ æ§ì´ πQä”[è

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°ıJ 0 ºäXçÄ´ ôTez% H#w¨Ç ô`w ÆO| —±#"" J–ÅÄ´ ôJz—±\T äv["" ®hI¨Ä% (ôw}Ç) ®è∆ÇèT c+}ÇèT J–Ç æÿH# äv[ó T°èºz%T M“Ä´ õè¿±&F ä´"" (ôw}Ç) c&—±\ ®è∆Ç J–Çè ºd≈“H#"" c+}Ä%è J–Ç ”è ûz—±\ vâIT BH|ç fe| ÆO| õeû&GçÄ´ ≈[e (πQ®J√;Ä´è) æÿI;Ä™J""42

°ıJ 01 ûôTez% H#w¨Ç (ôO^`) vâI πSJwM J–Ç z—±\ó «K`PÛ» zwH#"" æF (K`PÛ) —&ø`—&e ÜæH+è m‡ê Iæ ÔÕÄ´"" y[è «¡H#» æH™J"" —îèñ ôè—:|èñ ôTK^è º÷ÛÄ´ õc# ä´""43 v—+T≈`è O´“| π O[ õc# ä´"" πv`z%R K`PÛ v—+T≈`è ®“ó πK`yè ®è≈T ™üèT44 —¿H´"" v±&ºè —&±+ K`PÛ ve≈x nJ (õè¬F) c&J zç—[ó «wM` πQHxc#|è c&√R¨Ç ûwM` —Ôz`£Ä´""»45 v1570 v®æç¿“ Oœ/O∑ ®è≥ Iæ ûôv÷& “^ º¿[—#|è OzIHo æOeHìJó π°ıJ 02è O¤[i zOJû|"" πOè”Yz% c¨ÇTñ «πôv÷&è “I ºhäıè õì äè ô¢» õºH# c#eèøeè ôeÔ^`z´v{Jó πc#eèøe {]° —. 86. 41.≤_ vÔ[cîä| πQ{®m% úaU¨Ç Hü Ô[e ”Jv&º πzR\| RFJ ô&|øÂº ûO÷# vâI ä´"" 42. ”≥[|è πTçºæ±´ ûMÏç|/ûJ–Ç “^ eHGäñ ≈`cz%T «J–ÅÄ´ ôJz—±\T» vRHz%Tñ OJõ°z% H&ºdezè æÇIJ"" ≈`cz% πQç—[´ eIJz—±\ ôw}Ç õèÃ eHJ–Ç ôæ¿HT"" ®è∆Ä% J–Ç dæ—±\ º≈—#ç ®hI õè¿Gã Jœ æ®J√H#ó ®hI ôw| π®H¿´ Jœ π|T æ◊IJó M“Ä´ ä´"" ûz—±\ vâI πz®H¿ Jœ ®è≈ ûGä ºd≈—#{Jó c+| ûGäÇ πz®H¿Ç´ πôw~ ”≥^| BH| ®æT fe| ÆO| dæGä´ ûGä |◊IHÇ"" æ§èè wFJ ô≤∑ ÷&êT vc#eèøe {]° ´eÿ O≥”v´{Jó —. 215ó õ±&FT —È 150-151 Iæ z÷ogJ"" 43. vômROÿ õä±&F fe| ô—aÇ (—îñ ôè—:|ñ ôTÜ^) πzºº±# äv\ RH| ä´"" 44. πv+—T≈` —∑ æOeIJ"" 45. H°`e|ç πQ÷Om%|è RHz% ä´ó ôä“—\ v”Ø≥ Tè·Ç πzHO¿ ä´""

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«c&√R» πQH#| °èz*ºêÇè ûGä v±&ºè —&±+ c&√R¨ÇT õè¿ H+I´ πô&|øÂº M≥x (HTdH+ õè¿ —#^—+ñ |”_) °èz*ºêÇ õè¿äv\ç °è|ç v¿v#x zeÛı} õè¿äv[ ºdºJ"" DvÌè≈ º±“ ´è v+z °èz*ºêÇ πäv\v|è y{¨Ç πQºdæ ü`{ zOJû|ó Haberland, Untersuchungen, p. 246. DvÌè≈ ô&|øÂº´ºè π°è|ç ôezR]¨Ç °è|çè v¿v#x ôeÛız´ õè¿äv[ HRdπ| º¿[—´ [ÃT è””` õ±&F Iæ H&{®e æ—wJ"" “Altes Christentum in Süd-Äthiopien.” ôw wM`æT ô—^Ä´ “U õè¿äv[ ä”[´çJ"" π¿^c&´è ä—≈ ûôä“—^Ä´ HR®o wæÅJT πõdÄ´ õ±&º O—í| ô—\ |Jo Ráv[ °èz*ºè õè¿äv[v| ºOH°{J"" ôw wM`æè ºFJ H&o wHv| y{ |Jo zR] v+|T æê^J"" ô} ≠ÌS õè¿ä—\èñ ûÛ éÿ ¿ã úaU¨Çè ûäûx{Ä´ ôIe—w vRHz% ûúaU ¡I πz[Ò ôèÚH:Ç õeû ôÏ+ TåJ° ±Oè ≈[e °èz*ºêÇ äv\ó ≠ÌS/wæ\ zıIñ π“I {]°ñ —. 164ó Bender, The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, p. 298. «Rº» πQwH#|T ä—≈ä{Ä´ vTè õè¿Gè ôæ{®oTó vDæRê| ûGä õè¿ °e{å —#^—+¨Ç °èz*ºêÇ äv\ó «ô1õTä Rº ±eP T°A —&ø`—&e ®J¿ Æey» («ûRº¨Ç éÿ ôè≈ eP T°A —&ø`—&c πGä πÆey Jœ») πQH´è ûøKèe/ôõIı c—≈ {]° éÿ —. 39 Iæ zOJû|"" 46.«KÏ+—+» (è—#W# ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J) awH+è (ôTv&dè?) π®“´ vä—W v10ì´ ÆO| (v1565 Æ.T.) ä´ó ±+ç O™ØJ EMML 7109, f. 59a "" «KÏ+—+» RH| «ÕèGæ» RH| ä´"" πW`Î ≈è”J {]° ÁKÚ πä—[è ô≥RÇ ±`ô øKèe OUz%èç H:H+¨Ä% õè√ævzã è—#W# ôÈçè} ûH:H+ä| ô´ÿ} vwHè ®{¿`ä| (v¤™ä|) õè¿ûzwÄ´ õèÃ õèƒ| õè¿Uz v”JÈ ôæç—`Tó πW`Î ≈è”J {]° —. 45"" 47. π±&F ≠[ız ä—` |`—>T vc™e© OW[| J° v&GèTñ OJõ°z% ”JÈ ôæ¿HT"" v±&F ôä“—` «c#w» πQwH# «x±#» (ûôè≈ vIæ) ä—∆Ç ôH#ó ôè¡ πy[ã ä´"" («ä—¿ c#w ±y[è» RH| «πy[ã ä—¿ c#w» RH| ä´"") H+H:Ä% ÿºm,¨Ç ôè¿ìñ «ô&II» Rä´ ®æT Tè≈è ä´?ó BHzìñ «fH& õç v&√a» OGè ®æT O¿[” Tè OGè/O¿[” ä´? ºT Gä æFñ õè¿ ”Ø±# ûGäñ vy[ã ä—¿ c#w ±è≈ ô&II GëJ/z¿`’J"" |`’S´è c™e© ôæÔo≈T õèÃñ v&Ôo≈ «fH&» õç «v&√a» πy{ eUÇ (zâÇ?) Gä´

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û±&F vâI vôTe| ÆOz% KÏ+—+ πôv÷&è awH+ ®æç ¿”Æ Iæ ®—#|ç (TèT) dºez`Ò ÔÀ|""48 «ûÆY` πQvJ÷# z`Ô´ H±+ç A—^Ä´ ¿`c™J» πQH#T ôH#""

°ıJ 03 ûeTè| ÆO| vâIñ ¿™aè º÷Û´ πû&H:H+ Jœ «v&ÒŒ» zkO"" æ§ πy[ã v&ÒŒ vm%Oz% J° πQGè πv_ p√ “i ôv ç ®eÔèÿ[ïÇ πGã|è Rºè ®“Ä´""49 πQä≈Ò| (ôüJ) eI÷#(v|) ôhäÛÄ´ó T°èºz%T c´äz%è v¿[o πv_ p√ “`∆ äv["" πè—#W#è πŸ` ôHn ô≥RÄ* ¿Ö[‘|èT50 ôe¤äm´"" õä ±+çæèç H:H+¨Ä%è —¿IÄ´"" m≈U x±# —&±+ ºhèÔ´ äv["" ”è π°èz*ºêÇ ı√ eIIHm võ”±&ôxK+` Ôn≈ (õè¬F) Gä"" ôhçÚ´ zhäÔó πh#O| A—\è ô`õîè ô÷Û|"" õä “}èñ v|aèñ v≈H:èñ ÆT∆è õç H+H:Çè —¿IÄ´"" ¿ßÇ BH# πQvHÈ—#wÄ´ õä±&F BHz% ô—aÇ T≈[ v√ Gã""51

Hô&II (H÷I| ÿvn) O÷mQº Gä™J"" «ô&II» vôR`ì «æII» («eHI») GëJ"" ”è «fH& õç v&√a πQwH# BH| Ææä| (π)ô&II (Hof ®æT Re÷èmm*º) Gä/z¿[—» RH| dæGè ôæm`T"" ôè¡è |`—>T ºdcvî {]û#ç ô} ôTA ôcÛ´ ûä—[è π«æII ¿äy» Hof çÄ´"" {]û# v±&B °ıJ «KÏ+—+ ≥™æ Iæ ®—#|"" x±# ÔÀv|ó ûxz%èT R[û#v|» πQH´ ä´ó eHHof´ ôTA ôcÛ´ æII ¿äy vQJ `õe v1995 Æ. õ. ºdzO´è OÈKı zOJû|"" eH Re÷èmm*º´ πU[h# ¿®J «v¿\» æwJ õè¿äv[ c+û& ä”açJó Cecchi, Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa, Vol. II, pp. 327-8, n. 1. and Vol III, p. 123. 48. ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J ôv÷&è ¿”Æ Iæ πO{´ v1570 Æ. T. ä´ó wM[ Kdx —È 248"" πc#eèøe {]° ÁKÚ õè¿Qä”[è O£èèz% ≈H#è õè¿ {Io ≈J æOû#v{Jó «πôv÷&è “I ºhäıèç TèT dçez`ı πÔ ä´ õì äè õ¢» æIH# —. 86"" æF πGä´ ô≥RÇ ±`ô øKèeè “I v—¿H´ vôTe| ÆO| ûGäñ ô≥RÇ ±`ô øKèe πUz´ v1565 Æ. T. (û1570 Iæ 5 mèe) OGã ä´"" 49. «Rº» πQwH# ô&|øÂº´ºè vme| Oè¿ı π{®m% äv\"" vsI´T v¿“´T πQê\ ä—∆Ç äv\ó ≤_ πH#T"" ûIæ tÿ` 45è zOJû|"" 50. ¿Ö[‘| π{®m ”ç ô≥RÇ (Œé^J) äv["" vÔIi Iæ ±T~Jó πW`Î ≈è”J {]° —. 91"" |”_ O¢èè (π|”_ —∑) õç wM` ä“j (≤_ ô+`|^ πzwH´ ô—` —µ*) Gê ¿§ê (TÈ™ ô÷—x) BH| —&±+ ±T~Jó õ±&º´ —. 128-133"" c#eèøe c&º¿èm´ «vÛc&Jñ vô±+ñ vOKO≈ñ væeKo ±Oè ûäv\| ( ”êÇ) ´eÿ û¿Ü[‘|ç ûv`çwe vm` õeû ≤_ Rè ôH?» æIJó πc#eèøe {]° —. 88"" 51. ôè¡ A—` ô`õî c&Gè BHzì´ A—` πz% õè¿Gä ôJz—HÁTó c`R| H&Gè æÇIJñ ®æT ô`õî πBH| ®[√¨Ç (A—aÇ) eT äv[""

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°ıJ 04 πy[ã v&ÒŒ √U|è ûvw|"" A—]~è πQº≈èç πQºeÿJ πH+H Gê c&º—ì| —&±+ c´ç ûx| ô“±"" v±&ºè —&±+ ¿œ ô≥RÄ% Æey äv["" û®è≈UÄ% “^ zRû[ç W^™*| cxey zû{zH´ó T`¢´è c&üÔJ ¿[cv|"" T`ŸÇ (õ”[ïÇ) õç Ô[cïÇ vOeHe|ñ ûvv#|ó æF RH| vfe| π®^] cJı ûvwÄ´ RH| ä´"" “I´ hhó zÔ "" ôx≤ïÄ% ûôè≈ cÚ ™i éÿ z¿vm%"" (W^™*z%) õè¤| cvcvç û™i´ v^ı Iæ ôä¿¿´"" x±#¨Ä% õdz%è ûOı^| πzäX ®÷#ç {c\ -- ûx±#¨Ç ”¥zïÇ “^ πz“±´è J≠#J ôTÿz´ õeû&ºe[°v#| ≈[e""53 πUz%|è ê ^dÄ´è s[⁄Ä´ó (ÄxÄy´) Htÿ` v≤"" (õè¿±&F ô≈`‘) A—\è ÷vm"" û±&F vâI πv&ÒŒ πz^´ ±Oè õeû&ºJı ≈[e (A—` z÷xnHÇ)"" ”è π°èz*ºêÇ Ø√ õeüIHm ≈[e ôBèT (πT|m◊) πõ”±&ôxK+` õœ —ç ûIæ õè¿z±[“Ç äÇ54ó

52. π√U| ±OÅ πz¿“—O OGè ôHv|ó õè¬º´T ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J πUz´ û±&º ±OÅ c&OHe vOè—≈ Iæ ≈è—| {U ä´ó wM[ Kdx —È 248ñ πc#eèøe {]° —. 8"" 53. ®æT «πz“±´è J≠#J ûx±# ”¥zïÇ “^ ôTÿz´ õeû&ºe[°v# ≈[e»"" õè¬º´T æF ôz[’—:T H”Ø±# πvH÷ wæm`xT {]û# ûO±—v´ “^ ôxa æE√J"" «J≠#J» vQJ nJ πz[—:Tû#| «®J¿ Oè”Y|» ºH´è ä´"" nJ vnJ v&z[—:T «πOè”Y| Jœ» æGè äv`ó ”è ±Oç™* ôR`ì ôæGèT"" ≥`≥\ v^c# vè—#W# vc#eèøe {]° zO≥”w;Jó —. 5-6"" πc#eèøeè eT H&÷^´ ºJÔH—´ ¿^c&´ dæGè mÃ´ H&Gè æÇIJ"" T°èºz% TçJw| c#eèøe ûä—W vâI v+z °`ez*ºëè eHû√ç ü}H&¢Çè eIO◊ æGçJ"" ±+çB H“I πW`Î ≈è”J {]° Gê dH πwH{]û# eT ôèƒT ºJzäX´ Hì π¿[c´ (BHzì´ ®æT fezì´) oÃ πzm√´ vc#eèøe ±Oè eHGä æOeHìJ"" O O]º ôw wM`æ πËÒ| π^dÄ´ oÃ æê^Jó û±&º Iæ ôè≈ c´ m≈}H{Jó Hì π¿[c´ º ôè≈ c´ ûm√´ Iæ πzm√´ æOeIJ"" 54. ô&dæºe 5" 25""

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vv&`OŒ ±Oè v&÷vm%T vâI vy{´ πTçäX´ πâHì´ H#w º÷ÛÄ™J""

°ıJ 05 û±&F vâI v&`OŒ zi[ç πv&ˆH+ Jœ PJô{ zkO"" õ—:∂T Iæ ¡I—#} ô¿[—"" π¡I—#} |`—#P «πm%è· ´—&º» ä´""55 T°èºz%T “H:Ç vôè≈ ±Oè c&—±\ v°ıJ ô^| O O]º Iæ õè√Jä´ H^dÄ´ eT º®◊H#"" õäc#T πÚzïÄ% (H#w¨Ç) ºJ®—#|è ôè≈ A—` æ®“H#"" c´ç |IJo ô^™*| c&—≈H# UI ^dÄ´è æI‹ç v‡èoI{Ä´ RFJ Iæ m%è· ºez`ÛH#"" ºJ—¿H voRJ õπzcnπ ôæI‡T"" eH±&F õìè HO”¿J æz“J"" v±&ºè ±Oè KÏ+—+ ®¿√U| HOE≈ ®cã"" vOè—≈ Iæ õè√H# “I T≈[ —:∂Tè õè¿®“ñ õç{Ä´ è”Yz*z% O÷—&º ÔJ—´ ¿x[ ôx`DT õè¿®÷# cP"" cIT æ[ıwÄ´ç πôw}ÅÄ´ πè—#ZÄ% πôÈçı c—≈ç πô≈Re c—≈ õá| ®æ±a z,¨√√T (õ±&º äv\)"" “I´ ≈è—| wIcv#| cÆ| v&¿`ewÄ´ πA—\ c´ BH#T ¿ä—÷ó W^™*{Ä´T zvzä"" {Im% JÕÄ´56 ”è ®¿çz% vm[v#| “H:Ç Iæ ôæH:wÄ´ ôw[^Ä´ó T°èºz%T vÜæH# πQOc—è —:JRd ä´"" zOJf πõçz%è õœ æ¥ œvI ûQwJ [œT z^^ Iæ ô®◊Ä´"" ôÏ+—+T Oè—√Ä´è |z´ “I´ ®√Hv| vÿ≈Úº zOHc#ó ûW^™*{Ä´ “^ ¿[c#"" πôw}ÅÄ´è πä—Y{z%è Y`Æ| z©|"" (πä—Y{z%) JR≈ û´—&º c&¿`c# z™—&´è æJû#ç ûT`ÿ Ô[cïÇç õ”[ïÇ “^ m%O´ πQ◊¿Ô´è ºOc”çH#ñ ®¿âI πQH´è æm◊H#""

55. eHwH m%è·¨Ç (m%è‚Ä´è «ûHI» eHQH# sè¿I¨Ç) πO O]º ´—&ºñ °ıJ 05èç @è ôezºæ"" «¡I—#}» |`—>P «πtè· Ÿ`ä|» RH| c&Gè nH# π®◊´ û«¡I» («Ÿ`») õç û«—#}» («tè·») ä´"" 56. «è”Yz*~» ®æT õz,—+æz% πW`Î ≈è”J Qe| ôæ¿HÇTó õçz% äÇ"" õz,—+ä| X&O| eHGä wI; è—#W# v&U|T û®^c&´ “^ ıo` ûGã h#O~è ôæäüw|T"" W`Î ≈è”J õçz%è YH#e ÖæIè (ô≈Re U—dè) æ®≈T ºûx`T äv["" «{Im% JÕÄ´» πQH´ πè—#W#è dæGè π™,±a z,¨√√è Jœ ä´"" «zOJf πçz%è õœ æ¥ œvI ûQwJ [œT z^^ Iæ» ûR´◊z% vÚ| πè—#W# õç| «O÷—&º ÔJ—´ ¿x[ ôx`DT» E¿´ äv["" è—#W#R õè¬F ºH π¿[c ”ç Jœ v&ê[´ ôJ“´è πeTè| ÆOz% Jœ ôÏ+ ºØpx ôæ®`eTñ ®`fT Oè”Yz%è ôºe®e≈T (RH|ñ c#eèøe ôæmR´T) äv[""

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ºè —&±+ ”è è—#XÇè ûÖæHïÇ m≈O´ ÖæJ ôd∫"" W^™*z% æ§èè c&ºæ õπa÷ v“I´ Iæ ô´_ Gäv|"" BH#èT ôè√Ç dºez`Ò ÔÀ|"" ôx≤ïÄ% —¿J —v# -- πA—_´ c´ç —v_¨Ä% vô—í%v| y{ õeû&—≈I;Ä´ ≈[e"" π“H:Ä%è ê õè¬s`÷# |õ≤≥ c÷#"" (ÄxÄy´) cÚ´è y{ ô∆^è UI´"" ô&z,—+èç ®æ±a z,¨√√è üH#v| ¿xaÇ (zâÇ) ô®[√;Ä´ó v°x`T zmvI;Ä´"" πzs[÷´è π÷I|è ê x≤z%è w∫ —&±+ ûı ºH ¿e{ z¿cz%"" vOc&K# Iæ π≈J OèÔe ºd[Ô´è õ”±&ôxK+`èT ôOc—ã|"" û“I´ õœ ºe◊H#|è ûx|T HzR[û#wÄ´ OHc#IÄ´""

°ıJ 06 û±&F vâI è—#XÇè Oè—√Ä´è H&ºmã ®cãó T°èºz%T õè√cv#| º¿`“H#ó õè¿zç—\| æÔÈRH#"" √™, πQwH´è “I HO´“| ®¿ ®œ E¡"" “I´ (√™,è) «πâHì´“I»57 æH™J"" c¨Ç ”è eIdORÄ´ «√™,»58 æH#{J"" (è—#W#) ®¿±&º πE¡v| T°èº| (√™,) v´—&º πQ—ÿRÄ´ñ πRæhj eHOcIÄ´ äv`"" «õ±&F ôH» ûôI;Ä´ y{ c&¿`c# ô÷#|ó (ºHv|è) y{´è ÔJ—´ ôI—í%|T"" õèed™* T`¢ç Y“™* ´—&º c&º÷# —&±+ ûcæ◊è “^ HO™“|ç πôM≤xè äıe H&R`û#v| ®cãó πõç`ºèñ πyièñ π‘O`è c¨Ç ÷\™Ä´çñ «°`ez*ºêÇ Bã» ôI;Ä´"" Gãó π°`e|ç ÿTm| z÷Om%""59

57. ôä“—\ úaU¨Ç úaUÇè «“I» πQI;Ä´ ºeOeIJó üH# û°`ez*ºêÄ% cTz´ H&Gè æÇIJó ®æT õ´ä|T πäc# O÷]º êbJ"" ”è æFè πQH´ πH:è∆ã oÃ xÅ eHGä πc™e´ eMz| wæê`v|Tñ vôû^ü] —#√æ Iæ wè≈ Oeü] ûRº÷^ÿ` ´dé Iæ HO≈[e ôæÅJT"" û˚&πç´ oÃ ´eÿ (vmÃ πÿènm, —>≈H| T°èº|) OYO\ vPH# dæm√ m`~J"" 58. v”Ø≥ «¿™,» RH| «vj{» RH| ä´"" ”è {¬º HTè «¿™,» ôIH#|T? c&ºkÒ æGè? BHzìTñ √™, õç Õ™* πôè≈ ‘d πzHº∫ O÷]º¨Ç HOGçÄ´ Re[Õ πHèT"" õè¬º´T ôæ¿H#T RHz% Hõ´äz% æm`wJó T°èºz%Tñ «Õ™*» RH| «õwx» RH| eHGä ôw wM`æ æ®¡|T æ÷mPv|T äv`"" 59. ±Oã O“v&| 27 mè 1575 Æ. T. ä´ó wM[ Kdx —. 248""

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°ıJ 07 π®`≈ôº PJô{ πê ®J¿ °è}eè (π”≤|) A—` v®“ —&±+ ôhäÔ´ç T`¢´è ôe◊H´ó x±#T —¿H"" ”Rh#èT —¿J õeû&—v# ≈[e ôd¿√Ä´"" KÏ+—+ õeû&OHc# ≈[e A—\è (õè¬F) ÷vm"" KÏ+—+ c&OHc# A—]~è v®J¿ °è}e |“|ç ´—&º z÷xn ô—ò|"" v±&F T°èº| πv+{Ä´ —+{ ô≈`—´ vOè”Yz% BH# Iæ ôcH÷ã|""

°ıJ 08 πy[è PJô{ π√U|è °`ez*ºêÇ ô√ûRÄ´ó v{zçÄ´ó ô—^Ä´è ô÷Û´"" vc# ±Oè h™ç √U| T≈[ v√ Gã"" ôè≈ —&±+ π“Iè ≈Jñ ôè≈ —&±+ π°`ez*ºèè ≈J xÈıñ «≤_ Ièzñ ä— HH+IF» πQH´ πOÈKı JR≈ ä´""60 ≈JT ôè≈ —&±+ H±&Fì´ñ ôè≈ —&±+ H±&ºì´ ä´"" BJ—&±+ πQºhèı πBH# vIæ πGä ôè≈ õ”±&ôxK+` (xÅ) ä´"" A—]z%T võÀ (v“I´ õœ) —wÇó πz[Ô πHT"" æF OÈKı vzËÔv| —&±+ πv&ˆH+ Jœ πPJô{ h#O| cw| ÆO| Gê{J""61 HTeH+ J–Ç (ä—≈) ”≥^|ç h#O| —ç vO±“ | Iæ çÄ´"" v±OçÄ´ πQGä´è ´—&ºç õJm*| vMæ®| üHB vâI õÈÔ™HB"" ûU|û#T {]û+èç πQO◊´è H#w {]° H+H:Ç æÈÒ{J"" ”è πUz xÎ#Ø ä´ó ô`Û

°ıJ 09 ≠™m*¨Ç (õè¬F õºH#) x±# T`T` æOÔ^H#ó «õì x±#¨Çñ πŸ` OX]ºÇè x±# Gê dH “I õèƒ| ºhèÔçJ?» æIH#"" «vÜ÷&ô{Çè T°èº| õ”±&ôxK+` Ôm¿H|» πQH# ôH#"" «M≥wÇè ûÆY` Í{ eHzûÔH ä´"" ûäc# éÿ ±÷í% Í{ û´—&º ôæm`v#Tó vı`D{Ä´T ôºı\T"" ÆY[ì´ Í{ ”è πzÅH´è ºFJ æ™“Jñ æ“¿IJ» πQJT ôH "" tÿ^Çè x±# æBè õèÃ ´—&º πQÇH# ÿm*}Çñ ®¿ ´—&º πRæm`v# x±#¨Ç çÄ´"" ûäc# éÿ ôè¡ñ tÿ` πH+IÄ´ πOä¢d| ®—è ä´"" õè¿±&F {]° ÁKÚç õè¿c# x÷+¨Ç vJœäz% v|TF`| Iæ dH Oäû=c+¨Ç c&¿JH#| πQOäû=e ôHó ´—&º Ô`} πQOäû=e ôH""

60. Tè‹ ôJ{®mT"" 61. 1586 Æ. T. OGã ä´""

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BHzì´ ®—è ¿xz^ æwIH#"" OËMız%èç π°Fä|è Y^ BH# æR^H#ó võÕÄ´ º¤v‡wH#ó võ”^Ä´ ºhvjwH#62"" eHı`D{Ä´ ôºı\T"" TdH+ä|è πôaè J–Ç ûGã| ûH+™´ºèç ûüFç| æ®e√H#""63 fezì´ ®—è ∂è KÁç õç ∂è OÆW_ æwIH#"" ı`≈ æ÷xnH#ó û´—&ºT æ÷vnH#"" ô^zì´ ®—è πO£èè| Qe}Çç ®æ≤≥aÇ64 ¿“ˆÇ çÄ´ó ÖæHì ®è∆Çñ ÷èü^ ‘JRfÇ (Gä´ dH) ®¿´—&º ôæm`v#T"" «πc+}Ç H:H+¨Ç äè» æIH#"" ôTezì´ ®—è jR”H+ñ —±+ñ vÆH è| æwIH#ó O_{Ä´è H—v_ ôüıH´ º≥±#{Jó vı`D{Ä´ ôºı\T"" e≈ezì´ ®—è —v_¨Ç çÄ´ó õì Iæ æÍH#ó eH´—&º ôè√ÇT Kdx πIÄ´T"" cwzì´ ®—è vè”≈ πQ÷mPç H^dÄ´ πQºz`Ò çÄ´"" eTèzì´ ®—è õè¿ ôèÿ[ïÇñ ÁKÚ¨Çñ (Jxe/p√) cÚ¨Çñ ôç÷&¨Ç ºH# õç õä±&Fè πQOeH# ÿvvïÇ çÄ´ó ´—&º ôº´m%T"" ±÷äì´ Í{ JOçè Y^ º¿[—# ô≥R]¨Çñ wHûva¨Çñ wHv—ç¨Ç çÄ´"" πc◊Ä´è æw`û#{Jó x÷#J Te“çç ´√c+ ûèz% æc÷#{J"" ºJc◊Ä´è c&^—P| õ√ ôæGèwÄ´Tó M“Çè ä´ æIH#"" û´—&º v[œP æ`nH#"" ÆY[ì´ Í{ Ÿ`ç “i πQæ±#ñ ´—&º πQÇH#ñ «H\fi πè—#W#è ÔH”»65 πQûzH# çÄ´"" vä±&F ÿm*|ä| T°èº| ô—^Çè ÷ÛÇ"" “I ”è õä±&F ºäXçÄ´ ±÷î ®—êÇ πH#v|T"" BH#T û¿m*o õeû JCo H´—&{ πWH÷ã çÄ´"" eH±&F º÷ÒçJñ

62. vvÆI| mè ûv+z °`ez*ºè c&º—H”H# πQº¿`—#|è ®[x RHz% ä´"" 63. πxH#æ û&√è üFç|"" 64. «®æ≤≥`» πv+z Oè”Yz% c+}Ç (J≠#Iz%) çÄ´"" (ÿè| ®è∆ÇT vnH# æ÷\v| äv["") è—#W# ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J æFèè |èzç ûcR vâI «¿“ˆÇ»T v´|≈`ç õè¬º—H”H# ≠™œ ôeä”bJ æwIJ"" 65.«ôc[ è—#Y H[™*È» Tè‹ OÜJæ 7" 5 ä´"" ”è ôw wM`æèç H+H:Ä%èT OTF^è õè¿OcIÄ´ «ôc`» õ±&F Iæ «ÔH”» (eT) RH| ôæ¿HTó «÷Ô[» (”Y) RH| ä´"" GêT «ÔH”» OeI;Ä´ è—#Y c&º÷Û ÿÛz%è õè¬º`T ôezºπ| πQcÿv|ñ c&ºdT` πQOc—|v| Hè—#Y xÅ πQcÿ «ôc[ è—#Y» πQwJ πoé Ææä| Ôÿ[™Jó á\æ ®J¿ YIc+ñ OÈKÔ oéñ (ô¬e ôvw) 09)1 ÆO| õT≈á[ J¿z% H°`e}eñ —. 8.

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æÔÀçJ"" «(“I´) võ”±&ôxK+` |õ≤≥ æÔ çJ» πQH# πõe^ô+J J–Çè Ohäıç vÛ`eç vwv&H:è õœ OÿÛ{Ä´è T°èº| ºO◊H#"" «z™—& πQºhèı v&GèR êa °v#`ç J≠#J ûGä´ ûõ”±&ôxK+` ±è≈ Rè õ`√{ æHTè äv[? x±#¨Ç ÿm*}Çè v&ºhèÒñ ‘ôè¡ ôè¡è h& ºw`^Ä™Jó BHz% ÆY\è h& ºd≈√;Ä™J’66 πQH´ πOÈKı nJ ûèz% vGä äv`» æIH#"" ≠®™m*¨Ç Gæñ πQ{Oä´ πO O]º¨Ä% ®æT πâHïÄ% zû^ü]¨Ç nJ õè¿Gä õçèz {´nIÇB""

°ıJ @ õè”¬F ®¿ “I´ ±+ç õèOHe"" |çèkÄ%%è J–Ç «PfiØ» æIÄ™Jó vHÿ πQH#|è «ô+JRè» æIÄ™J"" ûäc# πQvJ÷#|èñ O™“| πQ T\|è «—:`wõ» æIÄ™J"" ºJz—±\|è ‘JRfÇ--πê ÷—#^Ä´è õè¿ ‘^67 πQºjPç «ûHI» πQH#|è--«sè¿I»68 æIÄ™J"" c´ñ ≥Gèñ ôèvdñ ô´^]eñ ‘j c&—≈H# ûRFJ ^dÄ´ Iæ m%è· (|z´) æIfiH#ó ºJ—¿H ”è ôæI‡T""69 Qe| c&º—v#T üJ—¿H# ôæI‹T"" vPJô{ ±Oè —:j (eH)vH#ñ «ûvIä´ ûx| ä´ó eè—≈H´ ^dÇèè ôèI‡» ôH#"" ”RkÄ%T ve≈x ôä“—`ñ

66. ±√”T 32" 30"" 67.fez%T oœ¨Ç v”JÈ «‘^» æIH#"" —#æ¬ «Ö^» (®{¿`) xH: H´Ÿ{J"" õ`”ÿ ®{¿aÇ v±&ºè ±Oè OHø™Ä´ π÷—#^Ä´ ôW^` õè¿äv[ û”^î ôä“—` HO[√| æÅIJó ”^î H®[^ ºcHÛÄ´è ®{¿aÇ πŸ` ±ƒ c&ä”^Ä´ñ «÷—#^ÇBè õè¿ °èz*ºêÇ xäæ ¿™ («π¿™ J–Ç»?) ôjP» RHz% v”JÈ wæ—wT ®{¿aÇ πzHπ π÷—#` ôv◊÷` õè¿äv^Ä´ æ÷m%RJó Basset, Histoire de la conquête de l’Abyssinie, Vol. I, p. 327, for the text, and Vol. II, p. 436, for the translation. 68. sè√I ôR`ìT ä´ó HTdH+ñ OÜJæ 5" 11Iæ «sè√I´ πz≥[Ô[Ô ä´» πQH´è zOJû|"" 69. õ±&F Iæ mÃ¨Ä% πzddz% æOeIH#"" BHz%T πQH#| õè¿ d¡I «ûRFJ ^dÄ´ Iæ |èj ÷—#` æIfiH#» ä´"" Hõ´äz% πQm`v´ ”è õè¿ m%è· «|èj ÷—#` |z´ æIfiH#» RHz% ä´ó °ıJ 05è zOJû|"" ”^î v±èz^ Ÿèä| c&®≈oñ «õè”ƒFe ôèz ûU|°Jè ÷I| ÷ÛJè» v&H#|ñ «õé OÄ U|û# m%è‚T m%è‚T J–Ç ®JÕHB» ôH πQwH´T z¤R] R[Qº ä´ó Caquot, “Histoire Amharique de Grñ et des Glls,” p. 129.

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«πh™èç πôTK^è c¨Ç eè—≈J ^dÇèè ôèI‡ó T°èºz%T õäc# πQç—\ ûx}Ç çÄ´ó O™“| ôæÇH#T» ôH#"" “I BH#ñ H#wT Gä mè∆Iñ Qe| ºI—v#| «m,a»70 æwIH#"" πH#w´ m,a ûH#w “^ñ πsè¿I´ ûsè¿I “^ñ π—v\ m,a û—v` “^ vôè≈ v+| æê^H#"" csI (cmI) HOY^| Dº πQºFH# c¨Ç ækRH#ó «ô `z%» æI;Ä™J"" ¿”U Hv_ ô[√ ækRH#71ó (õä±&F) «mJ{» æwIH#"" ¿”U Y“ πQ÷xc# õç õπs[÷# HBH#T vt`ÿ vt`ÿ õû#J πQº≈H# BH|72 c´ ækRH#ó «™–»73 æI;Ä™J"" ¿”U πBH#èT IUÇ ®z| πQºJv# ôTe|72 ®è∆Ç ækRH#ó eRÄ´ «KHx∆»74 ä´"" ¿”U ®z| HOo√| BH|72 ækRH#ó Hºè√è¡ vOHû&º ºüıIH#ó eRÄ´ «ÿC}» ä´"" ¿”U Hûx| õ—√ cw| c¨Ç ækRH#ó (õä±&F) π÷Û´èT (ûx|) æÔJ“H#ó eRÄ´ «v`w∆»75 ä´"" ¿”U ûRFIÄ´ BH| æO`÷#ç ®¿c+| πQE¿´è õè¬—YÁ#ç õè¬m÷# ækVÄ™Jó (õä±&F) «‘`d»76 æwIH#"" æF (ûc+|) O÷vnÄ´ HŸ`ä| πäm% πz—# õè¬Gã ä´ õèÃ HÈ≈o ôæ¿HT"" º—w πQºev´ Qez%è πQºe¿e|v|è (ä—`) ä´""77 ¿”U (c&’±#) ûx| πQä¡ ÆY` πQGã c¨Ç ækRH#"" eRÄ´ «÷´z%»78 ä´"" ûäc# ´eÿ Qe| HR”w| πÔH— æHæç vv+z% æê^Jó «œJCü»79 æH#{J""

70. «sè√I» πQH´è nJ ôR`ì º¿[—#|è ôw}Ç TdH+ vR≈[” «m,a»è "bacheler" HQH´ πõè”H&≥ nJ Oz`—:Qº R≈[” õèÇIHè"" õäc#T ®e¿´| æGçJó «äÛî ±—`» πQwH´ W^™*| c&ˆ°`ñ «±—` m*a dæ™“ ≈J æäd» ºH´è ûøKèe/ôõIı c—≈ {]° ´eÿ —. 20 Iæ zOJû|"" 71.mJ{¨Ä% eè| õè¿Gã vtÿ` ºJzç—[´ tÿ\è mÃ veMz| v&—≈Ô´ æGçJ"" 72.πtÿaÄ% Räe π‘d¨Ä%è O÷è ºdºJ"" ÖæIÄ´ x≤{Ä´ dæGè O¿^ {Ä´ æOeIJ"" 73. ™√ (÷vc) ûQH´ ”Y π®◊"" 74. «KHx∆» «ôIv&¨Ç» RH| ûGä «ôHv» ûQH´ ôR`ìç «KHv» ûQH´ ”Ø≥ “^ ºH´ ”èí%ä| {]ü™* õèÃ ô“◊Q H&Gè ôæÇJT"" 75. «v`w√» «ÔH—» ûQH´ ”e π®◊ ä´"" 76. «‘`d» RH| «Oü]» RH| ä´"" 77. ôè¿ì paè}e 7" 33"" 78. «÷´z%» «õ[ì»"" 79. «œJCü» «Qe| º—w õ[ì»""

page075-094 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 page 18 ±+çB H“I - vôR`ì 93

jR”H+´è «TJ—>∆»80 æH#{J"" õc#T v&Gè õè¿®è≈UÅÇè õè¿ ±Ê81 õç õè¿ ôw K^82 v◊T üJ¿ûO û´—&º ôº`ıT"" °Û| HR≈[” πQz“ ÷I| õè¿ì º—í πHT"" ¿” HOY^| πQz“ —+{ç è—#YT õè¿ì º—í πHT"" õ”±&ôxK+` õeû [œT ±Oèç x±# —&±+ æ÷xm´ó83 æIJ wM`æ""

80.«TJ—>∆» «jR”H+»"" õä±&Fè BH# πúaU nI| v+û&è”DT õç Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ ®¿ õè”H&≥ì z`—>O™Ä™Jó C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, “Some Records of Ethiopia,” pp. 111-129. (πá√” Re{®i¨Ä%è zOJû|"") 81. πjR”H+´ eT ±„ôH&Ÿe ä´ó vW`Î ≈è”J {]° éÿ z¿“”U zäYz™J"" v±&ºè ±Oè eTè õè¿±&F Rd÷` æ®¡ äv[ó Æey (≠ev)ñ ÆT∆ (≠T¿)ñ z≥üa (z≥ü[)ñ Oè—∆ (Oè—¿)ñ Ö¿a (Ö¿[)ñ °ıH: (°ıH) æH# äv["" JR¡è ûúaU¨Ç ®e¿´| æGçJó «÷&ê»ñ «v`w∆»ñ «KHx∆» πQH´è zOJû|"" 82. ôw K^ ≈è”J ü}H&¢Ä%è vOn®T Ho≈eç voz´ —≈J zÈÎÄ™Jó EMML 69, William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 71. 83. è—#W# ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J äv[""

page075-094 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 page 19 BL Or. 534, f. 1a.

õeüBè ûz—í%| π±+çB H“I oœ¨Ç ôè¡"" (—È 63-66 Iæ zm≈~J"")

page075-094 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:39 page 20 TØ^ı

“I/úaU

¡Sd {ô&ñ ™n ô#™*dó ¤p`d {ô&ñ HÔ ô#™*d""

¿Oç Bèñ cR∫è ôJxc´ó c`∆ Bèñ O_z%è ôIxc´""

πúaU jR”H+¨Ç T`n|

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 1 π¿v#x ô&|øÂº úaU¨Çè º÷ç ôæû+ Dv`Iè≈""

(ˆ}”^ı ôèh&" Karl Heinz Striedter, Frobenius-Institut)

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 2 " «±+çB H“I»è õç eHúaU¨Ç πQwH´è vævJÿ HO[√| Oä“—]º H&Gã πQÇH#|è ™ç ™ç —#√øÇ õè√eÔI—&äz% v±&F TØ^ı w‡\T v[ÃPT õπzÄB ôm`wÄ™HB""

(1) “I ®æe úaU

úaTì zç“]¨Ç «“I» πQH´è eT ûOÿI{Ä´ vÚ| Ta πä—≈ eRÄ´ «úaU» õè¿Gä æç—^H#"" H+H:ÇT úaU õè¬I;Ä´ ≤_ —Òv| õèÃ eP ûÿè| πê[ HOGã wÏ+ TåJ° ±Oè πäv\ ô} ≠ÌSç ôHn {π æOc°^H#"" π{]° Tè·Ä% ”èñ v±&º´T zºæ¥ õeû o`x —&±+ ≈[e H+H:ÇTñ πQ÷bÄ´ «“I» õºH# ä´"" v±&F ≈`cz, ´eÿ BHz% eUÇ õπzÔ^[m% v&O÷# «“I» πTè·Ä% «úaU» πé ô÷^` Gä´ ä´""

(2) π“I |`—>T

«“I“I“I» RH| |`—>P Tè õè¿Gä ôæ{®oTó πRæ{®m´è HR®o x±#¨Ç (±Oç™* ÁKÚ¨Ç dæm\) c&U°\ æ{ºH#"" ôè¿ìñ m¿T xH´ π®÷# πM≥xç πy{ eUÇ |`—>RÄ´ v—&±+´ dæO±—x ûm[ ®æT vuèuÇè ´eÿ Mº´ üJGä πzÁ´∞ eT v&GãT õè¿ «≤ı»ñ «÷I»ñ «Ô[e» π±Oè `≥O| |`—>RÄ´è ¿xpwÄ™J"" ”è õè¿c´ eT õè¿ «ôcÛ»ñ «OKO≈»ñ «—H{»ó õè¿y{ eT õè¿ «ôFº Ôœ»ñ «ä‡ X`»ñ «∆a Räm*º»ñ «ôK¡ ØÌ» πzÁ´∞ eUÇ eHGã |`—>RÄ´ ºJ÷Û õπOcHè HR®o õèÔJ“Hè"" eèÔJ” c© ≥T xH: πÔ÷[´è |`—>T õç—îç õ´ä| ô≈`—è õèæ±™Hè1"" «“I»ñ «ôR^»ñ «h™»ñ «—:ÕT»ñ ®±z vQH#| eUÇ Iæ π¿[c´ æ§´

1. πé x÷+´ OTF`T «æ§èè πÔ÷^´è {]° HØ´mz% ºFJ Ø®m%|ó õè¿ õ´äzì {]° Oz[üÇBè ”è z©» v&Hè õh& ôèH´T"" HTdH+ñ «÷OèÕ» RH| «÷x OèÕ» ûQH´ πO◊ ä´ πQH´è Re◊J ôJzÅHT"" ±Oã πOTF` nJ πRæûv`v| ±Oè vOGãñ «÷OèÕ»/ «÷vèÕ» πz%`° nJ Gê ûì π¿[c´ vÆ[xì vû#J ä´ó π±&Fè πz%`° nJ |`—>T «÷x OèÕ» HR≈[” O O]º z%`¢Çè ôR`ì zç“]¨Ç R≈[” ºeÔJ“J» v&wJT x±# cQ ôJz—íT""

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 3 98 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

ä´ó õ´äzì |`—>RÄ´ õeüBè ôJz—íT"" «≤ı» HTè «≤ı» õè¿zwH T°èº| v&ê[´Tñ ºèè T°èº| ôBè õè¿Rçóñ Hõä±&F ä—∆Çç y{¨Ç HTè æ§ Ææä| eT õè¿zc◊Ä´ πQ{Oè Ø´m| πHèT"" «“I|» πQJ π”Ø≥ nJ ôHó ”è «“I» û”Ø±# «“I|» “^ ”èí%ä| æã[´ ôæã[´ õ`”÷ì ôæ¿HBT"" v”Ø≥ «“I|» x±# tÿ` Gê |`—>P «‡ıaÇ» RH| ä´"" ®¿âI ±Oè πzËÒ| üJGã vm` m¿T ºH#| Tè·Ç úaU¨Çè wè≈T vx±#T «“I» æI;Ä™Jó x±#¨Ä%è «“I|» («‡ıaÇ») ®æT «“H:Ç» πQI;Ä´ BH+T wæGè ôx≤ì´è —&±+ πo`v# ±Oè Tè·Ç çÄ´ó eH±&F «“I» π«“I|» ä÷I tÿ` ä´ HRH| ôºe¿ı`T"" ôHn û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+T «“I»è õç «“I|»è dººæ±# HπxÅÄ´ πO±—w;Ä´ eH±&F ä´2"" æFT Gêñ «“I|» π«“I» x±# v&Gè zeRQ´ ä´ó T°èºz%T ôè¿ìñ πePè ÿè{™*ä| ºdºJó BHzìTñ Tè·Ä% «‡ı^» πQH´è ûúaU¨Ç πz®c¿ nJ ô≈`—´ |`—>P «πõaT{ñ vôè≈ä| π”` xH: cJı» RH| õè¿Gä æç—^H#"" «v‡ı^ ôTdH “I» RH| «õè¿ “I v‡ı^ (vzç÷J dæGè vôè≈ä|ñ võaT{ HO´“| OcHı)» RH| ä´"" π”Ø±# Tè·Ç õeIUÇè «õeIT» ®æT «OHdæ»ñ úaU¨Çè «“I» eHQI;Ä´ «“I» πQH#| °èz*ºèT õeITT ºJGä´è ä´ ºcìJ"" ”è úaU ºæ¿H#|èç °è|çè ®æT õeJTçè ºJzmvH#|è H+H:Ä%è ô&|øÂº´ºè «“I» ôæI;Ä´T"" «“I» πDæRê| xÅ dæGè π“^ uèu ºIÄ´ c¨ÇT (πä—≈T eT) OGã ôº÷^ÿ`T"" °è|çè ®æT õeJTçè πzmvH#|èT wFIÄ´ñ uèuÄ´ úaTì õeûGä ≈[e «“I» æI;Ä™J"" (3) πúaU ôè≈ä| GêT æF BH#èT «“I“I“I» xH: ÷oII ô÷^` úaTì zç“]¨Ç ôè≈ v+| (v+zv+z “I“I) HOGçÄ´ Re[Õ ôæGèT"" {Ç {Ç ”xÈ (Lower Egypt) vôem,ÿe —√R| πQê\|è Oä¢d| ûTØ^x vû#J õπO÷# πQ±`Û<Ä´è v`vaÇ OÈKˆÅÇè «v`v` πQwJ “I» æI;Ä™J3"" v`vaÇèç úaU¨Çè vôè≈ eT õè¬÷bÄ´ º¿[“Ä´ Tè≈è ä´? «Ô[èœ» õè¿RH| ä´ó Hì æTcHè õèÃ Ô[è–Ç πTèIÄ´ BH# ôè≈ v+| (v+zv+z Ô[èœÔ[èœ) ôæ¿H#T""

2. û&®° OÈKÔ c™e´ ®”e ®O≥—v nI| K¬e —. 317"" 3. HTdH+ñ ´√c+ R`ºT o√c+ R`ºTñ —. 206-11""

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 4 “I/úaU 99

H+I TdH+ñ ûô´a¯ Oÿz´ ôS]ü´ºè πGã| («Ô[è–Ç») m≈O™Ä´ ô—\è πº±#|è «ô&è¬ºèe» («Fè∆Ç») æI;Ä™J"" «Fè∆Ä%» ”è «Fè∆Ç» OwIÄ´èT Gä õè¿ ôè≈ M≥x O{π{Ä´è ôæmvH#T"" zeRQ´ TdH+ ”è πÆ[yÇ Bé{ ä´"" ôè≈ uèu (Æ[xì)ñ ôè≈ OèÔd™* O] (äv&∫ OKO≈) ôIÄ´ó c& T\T x±# ‘d ”è ôè≈ ä—≈ ®æT ôè≈ M≥x äv\"" vâI õè¿ c#√è ºH#|è H+H:Ç M≥yÇ DæRê{Ä´èç uèuÄ´è vR´[e ôd[w;Ä´ (Æ[yÇ ô¿[’Ä´)"" Tè·Ä% πúaU¨Ä%è Bé{ v±&F OJ° ä´ πQºm`v#|ó HTdH+ñ «“I ±æxJ¨ y[è» («y[è πQwJ “I») RH| «◊H&ºè πQH#| Ô[èœ» ®æT «ç¸G πQI;Ä´ Fè∆Ç» õè¿RH| ä´"" ôHn {π —x[ R`ºTT æFè Jx vRH| πQwH´è c&ä”\èñ û±&º (—+{Ä´è ô≥RÇ õè≈`ºeè û—¿H#v|) ±Oè Ta õeû ôÏ+ OH° c—≈ (W`Î ≈è”J) ±Oè ≈[e v°`ez*ºèç v“I OAûJ BH”±+ ÷xç Ÿ`ä|ñ Bû|ñ O“¿JT Gäó eH±&FT õä±&º v“Iè ®è≥ eHäv\ “I zwH#"" π“I ®—èT BH# vÿoH# v±&F eT “I zwH"" ÿè| ”è π“H:Ç vÿoH# wè≈ πQ÷\v| eT ôJäv^Ä´Tó ww}ÅÄ´ eT vπä—√Ä´ v`z%R y[ç æwH# äv` æIH# xH´ ä”[´çJ4"" æF õTä| πäv[´ úaU¨Ç ôè≈ eT v&ê^Ä´ wæê^Ä´ J∫ä| vRºO◊v| ±Oè eHGä {]û# H&{Oè πQÇJ æOeIJó ˙Hz*ü πHv|T"" GêT wFJèñ vzHπT uèuèñ O—OÅ ü¿[”è úaTì zç“]¨Ç ôè≈ä| v&ê^Ä´T wæê^Ä´Tñ ôè≈ eT v&ê^Ä´T wæê^Ä´Tñ c& T\ ôè≈ Ææä| M≥x äv\"" ôw wM`æT õè√è≈ M≥x ä´ πQºæ™Ä´""

(4) úaU¨Ç ûH+H:Ç æHºH#? úaU¨Ç ô&|øÂº û{∫v| —&±+ Ta «c&√R» ûQH#| M≥x “^ (ûc&√UÇñ ûôRaÇñ ûô—¨Çñ ®±z) vıo`T v÷HÛT æ“v# äv["" vDæRê| üJGä «c&√R¨Ç» «“H:Çè» v±` õû#øÇç zOddøÇ õèÃ J∫¨Ç ®æT ûızïÇ ®æT ≥ozïÇ ô≈`—´ ôI∫™Ä´T"" uèuÄ´ û#d™* ®æT üR™* eHGä Hc#RH+¨Çñ

4. JE692E, p. 582. ûô≥RÇ õè≈`ºe “^ eI¿[—#| ”‡| πQwH´ û±&F mÿH: (tÿ` 6 ´eÿ) zÈÛ

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 5 100 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

Hô—¨Ç Hv+Õ¨Ç vôè¿ì ¿[Õó uèuÄ´ c+R™* HGä HôRaÇñ H|”_¨Çñ H—#^—+¨Çñ Hô¿_¨Ç õç uèuÄ´ úS{™* HGä HúS}¨Çñ H—&Q^¨Çñ HÕèŒa¨Ç vBHzì ¿[Õ ºm`wÄ™J"" û#d™*/üR™*ñ c+R™*ñ úS{™* õä±&F fez% vûızì ¿[Õ «®è≈RRÇ ôw| uèu¨Ç» OGçÄ´ ä´"" πôè¿ì õç πBHzì ¿[Õ ≥T≈çÄ´ πôè≈ ôw| ®æT πôè≈ ôº| J–Ç õè¿OGè RH| ä´"" π[œT —&±+ T`T` º¿[—´è Òç™*´è ôæû+ DvÌè≈èñ «≤_ πcSèç π¿v#x wFI™* zn`ê v&‘ITñ ô&|øÂº ôè≈ ôè≈ä| ºH´ wFJ ô—` GçHÇ»5 ûQJ õTä| º¿[c´ πM≥v# O≤O≈ ä´"" v±&F ô“◊Q BH| ä—aÇ Re{®e ºeÔJ“Jó ôè¿ìñ û#d™*/üR™* uèu¨Ç ûôı]ü ´› zç“] πIÄ´T"" ıÁ#T ôı]ü´ºè çÄ´"" π´› HOGè KS| õè£è v&O◊ ûôı]ü ´› zç“] wIÄ´ vc+R™* uèu¨Ç õèÃ vû#d™*/üR™* H&O◊ ôæÇJT"" BHzìñ úaTì ûc#RJìñ ûoRè|ì (ûô—´ì) ®±z “^ ºè≈ ôw| Jœ ûGä úaU¨Ä%è ûä±&F Hæ} vo`x —&±+ û®¬º R∆ O÷# HRH| ºeÄ”^J"" ôæû+ DvÌè≈ eH “√ Y`Æ| πc÷´è (û{Ç vá√” tÿ` 28 e` π÷meû#|è) ôezºπ| õ±&F û÷meû#H| “^ ôm^`vè xçπ´ πô&|øÂºè M≥x ôè≈ä| xÅ dæGè vô&|øÂº {]° éÿ ºH ôè≈ |Jo õèpoJj H&Ô{JèT æÇIJ"" õè¿Tçe{ć´ñ πô°c#T «ä—Y{|» eT «õH» πQJ Oäi ôH´ó HTdH+ñ «õH ÆQ√»ñ «õH ôH√ñ «õH ô≥’’»ñ «õH —v≥» πQwH#|è «ä—Y{|» õçe{é"" π«õH» |`—>P «õä» ä´ó x±# tÿ`è ºOH°{J"" BHzìñ v±&F nJ ûQ T\ eUÇ

5. Haberland, Untersuchungen, p. 219. Dv`Iè≈ v¿v#x ô&|øÂº °`e|ç zeÛı} õè¿äv[ HRe[√| è””` c&º¿`” ¿”U õ”[ Oè—¡è õè¬F æIJó “Die so häufig zu findende Apostrophierung der Amhara als “Semiten” im rassischen und auch im kulturellem Sinne ist rein Phantasie. (Es ist unmöglich, einen linguistischen Namen auf den rassischen Befund zu übertra- gen). Die meisten Völker Äthiopiens, wie z. B. die Galla oder die Kaffa oder die Agau -- die Urbevölkerung Nord-Äthiopiens --, haben das gleiche Ausse- hen wie die Amhara und Tigray” (“æ§ x±# —&±+ πQ—í´ ôRaÇè v±`ç vwFJ [—≈ ûc+R´ºè R—◊÷T ıÁ#T oµ| ä´"" (ôè≈è πuèu eT ®¿ ±` ”î| RezIHı ôæÅJT"") ôx≤ì´ πô&|øÂº M≥xñ HTdH+ “H:Ç ®æT ûıÉÇ ®æT -- cSè ô&|øÂºè vÿè{™* M≥xä| πº±# -- ô—¨Ç OJüÄ´ º´ πôRaÄ%ç π|”_¨Ä% Ææä| ä´""”) Eike Haberland, “Altes Christentum in Süd-Äthiopien”, p. 3.

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 6 “I/úaU 101

“^ ôxa πQE¿´ ”YT x±# tÿ` ä´ó HTdH+ñ «ä”W#» (ä—W#)ñ «Uz%» (Uz%) æIJ"" «õH» õç ”W# πQºOH°z%| x±#ä|è ûGäñ æF ô°c#R™* π—µ* eT ô®◊ÿ ôw wM`æ v°ıJ 4 eH H#w ûËÒJè úaR™* π—µ* eT ô®◊ÿ “^ zOddæ ä´¢"" õä±&F eUÇ πä—Y{z% dæGã õè¿ «YH#e ÖæH+»ñ õè¿ «SJwM» π—µ*´ W^™*| eUÇ æOeIH#"" «”W# x±# tÿ` πGä´ è—#W#è HR°v` ä´» πTèH´ v&Ä”[è ä´ó v”Ø≥ c&Ëı è—#ZÇè vx±# tÿ` ”Y R°v` πz O[´ vo`x —&±+ ä´"" ≤¨ÇT zOddæ πÆ´¿ ”≤| (“√) Y`Æ| dæê^Ä´ ôæm`T"" HTdH+ñ π”≤| ±OçÄ´ πzO±—v BH| πä—Y{| ≥`≥` ôH"" wè¿ì´ ≥`≥` éÿ ûzO±—v#| 11 «ä—Y{|» 7z%ñ vBHzì´ ≥`≥` éÿ ûzO±—v#| 9 «ä—Y{|» 8z% 40 40 ÆO| —≥z™J"" æF 40 ÆO| Æ´¿ ”≤| OGè ôHv|"" ôH±&ºR æF A#H# zOddæä| õèƒ| ô“◊Q H&Gè æÇIJ"" πÁKÚ¨Ç Ô÷^ ä´ πQJ |`—>T Oe÷|T ôº[üT"" w‡\ñ ô&|øÂº A—`ä~ πä—¿ û#d ä´ó c+R™* uèu zç“]¨Çè uèuÄ´è —Ôı ô≈`—è xçºÄ´ ôx≤ïÄ% ô—¨Çç v+Õ¨Ç çÄ´ó Jx ôIJä´ õè¿Bñ v—+T≈` RH| T≈[ v+Õ RH| ä´"" ôè√è≈ π{]° Tè·Ç v—+T≈`è õè¿ «ô—´ T≈`» «v T≈`» πQH#|è õçe{é"" π”Ø±#ç π≠[xì´ Tè·Ç ô&|øÂºèç KTè/üTè ôè≈ º¿`’Ä™J"" æ§ eHuèu¨Ç ôOW^[| ä´"" ≤_ Rè πRèè uèu uèuΩ xH: õè¿º± HR®o ®¿ {]°ñ ®¿ ôè|a˙H:Ãñ ®¿ ô`û+¨H:Ã OE≈ ºeÔJ“J"" v±&ºè —&±+ úaUä|ç ôR^ä| û√y´ éÿ õ`k´ Gä´ πm[´ |Jm% π√y´ °ıJ πô&|øÂº ä—∆Ç ´M¿| Gê º—í™J"" πT`T\è ´÷+| HR®o πQ’’ v—+T≈`èñ ‘ÕTèñ ôTÜ^èñ ®Hnèñ Ô÷“`èñ ºÿHmHm%| úaU¨Ç ôR^ õè¿Gãó úaU¨Ç ¿v#v#è eIÿHmHm%| —#Ãñ õç`ºñ πô\c& K≈º¨Ç úaU¨Ç õè¿Gã æ[√J"" õ±&F ≈`c| éÿT vO÷ã ôè√è≈ TJ°| õç—ìHè"" «πTç—[´ uèu πÿè| ôº}Ä, uèu ä´» πQJ H&dd|T Iædd|T æÇIJó v‡HR Rä◊÷` πQH#| Ææä| ä´"" °v#` ô} ≠Rãô+J ôx`DT v|≥{Ä´ OÈKı éÿ wwz,T vçz,T úaU äî ºH#| ®I–ÅÄ´ úaTì c&ä“—\ eI—òÄ´ OGè ôHv|"" uèu¨ÅÇè õè¿Jxe πQmºπ\ Gä™Jó vv“´ ®^| õè√èÄ—` c´è v°[T| ®^| vHvc´ Jxc# ôèûÛıH´T""

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(5) «“I» e≈x ä´? ôè≈ uèu πQç—` M≥x H+I uèu πQç—´è M≥x πQ÷^v| eT æê[™J"" ºèè eT ®æT ûz÷]¨Ä% º—í™Jñ ®æT vôè√Ç T°èº| æÔÿ[™Jñ ®æT «vO≥—v uèu» éÿ üH#| nI| ôè¡è πQeRR πQOeH´è nJ æO`÷™J"" «ôıa ôæ—x»ñ «YH#e ÜæH+»ñ «ÜæI|»ñ «ô`wx»ñ «t`wè» ®±z õºH# HŸ` W^™*}Ä% πQc⁄Ä´è eUÇ õçe{é"" º õè¬F Gê π®◊´ πM≥x eT vâI vôè√Ç {]° T°èº| (« ”ç´« ”ç´ πõ—H+ M≥x»)M≥x» õπzwH O¿äm*º ®æT («ôæ«ôæ πõ—H+ M≥x ä—`ä—`») õπzwH Oc¿v&º æTcJ õèÃ c&®◊ «õ—H+«õ—H+» æFè Ææä| |`—>T õè√H´ Re[Õ ôæ—îT"" õ`”ÿ ÷I| πÿIÅ eTT º®◊Jó ôw wM`æ õè¿ä—\èñ Hy[è úaU¨Ç ôè¡ °ıJ «√™,» πQH´è eT º®÷#IÄ´ úaU¨Ä% dæGã H+I´ M≥x ä´ (π≈`c{Ä´è °ıJ 03 zOJû|)"" æF πä—≈è eT e≈x ô≈`‘ ôä“—` ¿”U x±# ä—∆Ç vQê\v| ô—` ≠™œT πRºpO´ vMæ®| (vä—≈ä|) πOpº πc´ Jœ ÷wº™* ±ƒ (survival) ä´"" GêTñ «“I» He≈x π®◊ eT HOGã TèT Re[Õ πHèT"" ≤_ «“I» e≈x ä´ c&wJ õcRHB õèÃ w¿”Bv| ôüwv&T Gä vRńÄ´ Tè·Ç ±è≈ nH# õè¿ Rèì´T πM≥x eT —HJzì O÷]º õèÃ e≈xä| πHv|T"" w¿”Bv| ôüwv& õ[ïÇ eèûwv` vôR`ì «ôR^» õç «“I»ñ vúaTì «c&√R» õç «úaU» õèwwIHèó eèççoç eèc√¿x ¿”U «“H: ...» õç «c&√Tz*z* õäç ... » õèwwIHè"" v+zcyÅÇè zsÿz´ ôm%P πQH#è «“I»ñ «c&√R» OwwH#è dæGè «“H:» õç «c&√Tz*z*» OwwH#è ä´"" vä—¡ πzc¿v BH# πä—¡è eT v&H´ÿ ÆHT ≥xòù æ®◊ äv["" ‘d¨Çç ä—∆Ç ≥xò`nÄ´ v&®◊ dæiJ æm^J? vôBã ±Oè x±# ôRaÇ «ôR^» õè¬wH# ôæÔJ—#T"" T°èº{Ä´ ”è úaU¨Ç «úaU õèÃ “I ô|vH#è» ûQH#v| T°èº| πzHπ ä´ó «ôRaÇ» ôR^ä{Ä´è ôæ°¡Tó ôR^ OwJè πRæÔJ—#| ‘cîä| ô&|øÂº™*ä|è c&mçmè eI∫ ä´ õèÃ e≈xäz%è HOhj ôæ¿HT"" ôRaÇñ úaU¨Ç úaU OwJè πQÔJ—#|è ºFJ ôR^ OwJè ôæÔJ—#|T"" T`fiÄ´ ô&|øÂº™* OwJ ä´"" ”è ôRaÇ úaU¨Çè ^dÄ´ úaU¨Ä% vÔH—#| eT HOÿ^| c&ÿ\ñ õäc# ôRaÄ% ôR^ OwJè õè¿RæÔJ—# õº®m% «ôR^» æI;Ä™J""

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π«“I» M≥w™* |`—>UÇT v&Gã õ´ä|ä| wæê`wÄ´T ¿“‘Ç çÄ´"" ôè¡ñ «äv&∫ OKO≈ õeJTçè õè¬mvH# v&Jû#wÄ´ (HõäR?) OJ°zïÄ% c&OHc# Häv&∫ ºO÷#IÄ´ OJe ä´ó vôı]ü™* ≠[xìñ «“J I» («õTv& ôH») πQH´ ä´"" (v≠[w™* ≠[xì v&Gè «nH I» æGè äv["") H+I´ñ «ä—¡ πO◊´ —Iè ûQwJ ûA—\ ®è≥ eHGä v®è±# eT “I zwH» πQH´ ä´"" ºT æ§T e≈x πHv|T"" ºT Gä æFñ ≤_ úaTì zç“]¨Ç «“I e≈x ä´ó e|÷\è úaU vH#è õèÃ “I ô|vH#è» üH# Ôn√Ä´ æBèIÄ´"" úaU OwJ |°°J v&GèT vôR`ì eèä“—` v¿e{ õè≈è÷mTv| z—è◊æ úaU¨Çè õè√ºe{ćè úaU¨Ç äè πQH# ôeÔI—&´è R≈[” æê`wÄ™J"" BHzì´ ≈°O| H+I uèu õπzç—\ ôR`ìè õç`T RH| ä´"" ÒêÇ Òè ô|vH#èñ e™*≈êÇ e™*≈ ô|vH#è ôæH#Tó BH#T vOcH´ c&÷^Ä´ zmxH´{J"" õäc# ”è ^dÄ´è H^dÄ´ w®÷#| eT æ÷^H#"" ™ç´ ä—` ûO”wwz% Iæ ä´"" õ`”ÿ ôè≈ c´ vúaTì c&ä“—` «“I» v&J ôºT`v| æGçJ"" ûIæ õè¿÷meû#| ®¿âI ±Oè πzËÒ| üJGã vm` Tè·Ä% «“I»è Iè≈T Hx±#T æ÷mPv{J"" HTdH+ñ «®OÈô “I» c&H# õè¿Bé{´ «“I O◊» ®æT «“H:Ç O÷#» RH{Ä´ H&Gè æÇIJ"" eH±&Fñ ±+çB H“Iè õç ûTè·Ä% πTm√Ä´è H+H:Ä%è π”Ø≥ ÿofÇ ez[—>T û«“Iç» õç û«“H:Ç» ôè¡è πTO`÷´ õè¿ Bé{´ HôR`ì zeRQ´è ä´"" H”Ø±# πzÅH´è ºFJ HOo[x eJ vä÷I ôä“—` «M≥v#» õè¿QwH´ñ «“I´» πTJv|T —&±+ ôH""

(6) π“I/πúaU ±+ç HTè zËÔ? ô&|øÂº J∫ J∫ uèu πQç—\ πx±# ä—∆Çç ‘d¨Ç A—` Gç dH v”Ø≥ eIè√Ä´T zHæ} úaTì eHQç—\ ô&|øÂº´ºè (eH “I) πzËÔ´è ºFJ ôJzËÔT"" ûH+H:Ä% æJo eHúaU vævJÿ HR®o πÅJä´ vTè T°èº| ä´? vH+I ôä“—`ñ {]° ÁKÚ¨ÅÇè eHH+H:Ä% ‘d¨Ç ºèè ºFJ π”J ±+ç ºJËÒJè HTè≈è ä´? OJc# mIJ æOeHìJ"" ÁKÚ¨ÅÇè eH H+H:Ä% ‘d¨Ç x±# ºJËÒJè πOËı ıI‘| dæê^Ä´ m`} dæGè eHäc# x±# πQº´m%| eHH+IÄ´ ä´"" H+H:Ä% ‘d¨Ç ®æT ä—∆Ç ô&|øÂº´ºè πGã| {]° ÁKÚ¨ÅÇè ûO—í{Ä´ vÚ| ä´""

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ÁKÚ¨Ä% õä±&Fè ‘d¨Çç ä—∆Ç ô&|øÂº éÿ ô—òÄ´ õèÃ ®¿ ô&|øÂº õèƒ|ç vπ| vû#J õè¿O÷# ôI∫Tó ºπT ôI—í%T"" õè¬F ûGä eHRº´m%| ä—` Tè xH´ æËÒJè? «πô&|øÂº´ºè ôw{Ä´ ô&|ø„&e æwJ äv["" πä—¿ øo◊èñ πä—¿ û#d J–Ç v±&F ®ÿz´ v±&º ®`¿´ ô&|øÂº cÔ\ñ ®±z» πQH# {]¢Ç BH# ºIπñ ºJcR πä—[è —ç πT`T` Re[Õ ºJ¿—ÛÄ´ ûôı ®¿ ôı πzIHÒ o`fÇ çÄ´ó πôè≈ c´ πôè≈ ±Oè ◊Û‡ Ô÷^ H&Gã æÇIH#"" x±# ºı {]¢Ç vT`T` OemJì ÿºm, c&®÷\ v≈v#j| Iæ õè¿zW^ v+| æè¢{¢{H#"" o`fÇ eHGã ”è ûO≥—x ôæÛm%T"" eHúaU¨Ç πTç´m´ û±&F vıÁ#T πzHπ ä´ó T°èºz%T eHäc# πzËÔ´ ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº c&—v#ç û—v#T vâI Tè õè√¿[—# w∫ πÆæè Te°` {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç ä´"" π±+çB H“I ¿^c& °ıJ 5 Iæñ «õè¿±&B wH&è O´“| v O[v| —&±+ πz—±[´ (H#w) SJwM æwIJ"" πôwz%è eT ôIóTó T°èºz%T πQä”[î πHT» ºH#|è õ±&F Iæ õçe{é"" æ§T Gêñ eH úaU¨Ç üı {]° πQs÷` x±# zÈÛ

6. (1) EMML 7346, ff. 13a-14a; (2) EMML 1521, pp. 55-6, Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. V, p. 20. ôÏ+ —I´ƒë ”^î õè¿Uz π˙`z%“Jè c¨Ç (ü}H&¢Ä%è) ô—` cÿ} ReÔ\ õ`”ÿ ä´"" õäc#T eH—I´ƒë c&ç—\ñ «”^îè HRhäı õè≈è[√´ DRêz,è vçèz DæRê| õH´◊HB ºH´è nJ ô÷Ôxè» æH# eHäv[ñ HvmJ úaU¨Ä%è ô`Ô´ ûzmO÷#v| ôeäYz´v| æGçJ"" ôÏ+ Ûc&J «ü—_ ´÷#» v&IÄ´ ®è≈Pè RdOÏÄ´ v{]° πzO±—v ä´"" πü}ïïH&¢Ä% ‰‰e c&w[\ñ «õ”±&ôxK+` πKvkÇè õTv&zìä| HOo◊| O O]º v”^îç vô¿J õeIUÇ õœ π◊IÄ´è ¡I õç ôHè“ ôBè H“H:Ç õè¿c◊Ä´ç õäc#T πvH÷ ¤üî OoWı}Çç π±&F ºJH±v Oè”Y| ô´√Q¨Ä% õè¿QGã —JÍIÄ™J»ó õdÄ´T «πA—]~è Oè”Y}Çç ô´^Õ¨Ç πQ®\ç πè—#W ä—Yz%è Oè”Y| ÔÈU HO´¿T πQº¿`c# ÿm%` —#è√êÇ ôH#» xH´ õ`”Rèç |èv&| õè¿zç—\ πdÄ´ c¨Ç O≥”vÍÄ™Jó Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, p. 135. ôHn {π eHúaU¨Ç πQä—\|è õ´ä| ºJGã {]¢Ç πQI;Ä´è vx±#´ cxev™J"" õ±&º π®æ±a™ {]° πzHºπ |[ü ôH´ó ôè¡ õè¬F æIJó «wÏ+ ÆT¿ Èøè ±Oè (1307-1336) vDæRê| πzäX õ¤—+ ÚJÊe [”O´| vA—^Çè Èã [Öx Gä"" v±&ºè —&±+ πÄ—^| c+| ®æ±a (JØJ|) vÔ÷“` äv[Ç"" ¿”U ô≥RÇ õè≈`ºe πQwJ π¿™aç πûz{ Oû:èè äv["" πc#T IH: πQwJ πIT ê w]º äv[´"" ºÄ* c+| ®æ±a v&`w| ®z| v&º÷◊î xI HIH: ô¿[ÇH|"" õc#T Tj| ô¿[“|ó 4 ®è∆Ç 3 c+}Ç J–Ç ®H¿ÇH|"" eRÄ´èT π®è∆Ä%è

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(1) ô≥RÇ õè≈`ºe πQH#| Oû:èè (ô—[ —µ*) πô`õîñ π¿™añ πÔ÷“` —+{ äv["" (π±&ºè —&±+´è) πIT ^c#è («IT ê» π®[√ —∑ πRØ[” eT ä´) IH: æH#| äv["" ¿• ®æ±a (JØJ|) x{≈`H| Qe| ô¿[“|"" Jœ x|®J≈ |Jm%è û[∫ ôH´"" zû{∫è Sfi ôH´óñ fezì´è z%HR ôH´ó ô^zì´è ®H: ôH´"" õH&Fè ô^z%è T≈` õπRcÇñ ¤ò õπ—:±—:±Ç ôd¿—ÅÄ´"" õ±&º cæ◊è ô¿[wÄ´ó H+I uèu (úaTì OGã ä´) ºç”^Ä´ µO`"" ûc´ dæ—çí% ô¿—#"" ü¿—#T (vâI) ôw{Ä´è õºeûzH# πc´ ûx| (OmR|) vıπJç vv” µO\ç Ô[c#è IPè (ûxz%è) º—í%|è BH# æmP µO`"" c´ BH# zcvcvç õ—+{(Ä)´ ±è≈ ôv+| ôv+| ôH"" —+{Ä´ v&cR z© ôIÄ´ñ eè£è æz© π—+{Ä´è ”|J (ûx|?) ôem\"" IPè æ±´ “I πQH#| ®è≥ ôHñ ¡` õ±&º —xz´ ≠OÎ#"" —+{(Ä)´ c©è °zz% ôHç z™“Ä´ó ≈J äW#ç —+{Ä´è —¿H#ñ c´èT ÔÀ|"" û±&º ®¬º πQpT (πQuuRÄ´) ÷Û"" (ô—\) v1 ÆO| P—` ≈[e ÷Û"" v2 ÆO| ¿^ ô¿[c´"" vôÏ+ ô&ºc# ±Oè ®Hnñ h”Iñ ®û=H# ôTK^ õeû OJ≤ ÷Û"" (õäc#T) v®è±# eT “I zwH#"" (2) vW`Î ≈è”JT ±Oè “I zäY} °èz*ºèè BH# æ™“Ä´ O`"" õc#T vÿm*| ±Oè õ[x~Jç v[{wÄ´"" π“IT ôO◊ÿ {]û# õè¬F ä´"" wÏ+ —I´ƒë ±Oè äıÿ æ¥ πO◊ Ô[èœ ”^î ûUz vâI û—I´ƒë “^ ®¿ h™ E¿"" ºÏ+ Jxä ≈è”Jè IT (ûx|) õπ÷vm% —Iè vQwJ ô—` ®è≥ √`Å ûQê\ ±IêÇ “` æê` O`"" ûä±&FT ®—è Qe| ô”x} 2 J–Ç ®H¿"" õä±&FT v±Iã v+| ô¿—#ñ vÿm*| ±Oè ôüH O÷è ô¿[c#ñ —:HOc#"" õäc#T v±Iã v+| vô√J ûQê\ ûõeIUÇ ®—è ô—v#ó 7 J–Ç ®H¡"" õäc#T 02 ä—≈ (Gã)"" —Iè vQwJ ô—` ®è≥ eHê\ “I zwH#"" h™èñ ôR^èñ ®Hnèñ —:ÕTèñ √U|èñ v—+T≈`èñ õè¿`{èñ Ie{è BH# ®[c#"" °èz*ºèè BH# ±#]º´è ûvw;Ä´""

û[∫ñ |H:Rñ Oﬁñ ®H: ôIÄ´"" c+}ÇèT ôJ¢ñ ¡[z*ñ ôºèz% ôIÄ´» (JE692E, p. 564). H+I´ {]° c+| ®æ±a™è «ºÁ+ OH° c—≈ πõá| Jœ äé| (Oå|/Oç õY^ô+J) πT|wJ»ñ IH:è ¿”U «ûÿm%` T≈` R`¢ ºO◊´» æIÄ™Jó õ±&º´ —. 570"" π±&Fè {]° H+I |[ü üû#| πô&|øÂº ÆO{™* OÈK+| ´eÿ v09)$9 Æ. T. ôd|U{Jó Caquot, “Histoire Amharique de Grñ et des Glls,” pp. 124-132.

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eH úaU πQ{Oè ±+ç πzËÔJè T°èºz% πúaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº c&O÷# ÁKÚ¨Ç eI∫™Ä´ç ôO◊◊Ä´ πOè”Yz%ç π°èz*ºã M≥x ®—è πGã ÁKÚ¨Çè HÈMÔ| πQ“x≥ Gê eHz—í ä´"" úaU¨Ç û¿v#x (TçJw|T û¿v#x TYô) zäYz´ ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº π—v#| πM≥x èoçm, ûQ®e¿´ ±Oè “^ c&zºæ vô‡` —&±+ éÿ ä´"" c&—v# —#≤;Ä´ ûı wH ÿ≈Úº äv["" v1570 Æ. T. HO O]º —&±+ ûôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J “^ z“‡z´ vôÏ+ c#eèøe ±Oè (1600-1625) ô—\è õeû |”_ ≈[e õè¿ôÿHmHm%|ñ M≥v#èT õè¿ô`v¿v¡| õèOJû|7ó ®õT≈á[ áJÔz °[T| v®`Ü ÿoT| ¢ä Bû| Æv&æ véz û=H# A—[ Oè”Y| "" ®zcTÆ ûO û[∫ vTJô# ®[¿ Oè—H |”_ñ ®O[™ ®ÌÆ Oè—H v—+T≈`ñ ®ûO ô&z% ®y[è æÔo¡ Îv&ô —:∂T"" ! °[T| üHÔ vâI vÿoT| ®` vOè”Yz% A—`8 BH# |Jo Bû| Gäó û[∫ vPH# ®¿ |”_ õè¿ ®[¿ñ O[™ ®¿ v—+T≈` õè¿ ®◊ ô&z%ç y[è ‘ÕTè H&®“ õè¿QÔJ” zcR""

úaU¨Ç ®¿cSè c&—Ò Oè—¡ πmçÄ´ç A—]~è vô‡` —&±+ ´eÿ ºÿHmHu| eHz¿^À õèÃ zn™Q eIJäv[wÄ´ ®æT «c`∆ Bè O_z%è ôIxe» zxH´ vOO[nÄ´ º—í%| πtÿ` x≤| π®[\|è ô—` M≥xç π—&±+´è Oè”Y| HRhäı πQºeÇIÄ´ Gê ôæ¿HT"" tÿ^Ä´è ôoT º¿[—IÄ´ ôhèÔ´ û®[\| M≥x º÷Ò|è ôÿı} πz[Ô´è úaU πR≈[” ÇH:{Ä´ ä´"" ôè≈ ô—` vº±# tÿ` «c&√R» ûQH#| äw` M≥x ”Rh#è ¿Tec´ πm[´è uèuÄ´èç wFIÄ´è vR´[e õè¿äc# úaU º¿`—#{Jó «c&√Räz%» æm^Jó ûz®^]ä| ®^]ä|è eHQO`ÿT úaU Gê ôxa ®[^ æ®◊J"" HTdH+ ≤_ ûúaU ä—≈ ´eÿ —xz´ πQs÷\| õä

7. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, p. 165. 8. «A—[ Oè”Y|» («πOè”Y| A—`») πQH#| «√` ô—`» πRæH#|èñ RõûI™*´ Oè”Y| (è—#W#) π^c#è c´ vä“]| (v≠™œ) πQkTv|è °ıH A—` ä´ó BHz%è ôez√¿aÇ ôè¡è «A—[ Oè”Y|» H+I´è «T≈[ ”x`» æI;Ä´ õè¿äv[ v±`ô ºØpx {]° ´eÿ æ{ºJó Perruchon, Les Chronique de Za’a Yâ‘eqôb, p. 15. è—#W# πBHz%T ôez√¿aÇ πvIæ OGãè HROJû| «è—#W Èøèñ è—#W ä—Y|

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cøñ ôyêñ z%Tô+ñ H+nñ K—Hwyñ úyñ K`c#ñ H&P úaUä{Ä´ «vÿTm|» õèÃ v±` õè√æ¿H xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è æç—^H#"" æ§ J° πôR^ wFJ (uèu´ç DæRêz%) vA—]z% cSèç RõûJ õπzeÛÛ H+H:Ä%è ôR^ õè√¿[“Ä´ RH| ä´"" Re[Õ πHîT õèÃ HúaU¨Ç ≈J ô≈^—&ä| H+IT T°èº| õ÷[ÿ^HA#"" M≥v# πOè”Yz% ¤uîä|ç ±^Úä| eHO[[´ úaU¨Ç õè¬Oz%| [≈} æGçJ"" {]° ÁKÚ´ πô—≤±#è O^`ä| c&O±”x õè¬F æIJ9ó ±≈è”J (1596-7) vä—W —&±+ Hô&|øÂº c¨Ç 2 v—#ä| WÎÄ´ó 2 Ø√ ÛmIÄ´ó 1 Ø√ ôèvd ®¿o ä´"" vmî v”^ —:ã πzOc—ä´ ûx| vè—#W# RázT ô&πzzû:c Hè—#W# æGè äv["" (±≈è”Jñ) «æF ±[Û ä´ó õè¿ ÆoP ô&πzu÷[ (m[÷#è) ı]√ æ°ÔJ» ôH"" 2zì Ø√ —xa —xa c&¿§æ π”x` O_| H—µ* cÿ} v÷+ç OE≈ ôJäv[T"" πQûıH´ —è±x ôÿ} BHèzç´è c&¤è JÀè H”x` ºdJı (æcÿ) äv["" Jœ πH+H´ ûäTjz% ^c# w]º Gê æ—≤ äv["" ôÁ+ ±≈è”J ”è «c´ w]ºñ T≈` õç]º ôæBèó T≈` w]ºñ c´ õç]º æBè» xH: ô™œ ä—["" ”x` c&Ä”[´ O_z%è H—µ*´ ÿH: æF≈ õèÃ xH:"" «ôèvd ®¿o» c&H# Uô ôèvd û|Jm% v_ Iæ —#x ôH RH{Ä´ ä´"" ûxz% «πzOc—ä» ûGä BH#T æ®c≈v{J"" ûx| v≈xo R≈Hx ôæÅJT"" π±+çB H“Iè °ıJ 09 eçäx õè¿Tè[√´ T≈\ πä—+}Ç Gê —v_´ z“≥} —w` æGè äv["" πôÏ+ ±≈è”J |Jm% «v—#ä|» O—v` ºJÅH O_z%è Hp æC≈ RHz% äv[ó ôJGäH|T"" O£èèz% —w` H&ºd◊è ä´ xH´ vŸ` Jx õ^c#è xH´ —¿H#|"" æ§ ®è J æÔÁT πäv[´ v°èz*ºã ô—` ä´"" H+I´R õè¿ «‘èü õç õè¿ ièoI» ºH´ ±®|` w]º

±ô&|øÂº» æwJ äv`ó Perruchon, “Histoire des Guerres d'‘Amda íyon,” p. 280. A—[ Oè”Y|/Èøè √U|èñ ¿Tv&ºèñ eSèèñ ‘ÕTèñ h™èñ |”_èñ T≈[ wM`è («ô+`|^è») æ¤T^J"" A—aÄ% vÆT¿ Èøè {]° éÿ z±`≥[™Jó õ±&º´ —. 280-1"" vBHz% ôez√¿aÇ OüûJ ºH´ J∫ä| π√^—aÄ% π^dÄ´ ÔI‡ s^‡ wIw| äv^Ä´"" «võeIT wM` éÿ π°èz*ºè ¿c+|» πQH#| ôä“—` πQºOH°z´ ÷oII™è ô&|øÂºè dæGè vzHæ è—#W# v±&F «A—[ Oè”Y|/Èøè» vQwH´ °ıH A—` π±[“´è ôez√¿` OGã ä´"" 9. π‘ÕT {]°ó EMML 5403, ff. 63b-64a.

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πQ{¿èv| ﬁü äv["" {¬º õè¬F ºH´è Oè”Y| πQº`v¿x≈ ÖæJ v&O◊ z—Ú´ Tè æIJ? v”^î ®[^ —&±+ç vìe Mæ®| zOddæ ä—` ôJ¿[cTè? úaU¨Ç ºhäÒ|è õºe—¿¡ ô—J“æ («—v`») R≈[”èT π®c¡| û÷I}ÅÄ´ H&Gè æÇIJ"" nH#/eP HôR`ì ô¬e ôæ¿HT"" ôÏ+ æYKo (1406-1421) πz±ÔäH| T°èº| ôè¡ ±T} x±#¨Çè «—v`» eI¿[“Ä´ äv`10ó eèz%è õsÈ`"" πKIw —v`"" π◊æ} —v`"" πIyI —v`"" eèz%è õsÈ`"" π—>ƒI —v`"" c&Ô°` äv`"" eè£è HôTK^ µ` (®{¿`)"" cRæ v&ûävJ"" õçpT (õçpRHè) c&H# äv` vÍ` (vŸ`)"" c&Ô°\ äv`"" ô÷Û™É H≥°`""

(7) πúaU {]° ûTè‹ úaU¨Ç ûÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| T[´ ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº ûOT◊{Ä´ vÚ| ô—]z%è m¿T xH´ vº±#| M≥yÇñ vzHπT vIºÄ´ vzuuO´ vô&|øÂº Oè”Y| OüûJ eHzÔÁO´ ”‡| vævJÿ HR®o πQÔJ” ûôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J Ta û”^î vâI πzäW# ä—Y{|è {]° õç ±+ç O™ØIÄ´è11ñ vz¤R]T πô} ≠ÌSè OÈKı12 (e≈wÄ´è õπçm) Rèvx æê`v{J"" úaU¨Ç ûπ| zäYz´ vπ| vû#J ®¿RFJ ô&|øÂº õè¿—v# vôR`ì ûzËÒ| ´eÿ H&÷ç πQ—w´ Gê º—íB| °v#` ô} æJR ƒ_d πËÒ|è ä´13""

10. Guidi, “Le canzoni geez-amariña”, p. 59. 11. x±#´è HoS wM[ Kdx ´eÿ ôeı_™HB"" 12. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work. ∆/` wæ\ πô} ≠ÌSè OÈKı Há|O| c&º±“œ jJR| πQºcÿ Y^ W`~Jó ”è πOÈKÒè `õe wæH´÷´ ¿”ä| æGèH| äv`"" 13. æJR ƒ_dñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ —È 212 Iæ πQ T[´è TØ^ı 40è zOJû|"" °v#` ô} æJR v±&F OÈKÛÄ´ ´eÿ vúaU¨Ç Iæ ÷x

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õä±&Fè Tè·Ç dæO[T` TØ^w´ºèç vQc&øêÅÄ´ º¿—#ç H+H:ÇT Hú`}∆°e °è|ç ÿIÅ πQcRÄ´ç õè¿ ÷I| πQº∫™| πËÛ<Ä´è «πúaU {]°» πQºäx õä±&F ±Oç™* ÁKÚ¨Ç πô&|øÂºè M≥xç ô—]z%è πz%è ºFJ õè¿v¿H# Jx ôæH´ æGçJ"" õä±&F ÁKÚ¨Ç «πúaU jR”H+¨Ç ÷æmè º—íä´ ä´» πQH#|è õ´ä| æBè Kc| ROdû[ õè¿RèÇJ ºńH#"" H±&F |´J≈ π—&±+´ |Jm% õèoÛ| {]û ä—Yz%ç ±+ç O™ØH:Ä% v”Ø≥ OGçÄ´ç v&z[—:PT ºBã |´J≈ vcÚ´ vRºńÄ´ πTØ^w´ºè uèu¨Ç Oz`—:RÄ´ ä´"" πzz[—:P|T v&Gã πT`T` OËMı| eHGã πQ—í%| v{IIo v+z OËMı| õèÃ vM≥x πOËMı| O¿x` ôæh÷#T"" πô&|øÂºè {]° ûTè‹ πQºäx ûBH# ôem≈U v°èz*ºã Oè”Y| wHYJ◊êÇç vQ—±#| M≥x OüûJ BJ —&±+ ”‡| õè¿äv[ ººJ"" û±&ºT πúaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº ôO◊ÿ HTè «πOè”Yz% ®—è πGã ÁKÚ¨Çè πQ“x≥ Gê» z—î~J õè√Jû# æ[√J"" û±&F v{Ç û™ç¨Ä% ±Oè (ûÆY^ e≈ezì´ õeû ÆY^ eTèzì´ Tõ| ÆO|) π{]° Tè·Ç H±&F ô‡` ÿç| HTdH+ä| πQvm%|è ºFJ vÿm*z% õ÷oeIÄ™HB""

(A) Oè”Y|ç M≥x πM≥xç πOè”Y| ”‡| OW[{™* T°èº|ñ ûv+z Oè”Y| Ta õeû mvH+ —µ*´ ≈[e ºH# wHYJ◊êÇ ®{¿aÅÄ´èñ H:H+¨ÅÄ´èñ waÅÄ´è ¤Ta x±# eHGãñ vzHæ ≈`o c&—wñ Häc#ç I”vcvc#| W^™*{Ä´ mHxñ HÔ[fÅÄ´ Oê Ro[x M≥v#è eHQûx¿´ ôJˆ ôJˆ ôJ—x`T æJ eHäv[ ä´"" v±&º Iæ ûOè”Y| wHYJ◊êÇ “^ vDæRê| πRæOdcH# ä—∆Ç

ôfi] c#RH+¨Ç çÄ´ õèÃ úaU¨Çe cIR™* M≥yÇ çÄ´ πQH#|è ôezºπ| cIR™*ä{Ä´è ûô+¢êQ Y`Æ{Ä´“^ õºezº∫ πQ—w´è ºFJ ôIx^\|T"" ô} x`Dã HSfç ô} {y` ™Q πúaU M≥x {]° vQJ `õe ºdzP|è OÈKı däv´ πz[√B| õäc#T õè¿—HÁ#| πOÈKÒ «™ç ÆIRT πúaU M≥x OıHm*ºç ÿèz Oê]º v±&FÇ πô&|øÂº ”≤| éÿ OGãè πQº[“”÷# π{]° Re[Õ¨Ç Ro[x ä´» (—. 41)"" OÈKÒ ûO{zP vÚ| πô¬e ôvw ∫å˚èz* π{]° °ıJ OTF^è ü∫|ñ v&m\ π¿^c&¨Ä%è πzm¿c ÆIR πRº¿çoÒ|è ôä“—aÇ õè¬ºem\ç ±+çB H“IèT û”Ø±# πQz[—>TIÄ´ c´ õè¬ÔJ—# ®æT °v#` xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è πz[—:P|è (EMML 3749è) õè¬ºäv# HTè Kdx õè√Im[v#IÄ´ ”JÈ ôæ¿HT""

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cxIÄ´ v&WTÌÄ´T ôoT ü—í% (®æT º—í% c&OeIÄ´) ôè—x`T æH#ç OzIHo æO◊J"" HTdH+ ûÔIkÇ “^ ûGã| ”‡}Ç éÿ ôè¡è ±—w ûôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J {]° õèo√14ó ®v´õz% ®`Ü °[T| zèYô ¿™, vûzR ®Uz% x±#Üè cxõ v´õz% ¿™,"" ®õTo≈O ≥èz% ¢ä T°[ KÏ+—+ û]U ûO æN` HÎv&ô “I õÖ&¥ õTôè‘| õeû ”≈T ®ô&Û| ®Ô÷“` ®¿™a"" ®±èz T°[ ≠mO ®ôÈèÆ TeH û=H:P Y∫Rè ±HÙ ®HÙ —&±+ ôezÛä¨P HH xK+aPó ®wMz% æOeHä ±æv+ õ”±&ôxK+` v´õz% —&±+ ô&¢ä T°`π ûO T°`°P ®ô&¢ä MH&çπ ûO MH&ç°P"" ±èzc ±èxJ õeO vÔn¿ ±&ôB ±|S”x û#ä{z ÆHT ¢ä P^¿ KÏ+—+ ≈á[ ÜHÔ °[T| Oè—H ÔIió ®z`Ô Îv&ô “I"" ®T°èºz zÜ≈‘z%c H´õz% T°` võèz Îxô “I çπ≈Ø v≥π"" OÈô OJõ°| ±æxJ ô|[Ô [√ô& Ôè¨z ÁwM| ±æv+ HKÏ+—+ õè± AH© v—#wô+ õÙã ”x`π x±#Ü õ°H ®OÆ[ ôJFUzC ®ôw”Æ ûRB ôJy õT≥ û=H# ô&®Av Tèzå"" ®±èz cQ∞ ä¿ Jv# ûO õd|"" ®fv+D ®÷ä T°[ ûO æÌxúP HÔIi ®æá≈” Îv&ô “I"" ®Hôû Öv û=H:P ¤™ ®Öv WπTz |”_ ûO æxÈK# vØ≈S ±Æ¿UP"" ®TeH ≥å ¢ä æxJñ æÖ+æcå õ|vôe TeH Ø≈® ¿P Hõ”±&õπ ô&πc#e °è}e õTõN` HÎv&ô “I"" ±èz T°[ ôÈèÆ v®`Ü °[T|..."" ®væõz* ØH| ®[¡ j™√ x±#Üè cxô õ”` ®OezÈØçä ôıê ®Rá[û# x±#Ü ôJFTz õeIT ®°èz*ºè ±zOæ÷# õT°è|ç Öv ôæB≈çó õeO äv\ Jô&¢U Öv KÏ+—+ õè±

14. Conti Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), pp 84-6. πOè”Yz% wHYJ◊êÇ ûJ∫ J∫ πô—´ ‘d¨Çç ûH+H:ÇT “^ æ◊H# äv`ó ÔIi¨Ä%è πQOHûz´è ÿoe vzHæ πO[ÿB| «ÔIkÇ ÔIi πzwH#| `e{Ä´è zäoH´ ÔIc&¨Ç õè¬Gã eHzÔ[¿wÄ´ ä´» πQH´ |°°J ôHOGãèç õè¬º´T πQº’’ `e| õè¿äv^Ä´ v±&º´ HRdπ| ä´"" c#eèøe «π®è≈—+ õç πH” c¨Ç ”x` ûR”w| õè¿H—P vcR —&±+ zpÿ} «W^™*z% õè¬±`ÛÄ´» õè√±± W^™*z%T «x±# ûx}Ç» õè¿R[û# πQºdπ´è ÿoe —È 131-135 Iæ zOJû|"" —È 31 Iæ ¿”U õè¬F æIJó «vûzR [Öx v—w —&±+ Ûc&H: KÏ+—+ ±è≈ Oÿ} õè¬F c&J T°` ôm[vó 'õäG ûzR´ z^v ±[Û J®e√Ä´ O´◊z, ä´ç πûzR´ c´ æûzHî' KÏ+T õh& ôH# (zeRP)""»

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OT◊| æ§èè πQJ æOeIJó T°èºz%T v”`R´ ô—]~ vOI zhv[Ç -- «T≈`è ô≈HmHoD|ó ôhv`ü|T»21 õè¿zwH"" cï ØH| ûËaË zäYzè R°cï ØH| vüH+ı ôTw ô÷—x cÔ`è"" ÿm*| c¨Ç dº≤;Ä´ ®¿ sI ®[¡"" v±&ºè —&±+ (üH+ı) x±# “iç Ÿ` πº±# ®{¿aÇ ôdºÄ´"" ”è ®¿äc# ôJO◊Tó õäc#T ®¿c# ôJE¡Tó õ`e võ`dÄ´ zÔ^`z™J"" õFJ ±`Ô´ (xÅ) cÔ^Ä´è Ú| HÚz% ô¿[—#"" v±&ºÇ ØH| ûÔIkÄ% ®¿õäc# m`y H&—:√Ä´ π¿Ô[ ôJäv[T"" T°èºz%T π±&F è—#Y π”`R´ U—e |ûH°IÄ´ñ OJôû#T v±#]ºÄ´ cıa äv[22"" æF BH# πGä´ vÿoT| 29 mè (1572 Æ. T.) ä´"" πôÏ+—+ eı^T ¿“ T≈` äv[ó x`¡ ÷èü^ äv["" ôÏ+—+ vR”Yz% [v#Ø ØH| üH+ıè HO´“| ûIæ ®¿ {Ç ®[¡"" vcÔ\ ∆w YJ◊è õç d™*aeè23 ûx±# Ô[cìç ÷OèÕ (º∑)ñ ûx±# “i (zhüQ) “^ ôembÄ´"" ôÏ+—+T ®`¿´ π|çè|ç¨Ä% c¨Ç ûcÔ\v| cÔ\"" æF πGä´ vá√` (vÿoT|?) 30 ä´"" π±&ºÇ ØH| —#¥ vfe| °ıJ äv["" vfezì´ Oè—≈ vQE¡| Iæ ÔIkÇ zäW#wÄ´ó T°èºz%T æF ôhçÚ è—#Y õ±&º õè√Jäv[ñ vH+I Oè—≈ õè¿E¿ñ ≠´m´ äv["" v±&ºÇ —&±+ πô≤∑ Ûãô+J Jœ ÚoŸ` ôπHwÄ´"" ûäc#T x±# (c´) —¿HwÄ´"" HôÏ+—+ Dº πQº°J hxhy24 ôe[ûv"" æF π—+{Çè (vÔIkÇ Iæ) πO O]º ≈J ä´ó πÔIkÇT πOhäı O O]ºÄ´ ä´""

21. O≥P` 59" 4"" 22. Tè‡ O≥P` 33" 7" «πõ”±&ôxK+` OJô° vQÔ\| c¨Ç ±#]º æcı^J""» 23. ∆w YJ◊è πôÛ` (πÿJ◊J) —µ* πh#O| eT ä´"" ”Ø±# πh#Oz%è eTç d™*aeè v™™, (vOezËT`) eIºº≤Ä´ BH| c¨Ç ôeOcIÄ´ õèÃ h#P d™*ae dæGè ôæm`T"" 24. x±# —&±+ πQ÷mPv| nJ «ÄxÄy» ä´"" z™—&¨Ç πc´ ‡èoI| «”≈º æÿIH#»ó TçJw|T æˆ°\v| æGçJ"" ûÿè| Ta wFJ Gê BHz%T z“› ®—êÇ ÷I| c&—≈H# ‡èoI| õπs[÷# ºdºH#ó HTdH+ Rz,ë 14" 8-10 Iæ ºH´è eHOÿTm% øKèe ê zs`Ÿ vdFè Oo[x πzËÔ´è zOJû|"" vì ±è≈ õeû o`x —&±+ mÿH: õè¿äv[ πôÏ+ z,¨≈ae {]° ºdºJ"" “[≈ πQwJ º‘{Ä´ Jœ Ÿ` ô±“œ} YJ◊çÄ´è õè¿zmçmä æ{®dJ"" c&ºhèÒ| ôè≈ h& ôTe| O} ºFJ ®{¿` R`û´v| äv`ó «(ôÏ+ z,¨≈ae) æ§è BH# c´ cxey ¿wò ûQwJ —vº Iæ ®e∆ ôè—| ôè—z%è p`Ÿ õè¿ üx üv´»ó π‘ÕT {]° ñ EMML 5403, f.108b.

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 22 “I/úaU 117

v±&Ç πKPe ØH| ôÿv&º H+H&| HÆæêÄ% Oî{ñ HjÛjı}Ä%T õèoJı dæcÿ25 üH+ıè õèƒ| õè¿Q®“´ç ûzhh—v| z^^ ﬁı õèƒ| õè¿Qº®`¿´ c&ºexç c&O°` ô¿["" v±&Ç πKPe ØH| v”Y“X+ (c&E≈) ôä“ç üH+ıè HO´“| E¿"" û±&F vâI z™—&¨Ä%è vfe| Oè—≈ IüÄ´"" ô≤∑ KH&y ûwM` ôYw “^ v{Çì™ Oè—≈ E¿"" vÚz% —:∂T ä“j ¿Ö[‘| û´^è “^ Gä"" väc# —:è ûŸ` ´`®^ñ û≈è“æñ ûäıÿñ û®eÔèÿ` T| Ú{Ä´è πRæOJc# π±&F è—#Y ÖæHïÇ (õä) t`wè Gã"" õä±&Fè BH# vπä—√Ä´ç vπM≥wÄ´ x±# ÷OèÕ ¤Ta IüÄ´"" õc# ¿”U üH+ı ûW^™*z% “^ vcÔ[v| Ú| HÚ| pO"" üH#v| π`mz% O÷è cw| TØ^ı ®æT vHÿ æIJ"" v±&F Iæ ¿”Uñ H&i—\| πRæÅJ |Jo —¿J vRFIÄ´ ôH"" v±&ºÇ ØH| v±&F è—#Y W^™*|ç vÔIkÇ RFJ |Jo Ÿ`ä| züE¿"" πüH+ı c¨Ç Ÿ`ä| v≈è“æ äv["" vIºÄ´ Iæ õπç¡wÄ´ û{Ç ®¿Iæ O´◊|è æûH°I;Ä´ äv["" v±&F Bé{ [œT —&±+ pπó ve≈e| cÆ| Iæ è—#W# O≈ˆÄ%è õè¬zû#c# ô±±"" vôè≈ O≈ı zû=e (cè¿o) ÆIR zhüQ´è ◊H´ -- û≤ı e` z¿xn πäv[Ç´è c+| ¤Ta"" v±&ºè —&±+ üH+ıç W^™*z% BH# zhv\"" πŸ` W^™*z% vUI zÔ{ó T°èºz%T ûcRæ Ox[o π®¿mwÄ´ OcIÄ´"" ∆xÆ YJ◊èT23 ûIæ vû#J ®¿äc# ®[¿ó T°èºz%T v` HO÷vo õIæì´ cÔ` m`} äv["" πmí%T π”^´Tñ πI∫T π{Ä%T õ`e võ`dÄ´ z[√¡"" üH+ı ¿”U Jv#ç´è ô◊ó T°èºz%T Jv# ûı`D| x≤| ôTJŸ| äv["" vBH#T ôo◊Å c&¤äo —&±+ ûÿm*| H:H+¨Ä% “^ Gê û|Jo —¿J (ôÛı) ®◊"" õ±&F —¿J Iæ üBè vÚ| RèT ôJ®◊T"" æ§èè Öı[z v&e ”è ı`D| ô®◊´"" vO≈Ò ”`Rç OÈKı ıÿä{Ä´è vèe` ıÿä|ñ ÿèü_ºÄ´è vôèvd ÿèü_ ºeOcIÄ´è π√™*|è ÜæHïÇ26 ûQOeH#| π±&F è—#Y ÜæHïÇ Ÿ` ı`D| πzH∫| πŸ` W^™*z% ¿”U v±&ºè —&±+ ”RiÄ´ vŸ` ®¿m%ó ôx≤ïÄ% c&hh# —¿J —v#"" ûõèedT õè¿ä ITñ v_ñ voH:ñ ôFº ºH#|è vMæ®| ôJz™Ä´Tó «π”xÍÇè vû=aÅÄ´è ûc´ õeû õècd —¿H»27 õè¿zwH´ ô÷Û<Ä´ õèÃ"" T°èºz%T

25. Tè‡ O≥P` 131" 4" «HÆæêÄ, Oî{ñ HjÛjı}Ä,T ØèoJıñ H—#è·Ä,T Ø[ı|è ôJcÿT""» 26. dPô+J üJØ 1" 23"" 27. ±Îô| 12" 29""

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õè√æT\ñ ®è≈ñ c+| jR”H+ñ MÏèñ võ”\ πQE¿´è BH# õè√ºez`Ò ôw è™æ ô´”±´ äv["" v±&ºÇ ØH| πQºe—`T {]° Gäó ôè¬| πzR[ûÇ c+| ôè≈ c´ õ ;è ûõÀ “^ ôea c&ºO◊| vOè—≈ dHÇ ô÷—w; |Jo —¿J e{æñ «ô∆çæ õ`√î» xI —¿J z®[®[Ç"" õ ;è ûõÀ “^ ºc[´è c´T ºHÔn¡ æ≤´ E¿Ç""

(H) πúaU¨Ç «cxô |ü|ä|» vúaU¨Çç vô&|øÂº Oè”Y| OüûJ ûO O]º´ Iæ πäv[´ ”‡| úaU¨Ç õè¿ ÔIi¨Ä% ”x` eHûHûH# ôæ¿HTó û±&F ÔÈU πzHπ ä´"" vâI πO÷# π≤_ {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç õè¿Qz[—>P|T úaU¨Ç ®¿ ô&|øÂº c&—v# Oè”Y| vÖæJ H&ûH°IÄ´ eHUû[T ôæ¿HT"" õeû o`x {]£ ≈[e ô&|øÂº RèT c´ñ ‘dñ ®æT ä—≈ñ RèT dæûH°H´ —x} ûw∆ y{ cıa ô—\ H&º¿`“| πQÇJ ô—` äv[Ç"" vôÏ+ c#eèøe ±Oè πeç` è—#Y ûäW^™*z% v&O◊ c#eèøe ‡J“è ÷oJH: õè¿c÷´ ôèxvçJó õ±&FT —È 131-135 Iæ zOJû|"" vcIR™* O÷+¨Çç vOè”Y| OüûJ ”‡| HOÔ÷\ πQºdæ z¤w‡ Re[Õ πHèT"" πúaU¨Ç —&±+ ”è Ÿ`ä| äv[ó º´T v&Gè ôw wM`æ «“I ±≈á`» («πâHïÄ% “H:Ç») ûQI;Ä´ û√™, “^ äv["" HTè? π”‡z% OèYô+ π±&ºè —&±+ πúaU¨Ç πãa ±ƒ ä´"" úaU¨Ç ®¿RFJ ô—` π—v# —&±+ ô—_´ ô`fç ôd`fñ ä”∆ç ôeä”∆ñ m≈fç ôem≈f πQê` «äw`» ®æT «cÛ]» M≥x äv["" ±IãT v&Gè v±&º´ vQê`v| (vcÔ[v|) ô—` ôüwv& π”J ûx}Ä%è õπä√ «æ±Jè» äv[ õèÃñ õè¿ M≥xñ õè¿ ä—≈ñ õè¿ ‘d vôè≈ä| üüwv&´ õπ®◊ ôæOIHeT"" úaU¨Çñ vzHπT «√™,» πQwJ eT π®◊H| ä—≈ñ v16zì´ Tõ| ÆO| ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº c&O÷# πãa ±ƒºÄ´ ûä±&F ô&|øÂº´ºèñ ûäw\T Gä û±Iãñ ãa ÔÈU πzHπ äv["" π‘dÄ´ ô®nm` õè¿H+H:Ç û#d™* ä—∆Ç28 áx[z cw™*ñ ®æT

28. «H“√ Y`Æ| OeÛÛ|T v&Gè “H:Çè z÷ºm*¨Ç R≈[” ôæÅJT"" õè¿õ´äz%ñ æF J∫ πGä πáx[z cx ô®nm` v÷oII´ ûTY^o û#d™* πuèu v+z cx M≥x “^ πzºº± ä´ó õ`”ÿ π“H:Ä%èñ πc&√R- K¬º¨Ä%è ®æT π¢èf¨Ä%è Y`Æ}Çñ πo`x —&±+ π“^ ”î| ºIÄ´ H&Gã eHQÇH#ñ πzHπ ô≈`‘ Rπ| æê^J» (“Auch für die Verbreitung des

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v≤_´ uèu ôä“—`ñ võû#Jä| πz¿^ ®{¿^™* ¢Qå≥T Gê ô+¢êQºÄ´ ≥Hç äv["" πQ±Jã|T vw∆´ A—` Iæ dæGè väw\ M≥x ãa Iæ äv["" vcxH# Iæ ûx{Ä´è ºcR\v{Jó ûxz%è æäÿm%{Jó èx[z%è æ±`Ò{J"" c©èT õπÔä—H# ô—J“ºÄ´ º¿`—#{J"" πÁH:| y{¨Ç (ôxºz °`ez*ºèç Oe—&∆Ç) Häc# TèT |`—>T πH+IÄ´ πQÔ`c# π÷I| èx[}Ç äv\"" ãbÄ´ vûx| `v& v&GèT π¡` ô´_ õº¿ãç π¡` ı_ õπcvcv# πQê\ πcxôcxô |ü|è|ü| (RH|ñ πÿè| c¨Çè) ãa æOeIJó xÅ πô¿ãç πı_ excw´ J∫ä| πcxô |üz% v¡`ñ πúaU¨Ä% vOè¿` Gä õèÃ"" ôw wM`æ cIO o¡dèè ¿`c´ c&¤`c# ±Oëè «æo`{æo`{ º◊Çº◊Ç» (πÔ[¿w|) õè√I;| õçe{´dHè (—È 51)"" O≥P` 73è π¿[c#| H±&ºÇ «æo`{æo`{ º◊Çº◊Ç» II;| ±Oè ä´"" O≥P\ eS{Ä´è eHQ—JÈç π±Oãè {]° eHQºèÁw`o õè√H õ±&F y{ v&÷me zeRQ ä´ (ûo÷J 70H-õeû 71H)ó HTè| —¿ıûä õ”±&ú H≥H#Òó ±{ez“xõ ≥`™ä ®zÖYY õH z—≈Ò (û&√è)ó z±û` M≥vû ±z”XÁû z®°Òó ®vOocı|û ±zmeÒó 5 ®ôJy ôO õTBû| ôØ[Ò"" ®võèz≥ ôM≤x IØH+ä æÁ`Ò"" O÷äc ôáWO Î^™* ¬v o¡dåûñ û=H: zôT` ®ô&|Ôo≈ ûO æè”\û"" õeO æ|Æ+π` ¬v õH æcT∫û ôTIûó 10 Ô≈Û¿c vv+z Oo¿eû"" çB ûO ØÎ —√T ô´Æπ OÆÌ® àá{"" ®ûO J—z ôoRM äcz ô[ı{"" ôezKm[ °x^ ®ô`û:d"" ®[cº Hv+z o√c+ T`ôπ õèed"" 15 õˆ ôØvæû û&ºD ôO O™ØH èõdó æõ±+c HTè| zÜYa H°x^ñ ®zô|} HU—d"" õOå ®Aûzû vôvdñ yã KnI™* æÖ+æd"" úHJv# ±ÚèKc ôèÔd (±Ö>Jt)ñ

gada-Systems kann man die Galla nicht verantvortlich machen. Diese eigen- tümliche Sozialverfassung ist zwar ausschließchlich mit den Völkern der ostkuschitischen Sprachfamilie verbunden, doch sind die Systeme der Galla, Sidamo-Hadya oder Konso zu verschieden, als daß sie eine jüngere gemein- same Herkunft haben könnten.”), Eike Haberland, Galla Süd-Äthiopiens, p. 3.

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20 õeû Rõ±+ã vOÆ| {[TR ®||Æ—X"" Oã õTæõ±+ HM”û πÜYXó ®vTè|ãO HeTû èm,≈dó õeO OËMı| ´Øº ®z¿Tcd (Ø≥^)"" zWDJ IØH+ä ôTdH õT IØH ´H#¿ û`X"" 25 Oã õ”±&õ ±ô&æmeı fv zTÆó ®ôJy OTF` ±ô&æ—+YÈ [≈ô"" ®ô&[ûxä ±ô&æTM` õT≈á[ tÿÆ"" õeO v|` ®Oocı| o≈O zW`Æñ H± zAûπ oéB ®H± |õ≤¥ [eÆ"" 30 ®æTM`¨ HõO äeK ®—xô"" ®ôTdH≥ vOËMı| zπ≈Æó ûO õT≈á[ ÆO{| cxÆñ zWDJü HÈøè ®OK`û cxö (ô+`Tºe)ó ®≥`®{z ¿m*m M≥w z“xô"" 35 ú°`e}e `õc ôMæ¨ñ OK` M≥vû ®HÎaP W`¨ó ®ôez“xúP õTz±`¨ó õeO Hôwc& æTM`¨ñ ®HcôH& æBx¨"" ®ô&|vHä ûO v±+ç äv&º| |xJ (M≥oô+J)ñ 40 õO pP o≈Sπ veô&Jñ Ë≈nä ±Oè xH#æ êá ®ô&øx ®√èô+Jñ ¬v ≥èz% M≥x ô&æWDJ"" ®õOå O≈H:z —+“æä æÖ+æJñ õTÈ≈m õH# Ævæz M≥x °v#≈ñ 45 z±û` èÈK õTû õTû=H# ±æÔ¿ı≈ó ®KH& oè™z ôõ“` ®õ≈ó ûO |TK[ä ®|WDJ û&ºäñ ú®J¿ ôx ™M≈""

! —+{ Gæñ HTè HBJ —&±+ z´ûèó πzvzã πT|cvexñ π®¿m% πT|ÔJ” (Gæ)29 (û&√è)ñ z”XÈMè πzmvH# M≥xFè ôe{´eó vo◊|FT πzm÷#|è"" 5 ûxÿxÿ º[Òv| —&±+ πHT"" v±&FT T°èº| ôM≤x æd¿wH#"" ÷I| vo¡fÇF Iæ πz%è ºFJ °Û| õè¿ÔÁOñ

29. «ºez“xúP H≥`™è» («πzvzã|è æcvewÄ´ ±è≈» -- vÔn¡ Uzñ zmv[)ó OÈKÔ o√c+ v”Ø≥ç vôR`ìñ ô¬e ôvw 09%1 ÆOz TM[|ñ —. 95" 40""

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BH#è {ńHFó õè¬ä”\F ô|ÔJ”T"" ôTI° vQH#F Iæ ºI”◊Jçó 10 vævJÿT vv+z Oo¿eF Iæ"" õäG πvbè O≥—&º õè¿¡` õè¤| ôn÷H´"" ”≈”√™èT õè¿ cxJ ‘–30 ôÔ[c´"" °xbè ô™[¿ñ ô[û:d|T"" πo√c+´è v+| πûx| O™º (v[|) ô¿[—´"" 15 vJœä| ±Oë õèƒ| ûı ûı ô¿[”D|ó ôBèe HTè °xbè {™`¿™HFñ U—gèT |—Ô™HF"" vÿÛ| x{vd‡Feñ v´ä| ±Iè æiI{Jè""31 πÚèKeè Jx ºd[ı° Gæ (±Ö>Jt) 32ñ 20 õeûOÄ vm%◊F ≥T |I{HFó |{—Yw{HFT"" üBè vâI M”Fè Rè æÔJ“{Jó eTFèe vTè õèm≈c´ó T°èºz%T OËMız% zn÷H#ó z¿Occ#T (Ø≥^)33"" æo`{ ô≈`”Jè (õèÃ)ñ õè¿ õç| vG√; J–Ç Iæ"" 25 c&p◊ πRæm◊ —+{ Rä´ó ¿m O≥P` πRæ—YÈ OTF`T πHT"" ûm%◊ vâI πRæT`T ôI—íèT"" ¡Iç o◊| ûÿè| zW`z™Jñ v”ƒ{´ Iæ HQH”Tç |õ≤±è ÄJ HQJ"" 30 c&ÁÁ|ç c&OHe ¿”U æT\{J"" π±&F TdH+ vOËMı| {úJó ûcw ÆO| vâIñ Èøèè æo` õè√Jü|ç c¨Ñè õè¿R`° (ô+`Tºe)34ñ πM≥w; J–Ç x|è{é õè¿ zcvcv"" 35 πMæ®| Oe÷| ê °è}e Gæñ

30. Q°ºe 3" 12 («®|û´è ô&π\dH+T ûO J—z Ænv+ mTM» ºH´è c&÷oe ä´"") 31. «≥û# ... KnI™*» («æF ±Iè ...»)ó πW`Î ≈è”J/OH° c—≈ {]°ñ Conti Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad) p. 53. 32. ±Ö>Jt 25" 10-13"" 33. c#z%ô+J 2" 23"" 34. z[Ô ô+`Tºe"" OÈKÒ vUI πQz`û´ πõe^ô+Jè ®¿ wv&H:è v”¥| (vÏ+™™,) O®c≈èç võ”±&ôxK+` õ`√{ ®¿ ô&π\dH+T OOHeè ä´"" OÈKÒè ˘az,e{è}Ç ôæmvH#|Tó «z[Ô ô+`Tºe» RH| ûOÈKÔ ô+`Tºe πz[Ô (zp`Ÿ πm[) RH| ä´""

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M≥xFè R`ñ ÷I{Ä´èT èmH´ó ûOvzèT cxewÄ´ó ôÿÚè æT\{Jçñ HHRîT æc÷#{J"" v±+ç äv&º| õè√Jû´ ô|vHè (M≥oô+J)35ñ 40 «vJOç ûÚz, v&pPTñ πxH#æ ±Oè Ë≈nè -- êáñ ô&øxñ √èô+J -- æ§èè M≥x æo` ôJH´T""» πÜ÷&ô{Çè Q≤è v&ûx≈çñ ûä±&F πûw≈ M≥x {IIpÇ πÈ≈o (Y^ BH#) v&vJÿ õè£èñ 45 ûBH# πQvJ÷´è πç|Fè èÈMç ôe{éó πõ”`ç πõœ(F)è πTeR` teH:Ç ôexó õè≈|T[èç æo` õè≈|Hèñ πôx ôè≈ Jœ Gæ"" ô≈ºT c—≈ ô&ºc# v1676 Æ.T. ´fiH+è HO´“| ®¿ ®H: c&±T| πÁHπ´ õè¬F xH: äv`36ó úõ”≥õ|π ®J{π véz ÎxØ ®Te™`π õTAûû cxõ...æõ±+å ôèz* W`K&* ıê|π ®Á”´å ÜæH O™*õ IØH Î`π ®ÁIõ|π õH æm|H# TØOçä ®üFçz ®º´Ø∫ ôxºz °èz*ºç| ±éz,}è æ÷wM Y“B o¡e ®éz,}è æ|m√M ¿P °v#` H®J≈û& ôTIû cRæ ®T≈` ... ô&|[eªå eIm HÁIõ|π õH ºOJû# exK ... ! õOv+z, Gæñ vŸ`ä| —&±+ “iΩñ ûc´ è≥è≥ O¿vm*ºπ äjó ... ôBèT Oè—ƒè ôèÄ* ôXT]´ó TõOçèç üFç|è vQ—≈H#ñ πcRæç πT≈` ôTI° πGä´ πJœj o¡e Y“ vé◊Ä´ πQW™wÄ´èñ °v#` ¿P πQm√wÄ´è v+z °èz*ºêÇè vQºnÿH# ÷_ç ÷I}Ä, Iæ π≈J ÖæJ e‡î""...ex HQºOJû# ÷I}Ä, OdHm*º ô{≈`—&î"" ”^î ûROÎ#ç úaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº v√O◊ ûOeÛÛ{Ä´ vÚ| û˙`z%“J OJõ°zïÇ Oÿz´ ô—]~èç O£èèz%è (è—#W#èT ‰‰c#èT) —:xîz´ õè¿E¡ õçe{´dHè"" A—^Ä´ c&OHc# Hè—#XÄ´ç HM≥wÄ´ ºm[v#| ±—w õè¿QºOH°z´ñ v±&ºè —&±+ ô&|øÂº ûûızì YJ◊é ¿`d äv["" HTdH+ñ OJõ°zïÄ% eH ôè√è∆Ä% πôxºz °èz*ºè

35. M≥oô+J 14" 14"" 36. I. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iysu I et Bakff, part II, p. 73.

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MèÏ¨Ç c&ÈÒ õè¬F ºH MèË ˙`z%“J éÿT ôIπè xH™J37"" ”^î õè¬™—#H| v®ò ôwxH: ºO◊Ä´ z%`¢Çç Æ[yÇT πOcû\| æ§èã ä´38"" c#eèøe ºO◊Ä´ πü}H&° ‰‰e (Sèƒ≥) zcxev´ HzmvI;Ä´ πA—]z% wHYJ◊êÇç H&n´è| º¿[—#| è””` HôüƒQ —#wô+ πzc÷ æOeJ äv[39"" ‰‰c# ®¿ ô&|øÂº ûOT◊{Ä´ vÚ| õäRè õè¿Gèè HR®o ÿ[| ô≈`—´ õè¿äv[ ”JÈ ä´"" vπ—√Rz% πzuuP| vôüƒQ ¿[Õ πQ{∫ |TF`| v+}Ç éÿ πäv\ H&n´è| v±&ºè —&±+ πz[—:VÄ´èç π¿[gÄ´è OËMı| õeüBè O`T[è ôJ¤[eçÄ´T"" π”^î ®{¿aÇç πúaU sè¿I¨Ç vRn÷J wæmègÄ´ êaR ÿç{Ä´ —ç x±# ±Oè æÔœ äv`"" õè”ƒF π±&ºè —&±+´ ”‡| wè≈ vû#J õè¿±&F vz^mm M≥xç vH+I vû#J vcxô |ü|ä| Mæ®| vQê\ ä—∆Ç OüûJ äv["" ”‡z% A—]~è ∆“ ôO≈ ä´ º¿[“|"" ≤_ õè£è OËMız%è ôè√è∆Ä% —√R| Oê^Ä´è õè£è πTç´m´ eRÄ´è û{]° OËMı| éÿ eç—í´ õèÃ û±&º ´› π| õè√H# ôçóT"" úaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº —xz´ πº±#| A—` ”^î w∆ º¿[—´è ä´ πQH#|è π≤_ πúaU {]° ÁKÚ¨Çè πôw wM`æ ÿç| ôæ¿”Ô´T"" úaU¨Ç A—` c&®\ äw\è M≥x õº÷Òç úaU õº¿[—# äv[""

(8) πOè”Y| ôoTç úaU¨Ç ±vì πH+H´ ®æT ^c#è HO÷vo ºJz¿^ cIR™* M≥x «“I O◊» c&H#| πQºO÷#v|è ô¿“ eHQºó «ô#ô#» æJ O["" ôÍI S√ Iæ Gç πz^v äT` ºπÇ Q√u OcH#"" ôè√Ç ¢j{ 37. Lord Stanley of Alderley, Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Abyssinia During the Years 1570-1527. By Father Francisco Alvarez, New York 1881, pp. 75 and 122. "They also were surprised at our coming into the church with our shoes on, and still more at our spitting in it," p. 30. («¿”U fiRÇèè õè√¿[”è ûv+z °èz*ºè vO”w{Çèñ æJm%èT ûv+z °èz*ºè éÿ vO|Û{Çèñ z—[P»)"" 38. M. René Basset, Histoire de la conquête de l’Abyssinie (XVIe siècle) par Chihab Eddin Ahmed Ben ‘Abd el Qâder surnommé Arab-Faqih, Paris Vol. I (1897), pp. 213-4. 39. Philip Caraman, The Lost Empire The Story of the Jesuits in Ethiopia 1555- 1634, Notre Dame (Indiana), 1985, p. 142: “The speech was spattered with quotations from Aristotle, Tertullian, Eusebius and Jerome, and would have been an impressive display of erudition in any European university” («è””\ ûôè◊◊H&eñ ûz`z%H&ºêcñ ûô´dxøcñ ûô&πaT πz®c¡ ÿofÇ

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 29 124 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

c&cR Ov`—” Gä"" {]° ÁKÚ´ õè¿O±—v´ñ ôè≈ —&±+ ôè¬| c+| ôia e|sI R—∆ J{—w õ√] ®ÿ{ dH ‘[v+~ õd| J|‡` ®¿v+~ x|—w ôia™ c&º` ô—íÇ´"" wHv+~è HRe÷èmo «ôia´ ô[[ñ ôia´ ô[[» xI x|◊^ «wIezçv[ a “I ®[[ñ “I ®[[» ºHÇ OeI;| ôR^ zhv["" ’±#è õπä√ hh æwIJ40"" üFçz% H¿[c´ OoWı| T°èº| c&ÔJ—# πôÏ+ Jxä ≈è”J ÿ“x ºO◊´ o◊| ô≈`—´ æç—^H#"" H±&FT Re[Õ c&c÷# Ÿ` ôT◊ xH: õ”±&ôxK+`è HTëJó —√Rz%T ®¿ õ”±&ôxK+` õè¬ÁJ∫H| Ø◊è ôe‡êIÄ™J xH´ ÈÔ™J"" {]û#è vOm÷Jñ è—#W# vÁH:| º—í´ OoWı| eHÁçv| zÁÈ} o≈e| R`ºTè v&RÎè πúaU¨Ç ±Oè OÄ, õèQÔÁT v^õæ ä”^™HÇ æIH#"" M≥v# πQº¿`—´è ûR◊| πzäX ¿xz^¨Ä%è æ÷ænJ"" ¿xz^¨Ä%T «“I πQO◊v|èç πRæO◊v|èñ v&O◊T πQhäıv|èç πRæhäıä|è mè» OÈKı —J÷´ (¢ûx sÿ[´) HR”í| Kdv “I õeû O≈[e voz™J41 "" πË≈nã —≈J ÁKÚ¨ÇT Ë≈pÅ´ ûúaU ®^] õè√√ëÄ´ πQºdæ zôT` ¿`cÍÄ™J"" ôè¡ vôÏ+ c#eèøe ±Oè πê\ πôw K^ ≈è”J —≈J ä´"" {]û#è ûH+I y{ eIIπB| ô¬e H&Gè æÇIJç õèÿmc´42ó õè± æ—x` T”w^z èÁ#Kz éz —√P o≈e| zK´û| ôSD û=I A—` vÁv&Æ ô[Q ±æxJ¨ ®`√º"" x±#Üä cxô mzH võƒBó ®x±#Üä cxô Á+®®"" ®RF[û ôJFTz ®ôw”Æ ®õèedz x±#Üz ±AH™ û=H:è ôF—#^z õèvH º|`ı 1C õTû=H# A—`"" ®v´õz% —&±+ OÈô Áwô&| x±#Üè Öv ≥èz% xK+`"" ®pP OèÔpP v°K ®OèÔpP vHÙó ®ô&vÈK# Öv —√P Hôv#ä õèz AH®| RØûH+GP õè± æ_õæ™ ®æ—:—@ô# HvÁ&N{ õeO ûJúP OJôû õ”±&ôxK+`ó ®ôı`GP ûO æ`Üm% õTô≈ºQD ®õTÈçÙD H—√P"" ®zOæ÷# õPèz%å ä—¿ ô[Q õTA—[ ôv#ä Öv üJõ A—` ±æÁxõ™"" ! (ôw K^ ≈è”J) vo≈e| —√P éÿ èÁ#M Y^¨Ç c&W^ ®`√º vQH#| ô[Q Ÿ` T°èº| A—]~ vUI zhv[Ç""

z±`z´v| äv`ó vπ|ì´T πô´a¯ ∫å˚`ez* (v&¿[”) πQ¿äo πH&oä| |`ô&| æGè äv`»)"" 40. π‘ÕT {]°ñ EMML 5403, f. 62b.

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 30 “I/úaU 125

võÕÄ´ x±# c´ ô÷Òó x±# c´T ô“±#"" ûx|Tñ v‘ÇT vπô—\ ºH#|è õècfÇ ôè√ÇT ô—` dºez`ı ±[Ô"" v±&ºè —&±+ x±# Ÿ[ïÇ ®¿±&F A—` O÷#ç ”RkÄ% v±&F ”RkÄ% v±&º pP"" õº∫™|ç H&¿`c#w| v&◊¿ÒT vRFIÄ´ ®√HÇ´ ®¿ ôv#ä (K^ ≈è”J) —√T ôJ¿[c#T"" T°èºz%T πõ”±&ôxK+` OJô° ûJ°I;Ä™Jó û—√P A—aÇç û≈TvbT õè¬`m% ı`D| ◊HwÄ´"" õä±&º πô[Q ä—≈ πôv#ä (K^ ≈è”Jè) A—` (|z´) ®¿Q®—#| ®¿H+I ô—` Ú{Ä´è ô¥\"" M≥v# πOè”Y| õ`√{ HO÷πo v&U°`Tñ Oè”Y|ç ®{¿\ ºH#| \o vOGã OJ°z% dæ¿è πúaU¨Ç ô¿“ æm≈RJ"" ôw wM`æ eH √U| ÿÛ| c&ÈÒ «ô—]~è πQº≈èç πQºeÿJ πH+H Gê c&º—ì| c´ç ûx| ô“±» ºH#| HRèì´T ô´^Õ πQÁç ôä“—` äv` (°ıJ 04è zOJû|)"" v±&º Iæ π°èz*ºã Oè”Y| ûõeIT ÜæJ “^ π O[´ O¤[i ôJw |”J v”^î O]ä| π°èz*ºãè M≥x —#Jv| cxa|ñ o`c#èT õè√ºèc^^ ô≈`‘ O|}| äv["" æF vO} vQs÷\ ÆO{| û”^î vÚ| π O[ Ÿ`ä| v”^î U| ôIûzOTó vO} HQs÷\ ÆO{| mÿI;J"" vTYô ûô√H:Ç “^ñ vcSè ûz%`¢Ç “^ æ™—# äv["" HTdH+ ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J û¿Tv&º õπzäX √U|ñ —#^—+ñ õç`º x±# —&±+ñ ™v& hvH& ®è≥ ôè≈ —&±+ñ ¿§ê (TÌ™) BH| —&±+ ±T~J"" ô&|øÂºè πQºń|ç ºèè BH# ®◊ —w Oè—≈ võ”`ç vûx| HO’≥ ºHv|è ≈üTç πQÔ ´è —&±+ πQ—T| c´ ô—]~ H®^] °ı| õè¿äv[ÇT O—O| ôº√”z´T"" BHzìTñ πOè”Yz% W^™*| πúaU¨Ä%è ºFJ πŸ` eJ|ç ¤°ê õπz™¿m% πRhäı ıI‘| ºIÄ´ ôæOeH#T""

41. HTdH+ñ EMML 5298, f. 153b. ¢ûx πQs÷[´ vzÔ^´ ‘d eT (®`≈ºñ ôv÷&ñ ®±z)ñ vA—\ eT (¿Tv&ºñ ®Hnñ ®±z)ñ v®\ ({áXYñ πüz*|ñ ®±z)ñ v®è—+I™*´ (Rz,ëñ H#neñ ®±z) Gê v6 æ—¿ÛJ"" ´÷+z% 1 ûGä ®_ xÅ ä´ó 2 ûGä ôæO◊Tó 3 ûGä (æO◊J) c´T ûx|T º—ìJó 4 ÿ\ ä´ (“I) ôæO◊T"" 5 æO◊Jñ c´ º÷ÛJ"" 42. —≈H ôw K^ ≈è”Jñ EMML 69, f. 41ab, Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 71. {]û# ôw wM`æ v±+çB H“I °ıJ 07 éÿ πä—\è dæGè ôæm`T"" ‘ÕT éÿ π¬R —&ø`—&eT zôT` W`~J"" vm√R™* ô&ºc# ±Oè (¿Õ≥RÇ) —&ø`—&e v+z °èz*ºä#è c&ºW^ ô^| v+| z%HR¨Ç ®[´ äv["" vcRØz% õ`√{ zhäÒ (EMML 5747, ff. 141b-142b)""

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πW^™*z% ÆIR ≥`Úº eHäv[ wüwv&ºÄ´ πQ±[ı ü—í% π\m%è M≥x HR√è c&÷\ º—>[O`RH#43"" fezìñ è—#Y c&U| ô¬e è—#Y πvIæäz%è πQæ±´ ÿoOïÇ O£èè| π^dÄ´è c´ HRè—Y «õe^ô+I´ºãè» û®Få õº®[¡ [œT —&±+ πQÔœñ x±# M≥x πQ¤èñ x±# èx[| πQº®≈T |”J üüE¿ vâI ä´"" ôè√è∆Ä%R °èz*ºêÇ äè õºH# πô√H# ôQ` vIºÄ´ õè¬ä”Y õeûOII° ¿`c™J44"" ô^zìñ πDæRê| ‡o‡o ºeûzH´ âI m`ä| vmIH# πQ—O| ôæ¿HT"" «wM{™*ºè» ûè—#W# ±è≈ v’a —xz´ «æFèè DæRê| (oxÆ| ®æT Á“) üJº≥° π”≤| ±OèF w‡` æm÷ÛJ» æH#{J"" æE õè¬¿èv| πRæÔJ” è—#Y DæRêz%è c&H´ÿñ ôè¡ DæRê| vä—Wv| —&±+ πzc¿¡| (e¡√è) æOHdH#ó vYJ◊è Iæ ºH#| z^Ä´è e¡√è æGçH#ó õè võè O¤^[e æ T^J"" ôÏ+ c#eèøe DæRêz%è πH®÷´ç v±&FT T°èº| [œT —&±+ πÔ ç vO} h&F πQs÷` M≥x ºHmv| πõè vè Ÿ`ä| πzüE¿´ úaU¨Ç H≥`Úº v—:Hvz%v| ±Oè ä´"" H+H:Ä%è π≈°O| T°èº}Ç ôw wM`æ vo`x Gä´ {≥v´ v±+çB H“I éÿ ôè≈ PH# °ıJ cÿz´ ±`≥[™Ä™J (°ıJ 09è zOJû|)"" û|èzçÄ´ πTè—ä±v´ ”^î v®{¿` xÅ ºhäÔ´è Oè”Y| UI´ πúaU πH#w |´J≈ πŸ` W^™*| Gê c&±T|v| v&ºhèÔ´ πRæ—`T OGãè ä´"" πúaU¨Ç ™ç ™ç¨Ä% πÖæJ Tè·Ç fe| çÄ´ó ôè¿ìñ vπeTè| ÆO| ô¬e |´J≈ c&zü ô¬c# π”≥[| |´J≈ ±OçÄ´è πQ T\| váx[| z—≥[´ ô¬e h#T z°z´ñ |èj |Jo dæH# BH#T ôxa vO≥O| ô¬e A—`

43. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, p. 108: «ûÿm*| —&±+ vâI (c#eèøe) v®Hn ºH´è “I H&®“ OE≈ ÔH—"" πè—#W# W^™*| c&cP õè¬F c&H# ô—>[O[Pñ «vôè≈ v“ “Iè ô^| —&±+ ≈J ô¿[”èó ¿”U ôBè õèƒ| ®¿“I ±OÅ æ®e¿çJ?» è—#W# õè¿ zdäÒv| c&cR æFèè —#√æ z®´""» 44. πôÏ+ øKèe/ôõIı c—≈è {]° —È 28 Iæ xèOHû| õè¬F πQJ õç—îv{Hèó v±&F ®` ´eÿ Û_eç ±R`ºT π—+{Çèè πè—#W ä—Y| ôØIı c—≈è Oè”Y| HRıHe ÔJ—´ Hô¿H# h#T õè¬F c&H# Iû#v|ó «õäG Ô[eç 3 voH:¨Ç ûx±# èx[|ç —[∆Ç ûQGãF ûzR[û# c+}Ç “^ JûèJDJ"" õìT ôTäèxDJñ õè—≤JDHèTó xÅ vì Iæ õè≈|ä”Y ôO◊ÿFè ôÛÿè""»

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váx[| vOT{| O^Ä´è (”ƒ{Ä´è) vR´◊| ä´"" ô´_ ®æT «c&√R» (ä—¡ úaU ºJGä RH| ä´) ºJ—¿H oRJ v&Ô ´T õè£è ÷—#\è ôæI‡Tó M“Ä´ ä´"" ê Iæ ûm%è· πvH÷ ÷—#` O{π| πAı[| TJ°| ä´"" ü—wT Qez% «π÷—#^T Qe|» õè√|wJñ °x\èç °xbè HRe÷vo πQºeÔJ—´è º¿`“J"" mç´ Oı|K+ «c&√R» O”¿J ä´"" üJ—¿H «πU| ı`≈ õè¿zÔ[¿v|» õ≈S Jû#è K±èzì Gê æU{J"" BHzìñ ≈è—| üJz¿[cwÄ´ vm` TèT v&Gè û÷I| Ÿ` “^ Ú| HÚ| ´—&º ôæ—ÿPT"" πŸ` ÖæJ OT◊z%è c&cP vz—í´ ôo◊fi BH# æhiH#ó c&hh# —¿J ôæOJdÄ´T"" πQ®\| cIR™*´è Oè¿` c&Gè TM[| πQwJ wFJ πIÄ´T"" ôw wM`æ °ıJ 04 Iæñ «√U|è ... πQº≈èç πQºeÿJ πH+H Gê c&º—ì| —&±+ c´ç ûx| ô“±» ºH#|è Re{®e ævnJ"" vM≥v# cIR™*ä| ºI”÷#v{Jó «ûx|» æH#{J"" c¨Ç π°è|ç ÿTm| c&÷Om% ôæz´ñ õºd¿¡ û´K æ¿ım%çñ «wM` πQHxc#|è c&√R¨Ç ûwM` —Ôz`£Ä´» õºH# æˆ°^H# (π±+çB H“Iè °ıJ 01 zOJû|)"" Ûc&Jè πQºFJ π±Oãè |Jo wHYJ◊è õè¿—¿H# ôw wM`æ ä”[´çJ (—È 79)"" v&±O|wÄ´ Tè õè√¿[—# ûôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J {]° éÿ πzO±—v´è õèOJû|45ó õT≈á[ ≥èz%c è|Oπÿ Öv ±+ç ıêz% Hè—#Y OH° c—≈ √”R™* se÷è÷&êe ±ôÁ® ôxºz ◊∞{| ®ô`Ü® ôxºz °èz*ºç|"" ®v^xÆ™* ØH| õTØHz °è|ç ôO WIdB H®`Ü O“v&| zèYô õT´õz% eı^ ®ô`|Æ ıê} Oè—H ®œ HÁv&ô “I"" ≥èz%c K#[}P ¢ä v®`Ü ≠v&æ ÍT"" ®vOÜ|® Ûc&ü vÈK# c+ı v`"" “Ic fv cT≠# ±+ç TÈôz% õè± AH© v—#^—+ ı`D| ®[Æ≈ ôÖ¥P ®—:∫ TeH ôèez*GP ®¿m*pP ®ôJFTz*GP ®z±`© éz û=H# ıç™| ûO z±`¨z ÷&e õT—Á äÛe"" ®õT≥ Oû[ ûO æÈxú H“I ±AH: vvÿÛ^ ±æ|vAJ √™, ±ôá—:H: HÛc&H: TeH c^™*z%"" ´õz%å fv cT≠ ±+ç TÈôz% H≥èz% è—#Y ”\T ±æ—+`T õTä—Yz T≈` —:π `K#m õeû zÜÿô ôc[ FI™,B"" ®fv+D Oû\ Ævæz Oè”Y| õè± æxH# Tèz äÜYY õT≈á[≥"" çB zÜÿô ôc[ “I ®ô&zô´m Öv N["" õ°Jå H±[Û ®HOhOÅ zÖÿôó çB Áèô [Ax vûzRä"" õT≈á[ ≥èz%c

45. Conti Rossini, Historia, Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), pp. 127-8.

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 33 128 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

è|Oπÿ éz ûzRä ±æõz* ôKz* —#wô+ õèz K™`º| ô¢ã zxFH æÖ+æe O™*| vû@ç| õO™*| v[Üx"" ´õz%å zcÿ¨P õè± æxJñ úG æû#è vûO |v+H#"" ®±èz xCH: S÷ —Í ®[cπ ıê| õèz ıêz —#^—+ ®K#[z%å ¢ä —>—>ô"" ®õè± AH© v—#^—+ äYô yi h#T ÿTmz °è|ç ôO @®3 H®`Ü Qº≥º vØHz Ø[ız% Ho¡e —&ø`—&e"" ®¢ä H:z% zKwΩ ≥èz% è—#Y Oc&K™* `z%Æ DæRê|ó ®®Ay Y`“™, ±æÆ+≈T HÆæè ®cOπ eU —&ø`—&e"" ®®Ay OTF[ OèÔd™, ûO æTKa DæRêz ®ûO ºÿTo û=H: cxô A—\"" ®v± ûO≥ ”x` ôezÛä¨ ®N[ xK+a vcIT"" ®õT≈á[≥ ô`|Æ ıêz vm√R™* ıê| ±OÈô wz*"" cxô KÏ+—+c ¢ä æÈMm% vÁ&K vı÷#è HH ôxºz*GP ®HH Y`Æ}P"" ®xÈK}På ¢ä Öv —#wô+ ôO [v#≠# H®`Ö KTH+ ±vdå{B z≥ü[ Ø[ı}P H„+ÿae ®‰´H:e x`Dçz ÆHT"" ≥èz%c û=H# ¢ä v@®7ÆOz Oè”Yz% Hè—#Y OH° c—≈"" æõz* °[T| ¢ä| û[Tz XFJ OTM[|ñ °[Tz |ıYM| ®ÜX+|"" ! û±&F vâIe ôxºz π◊∞|è ±”} ôxºz °èz*ºèè ®¿ûÔz ®¿ √”R™* se÷è÷&êe ®¿ è—#Y OH° c—≈ (W`Î ≈è”J) —#¥ õèOHe"" û°è|ç ØH| (ûeoH|) vô^zìæz% mèñ vO“v&| cIdñ û±&º y{ zäY} “Iè H&®“ Oè—¡è ®¿ ®œ ômç"" æ§ —#≤;Ä´ v≠v&æ ÍT (vK#√ƒ) äv["" vÛc&ü ™±+R c+ı v` ¿[c#"" “H:Ç ”è OT◊{Ä´è c&cP v—#^—+ õè√H# ı`D|ç ≈è“÷+ º≤Ä´"" c+}ÅÄ´èñ J–ÅÄ´è ûx}ÅÄ´è æ±´ hh#ó ÷&e ûäÛe Ú| õè¿Qzè vπôo◊Äfi´ zäã"" û±&º vvÿÛ^ ºH#|è Ûc&H:è ûäW^™*z% ºvIh#|è √™, πzwH#|è “H:Ç H&®“ ®cä"" õäc#T π±&Fè ûT≈` è—#ZÇ BH# πQºe—`T wH”`R è—#Y πOT◊| ®_ c&cP ºH#v| ÔH—# õeû&÷Û ≈[e `m´ hh#"" v±&F —&±+ πOè”Yz% {IIo c¨Ç «û±&F vâI Tè õèÔJ“Hè? õäG π“I ÔH—# ôJz—íTó ®ƒ| õè¿E¿ ôJ{®mT"" õFJT H±[ÛT Gä HhO{ πHT"" õäG vcÔ^Çè [Öx ÷ç"" õè”ƒFe πK™`º| —#wô+ ®¿GäÇ´ ®¿O¬çÇè õèOHe"" v[Öx ûOU| vŸ` OU| æiIJ ôJzwHTè?»46 c&H# T°` ôm[v#"" õc#T «õh&ñ õè√IÇB

46. cpn® ô+`Tºe 4" 9""

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 34 “I/úaU 129

æBè» c&J OHcIÄ´"" æ§èè zç”a Úz%è ô±#a Oè—¡è ®¿ —#^—+ ô¿[—"" C¿z%T vÿ≈Úº äv["" v—#^—+ wH#v| —&±+ñ Qº≥º 23 mèñ πo¡e —&ø`—&e Ø[ı| ØH|ñ yi h#T °`e|ç zäX"" æF ú`}∆°d™*´ Oc&K™* è—#Y ™e (π°`e|ç ôw|) Gä´"" HÆæè πQºe—`T —+ÿ c÷´"" ePèT “—&ø`—&e” ôH´"" DæRê| õè¬ºezT[´ç πA—\è c¨Ç BH# õè¬º÷To OèÔd™* OTF` c÷´"" (—&ø`—&eè) võè¿±&F ºH Bé{ hî}| ®¿A—\ vcIT zOHc"" û±&F vâI vO◊w| vÚzì™ Oè—≈ —#¥´è ômç"" πKÏ+—+ c¨ÇT }H: vπv+{Ä´ç vπ|√^Ä´ õè¬¿`c# æ’—# äv["" û—#wô+ (ûûzRÄ´) π¿[c#|Tñ vR”ez% πÆHT x`Dç| „+ÿaeç ‰´H:e Ø[ı{Ä´ vQGèv| vKTH+ ô^| mè äv["" æF BH# πGä´ vè—#Y OH° c—≈ 27ì ÆOz Oè”Y| ä´"" ºÄ* °[T| πæo`{ç πTM[| °[T|ñ π¿e{ç πO¿cÅ °[T| GäÇ"" fezìñ úaU¨Ç O™“| üHwÄ´ñ ‡ı^ πQH#| πŸ` eJ| ôIÄ´ó BH#T wè≈ä| E¿´ û÷I| Iæ æ[w[v#v{J"" H±&F TdH+ πQGè ôÏ+ c#eèøeè õèƒ| õè¿Oz%| —È 146-150 Iæ õçºHèó ôBè πúaU¨Ç cxô |ü{™* ®[^ Tè õè¿QOeJ û±&F v{Ç πz÷mc#| ±—w¨Ç õè¤T`""

ûôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J (1555-1589 Æ. T.) {]°47ó ®õT≈á[ vÆH Ûc&ü zèYô õT¿Txº ûO æN` h™ó õeO —>—>õ ´õz% HÆm*v A—` õTä “I"" õeO h™ A—[ Oè”Y| æõz*"" ®ôSD ®Av K`y ôTÜ HôezÛè¨z% ôı^c á\ºä ±ô&πÜÌÎ# õT± ®Av æeKoó v´õz%å —&±+ √”O äYô v#^û+"" ≥û=H# Axz K`y ¢ä vT°[ W`Î °`e}e RõT` ®Hw™* IØH+B cITó æTKa ®æWFH: õ”±&ôxK+`"" ®õT≥ ô`|≠ ıê} Oè—H ”è≈ v[|"" ®û[O vFπ"" ®ÜH&ˆ ®`Ü °[T| cTÆ ûO OH°™ “I HT≈[ ®œ"" ®fv+D Hôû ´ez û=H# ôF—@[ Oè”Yz% ûO æ|“xô# ¤™ õTHÙ ®õTHÙ"" ®Hôû —:∂T Öv ±`ô øKèeñ ®Öv z°H —&ø`—&e √U| ÁKÔ ITñ ®Öv √á[‘| ®œ nÈ ûO æTÈô# û=H:P TeH û=H# W^™*z ÎxúP"" ®fv+D zèYô õT”è≈ v[| ®z^ûv v®[x TeH õH# ±±û`çGP"" ®fv vÈK ®œ [ûyP H“I vRº ®v®œ

47. Conti Rossini, Historia, Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), pp. 44-5.

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 35 130 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

OH&úP û=I T≈[ TeH ôJFTz*GP ®¿m*pP ®ôèez*ºGP"" ®Öÿô# ıêz Öv πK´\ õeO OJô ôJFTz*GP éz û=H# Oüè"" ®õTx≥àP HôJFT| ô&æ|[ôæ 1TeH üJô#"" ®õTØÎ#x ”x` πK´\ õè± æä≈ô# ôJFTz HÙ ®HÙ ûO æ`ûv# ıêz"" “Iå ô&ºõO[ TÈô}P H±O÷ä≥ W^™*| ±æû≈è™ HT≈` õè± πK´\"" ®Y`≠z ÎxúPc ¢ä vWHez% Í{"" m√R™* Í{ [ûx¨ H“I Öv z≠æä"" ®fv `õøP ”xz zèYô ®zÏxúP"" ®õT≥ z{H© °Jô+z% Í{ ôK¡ ≈á[ ôK¡ó ®zÏxõ¨ñ ®mzH# õTéB x±#Ü ±ôJy àJs õeû ôèez*GP ®¿m*pP"" ôJFTzc ô&RF[û# ôI ƒ—è¨ H±ôTW÷ ®—:π õTéGP õeû Ô÷“` ®¿™a"" ®ô&º|[Ò õèvH á√◊è"" ®õè± æ|Oπ÷# õTc√√ RF[û# ôJFTz ±Ü¿”¨P m√Q"" ®ôÜ±# vv≠W`z% Tõ| ®vv ÜTez% Tõ|"" û=H# Rá[û ôT◊ä °CH:z%"" cxô A—`å äYô# ±πô°H:P ®Ü¿—# ±zYõêP"" ®õTôO ®Ìô “I ôJy ±—x[ OãC ±ûO≥ ÜæH ≠v&π vW`¨z “I ô&õTõeIT ®ô&õT°èz*ºè"" exK| Hõ”±&ôxK+` °v#` ®J≠#J —w_ ÜæJ võ¿ Oc&K# W`Î ≈è”J"" ! ûÛc&ü vÆJ vâI (W`Î ≈è”J) ®¿h™ HOE≈ û¿Tv&º zäXó T°èºz%T A—]z%è û“I HO÷vo Çû#J äv["" h™ πOè”Y| A—` äÇç"" v±&ºè —&±+ K`y HOhì πQGã (wM` ä“j) æYKo ûc÷´ πRºèc# T`ÿ Ô[fÇ —Á v[û| c÷"" v±&FT —&±+ ≈“Q v#^û+ (Te“ç) ô—í"" æF BH# πK`y Ax| πz—í´ v≠™m*´ç vôez™∫ (vôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J OTF`) vW`Î °è}e T°` ä´ó cIT æ[ıv|ó õ”±&ôxK+` æR[´ó æo` ævH´"" û±&F vâI Oè—¡è ®¿”è¿v[| ômç"" °[Tz%èT õ±&º ôdHÔ"" π°[T| ®^| c&ºJı “H:Ç T≈[ ®œè õè¿zs◊÷b| cR"" v±&F —&±+ |°Hì πŸ` W^™*| (¤™) û±&FT û±&ºT õè¬cvcv# vOè”Yz% ô´^Õ¨Ç BH# OJõ°| ôezIHÔ"" BH#T ûOI Ÿ` W^™*{Ä´ “^ õè¬O÷# —:∂T ®¿ (—:∂T ä“j) ±`ô øKèeñ ®¿ √U| ÁKÔ IT z°H —&ø`—&eñ ®¿ ®œ nÈ √á[‘| IûwÄ´""48 v±&ºè —&±+ û”è¿v[| zäY} ®[x Iæ ûä±&F ûôäXçÄ´ “^ z—çí"" ®œ c&¿è “H:Çè ûûx}ÅÄ´ñ

48. «—:∂T ä“j»ñ «√U| ÁKÔ/Ù IT»ñ «®œ nÈ» πA—[ —µ*¨Ç πRØ`” eUÇ çÄ´""

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 36 “I/úaU 131

ûJ–ÅÄ´ñ ûc+}ÅÄ´ “^ vRº õç v®œ vUI O_~ ÷&T xH´w| ô—ìÄ´"" (W^™*z%) RHÚº Oè—≈ ô÷#ó T°èºz%T ûx}ÅÄ´ vy{´ BH# UJz´v| äv["" ûûx}Ä% x≤| πzäX (c´) ôè¡ ûH+I´ ôæzºæT äv["" Oè—≈ HR”í| ûx}Ä%è ®¬ºç ®¬F Dæ õºH# v‡èo Bé{ æE¡ äv["" “H:Ç ¿”U c&’≥ O_~è πQhıç| æ§è πQºFJ W^™*| OT◊z%è ôI®m%T"" (πè—#W# W^™*|) π´—&º cJÛÄ´ vfe| °ıJ äv["" m√Q´ °ıJ “H:Çè õcÔ\v| ô—ìÄ´"" ≈è—| c&ºæ™Ä´ zäYz´ z™’Ä´"" û±&º BHz% °ıH:Ç ôè¡ H+I´è õπzûzH ®’Ä´"" õeû c+}ÅÄ´ç J–ÅÄ´ ≈[e tÿ` πH+´ x±# (c´) ÔÀ"" ûäc# ºOH÷´èç õeû Ô÷“`ç õeû ¿™a πhh´è ôd¿¡ õèÃ (O O]ºe) ûx| ôJR[û#T"" ûÿm*}Ç vm` TèT ôIez[ÒT"" ûRd¿≈ c&OHc# vÚ| πz™Ä´è ûx}Ç R[û#"" vπôè≈ h&´ vπôTe| O}´ ®c¡ó BH#T õè¿ÇH:{´ R[û"" πA—\ c´T πQvnÄ´è ºFJ ®c¡ó ºJÅH#|è (π|T) z´|"" “I ûO◊v| —&±+ ôèY}ñ “H:Çè vOèmJ ûõeITT û°`ez*ºèT õè¿±&F ûı ºH ÖæJ πÔÁO πHT"" vOc&K# vW`Î ≈è”J õœ ÖæJ HW^ °v#`ç J≠#J HGä´ Hõ”±&ôxK+` Te“ç æ”w´""

ûôÏ+ c#eèøe/YJ◊è c—≈ (1600-1625) {]°49ó ®õè± AH: vT≈[ v≈ OÈô ôH& ®J¿ ôœx TeH ôx≈Jn≈` è—#W eç` vT°èºz Aû° ±zèYô véz A—\ õè± TeH+B x±#Üè OezÌØçä ôıê ®cxô õ”`"" ®Ö¿[ H:z% Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ñ ®¢ê è—#W eç` ®ÆH+ ®zô±± H:z% ûO —x`"" ®è—#Yå ôWäπ H:z% û=H: Oıo√z Y“ó ®ôW`—¨ vôJwc K]` ®v®ò ôTw` ®ô&ºáÿú Tèzå õT± Ôm¿"" T≈[å ®Ay ‡J“D"" ®±èz û=H: õT≈á[ —x[ ®≠H vFπ v≠H J¿| ±Hõ”±&õä ®O≈Üåä ô&πc#e °è}e H:z% exK|"" ®õT≥ fv cTÆ è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ûO z—:ç¿∫ ô´Ìú ÁwM| cxô ®è≈—+ ®H” zTØÆ ®ô±± æTA`°¨Pó ®RF[û# x±#Ü ôJFTz"" ®ôÿıô# õ°H ®ô´≠∫ ôxºz"" ®û=H:c ±zRF[û ôJFTz õTä H” ®Av Hè—#W eç` ®HôH& ®J¿ ôœx"" ®õT≥ zèYô õT´õz% Oüè ®N[ Oè—H d`üó ®vÈK Öv Oüè ±AH® yz% èez*| wM` ±|cOæ —¿R"" ®®ÆH vFπ

49. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, pp. 103-7.

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vÆH ÿTmz% Hõ”±&õä ®O≈Üåä ô&πc#e °è}e H:z% exK|"" ®õT≥ zèYô õTFπ ®N[ õèz ıêz ÈIH:ó ®Æ¿® ÔH— ôxº ®vÈK T≈[ v#√ó ®ôcèvz vFπ"" ®õT≥ zèYô õT´õz% Oüè ±ôcèvz yz% ®®[¿ Oè—H ∂^ õèz ıêz ®è√d"" ®vÈK Öv ôKz* A—` ±AH®| vÈèÔ ÔH— c#âó ®ôcèvz vFπ ®®ÆH vÆH mvI ÍT"" ®õT≈á[ vÆz ÍT zèYô õT´õz% Oüè ®N[ Öv ôKz* A—` ±eR ih+ õèz eÒM O`Mwó ®vFπ [cπ ûzRB"" ®õè± AH: v´õz% Oüè zcTÆ ±+ç TÈôz “I õOè—H v[è{"" ®fv cTÆ zèYô v—&±+Dñ ®N[ v—>—>ôó õeO —>—>õ ´õz% HÎxõ ûO æ—>õ xõc& `Ö#x HOxJØñ ®xõc& ÈPõ Hc|æ"" ®õTo≈O K#[z% Ôä¨P Hê πRä °è}e ®Hê YØH °è}e ôÜ™*B õèz üJõ ıê|"" ®è—#Yå N[ TeH õH&ôB õèz üJõ ıê|"" ®ôo¬U Ôä¨ Hôv+zÖ#è ®J¿ °è}e ±¢ä xIz,êÇ { v´õz% ±Oè TeH á√◊è W^™*z Îxõ —&±+ ıç c`°"" ®vÈwM zH® è—#Y ôca ®[ûy H“I ±´õz% ®[èi vTJô# ®üJõå “I ±õTä—¿ v`z%R TeH+B vØHz m√Q| cèv| ôO 0®2 Hπüz*| vT≈[ HT¤è"" ®znzH# “I ®W^™*z è—#Y Æv&π m|H"" ®¢ä O™*õ Hè—#Y"" ®zm|H# ôSD x±#Üè “I"" ®õè± æ—:ææ y±®≈m éz Á≈ı ®éz Ræ ±AH: RõûH Á≈ıñ õeû ¢ä ´õz% Ræ ¿O õTx≥Ö zm|H:z% H“I"" ®ôÖ™*Bc ô&[ûv# “I õeO zAû∫ yP cxõó ®ô&ºèK# Oè—¿ ®ô&vÈK# õeû ôw™*"" ®õT≈á[ ≥èz% O™*õ Ôm¿ è—#Y ûO æN` Oè—H ®Hn ûO æÌxú H“I ±AH: vFπ"" ®ôè—:`—:\ ôm,|µ`ó ®Mm K™*a zOæ÷ õèvæä ±ôè—:`—:\ yz% cxô ûzR"" ®õT≈á[ zOæ÷ [cπ ûzRB Öv ÈèÔ ÔH— c#â"" ®õè± AH: vFπ cTÆ TÈôz “I õOè—H ®cè ôTw"" ®zèYô è—#Y vûO JR¡ õè± æ—>õ"" ®N[ ®vÈK Öv T≈` ±|cOæ ∂è v≈J"" ®vFπ [ûy HH&vè “Iñ Æv&æ ä—≈ ±πÆv& õTû=H:P ä—¿ “Iñ vT≈[ ∂è v≈J vÈèÔ ÔH— x`"" ®´õz%c H&vè x±#á ÿm ûO ôèv◊ ®RõT[ Îxõñ ®ÜºJ ´õz% õTû=H:P ÖºIä “I"" RF]¢ ®ôez“v&ú û=H: ôJFTz “Û|ñ ®ôJFTz ·Sñ ôJFTz ô—´ñ ®ôJFTz √U|ñ õeû dûI ®—v`R ôÿÚú A—[ñ ®mz*H: x±#Üä cxôñ ®Ï+™*¨ ¿m ®ôèez"" õÖ&¥ TF`üB õè± æ|Oπÿ A—a [ûy è—#Y vT≈[ ∂è v≈J vØHz KPe ôO @®4 Hπüz*|""

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®`õø “I ûO OÈô yz% è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ TeH x±#Üè W^™*| æv+ñ Tè|ã ≥ä—`ó ôõ™Tå ®û=H# ØÎ´ ô≈w`å ®û=H# ô´”` ºèfe© ûO cxõ"" ®äv[ ôSD “I û™*ê HÖv 3 ®4 ‡ı^ó H#w vwMz*z%ñ m,a vwMz*z%ñ sè¿I vwMz*z%"" ®vÈK è—#Y TeH û=H:P W^™*z% OezÌØçä ôıê vÆv&æ —>—>ô"" Hcxô õ”`c Ö¿‘P æ|J´¨ v≈á_B"" ®zÏxô# è—#Y ®H&vèó ®¢ä O™*õ Hè—#Y v—&±+ ±æÔÿè õToÈvz Ææè"" ®zm|H “I ±ôJy Ö#Js"" ôSD ôJy xõc& OezÌØä Ô[e õTÜºIåB Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ±ô&mzH “I ®±ô&ºTÈô ÄxÄyó ®®—\ ôTdH õxè ô`ôez*GP H“I éz û=H# —Á T≈` Öv pO è—#Y"" ®≥èz% O™*õ ¢ä v|õ≤± õ”±&ôxK+` °v#` ®J≠#Jñ æØvæ eP"" Æ¬ vdå{B H´õz% ØH| ØHz Æ`x ôO @ ®5 H≥®`á cTÆ è—#Y ûO OÈô “I RF]¢ ôJFTz x±#Ü ¿m ®ôèez õTä “Û| ®ô—´"" ®N[ yz% è—#Y TeH û=H# W^™*z%"" ®fv `õπ “I ûO OÈô è—#Y HÎv&úz% ô&pO HTØ`ñ √õP —:π ®—xô éz Á≈ı ±ÔH— x`"" ®è—#Yå zÆπä vOJØJz,B ®®[¿ õèz üJõ ıê| TeH û=H:P õÖ#≤ä äıÿ ®me|ñ ®Æ`— Öv AH® “I"" ®ôÖ± æo|H:P õT—&±+ 3 cÆ| õeû ıç c`°ñ õeû ¢ä ÔH— x` û=Hè{B ¿O"" ®õT≈á[ Tc+| ®Ìô Öv |Øæèz% ±zÆπä OJØJz Á≈ı ûO æ°Jú PÏô H“I"" ®“Ic AH: ôSD em%H RõûH Á≈ı ôTdH Gwæ ®Ÿ◊ó ô&æ®`≈C ®ô&æ®Ìõ"" ®wMz% væõz* ØH| ±ôTc÷ õTm|J ®]∆ H+H&z õTÁ≈ı vv èez*| èez*| N[ Oè—H A—\"" ®õT≥ vXJe| ØH| cTÆ è—#Y ûOy “I vsIz*D Hû=è≈J ±|cOæ ±[—T"" ®N[ è—#Y TeH û=H# W^™*z%"" ®vÁ&N [ûy H“I ±eO ä—¡ ¬—H# véz ´õz% T≈`ó õeO yz% x±#Ü TF`ü õèed ®cxõ"" ®´õz%å “I x±#á ÿm Ô[eå ®õ”`"" ®zÏxô# è—#Y ®“I Æv&π Îxô"" ®¢ä O™*õ Hè—#Y ®zO´ú H“I"" ®zm|H “I ±ô&¢ä x±#Ü ®ô&á√÷ó ®Ö¿— û=H: TF`ü ôJFT| ±ô&æ|Ht"" ®è—#Yå mz*H: ôT◊ä zm|H ®ôá¬‘ û=H: TF`üB zÆπä Öv T≈` ±|X+å H|Øæè|"" ®≥èz% O™*õ ¢ä vØHz cãæ ôO @®2 Hπüz*|"" exK| Hõ”±&ôxK+` ®Av+ O™*õ H± æ|™,ûJ yz% ®H±ºcT° v[≈ô+z%"" !

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(c#eèøe) vT≈[ v≈ dH ôH& ®J¿ (ô&xè) ôœx ûeç` è—#Y ûôx≈Jn≈` “^ Gê vA—\ vzäX´ xÿxÿ T°èº| ûx±# Ô[cïÇç õ”[ïÇ “^ O◊ç Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ô¿[H|"" πeç\ è—#Y ôjû` GäH|ó õè¿ô—J“æT {±±H|"" è—#W#T HMæ®| πQºeÔJ—´è BH# ôXO[H|"" vK` Jxeç v®ò ôTw`T ôe—+÷´"" ûQÔJ—´ TèT ôId◊´T"" T≈`T ‡J“è c÷´"" æ§èè BH# ü¿[— vâI °x` πQ—w´è π—+{Çè πO≈Üå{Çè πô&πc#e °è}eè πJ¿| vÆJ õ±&º ôûv["" û±&F vâI π®è≈—+ õç πH” c¨Ç ”x` ûR”w| õè¿H—P vcR —&±+ zpÿ} (W^™*z%) õè¬±`Û<Ä´ ô±±ó x±# ûx}Ç R[û#"" õFJ ô÷Òó v+}ÇT ôn÷H#"" ûH” πzR[û´è ûx| ¿”U Heç\ è—#Yç HôH& ®J¿ ôœx c◊Ä´"" û±&F vâI û±&º y{ zäY} ®¿ d`ü E¿"" —¿R πT|wJ |èj û#_ üHÇv| y{ ¿[c"" °x` πQ—w´è π—+{Çè πO≈Üå{Çè πô&πc#e °è}eè ÿTm| õ±&º ôûv["" û±&º zäY} vÈIH: Oè—≈ E∆ πôxº ®è≥è zi—[ó ûT≈[ v#√ ¿[c"" õK#≈è õ±&º ôdHÔ"" û±&ºT õK#≈è üdHÔv| y{ zäY} v®è√d Oè—≈ ®¿∂^ ®[¿"" ûc#â ®è≥ √`Å ®√HÇ ôè≈ ô—` ¿[c"" õK#≈è õ±&º ôdJˆ πÍT ovI ô¿[—"" ÍT û—w vâI û±&º y{ zäY} Oe£ cÚ ®¿Gä´ eV ih+ ®¿QwJ ôè¬| ô—` E¿"" cÔ^´è õ±&º ô¿[—"" õ±&º y{ õè√H vv[è{ vû#J π“I OT◊| zcR"" (è—#W# ±+ç´è) c&cR ®¬º´ x≈” xH: vıÿä| E¿ó πz^v HT”xñ πz÷R HO÷ÿ õè¿QÄû#J HŸ`ä| Çû#J ä´ç"" ûOE¡ vÚ| ®è≈UÄ%è ê πRä °è}eèç ê YØH °è}eè vH+I Oè—≈ IüÄ´"" è—#W# ¿”U û^c# (c¨Ç) “^ vH+I Oè—≈ E¿"" c&Oijñ v±&ºè ±Oè πxIz,êÇ —+{ πGä´è ôv+zÖ#è ®J¿ °è}eè ûÿm*| πŸ` W^™*| “^ ôem≈U Iû´"" ÷™| è—#W# ÔH—#è æ¥ zûzH´"" “H:Çèñ RH| OI ®[èièç ûä—¿ v`z%R H+H:ÇèT “H:Çñ ôx[´ Gä´ o√S ØH| πüz*| 12 mè vT≈[ HT¤è ô—ìÄ´"" “H:Çç πè—#W# W^™*| {Io ”≈º z“¿H#"" ≈J Hè—#W# Gä"" v±&ºè —&±+ x±# “H:Ç ôHm%" c&hh# û—¿Jç õ—¿H# {Ç üH´ ´K π—wT äv[ó û“H:Ä% O—¿J x≤| ´K´ ¿T ûOTcJ õeû&¿è ≈[e"" ®è≈UÄ% ”è “I ôI—í%Tó c¨ÅÄ´ z’zz%wÄ´ó Oè—≈ ôI[±PTó õeû ôwæ ≈[e (õè£è) ôJ¿[c#T""

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è—#W# û±&F ≈J vâI ®Hn ºH´è “I HO´“| ®¿±&º HOE≈ ÔH—"" ”è ôm,|µ` (W^™*z%) ô—>[O[Pó |èj E∆ πcÔ\ c¨Ç eI—>[O[P zOHc"" ûzOHc vâI cÔ\è ûc#â ®è≥ √`Å ô¿[—"" õ±&º dH v®cè ôTw vû#J π“Iè OT◊| cR"" è—#W# õè¿JR¡ vÿ≈Úº zäX"" E∆T ∂è v≈J ûT|wJ T≈` ¿[c"" õ±&º vx` ®è≥ √`Åñ ∂è v≈J T≈` Iæñ |Jm%è ä—≈ñ ûä—¿ “I BH# πQvJ÷´èñ H&vèè ô—í´"" æF H&vè õè√èv◊ v◊T x±#ñ Ÿ` ≠™m*ñ ûÖæHïÄ% “H:Ç BH# πvH÷ ÖæHì ä´"" π“Û|è ûx}Çñ π·Sè ûx}Çñ πô—´è ûx}Çñ π√U|è ûx}Ç BH# R`¢ç cxeyñ õeû dûIç õeû —v`R ≈[e ô—` ôÿı}ñ x±# c´ —≈H:ñ MÏç|èç c+}Çè ô”¥ T`¢´è æ¥ ®¿A—\ c&OHe è—#W# ∂è v≈J T≈` Iæ KPe ØH| πüz*| 24 mè ô—í´"" “H:Ä% è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈è ûx±# W^™*| “^ c&º∫ñ «æF ä—` Tè≈ä´? ≤ˆÄ%T õè¤}Ä%T BH#ñ zâÄ%T “^¨Ä%T BH# õè¿c´ æèmdmdH#» ôH#"" v±&ºè —&±+ “H:Ä% vfe|ç vô^| cJı z¿^œz´ äv[ -- H#w´ HxÅ´ñ m,a´ HxÅ´ñ sè¿I´ HxÅ´50"" è—#W# ûÔ[cì W^™*z% BH# “^ v{Io ÿ≈Úº O◊"" õ”[ïÄ%è ûâI´ õè¬ûzH#| z™Ä´"" è—#W#ç H&vè z™—#ó ûÆæè oÈv| vQÔÿè —&±+ éÿ ≈J Hè—#Y Gä"" tÿ` πH+IÄ´ “H:Ç ôHm%"" v±&ºè —&±+ ûè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ÖæHïÇ Ô[cïÇ éÿ “I ºJ—¿Hç ÄxÄy51 ºIO◊ (c´) ôJäv[T"" π“H:Ä%è ‡èoI| è—#W# vpOv| T≈` ±#]º´è õè¿≈è“æ ûO\|"" æF ≈J πGä´ °v#`ç J≠#J vGä´ võ”±&ôxK+` |õ≤≥ ä´ó eP ûı ûı ævJ"" ¿”U v±&º ØH| R”e| Æ`x ØH| Qº≥º 25 mè “H:Ç û“Û|ç ûô—´ x±# ûx|ñ MÏç|ç c+}Ç R`û´ õè¿O÷# cR"" è—#W# ûW^™*z% “^ Bê O◊wÄ´"" “H:Ä% è—#W# H&®“Ä´ õè¿O◊ c&º∫ Hôè√ı{T ôJpPTó hjz´ vx` ®è≥ —¿J —v#"" è—#W#T ûvI∫ cÔ[ó äıÿç me| ûº±#| (W^™*z%) BH# “^ GêT vH+I Oè—≈ ®[¿ó “H:Ç ®¿ôH#v|T ®◊"" ûfe| cÆ| Ta õeû Tj| ≈[e æ—≈IÄ´ O[-- πx` ®è≥ BHèzç´ ¿T õeû&Gè ≈[e"" ûTj| vâI û—¿H# ôÛı cÔ` ®¿ô¿[—v| cÔ\ “I´è O´fi HOûJûJ ®◊"" “I ¿”U v±&ºè —&±+ v—¿J RFJ õè¿≥è aç õè¿Ÿ◊ zè÷JÿH: äv[ó ôæ®◊ ôæ®`≈"" 50. õä±&F Tè õè¿Gã π±+çB H“Iè °ıJ @ zOJû|ó ÁKÚ´ õè¬F c&¿[≈^Ä´ úaU¨Çè õè¿QºńÄ´ ºOH°{J"" 51. eH nH#ç eH ôè—| s[◊ wFJñ —È 116ñ á√” t. 24è zOJû|""

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”è v±&ºÇ ØH| û”≈º ºOH÷ vH+H&| û—¿J ®`∆ ÿm*| vÿm*| õπGä ô—\ E¿"" û±&F vâI vfezì´ mè è—#W# ±[—T vT|wJ πû=è≈J sI “I õè√H cR"" è—#W# ûW^™*z% BH# “^ Gê (®¿±&º) E¿"" c&¿`e πä—¡ eT ¬—H# πGä “I v±&º T≈` ô—íó (ô—\) x±# πõèedç πc´ T`¢ äv[v|ç"" “I´T v◊T x±# äv[ñ Ô[cïÇç õ”[ïÇ (‡T`)"" è—#W#ç “H:Ä% |Jo ´—&º z™—#"" ≈J Hè—#W#ñ jèÔ| H“I Gä"" x±# ®æT |èj wæwJT “I z—¿H"" tÿ` πH+H´è πûx| T`¢´è vUI Hmm"" è—#W#T πz—¿H´è ºFJ —≈H:ñ T`¢´è BH# ôeÿH: HcÔ^ ûT|OÇ T≈` cÔ["" æF ≈J πGä´ cï ØH| πüz*| 22 mè ä´"" HQ{Oèv|ç [≈ô+z%è ≈“ı HQº¿`” ≈J HQcÿ õ”±&ôxK+` Te“ç æ”w´""

—HJzì´ ±+ç O™ØJ vôÏ+ Ûc&J ±Oè (1625-1660) ûO±—v´52ó Oeû[Tñ ØHz% m√Q| cèv|ñ ®è—+I™* Rz,¨eó N[ ‘∂T"" ®v´õz% ±Oè OÈô “I xK+[ |”_ ±eP HvÅ O÷ä $c&F “Ió ®ôÿıô c^™,"" ®vzOæŸz% ô—|¨ e∫Rä Ì^Ø ®zTv+è ®ôMHo¨ õèvH ô|`ˆ vT≈[ ôI"" ®äv[ è—#Y v∆v&|"" ®Uz ®J¡ ±vû=\ ôv+} se÷è÷&êe"" zÔÁO 9 ÆO|"" !

Oeû[Tñ (π1633 Æ. T. O O]º) ØHz% o√Sñ (±Oã) Rz,ëó (è—#W#) ‘ÕT E¿"" v±&F ÆO| eP HvÅ O÷ã ô`w h&F πGä “I ®¿|”_ O◊ó c^™,èT ô®¿R|"" c&OHe πÌ^Øç πzTv+è h#RTè| vT≈[ ôI Iæ ûv´ TèT dºez`Ò ÔÀ|"" è—#W# v∆v&| zmO÷"" πv¶` JÀ ôv+} se÷è÷&êe Uz"" (π”≤z%) 9äì ÆO| zÔÁO"" m√R™* øKèe/ôõIı c—≈ (1660-1674) vä—W vÆOz%53ñ ôO 0®2 H{áXY Îx∞P ê OJ°Æ °è}e H0®2 v+z “I ±´õz% ´fiIñ ®[◊πñ ®[Qãñ ®_—#ñ ôv÷&ñ ôçñ —#^ñ c#wñ ®_x¢ñ ®_Àñ ô`c#ñ ô#\üI ±®Ìô vôj’’ ®vÈK

52. ±+ç O™ØJó EMML 7109, f. 65b. ôÏ+ Ûc&J ûcId ÆO{| vIæ —≥} {]û#è πËÔH| πHTó zÈˆH|T õè¿Gä õeüBè ôJz—íT"" 53. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iysu I et Bakff, part I, p. 9.

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®^]B vTJÆ v+—T≈`"" ®®Ay õ”±&ôxK+` ÖæH ®O™*Æ v[≈ô+z% Ho¡e Qüô+J H&m OIõ°| ®vÁH:z% Hôv#ä dPô+J OTF[ |\Û| õeû mzH x±#Üä væõz* ØH|"" ! {áXY 12 mè ê OJ°Æ °è}e 12z%è v+z “Iñ RH|T vôj’’ πO◊´èç ®^]´ vUI v+—T≈` π¿[c´è ´fiIèñ ®[◊πèñ ®[Qãèñ ®_—#èñ ôv÷&èñ ôçèñ —#^èñ c#wèñ ®_x¢èñ ®_Àèñ ô`c#èñ ô#\üIèñ ®“Ä´"" õ”±&ôxK+`T vH&m OIõ°| o¡e Qüô+J [≈ô+|ç vOTF[ |\Û| vôv#ä dPô+J ÁH:| ÖæJç ≈Jè c÷´ -- v±&ºÇ ØH| x±#¨Ç õeû&—≈J ≈[e"" ({áXY 12 mè o¡e Qüô+Jç ôv#ä dPô+J πQ{cv#v| mè ä´"") vä±&F BH# ´—&º¨Ç úaU¨Ç πzOz%| π÷I{Ä´ Ÿ` ≈è—| eHO◊wÄ´ ä´"" õäc# ±OÅ c&®÷# ”è πQ¿äo πŸ` ±ƒ õè√IÄ´ç c#eèøe YJ◊è HOº≥ c&ºTÌ õè¿z÷mOv| õä±&F ûôÏ+ c#eèøe {]° πm√âÄ´ ÿofÇ ºdºH#ó (1) ®Oû[ è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ûO æÌxú H±YIc+ õè± AH: vwMz*z%"" ôÿxÆ Jy ®N[ TeH õH&ôB á√◊è cxõ OezÌØçä ôıê ®cxô õ”`"" ®ÁèN zÖv&ú éz |M| T≈` ±®”√ ±|cOæ Oè{ ¿Ô`"" ®vÈK ±YIc+ vÆv&æ |Øv&| ®vzäıN Jx õè± æxJñ Oã æm´T o≈Sπ ®Oã æ¿ı[å"" ®è—#Yå YJ◊è c—≈ zèYô õT±äv[ ®ôWäπ ‡ı^B ôTdH “I"" ®W^™*z ±YIc+c ®û=H: ôTÜ^ ôSD ô&πôT\ ‡ı^ó ®¢ã M´dä ûO cxô Teºÿ"" ! (1) è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ±YIc+è xÅ´è wHv| H&®“´ ®cä"" Jv#è ô÷è°a ûÿm*| (c¨Ä%)ñ Ô[cïÇç õ”[ïÇñ “^ Gê E¿"" Oè{ ¿Ô` ûT|wJ [w√ ûGäÇ π®”√ O_| z¿xp pπ´"" ±YIc+ v{Io |Øv&|ç vzäÛ Jxñ «Rä´ vÚz, πQpTó Rèe æ¿ı[ìJ» õºH O◊"" è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ¿”U ûäv[v| zäY} ‡ı^´è (π`x`yj cJÒè) õè¿ “I (ôcIHı) ôXO["" π±YIc+ç πôTÜ^ W^™*| ¿”U v±&ºè —&±+ ‡ı^ (π`x`yj) ôcIHı ôº´m%Tó õè¿ —vºzì õ`TeTfÇ äv\54""

54. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, p. 79.

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(2) ®zwAH# û=H:P t`wèñ õeû Rõ±+ èäx` õè± è¿°T v—v&[ ±Hd ®veÆ&[ cèv|"" HõO znzJä èMä W^™*z è—#Y ºØpx ævÈKäã H# Ø¿´ 1 xõc& õTÜºIåB Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈"" ®õT≈á[ ôáHm% t`wè T°[ |Øv&| ®ä—[ |≥á`| ôÿx≠ Jy è—#Y ºØpx ®Æ`— Hzn|H: Öv AH: è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ó õeO ¢ä v´õz% —&±+ OJØJz Æmx ´õz%å vO|Mz,B"" ®vÁ&N è—#Y ºØpx W`≠ cJÔ ûO Y`≠z ôTÜ^ ±®|`ó ®ôèvaP HH 11 xõc& v÷®{ ±´õz% vz`{"" ®è—#Yå YJ◊è c—≈ ®[¿ èez*z õTÆmx v‡ı^ ôTdH “I"" ®ôÖ±# æ|nzH#ó ®®—\ |`û= ®ç` x±#Ü õ`dc ´≠#π ôTôÔ äıÿ"" ®ôJy ±mzH: õèvH 1 xõc&"" ®¢ä O™*õ v—&±+ ı÷#è Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ õèvH ºèYô# õ¿ W^™*z è—#Y ºØpx"" !

(2) t`wè (πQwH#| W^™*|) BH#Tñ «õeû OÄ ≈[e ±Hd vOY^|ç cèv| vOi` eè¿°T õèê^Hè? õì πè—#Y ºØpx W^™*| xè™“ ûè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ÖæHïÇ ôè≈ c´ HcId c¨Ç æ¿`cçJè?» zwwH#"" t`wè π|Øv&| T°`ç π|œ`| ä—` c&¤`c# è—#Y ºØpx Jv#è ô÷è°a HŸ`ä| è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ®√Hv| ®◊ó T°èºz%T v±&ºè —&±+ õc# (YJ◊è c—≈) ômvz% Iæñ õc# (è—#Y ºØpx) ¿”U ûv{Ä% äv["" è—#Y ºØpx õè¿¿[c v®|a´ πôTÜ^ Y`≠z cJı ôcHÔó õºè√è¡è c´ v÷®{ñ RH| vz`{ñ ôpO´"" è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ¿”U ûômvz% õè¿ “I v‡ı^ Gê |èj ®[≈ ôH"" æ™—# O`ó |`û=ç ç` û÷OèÕ ôÔ P≥ πQä≈ x±# õ`de z¢c#ó ûôè≈ c´ vm` ôJ—¿HT"" ≈J vô‡` —&±+ ´eÿ Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ Gä -- πè—#Y ºØpx W^™*| —ç õÕÄ´è dºäW#55""

(9) úaU¨Çè πReÔ` ˙H&c& ä—Y{z% πÇ”\ Tè‡ úaU¨Ç õè¿ H+I´ M≥x äw` (cÛ]) ôHOGçÄ´è c&[¡ ºcıbÄ´ O`"" ô} ≠ÌS πQH#|è õèeR56ó

55. õ±&º´ —. 91"". 56. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work, p. 163.

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ôÁ+T (W`Î ≈è”J) ûxJD|ç ûRez™J “^ —:v≥ äv\ó ... “I´è võò õπdv# v‘∂Tç v¿Tv&º O_| ºJ{[c´è ´≈R õº∫ O\|ó û°èz*ºè “^ mImH#|"" y[êÇ («“I ±eP y[è») ôÏ+ c#eèøeè vJœäz% ôwz%è —≈H´ õc#èç õçz%è R`û´ ®e¿´ «õè¿ JÕÄ´ ¿” eHW\H|» Hc# ıo` äv^Ä´"" eH±&F Øòç cIT HO¿^¿` õc#T ÿ\ Ø≈J äv[´"" uèuÄ´è æç—^Jó ºTã{JT"" û±&F v{Ç ºH#|è ûè—#W# {]° éÿ ôJˆ ôJˆ πzm¡|è ÿofÇ õèOJû|ó ıo^Ä´èç HReÔ` º¿[—´è Pû^ ºdºH#"" (1) ®õè± AH: v±ûO≥ ”x[ Oû^ OÈô “I HÎv&ô ®Hn"" ®fv vÈK Öv KTy ±|cOæ ÈÕ v` o`xz ôw™* `õæ¨ H“I"" ®“Iå `õπ ûO AH© cxõó ®Á´Æ vÆv&æ nJ ®æv+ Oã ´õz% ≥èz%"" ®ô÷πo¨ õH&ôB ®æv+J¨ ôv+zÖ#è c#eèøe ´õz% ®J¿ ôv+zBè Ûc&H¿e ±ôèz zôTa"" ®fv ôõO[ “I aÁ ®vÈK Öv AH: ®J¿ è—#Y éz ÔH” ±|cOæ c¿æó ®®≈m {Mz õ—]B ®ôè—`—[ vä—`“[ ıo` õè± æ÷v# ôÏxÆ õ”\"" ®z“äπ H:z% x±#Ü z“èø ®eP H´õz% “I v#¢ ±õTä—¿ ¢ê"" ®õè± AH: TeH ´õz% “I cTÆ ±+ç ûO ÿm πÖYY¨ W^™*z Îxõ πôÖ≥¨ ®æUoM¨"" ´õz%å N[ TeH ≥û# “I Öv ¿x` ±|cOæ uÆ|"" ®äv[ Fπ á√÷ O™ØH"" ! (1) (c#eèøe HOè—Y wOÎv| —&±+) võè¿±&F ºH πOû^ Bé{ Iæ õè√Hñ “H:Ç ®Hnè HO´“| O÷#"" ôwæ ô÷—x ÈÕ v` ûT|wJ ôTy (N^) c&¿`c# “H:Ä%è ô∫™Ä´"" “H:Ä%T c´ õè√H c&º∫ «æE Rä´?» xH: (O]ºÄ´) ûı wH nJ z◊^"" π^c# c¨Çñ «πôv+zÖ#è Ûc&H¿e Jœ ôèz πT{´m´ ôv+zÖ#è c#eèøe ä´» ôH#|"" “I´ (æ§èè) c&ºó õπa÷ πè—#W# Jœ ®√Hv| c¿æ ®¿T|wJ ®è≥ ¿[cç õ”aÄ% Iæ ®¿m"" πõ”\è ◊}Ç õπ÷w vıo` õè—#`—#a ôè‘^‘["" õœ” ®¿mH|"" π±&F “I eT v#¢ ä´ -- û¢ê ä—≈"" (c#eèøe) ûä±&F “H:Ç “^ dH (πOè”Yz%) Ÿ` W^™*| æ±´ HRc` ôÿxm´ õè¿QÔJ—#| ®_ cR"" õc#T ûä±&º “H:Ç “^ uÆ| ®¿T|wJ z^^ E∆ õ±&º ÿm*| —&±+ zmO÷57""

57. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, pp. 11-12.

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(2) ®õT≥ õT≈á[ vÆH Ûc&ü zèYô õTv+z “I ®N[ Oè—H h™ fv ÁèÆ yz% [Öx"" ®õè± πK´` vÈK Öv A—` ±|cOæ ¿x[ ≈Ö#Üè õèz æõz* Oüä ≥F\ ®Á™]z ÆÌP Hôx °v#` ôw {ƒ¨e ®J¿ ôv ôv´ ôw z°H DæRê| v[ûz °Jô+GP |xÈKä"" ®vFπ [ûy H“I ±æcOæ ¢ê ®zÖ±v ®_≤ RõT` ®÷v&x ®OcH: ±æÎxú"" ®“Iå OÈô Öv+B ôõQa fv ÷πm ûO ´õz% ®J¿ è—#Yó õeO ¢ä ´õz% ım%\ õT|ü|"" ®—äπ H:z% vûO æ—å —x` Hõ”±&ô#"" ®õT≈á[ û#äz≥ ä—` N[ ®vÈK Öv A—` ±|cOæ xJØ|"" ®ôO ØHz xÈKz% vÈK# Fπ x±#Üè ä“≈ºè õT≥™æ õÖ&¥P x±#Ü è™π"" ®`õøP cxô A—` õH:èz ä“¿ OcH:P ûO OÈô “I HÎv&ú A—`"" ä—`¨ H®J¿ è—#Y õè± æxH# OÈô “I x±#á"" ®´õz%å fv cTÆ ±èz zÌØä IØH Ô[e ®N[ TeH õH&ôB"" ®vÁ&N Öv+GP ôõO[ ûO ä“≈ºè õPèz% ®ô&¢ã W^™*z Îxõ"" ®võèz≥ ô&ºMcO IØH+GP vU|ó √õP äYô û=H: ±yP ®ô&Ö¿— Tèzå* ®—x[ H±Ôm¿"" ®õT≥ ÆH´¨ cxô O—≥ó ´õz%å ôTÈô yP x±#Üä “I ±æcO∫ z%IR ûO æÌxúP"" ®õPèz*å cxô O—≥ `õøP x≥Ü Îwô&| Ô`B ÿmó ôTã ®z“ä∫ H:z%"" H“Iå ±OÈô H[¬úz% ôezÛä¨ æN` Oè—H v+z%"" ®zOæ÷ “I õè± ºè—:[—>` õeO ô&RF[û ®ô&mzH vûO KHπ Jv#"" ®´õz%å ®J¿ è—#Y z`Ô TeH cxô h™"" ®õT≈á[≥ N[ Oè—H ¿x[ H&wêe ®äv[ Öv ôKz* T≈` ±|cOæ ÆÈn"" ®ôSD ¢ä yz% Æv&æ [Öx ®ôJyz% ±æc+cæ Tè|å ±õèvH ôKz* Á—|"" ®¢ä æc|∫ KH&v ±&ôD ÈwK HH&B ®J¿ è—#Y ®Tc+z nf"" ! (2) û±&F vâI [Öx v&÷çv|ñ ûÛc&ü vÆJ vâI ûv+z “I zäY} ®¿ h™ E¿"" c&E≈ ¿x[ ≈Ö#Üè ¿[có æÇ (¿x`) π°v#\ ôw|ñ πôw}Ç ôw|ñ πôw z°H DæRê| (πOèÔe) Jœ πGä´ πôw {ƒ¨e πOnx\ y{ç πÆÌP zhüQ ç|58ó πBHz%T v[û| |≈[cè"" õ±&ºñ ¢ê πQwH#|è “H:Ç ô—ìÄ´ó Æ™m*´ç ÿvvì´ —:JRd (c#eèøe) z÷^÷[ó πQ®“´ OeH:{J"" “H:Ä%

58. —≈IÄ´è ˚+aåü c&°e ôÿè{ û `Oèì |`—>V “^ ôd|R™HÇó Six, Die Vita des Abuna Td«wos von Dabra Mrym.

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 46 “I/úaU 141

¿”U ®J¿ è—#Y (c#eèøe) OGãè z[≈z´ ®¿c# O÷#ó T°èºz%T ûÿè| Ta ®√–Ä% çÄ´"" ô—J“æ H—+{´ õè¿Q—≤H| z—±#H|"" æF ä—` ûGä vâI E∆ xJØ| ûT|wJ A—` ¿[c"" π¿[c ØH| x±# ä“ƒ¨Ç x±# —è±x (πè”≈ hmÿç ûx|) æ±´ û≥™æ õ±&º ¿[c#"" πA—\ c¨Ç õä±&ºè ä“ƒ¨Ç c&º∫ “H:Ç A—` HO´“| πO÷# OeI;Ä´ñ «x±# “H:Ç O÷#» c&H# H®J¿ è—#Y (Hc#eèøe) ä—\|"" õc#T æFèè c&cR vÔ[e Gê ûc¨Ä% “^ (®¿±&º) E¿"" õäc# ±è≈ c&¿`e ä“ƒ¨Ç õèÃ πŸ` W^™*| õè√æ¿H# ≠®m"" eH±&F vU| ôJ—:√Ä´Tó ”è ºIÄ´è BH# TèT dºem` ®c¿wÄ´ç HÔH—´ ô™H´"" û±&F vâI πO—≥ c¨Ç û¡|ó õc# ¿”U õè¬®’Ä´ z%IR πQwH# x±# “H:Ç ôO◊wÄ´"" õä±&F πO—≥ c¨Ç πŸ\è x≤| c&º∫ õœ” Ô\ç ôOãó z—±#H|T"" H&[¡| πO÷#|è “H:Ç ®¿v+{Ä´ õè¬E¡ hìÄ´"" “H:Ä%T vJwÄ´ õè√cv#| eIJR[û#ç eIJ—¿H# õº—>[O[P zOHc#"" ®J¿ è—#YT ûh™ c¨Ç “^ sπ"" û±&º vâI ®¿ ¿x[ H&wêe E∆ vôè¬| ÆÈn vT|wJ A—` zmO÷"" v±&ºè —&±+ |Jo [Öx ¿[cv|"" ûôè¬| ÿ—| vm` TèT ôJäv[´Tó ®z~è (z^ vz^) ÷™| ®J¿ è—#Yñ R{ nf æ÷÷# äv[59"" (3) ®õè± πK´` Öv+Gè TeH õH&ôB ¢ä ıêz% ıêz Æmx"" ®vFπ z√¿pP —&S ÈÒo TeH ÛÏ õeû ô&æ°H# æ|[ô∫ vvæçz*GP"" ®õT≈á[≥ zÆπä v®ÚR ®äv[ Fπ á√÷ O™ØH"" ®õè± AH: vFπ yô# H:z% “I x±#á ±ô&æ|Ht ±õTä—¿ û[∫ ±´õ}P vIØ ®œH+"" ®´õz%å zmvH:P TeH õH&ôB õè± æ|_cæ è™ºz Îxõ õOè—H |M≥x|ó õeO xõc& ÜºJ ¢ä æ|Ö+±x û=H: —&±+ ®æû´è ûO ≈x K^e ®ûO ôèvd ±æÿF` —&±+ πÜYY OxJ≠"" ûRB ≥èz%å è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ¢ä æ|Ö+±x vû=H# —&±+ ®ô&æ|π™F õeû æ—x` õ”±&ôxK+` °v#` ®J≠#J ±Ôm¿"" ®õT≥ zèYô õT®ÚR ®N[ Öv ¡≈ ®zÆπä vFπ"" ®õè± FH: Fπ Æ¬ yô H:z% “I ±õTä—¿ ®H:"" !

59. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, pp. 37-39.

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(3) ûc¨Ä% “^ Gê ®¿äc# (®¿ Oè¿aÄ%) c&E≈ Oè—¡ πÆmv| Oè—≈ Gäv|"" v±&ºT õè v`dÄ´ Ozºπ| õeû&dçÄ´ ≈[e ÿoÿo ºH —#T (û®¤ˆ?) Ò¤| “^ m¿RÄ´"" û±&º ®ÚR Iæ cıa õ±&º ÿm*| mç| zmO÷"" õ±&º dH tÿ` πH+IÄ´ x±# “H:Ç ûû[∫ ä—≈ vIØç œH+ —v#H|"" õc#T ûc¨Ä% “^ Gê Hÿ`◊_ πŸ` |ÿo {ÿp zmvIÄ´ó T°èºz%T ÜæHì πGä c´ õè¿ ôê ≈xç T”x c&ÔJ” õè¿Qº—d ôèvd BJ —&±+ æ÷^÷^J"" æF è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈T õ”±&ôxK+` πÔm¿´è õeû&ÔÈT ≈[e BJ—&±+ æ÷^÷` äv`"" û±&F vâI û®ÚR zäXç ®¿ ¡≈ E∆ õ±&º cÔ["" õ±&º õºH ¿”U ûä—¿ ®H: πGã “H:Ç —v#H|60"" (4) ®õT≈á[ ≥èz% zOæ÷ ®ô¿® ÔH— ôxº ®vÈK T≈[ û:H&dó ®zÆπä vFπ ®äv[ cPä O™ØH"" ®õè± AH: vFπ —xô H:z% “I ±πô°J O÷ä WId"" ! (4) û±&F vâI zOHcç πôxºè ®è≥ zi”a T≈[ û:H&d ¿[c"" õ±&º cıa ôè≈ dTè| zmO÷"" õ±&º õè√H cId πQºFH# “H:Ç —v#H|61"" (5) ®õT≈á[ ÖHÔ °[T| ®¢ä A“æ cTÆ è—#Y ûO û≈ô “I ±´õz% ®[èió ®mzH:P Hcxô ®Hn ®cv[ x±#Üä ôTw"" ≥èz% “I õû#æ ´õz% ®—>MI™* õTÿèz% ôTdH cæ◊èó áÎ#Ì ´õz% ®Tãä ±O≈ õTû=H:P ä—¿ “I õH æäx\ éz xK+[ v≈´"" o≈O äv[ TeH ®`√º"" ®û≈ú H®`√ºó ®mzH x±#Ü õTéB ®¢ä TeH ô¶Ä%"" Hô¶Ä%å û≈ú ®—x[ IØH+B ôTdH ®`√º ®N[ Öv H&vèó ®äv[ TeH+B"" HH&vèå û≈ú ®mzH õTéB x±#Ü ®yô Öv ®H: ®äv[ TeH ®H:"" Æ¬ H®H:å û≈ú ®—x[ Ø`m TeH H&vè"" HH&vèå û≈ú √”O ®Ö¿[ Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ó ®è—#Yå ®Ay T≈[ µR ®ôUç|"" ®õè± AH: vFπ û≈ú Hè—#Y ®mzH:P Hcxô ®Hnó ®ôTÈú Hô&z% Jô&¢ õTä ô¿J ûO ºÿıõ A—[ ®Hn ®—:∂T""

60. õ±&º´ —. 76-7"" 61. õ±&º´ —. 85""

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®fv cTÆ è—#Y ûO —x[ ±èz ®[èi ô±± °|Åó ®zèYô õT≈•ç ®N[ õèz ıêz v—+T≈`"" ®®≠H vFπ vÆH J¿| ®ÿTm|"" ®zèX&ú õTFπ Æ¿® ÔH— vjH: ®®Ìô Oè—H ôTÜ^ õèz ıêz õTv&eRè"" ®õTôTÜ^å Æ¿® Oè—H ®Hnó ®õT®Hnå ®Ìô Oè—H ¿^ ®v+z R`ºT"" ®væõz* ØH| õTo≈O æxÈK# Öv õH# Oüç| ¿è—Î# W^™*z è—#Y ®—:∫ vûèz% õè± ôJy ±º¿ä”ÓP"" ®pO è—#Y wMz*z% ®zÖÿô cxõ vo≈SB ®v≈á_B vπRã ®vÎ“P"" ®fv Öÿô# W^™*z è—#Y ±æƒ”êP z“xô# H:z% ®zOæ÷# õT—:ææ"" ®ÖH&ˆ è—#Y õTôèmÁ ¤[è äv[ õeû æÁxM H:z%"" ®Áv&N ®Ìô è—#Y Oè—H ¿^ ®N[ Öv ôUç|"" ®vFπ [ûy H®[èi TeH û=H# ’õ±# ®ôJFTz*B"" ®zm|H “I x±#á võ¿™*GP HW^™*z è—#Y"" ®zRF[û# ¿o ®ôèe| ®ôJFT| ±ô&æ|Ö:Hm%"" ®vdå{ æõz* ØH| —x[ è—#Y ûRBó ®õT≥ zOæ÷"" ®õè± æ|Oπÿ Ôä™ è—#Y HôKz* ô[“æ| ±zÏ+®®| õT®[èi õèz æõz* õP Hû[∫ ÒŸ TeH èô#e ®J√ó ®Hôü Öv ®[èi õè± æxJ fv ôè|P û√õ°P ®Îwõ°P A—[ ®Hn ®cv`°P ôTw"" ôäå võèz≥ OËõû# HÎv&ú|°P"" wMz% c[æû# H°P Ø√°P"" è≠# ”v\ Ø`m TeH+π"" ®cQ∞P ®[èi OJõ°z è—#Y õTôÔ æõz* ô[—&| OÈô# O÷ä $ “I ®—x\ Ø`m TeH è—#Y"" ®zOæ÷ è—#Y Oè—H ôTÜ^ó ®®≠H vÆH mvI ÍT vv+z ôTÜ^"" ®vFπ X+U X&Oz |”_ Oû:èè ®wM` ä“j HøJøe"" ®Hê YØH °è}eå ®Ay —:∂TD vTJô# ûO ê ô|çz,ë"" ®zèX&ú è—#Y õTv+z ôTÜ^ ®[¿ vıêz ¿èpaó ®vÈK Öv ô•ø"" ®õT≥å Æ¿® ÔH— vjH:ó ®õT≥ ®Ìô Oè—H eR√"" ®õè± πK´` vÈK Öv T≈[ o`ìó vFπ ôezÛä¨ HøJøe ûO æ[≈ Oè—H |”_"" ®è—#Yå ôz® —:`‘^ ®äv[ vFπ õeû ®`Ü cé"" ®®[èiå û≈ú Hô&z% ®mzH cxô ±&ôB ®äYô ôJFTz*B"" ®fvå OÈô H—v&[ Øò ôca Hô≤µ Aü¢ Æv&æ “I ®RõT[ û=H# ä—`"" ®ôJy ±ûRB véz û=H# “I"" ®®Ay HÚ| ô´^] ®J∆ ±¢ä v´õz% O™ØJ Y∫O ®Hn"" ®õT≈á[≥ Hôû ®[èi Öv ê YØH °è}e õè± æxJ zmvHå"" ®Æ¿® ê YØH °è}e Oè—H ®Hn ®zmvH: ®ôØ¿¨ Öv T≈[ —:∂T ®û[O vFπ""

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®õT≈á[ û[O ®[èi vT≈[ —:∂T ®Ay è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ T≈[ —èµ"" ®AH: vFπ õeû zÈMˆz ≥èz% {]°"" !

(5) °[T| ôJˆ v“ c&Gè ®[èi “I õè¿û√ç π®Hnè c¨Ç õè¿ÔÕÄ´ñ x±# ôTw õè¿cv[T è—#W# (c#eèøe) cR"" æF “I ûÿèz% Ta õè¿cæ◊è õû#æç xJh# ä´"" vT≈[ v√ ûQê\ ûä—¿ “I BH# —:¿H:ç ®—ã πz÷I ä´"" O O]º û®`√º (‘d) “^ äv[ó ®`√ºè û√´ó ûõc#T x±#¨Ç Ô v|ç ûô¶Ä% “^ Gä"" ô¶Ä%èT û≈} v®`√º Iæ õè√¿[—´ ô¿[—v|ç ®¿H&vè E∆ ûc# “^ ê["" H&vèèT û≈}| ûc# x±# c´ Ôœ}v| H®H: —x} û®H: “^ zmO÷"" ¿”U ®H:è û≈}| ûH&vè “^ {[m"" H&vèè õè¿—ç û≈}| Hè—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ô¿["" è—#W#T T≈[ µRè õç ôUç|è c÷´"" õ±&º´ Gê (õäG) è—#W#è û≈} π®Hnè c¨Ç ÔÕÄ´"" (v±&º Iæ) ®Hnèç —:ÕTè õè¬º÷ÛÄ´ ô&z%è zIJ¢ ûô¿J (ûô√J) ôO◊´"" è—#W# ®[èi æ§èè õè√¿[— c&cR °|Å ≠® ç û≈•ç zäY} vv+—T≈` vû#J E¿"" õ±&º πJ¿|è vÆJç ÿTm|è ôdHÔ"" û±&º zäY} πvjH:è ®è≥ zi—[ç võTv&eRè vû#J ®¿ ôTÜ^ ®◊"" ôTÜ^èT ®¿ ®Hn zi—[´"" û®Hn ¿”U ®¿ ¿^ç ®¿ v+z R`ºT (®¿ A—[ R`ºT) ®◊"" πè—#W# W^™*| v±&ºÇ ØH| õä±&F y{¨Ç —ç dæ¿`c# TèT πQºev[”“Ä´ dæê` v`”—´ vûèz% hh#"" è—#W# xÅ´è Gäó vÚz%T vâI´Tñ vmí%T v”^´T c´ ÷Û"" πè—#W# W^™*| πQû{zIÄ´ c&º÷# zcwev´H| ûjj| zOHc#"" è—#W# û¤[è v` ôJˆ õeû&ä“H| ≈[e pπ"" c&ä“ è—#W# ®¿ ¿^ ®ÿ} ®¿ ôUç| E¿"" õ±&º ®[èiè û’±#ç ûûxz% BH# “^ ô—í´"" x±# “I vè—#W# W^™*| õœ ôHm%ó tÿ` πH+IÄ´ MÏç|ñ c+}Çñ ûx}Ç zR[û#"" è—#W# v±&ºÇ ØH| R”e|T õè¿±&B ô¿[—"" û±&º vâI zOHc"" c&OHe πû[∫ ÒŸ õç| πGäÇ´è û®[èi πzR[ûÇ´è ôè¬| ô[“™*| û|èj J ; “^ Iü|"" õè¬F c&J ®¿®[èi

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Iü|ñ «õçèz x|û¡îç ®Hnè x|®—#ñ ôTwT x|cx\ õé ¿”U v±&F T°èº| J®“ÇB O◊B"" ”è õ√ÇBè æo` xπIÇâHB"" ãñ ûé “^ {[m%""» ®[èi πè—#W#è OJ°| û±&Ç ô[“™*| c&cP ô`w πQGã “H:Ç Oÿz´ ûè—#W# “^ {[m%"" è—#W#T vôTÜ^ vû#J zOHc"" π(≠v&æ) ÍT ovIè vv+z ôTÜ^ ôdHÔ"" õ±&º Gê øJøeè π|”_ Oû:èèç πwM` ä“j h#O| kO´"" Hê YØH °è}e ¿”U ≈ıè —:ÕTè c÷´ -- õè¿ ê ô|çz,ë"" è—#W# ûv+z ôTÜ^ zäY} v¿èpa Oè—≈ E∆ ô•ø ¿[c"" û±&ºT πvjH:è ®è≥ zi—["" û±&ºT ®¿eR√ ®◊"" c&E≈ (v±&º´) T≈[ o`ì ¿[c"" û±&º øJøeè ®¿|”_ õè¬®`≈ hí´"" è—#W#T ‘`‘^ —w"" õ±&º õeûcé ®` ≈[e zmO÷"" ®[èiT (‘|} ºO◊´è) ô&z%è û≈}| c¨Ä%è —¿Hv|ó ûx}Ä%èT ®c¿v|"" ô≤∑ Aü¢è Øò HR≈[” c&O◊ ôc[´"" (Aü¢) BH#è ä—` ≠™m* |Jo “I ä´"" õè¿c# ºH v“I éÿ πHT"" (ôea) v±&ºè —&±+ π®Hn h#T Häv[´ HÚ{´^] ®J∆ c÷´"" û±&F vâI ®[èi «zmvHî» xH: ®¿ê YØH °è}e Iû"" ê YØH °è}e ®¿®Hn zi”a zmvH´"" ®¿T≈[ ‘ÕTT ôi—[´ç °[Tz%è õ±&º ôdHÔ"" ®[èi vT≈[ ‘ÕT ûû[O vâI è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ T≈[ —èµè c÷´"" æF {]° õeûzËÔv| —&±+ ≈[e õ±&º ôH62"" æFèè BH# πËÒJè ô≤∑ z°H YIc+ ÷&êT õè¿ ô≤∑ Aü¢ úaU dæGã ôæm\T"" úaU¨Çè πdÄ´è ºFJ πQºó πHT"" ôÏ+ c#eèøe vôJ“´ c&¿I¿J vz¤R] πv+z °èz*ºãè oÔı (O_|) õπ®c¿ x±#¨Ä%è ôeıbÄ´ äv`63"" v±&º Iæ úaU¨Ä% ûôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J ±Oä Oè”Y| Ta ûOè”Y| “^ õè¿±&º õπz◊H# vô&|øÂº™*ä| πOè”Y| πŸ` W^™*| éÿ zOJTH´ π≥`Úº ÿoRÄ´è v±&º vû#JT º—í%| äv["" æ§èè πTç´m´ {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç ôè√è∆Ä%è úaU¨Ç veRÄ´ç πä—√Ä´è eT ÷`z´ c&ºez™´m%è ä´"" v°è|ç

62. õ±&º´ —. 141-3"" 63. π‘ÕT {]°ó EMML 5403, f. 65ab: «ôÁ+ c#eèøeT Oè”Yz% vÁç —&±+ ôx[´ πO÷#|è “H:Ç v‘ÕTç v√U| vOzûJç vwèÕ W^Ä´ (ôcÔ^Ä´)"" πz[Ò|è “H:Ç ¿”U πQW^v| (πQºcı`v|) v&ô◊ Hπô≈w^z% π—w´è oÔı (O_|) ô&πämH “I W^v| (ôcÔ[v|)""»

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eRÄ´ πQ÷bÄ´R «πcSèç πRFJ ô&|øÂº c¨Ç» ®æT õè¿ ∆°z` OKO≈ Kcè ô÷^` «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õèÃ úaU¨Ç ôæ¿H#T"" ”è Tè·Ä%% õè¿Qºd∫|ñ úaU¨Ç v‘dä| ôè≈ ôüwv& ûº±# vâIT ûcxô |ü{™* ±Ièä| ®ÿz´ vº±#| ôüwv& v”x`çT Gä vûx| `v& «v”Tw` Ix» HOê` —&±+ Ôœ}wÄ™J"" wFIÄ´ ºJ±\|è R¤≈ πRæûH°Jñ õè¬º´T πQºv[{{ æOeIJó OèÔd™* O]ºÄ´è û\o ô—` ≈[e õπO÷# v#^û+ c&÷æm%| πQc◊Ä´ v#^û+ñ «´H¡ °v¡ó πY^ÇBè ı_ ™n æw`°IÇB» πQJ dæGè H≈J ô¿^—&ä|ç H±[Û πQGè T[nç O≈Üå| ä´"" ôè≈ —&±+R RFJ HRFJ õπ—Ò Oÿz´ π^c#è π®√ÕÄ´è πôÏ+ c#eèøeè ûzR ±`Ô´ v+}Ä%è võd| ô“∫™Ä´64ó ®õè± AH: vôæw Ôä® ¿œ ô≥RÇ AÔ °è}e OÈKÔ OJõ°| õè± æxJ"" çB OÈô# 3 v+| “I ±´õ}P ôç ≠#\ ®ôv÷& ±vz“xú}P æcO∫ veO 1 ä—≈ ±´õz% O[™"" ®TÈôz “Ic ¢ä Hôÿıú v—+T≈`"" ®fv cTÆ è—#Y ±èz ä—[ zèYô õTôæw ûO æN` HzÏxúz “I Oè—H v—+T≈`ñ ®zÆπä v®æç ¿”Æ"" ®vFπ àHm% è—#Y ôı^c W^™*z% ®¢ã O÷ä )®$"" ®ô&AH: OãC ±õèvH ÁçMºä ƒƒ"" ®ê πRä °è}eå ôSD AH® TeH+B OÁ&ú õTä ôTÜ^"" ®õT®æç ¿”≠å ®[¿ õèz ıêz ¿]Ëñ ®Æ¿® ÔH— `x ®ÖHÔ üØv õèz ıêz ±è” ®zÆπä Öv T≈` ±|cOæ m,÷R"" ®õTFπå vÈK T≈[ ÁTô ôO 0®8 H®`Ü {áXY vØHz [v#Ø"" õT≈á[ zÆπä véz ´õz% T≈` HÖ¬` —&±+ 9 cÆ| OÈô# cxô Ææè ®ä—`¨ Hè—#Y ûO AH: “I vo\x"" ®è—#Yå ô±± ûO ºÿıô# õdz HõO `õπ “I ûO ô&æ—>πæ õèvH æ”v` Îxô"" ®zô±±# û=H# W^™*z% ®ôÿıô# õdzó ®Ö¿\ v|Øv&| ®vzO°N"" ®vÈwM zèYô è—#Y ®N[ Öv AH: “I ®—&±+ 3 c≠| vÈK Öv ôTw ±W`Ó ®J¿ Kæ}í*"" ®ôTÈô W`Ó O÷ä 0®1 ÄxÄy ±“I"" ®ÖH&ˆ èez*z õTä ´õz% ôTw zOæ÷# cxô Ææè ±Ôä¨P è—#Y ûO æ`ô∫ Öv AH: “I ®ä—`¨ ®æv+J¨ AH: “I vo\x Öv T≈` ±|cOæ óa"" ®wMz% æÔo≈ K™*[ ®—v&[ —>Ø¥"" ®è—#Yå õTo≈O æ`ôæ AJ¨z “I ô±± Hû=H# W^™*z% ûO ô&æm%P TeH+B ôI æK#\ ®ô&æe≈≈¨ H“I"" ®fv+D

64. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, pp. 116-19.

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Ô|K# ®^] û=H# W^™*z è—#Y ûO ±æÔ|K# ®|[ IØH ‘è“ ®ièoI"" ®fv vÈK# z`õπ “Ió ®AH: W]∞ ‡ı^B ®z¿H&¨ HÎxõ"" ®AH: RõûH “I ®RõûH W^™*z è—#Y tJtH| ±ô&¢ä ä™*Ü ®ô&KÁ&["" vıËS tJtH|å AH: O`áx Wçæ ±ævtØ HzÏxú ®HT`™Á ôıê"" ®ÖH&ˆ “I ≤z O`áv AH: èv#[ v‡ı^ Öv T≈` ±|JØJñ ®|Oÿo õTä æõz* O`áx"" ®W^™*z è—#Yc õH æv≥Ö# ô&m`v# HzÏxú “Ió ôI pP õT`K#oñ OèÔpP vıÀ| ®OèÔpP v|Tæè|"" ®õHc ÷x≠| JyP ®õH Ô`B Öı[z ®[¡ TeH ê πRä °è}e ®ôv+zÖ#è ®J¿ °è}e"" ®è—#Yå ®[¿ õTä Æmx Oè—H O|M| ®ô|ûH ¿vç"" ≈x ôèvdå z±x÷ H|õT`z ®÷&ä Îxõó ®èe`nç zäıK"" ®“Ic AH: Ô[e ±‡ı^ vwMz*z% TeH á√◊è õ”`ó ®‡ı^ ±õ”` vwMz*z% ±ôJy Ö#Js"" ®ôÖ±# æ|nzH# Æv&π m|H"" ®¢ã º—:ææ¨ TØ[ —&±+ W^™*z è—#Y H‡ı^ ±Ô[e"" ®TØ[ —&±+ º—:æøP “I"" v±ûO≥ ”x[ zÏxú ®≠H# cÆz õP["" ®fv `õπ “I ±AH: èv#[ v‡ı^ ûO x±#Üè Ô^Dè õH pP OJØJz Æmx ºè‘”´ ≈á]z ®æ|K®c# ûO x`Ø æ|K®e vÖæH äÛe"" zèYô “I vTJô# ®ô&°FH# W^™*z è—#Y znÚ}"" ®m¿P —:æπ õH pP v`Ö#o"" ®¢ä ôSD O™*õ H“I ®zO´ú Hè—#Y"" ®zm|H# x±#Üè O£èè| võ¿ ≥û# “I ±´õ}P ôv+zÖ#è ®J¿ °è}eñ ®ôe’ Jdä °è}eñ ®Jdä °è}e ®J¿ ôv+zÖ#è XFH:ñ õe°è≈` ®J¿ z°H YH#e ±c&_ñ Hwc& YøT (Y∫T?) ±≥Ûè v+|ñ ®èô#e πRê ±JFm {Mz õ”[ è—#Yñ h+} õTä ô`wx"" ®OH° K^ Øèpñ ®üJöè x±#Üè õTä t`wè"" ®õTä c^™*z è—#Y OezÌØçä ôıê ®cxô õ”` õH Uz% v´õz% ØH| ôJyP Ö#Js"" ®≥èz% zO´ú ¢ä ôO 0®9 H{áXY vØHz v≠H# Ho¡e —x`ô+J"" ôJy v+| éz ûzR è—#Y ±ô&FH: ôSD cpn´ ®IF võèz x≥Ö U}P Hcxõ"" è—#Yc õT≈á[ ¢ä O™*õ H“I ®Ìô õèz ıêz √w|"" ®vdå{B ÜHÔ õT√w| ®zÆπä OJØJz ôKz* ®”` ±|cOæ ≈wç"" ®õT≥å ÖHÔ Oè—H Rá¿[ R`ºT ®ôcèvz wz*"" ®vFπ OÈô —:∂T ä“j °ıH: TeH ¤™ ±æcO∫ ÖæI| ®TeH x±#Üè cxô ôıê ®õ”`"" Æ¬ õè± AH: éz æõz*

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Rá¿[ R`ºT Ôä® è—#Y Öv øJøe OÈKÔ OJõ°| õè± ´õz% AH: ôSD vT≈[ —#Rè"" ®ä—[ OJõ°z%c Hè—#Y æä”` û#äz O™*õ ®zO´ú ®æô+≥≥ ûO æxËM ı÷#ä H[¬úz%"" ®õT≈á[ Ôä® ±èz OJõ°z zèYô è—#Y õRá¿[ R`ºT ®N[ —>Ø¥ ®Ö¿[ Öv T≈` ±|cOæ ß≈ —vº"" ®õT≥å ÖHÔ Oè—H na√"" ®õTna√å zèX&ú zÆπä RõûH p“ ®ôTw R`ºT Öv T≈` ±|cOæ RjH#|"" ®vFπ ®≠H v≠H J¿| ±Hõ”±&õä ®O≈Üåä ô&πc#e °è}e H±°az% c—&≈"" õT≈á[ v≠H J¿| ®Ìô è—#Y vıêz ®æç ¿”Æ Oè—H ¿èm≥"" ®¢ä æÁèM vFπ z“xúz cxõ õT≥`®| ®TÈôz W^™*| õT`Ö#o ®o\x ûO æÏwõ √”O TeH “I"" ®“Ic ®[¿ ôSD õTóa Oè—H KPe ®è≥" ®õT≥å OÁ&ú v‡ı^ ôÿıô ®ôRcä û=H: ôF—#^z õèı^≥ ®RF[û õeû ‘[w ®õeû ‡¶^"" ®ô´Æπ O¬ç è—#Y ±p“ ®zOæ÷ Oè—H KPe ®è≥"" ! (c#eèøe) vôæw väv[v| —&±+ ¿œ ô≥RÇ AÔ °è}e (®¿ è—#W#) õè¬F c&J πOJõ°| ¿x√v+ Iûó «õäG fez% v+z “Iñ õäc#T c&cwcv# O[™ vQJ ôè≈ ä—≈ πQ÷\ñ õä ôçñ ≠#\ñ ôv÷& O÷#"" π“H:Ç ôO◊ÿ v—+T≈`è HRÿÛ| ä´""» è—#W# æ§èè ä—` c&cR “H:Çè HO™“| ®¿ v—+T≈` H&E≈ ûôæw zäXç ®æç ¿”Æ Iæ cÔ["" è—#W# õ±&º πW^™*z%è Ô[fÇ s÷[ó ôè≈ O} ô`w äv\"" û”v&´ ÷wpÇ vm` (πm[) H+I RèT ôJäv[T"" ê πRä °è}eT ºè —&±+ ûôTÜ^ Oÿ} ôxa| äv["" û®æç ¿”≠ ®¿ ¿]Ë Oè—≈ ®[¿"" π`x ®è≥è zi”a ¿”U v±è” Oè—≈ ôJˆ m,÷R ûT|wJ y{ cÔ["" û±&º v{áXY 08mè [v#Ø ØH| ÁTô ¿[c"" HR¿` õ±&º v±÷î cÆ| õè¿cÔ[ cIøÇ Oÿz´ “H:Ç vo`x õè√H# Hè—#W# ä—\|"" è—#W#T “I õd| c&ºæ dæ™’ õè√æhj õd| õè¬º÷Ò ô±±"" W^™*z% BH# {±´ õd| ô÷Òç v|Øv&|ç v|T°M| ô¿\"" ÷™| è—#W# zäY} “H:Ç ®√H#v| E¿"" vfe| cÆ| ûKæ}î Jœ ûW`Ó ôTw ¿[c"" W`Ó ÆY^ ôè≈ ºFJ π“I ÄxÄy ôO◊"" û±&F ôTw ÿm*| ôHı õè√H è—#W# “I ºHv|è õè¬º∫ πIüÄ´ cIøÇ zOJc´ O÷#"" «“H:Ç vo`x óa vT|wJ y{ ôH#ó ”è ’≥ ôèYz´ HOE≈ æÔJ“H#» xH´ ä—\|""

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è—#W#T π“H:Çè Bé{ dºæ W^™*z%è õè√æHuÄ´ (®¿äc#) õè¬E¡ñ ôx[´| õè√æpP ô±≤Ä´"" v±&ºè —&±+ πè—#W# W^™*| vUI ±®|` v‘è“ õç vièoI Iæ ®^] õè¿QÔz% Ôz%ó c&¿`c# “H:Ä% {∫"" v‡ı^ cJÛÄ´ Gä´ HŸ`ä| z±“œz™J"" v“H:Çç vè—#W# W^™*| OüûJ [œT ®æT ô‡` πRæwJ tJtH| ôH"" ûtJm%Hz% RHm*º Iæ HŸ`ä|ç HÔ[e \fi πQeRR ÿ\ S√ ôH"" “H:Ä% ºÇè S√ ôJÔ´ñ ûS√™ ûı ûT|Jç ®¿Iæ ûT|Gè O_| v‡ı^ (cJı) ôH#"" πè—#W# W^™*| ¿”U ”RkÄ% vı`D| ”RkÄ%T vèm| ôx≤ïÄ% v\m% pP õèÃ “H:Ä%è HO´“| ôJm[v#T"" JwÄ´ π¤ûäç õı[|è πÔ\ (H&™—#) ûê πRä °è}eç ûôv+zÖ#è ®J¿ °è}e “^ ®[¡"" è—#W#T ûômvz% ®¿{Ç ®`∆ ≈è£è ôezûH"" Ÿ`ä| HO O` ≈x ôèvd (ûva) zO{ó èe` nçT (õTv&J{) zäÛ"" “H:Ç ¿”U π‡ı^ Ô[cì ûÿm*| õ”[ïÇ “^ HxÅ´ñ tÿ` πH+H´ πõ”` ‡ı^ HxÅ´ Gê |Jo z“≈H: z“¿H#"" ôè≈ —&±+ Ô[cì´è ‡ı^ πè—#W# W^™*| ºw`bÄ™Jó ôè≈ —&±+ “H:Ä% ºw`bÄ™J"" v±&F Ææä| Ÿ`ä| H{®m cÆ| (Hz®cä —&±+) ™H#"" v‡ı^ ºH#| “H:Ç ûômvz% Iæ ºH#|è x±#¨Ä%è Ô]¨Ç ®¿âI c&ºÔ—ı—#ç väÛe ÜæJ õè¿Q®≤®≥ On c&ÒcOc# c&º∫™Ä´ “H:Ä% vUI zäW#"" πè—#W# W^™*| H&uuRÄ´ ôJÅHTó û\o πpP| m≈O´ hh#"" v±&ºè —&±+ ≈J π“H:Çñ jèÔ| πè—#W# Gä"" võä±&F “H:Ç õœ x±# O£èè| z—¿H#"" õäc#T õåF çÄ´ó ôv+zÖ#è ®J¿ °è}eñ ôe’ (πh#O| eT ä´) Jdä °è}eñ πôv+zÖ#è XFH: Jœ Jdä °è}eñ πh&_´ z°H YH#e Jœ õe°è≈`ñ ôTwê (wITwê) ıoañ π®—^ h#T ±ô&πc#eñ π≥Ûè v+z% h#T Hwc&ñ vè—#W# õ”` e` º¿—´ |èh# πRêñ ûô`wx (πW^™*| eT ä´) h+}ñ OH° K^ (h#O| ä´) Øèpñ ût`wèT H+H:ÇT x±#¨Ç"" ûè—#W# W^™*| Ô[cïÇç õ”[ïÇ v±&F ØH| πUz% tÿ` πIÄ´T"" æF jèÔ| πGä´ v{áXY 19 mè vo¡e —x`ô+J ØHz v≠J ä´"" v±&ºè —&±+ ûUz´ c´ x≤| πzäX vè—#W# cÔ` K±è πH+Hv| v+| ôJäv[T"" è—#W#T ≈J π“H:Ç ûGä vâI ®¿ √w| Oè—≈ E¿"" vR”ez% û√w| ôJˆ ≈wç ûT|wJ ¢[x{ Iæ cÔ["" û±&ºT ®¿ Rá¿[ R`ºT ôHÔç cèv|è v±&º ™H""

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(æF πGäv|) T°èº|ñ “H:Ç cRæè ôTIüÄ´ç Ô◊]ºÄ´ñ πÔH—´è πQ—≈Jñ πÔH—´è πQºê` õ”±&ôxK+` æH#{Jó YJ◊êÇèç —∑ä|è æc÷#{J"" ¿”Uñ ûRFIÄ´ ôw P√ πQH#|è ôè¡è ®è≈ ôæB≈ Pc+èñ õeIUÇ OKO≈è õè¿QzROãv| æzROãv{J"" û\o ô—` ≈[e ®¿õc# õπE¡ võc# πRhäÚº v#^û+ç πO≥[Úº v#^û+ æw[üH#"" T^m%è v≈î Iæ æzÛIÄ™Jó õäc#T ûQ®—#| ±è≈ BH# π´—&º ØH| zeÛ õè¬GçÄ´ (T^m%è) v≈î uÿ[´ ææ±#{J"" ¿”U “H:Ç BH# vπä—√Ä´ Bä´ ôTe| O¿yÇ çÄ´"" (ôTez% O¿yÇ) vπz^Ä´ vπeTè| ÆO| ækRH#"" πzkP| wHz^¨Ä% H#w æwIH#"" æ§ h#O|ñ RH| H#xä|ñ õeû&¿`dÄ´ ≈[e õeû&{Ä´è ôæ—±\Tó ®è≈T Gä c+| (Jœ) c&®J¡ (J–Ä%è) ... õ¿œ æÿI;Ä™J õèÃ õè¿®I–Ç Y`Æ| ôºd≈’Ä´T"" ¿”U vh#O{Ä´ ±Oè c´ üJ—¿H#ñ π^dÄ´è ÷—>` ôæI‹T"" πU| ı`≈ õè¿zÔ[¿v| (c´) ±®|` õºHmc# vK±è Iæ æê^H# õèÃñ c´ HO”¿IÄ´T TJ°| (πQGä´è) m%è· ôº®÷#T"" ... õä±&Fè π“I JR∆Ç BH# è—#Y YJ◊è c—≈ ôez™Ä´"" vôxñ v®J≈ñ vOèÔe o¡e eT õè¬º÷TuÄ´ ô±±"" ®[äi¨Ç BH#T z÷Om%"" π—+{Çè πO≈Üå{Çè πô&πc#e °è}eè πY“´èç π¿Pè Te÷&` zmvH# (s[v#)"" û°èz*ºêÄ% BH# “^ ºè≈ õ[ì ôè≈ Oè“ Gã"" ®[äi¨Ç ûcwz% πv`z%R ä—∆Ç ôè¡ ä—≈ çÄ´"" û1713 õeû 1723 Æ. T. û—≤´ ûôÏ+ vüÛ {]° πz®c¿´è eHReÔ` πQç—[´è õèOJû|ó66 ®ôO N[ ôv#B ô&ºc# T≈[ —&v+ ®õç`º ô|H¨ ≈á_B õè± ºHxf ”eI ®ºÁá [TÜ"" ®ô&K®Í ı`D| õè± ®J¿ 0ÆO|..."" eT≠#û+ úÆnxºä Oè”Y| ±õä”[°P ôä ÁKÙ ≥èz% {]°ó õeO ¢èû# õzJ¨ Hè—#Y ôv#B vT≈[ —&v+"" ®ôO ”Ø± è—#Y õTä xK+` õèz |cOæ z%H# m%w H#w [ûvå 1“I ®z≤´Æå x±#Ü ä—[ó ®æv+Hå ô`õπå õeû#

66. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iysu I et Bakff, part II, p. 272-3.

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ôwz% ô&ºc# (1674-98) ®¿ —&v+ õç ®¿ õç`º πE¿ —&±+ (vüÛè) π”eI (HT≈) ôJxf| Ÿ` ôc&¥| ûâI´ ôeû|H:| äv["" πÆY` ÆO| Jœ Gê dH ı`D| ôJ—:ví´T..."" πOè”Y| ÷wm*¨Ç (wHYJ◊êÇ) Gæñ õé π±&F {]° ÁKÚ (c&ê√) πTä”^ÇBè ePó T°èºz%T ôwz%è è—#W#è vT≈[ —&v+ zû|π´ äv`"" è—#W# z%H# m%w H#w vT|wJ A—` c&’≥ ôè≈ “I ô”î}î x±# ä—` ôfi®zî"" «õez* vüÛ πQwH´è πè—#W#è Jœ ôdπî» ôHîó ôdπB|"" æ§´ “I õè¿—ç vfezì´ mè ô—íîçñ «ôèz c´ñ Ø®oó õäG æ§ eP vüÛ πGä MÏè vz¿I¿H Oè”Y| Iæ æä”XJó Sfièç z%HRèT ôezwxa æ—≤Ä™J» ôHî"" «ôèz ô[Oé GäF dH õèƒ| {ńHF?» ôJû#|"" «üwz, (vzR`û#|) TJ°| ôńHB» ôHî"" ôwz% m√R™* ô&ºc# (ô≈ºT c—≈) û‘è¿` zäY} —&v+ ≈[e πE¿´ úaU¨Ä%è HReÔ`ç cIT HOı÷` äv[ó ”è πGä´è ôBèT û±&B è—#Y ûôÏ+ vüÛ (1713-1723) {]° ®e¿è õèOJû|ó (1) õTæõ±+c õä”[°P x≥Ü OÆz% H≥èz% è—#Y vüÛñ Oı`F ®O¿è”Èñ ®x≥Ü TM[z% ±¢ä IØH Õ™* õeO vÿn OÆz% AH: x≥Ü TM[z%"" ®ôO ¢ä ÆOz Oè”Yz% 1ÆOz ®8Æ´^Ü OÈô yz% ±+ç Hè—#Y ûO ôÈ[[ ÷H{ Õ™* ±ôTÈú ôv#B õT≈[ —&v+ ®ôèva vÈèÔ Æw™*"" ôSD ô±¥ Hv&|®¿≈ ô+ôH&e ûO æØmx |Øæèz õeO Fπ AH: ô°H&H Oè”Yz%ó ®Hvœaè≈ RU ôRØmy û=H: è™π v+z% õeO TØOè ´õz% ®z®°Ô e¿z võèz*ôB ...""

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®Ôä® H:z% H¿Õ≥RÇ RU ±√U| O÷ä %äıÿó ®ô±± è—#Y vnH Æ™¬ ûO æ|J¨ û=H# W^™*| õOå ±O≈ ®±O¿ ±O≈"" ®ôO 0®5Hÿ` vØHz KPe v±Oä H#ne ®è—+I™* zèYô è—#Y vüÛ õTä —:è¿` ®Ü¿[ v®æç Æ[x ..."" ®äv[ è—#Y vô]è‘ 0®6ØHz"" ®Ôä® Iõû Öv+B ¿œ ô≥RÇ RU ±√U| ûO Îx∞ ®ôMHp H÷H{ Õ™* ..."" ! (1) ôBè ”è v±&F vÕ™* Iæ πzÔÁO´è π±&Fè ôeÔ]ç ôe¿è“‡ è—#Y πvüÛè πm%◊´è x≤| õä”^ÇâHBó T°èºz%T vm%◊´ ô÷—x πTM[z% x≤| ôHç"" ôwz% ûT≈[ —&v+ ôTÿ} vÆwæ √` ºcÔ[´ Õ™* ÷H{ v÷I|ä| õè¿zäX vOè”Yz% ±Oè v1 ÆO| û8 ®` ±+ç ¿[c´"" v±&ºè —&±+ v&|®¿≈ ô+^oH&eè ûzR õè¬÷xo ô±±´ó T°èºz%T πOè”Yz% ±´≈ õ±&º ä´"" vœaè≈ RUè πv+z%è èx[| vUI ôe÷vm´"" T°èºz%T (vœaè≈ RU) {Rî ä´ó Hc# c&JT e¿| ¿`fv{J"" H√Uz% ¿Õ≥RÇ RU ôTd ºFJ äıÿ IûH|"" W^™*z% BH# ±O≈T Gä π±O≈ ±O≈T õè¬ûzH´ è—#W# v≠™œ |õ≤≥ c÷"" ÿ` 15 mè KPe ØH| v®è—+I™*´ H#ne ±Oè è—#Y vüÛ (H±OÅ) —:è¿`è Hop ®æç Æ[x ô¿["" è—W# ô]è‘ Iæ ÆY^ e≈e| mè zmO÷"" (õ±&º dH) π√Uz% ¿Õ≥RÇ RU Õ™* ÷H{è õè¿®“´ç õè¿Ô ´ ®¿c# OI°zì Iû67"" (2) ®vm√Q| cèv| vÈK ™èü"" ®Fπ OÈô# á√◊è õTä Õ™* õH æxJ¨P tÌ`ó ®æv+J¨ Hè—#Y vnH Õ™*ñ OK[ä úè—#Y õeO èMä ô”x`z*û ®ô”x`z ôv#û"" õOå ôveä õ”±&ú õeO Hä ôvd ®Hû TM[|"" ®æv+H:P è—#Y K#\û+ OK`û#°P"" wMz% ôTÈõ¨P Ha—+ ®Hä· õTΩ"" õOc ô&ºTËõ°P |vJ≠# û=eK°P ®|c|∫ eèz°P"" ®ô&ºOe÷å 1õeû

67. õ±&º´ —. 275-6""

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 60 “I/úaU 155

±ºezÆ≥x ¬v ô[ı|ó ®õBx Y“°P HôØ™Ô cRæ HõO ô&OËõ°P õeû ØHz [v#Ø Av AH:û# ôä""

(2) o√S ™èü ¿[c"" õ±&º (õºH) ûÕ™* ´eÿ tÌ` πQI;Ä´ ÿm*}Ç O÷#ç Hè—#W# vÕ™* uèu (vÕ™*ì õè¬F) ôH#|ñ «è—#Y Gæñ R[èó T°èºz%T õì ôjûaÇF πôw|FT ôjûaÇ äè"" —+{ Gæñ xç÷Û ÿÛ| πìñ TM[| ºèz ä´""» è—#W# (õè¬F) ôIÄ´ñ «vH# C¡ T_ºÇâHB"" ”è a—+è õç ä·è ûõTΩ ôT⁄Ä´"" üIO◊ÇB û#dÇBè |vIIÇBñ jè{ÇBè |÷◊IÇB"" õ±&F ôHBv| ≈[e õeû [v#Ø ØH| ≈[e ºJO◊ÇB õè¿Gä ”≈”√ z÷”} πQhç (®è≈) BH# ôºOJ÷îT"" Y“´è HcRæ ®ˆÇ õc÷™HB68""

(10) vôè≈ A—` fe| Oè”Y|

úaU¨Ç vô&|øÂº {]° õeû&{®m% ≈[e vô&|øÂº Iæ BH| Oè”Y| zum%U äv[--ôè¡ πKÏ+—+ H+I´ πõ¤—+"" æ§ {]° væÛ πzuuO´ æû#ê ôTI°ç üFçz% zwx[´ π≤¨Çè Oè”Y| v—Hv÷# —&±+ v1263 Æ. T. ä´ v&wJTñ °`e|ç ô&|øÂº ´eÿ e` ûc¿¿v| —&±+ Ta πKÏ+—+´ v+z Oè”Y|ç πõ¤—+´ πGä´ v+z °Fä| õè¿ Y“ç õè¿ äıe ôè≈ ôüJ ôè≈ ôTdJ Bä´ æ—±# äv`"" vBHz% Oè”Y{| OüûJ áx[| õèÃ ôJˆ ôJˆ üJGä π‘I ”‡| ôHOê\ HM≥v# |Jo õˆæ{ äv`"" úaU¨Ç c&O÷# wH#| BHz% (πzwv\|) Oè”Y}Ç Iæ «M≥w™* πH#w—+» Oè”Y| ôuuP"" õè¿QOeH´ñ úaU¨Ç ºcv#| õè¿‰‰c# ûYä Jv#ç™* πRºJı YJ◊è wH´ ôw P√ õç vH#w |´J≈ ô≥RÇ e` Gä´ õºè√è¡ ‘d vº±´ O_| Iæ v±Ièä| (®¿âI Iæ v”x`çT) v^c# è≠#e O] π^c#è ôez√¿` ±`”} HOê` äv["" {]° ÁKÚ¨Ä%T æ§èè ≠´m´ç zmxH´ñ π{]° ≈`—&}Çè ±Oè c&ºOH°z% v±&ºè —&±+ vQ—≤´ ôÏ+ ±Oè õè¿Qsÿ\

68. õ±&º´ —. 278-9""

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 61 156 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

vúaU¨Ä% H#w ±OèT æsÿ\ äv["" HTdH+ ûÁKÚ¨Ä% ôè¡ eH ”^î ≠OÌ ô RO` OËı c& T` õè¬F æIJ69ó õTôO X&Oz% ISJwM v9 ÆO| zÏxô# KÏ+ ®ç” c—≈ TeH ”^î vjTx^ û#_""

! vSJwM v9äì´ πh#O| (±Oè) ôÏ+ ®ç” c—≈ û”^î “^ jTx^ û#_ Iæ z™—#""

eHôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J πzËÔ ôè≈ π±+ç O™ØJ oÃ õè¬F æIJ70ó ®v#®2 ôO| ®[¿ õç`º"" ®Uz û:e|a"" ®[cøP è—#Y Hcxô õç`º °`ez*ºä"" ®v#®3 ôO| ®Èô v+—T≈` HzÏx∞z “I v±Oä X&Oz% HÔ√{ ±cOæ¨ v#^n""

! (W`Î ≈è”J vä—W) v#®2 ÆO| ®¿ õç`º ®[¿"" û:e|a Uz"" è—#W# πõç`ºè c¨Ç °`ez*ºè ô¿[“Ä´"" v#®3 ÆO|ñ v#^n vQH#| vÔ√{ πh#O| ±Oèñ “Iè HO´“| ®¿ v+—T≈` ®◊"" x±# `mè dèE≈ ^c#è ±+çB H“Iè vÿUç xèOHûz´ ¿^c&´ ±Oãè vH#w¨Ä% π”≤| ±Oè õè¿Qsÿ\ vm* TJ°| õç—îv{Hè"" HTdH+ñ õä±&Fè õèOJû|"- û®è≈UÅÄ´ zH∫ç y[è «ôTv&d» vQH´ -- v`z%R «awH+» vQH´ -- H#w ±Oè áx[| Ôÿ[´ «ôı_» zwH# (°ıJ 1)"" v&`OŒ vQwH´ H#w ±Oè áx[| Ôÿ[´ «c¿Å» zwH# (°ıJ 1)""

69. ±+ç O™ØJó EMML 7109, f. 58a. õ`”ÿ vâI πO◊ mÃ ôde~Jó «H» Oez™≈≈ OGëè Jx wHRHz% h#P «ISJwM» OeH:| «HSJwM» («πSJwM») H&J πQ—w´è «ISJwM» xH: ôvIj}{J"" BHzìTñ ôè≈ H#w ûeTè| ÆO| vIæ ôºez√≈`T"" eH±&F ¿^c&´ ºH´ õè¬F æOeHìJñ «ôÏ+ ®ç” c—≈ vä—W v19äì´ ÆOz%ñ vSJwM πh#O| ±Oèñ û”^î “^ jTx^ û#_ Iæ z™“""» 70. Ignazio Guidi, “Di due frammenti relativi alla storia di Abissinia”, pp. 590-1.

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 62 “I/úaU 157

æF OÈKı vzËÔv| —&±+ πv&ˆH+ Jœ πPJô{ h#O| cw| ÆO| Gê{J (°ıJ 08)""

v+û&è”DTç Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ πQwH# BH| õè”H&≤´ºè Tè·Ä%è O`T[´ πH#w¨Ä%è π”≤| ±Oè vÆOz õ”±&õ õè¿QmÿH´ —Tz´{J71ó 1522-1530" SJwMñ —Iè ®è≥è zi—["" (”^î v±&F ±Oè ®[["") 1530-1538" P¿çñ ™v& hvH&è zi”a wH+ —w"" (π”^î ®[^ m÷H"") 1538-1546" û&H:H+ñ π¿™aè pI¨Ç ®[["" (π”^î ®[^ ôûzO"") 1546-1554" v&ˆH+ñ ¿™aè ô÷Û"" 1554-1562" TeH+ñ —&v+è Os◊÷` O["" 1562-1570" K`PÛñ vÿ[ ôU^è ô÷Û"" 1570-1578" awH+ñ h™è ô÷Û"" 1578-1586" v&ÒŒñ û◊ç wM` õeû √U| O◊"" 1586-1594" PJô{ñ ‘ÕTè ®[["" π±Oã ä—Y{| ºJ®¿¡| úaU¨Ç H^dÄ´ vQkP| πH#w |´J≈ç ôw P√ πOèÔd™* vIæä| Oz√¿^Ä´è ôæ¿HTó ô&|øÂº ^dÄ´è πQºez√≈\ ä—∆Çç πõeIT ”≤}ÇT ô—` äv[Ç"" ûä—Y{z% “^ ”‡| πQÔ÷[´ ^dÄ´è πQºez√≈\ H+H:Ç ä—∆Ç c&ºOÅÄ´ ôè—x`T õè¿QH#| ôè—x`T c&H#ñ BHzìT Oè”Y| π^c# ô≈`‘ πQ÷xm´è «A—[ Oè”Y|» πQwH´è °ıH ô&|øÂºç H+I´è (Oè”Y| πQ±`Ô´è) BHz%èT õì õè≥[ı c&H# äv["" v±&º Iæ ôè≈ πûÛ´ wHYJ◊è ûOè”Y| c&◊I úaU¨Çè «πûÛ´ ™iñ ºOÎì Ohi» º¿`“Ä™J"" ûx±# Re[Õ¨Ç éÿ æFèè ûô≈ºT c—≈ ô&ºc# (1674-1698) {]° πT÷oc´è õèOJû|72ó ®õT≈á[ vÆH Ûc&ü ÆOÎ ®H+ ±õTä—¿ Ofiñ ®yô éz xK+[ “I Ü¬‘ eO °è|çB —&±+ èõçB õeO û[ø È“x õOè—H x≥Ü —>J|"" ®¢ä ØÎ#x ≥èz% ä—` éz û=H# ÆHT""

71. Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, pp. lxxiv-lxxv and 205-212. 72. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iysu I et Bakff, II p. 96.

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 63 158 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

®Æ¬ ±πÆv& õT≥ ØÎ#xc ØÎ#x ´õz% ®Oè°` v™*ú}P éz A—[ “I HOTF[ —:èœ ®OTF[ õä‡II õè± pUd| ´õ}P ®OTF^ä v+z °èz*ºè ®õè± ôJyP T°èºz ä—` Hv™*õ éz “I"" ! ûÛc&ü vÆJ vâI ûOfi ä—≈ πGä´ ®H+ ôOÎç “I A—` —w -- û—>Jz% x≤| πzäX ÿ“x äı}{Jç võ`œç´ ±Oè π°è|ç ePè |}"" æ§ ä—` vÆHT éÿ BH# —#≈ Gä"" ¿”U û±&F —#≈e πQvJÿ —#≈ç ôe—^Q ä—`ñ π—:èœ OTF`ç πõä‡II OTF` õ“I ô—` O”w| ä´ -- pUfÇç πv+z °èz*ºè OTF^è Gä´ dHç õ“I ô—` HO”w| T°èº| dæê^Ä´"" æ§T BH# Gêñ õè√πä´ õä±&F eı` tÿ` πH+IÄ´ ‘d¨Ç ≤_ Hì õè¿QOeHè ôè≈ä| êbÄ´ õè¿Gä ô&|øÂº ûO”w{Ä´ vÚ| æGçJ õèÃ û—v# vâIe ôè≈ä| ôæ{æwÄ´T"" H+H:Ä%è úaU ºJGã|è ‘d¨Ç õè¿Q±`Û<Ä´ ôè¡ πúaU ‘d H+I´è æ±`Ô™J"" «BIÇBT º´ “I çÇB» πQI;Ä´ H+H:Ç çÄ´ õèÃ õäc# ^dÄ´è õè√è≈ M≥x ôº∫T äv`"" õ`”ÿ ôè√è≈ —&±+ πOè”Yz%è ”≤|T Gä H+I´è πúaU/ “I ‘d HO´“| c&ÔJ—# æ[√√H#ó ”è ±Im* ôè≈ä| ôæÔÿ\Tó ôè≈äz%è πQÔJ—#|T ôæOeJT"" «H#w—+´» πúaU´èT Gä πH+H:Ä%è ä—∆Ç õè¿zHº∫ πúaU ‘d¨Ç õπs÷[ ô&|øÂºè võû#Jä| wFIÄ´ v&ºez√¿` êa A—]z% ûx±# ´≥”x ûO√è ôJÛ M≥v# véÿ äÏä| x±# æÔ≈ñ ƒU°^c&´T ô&|øÂº™* æGè äv`"" ”è æF vcxô |ü|ä| πQê` M≥x YJ◊é™ ûızì ¿[Õ H¿[c A—` «æ§èè w¿[—I|» xH: Op¤| ôæ{cxT"" õè£è æFè H&º¿`—# ^dÄ´ zv{|ä´ πA—]~è Oè”Y| x|è|ãè ô®÷#|"" º õè£ wæGèñ ≤_ è—#X™* ô—≤≥ ûm[ñ O]´ «˘_±&√è|»˘_±&√è|» ûQwJ ôw P√ v&wJ õèƒ| wR[xè"" eH Oè”Yz% ôè≈ä| ûGä ”è û”^î æJo úaU¨Ç —:≈z´{Jó ”^î ô÷nH: vôè≈ DæRê| (võeJTç) H&—≤| ºcw|è A—` õäc# veı` tÿ` ôJw ‘dÄ´ J° ûzÛ<|"" väc# T°èº| «A—[ Oè”Y|» πQwH´ °ıJ dæm` vôè≈ RõûI™* Oè”Y| e` Oz√¿` ôJÅHT"" H^dÄ´ ôè≈ä|èñ HA—]z%T

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 64 “I/úaU 159

ôè≈ Oè”Y|è HRT◊| πJœ J–ÅÄ´ ‘è¿` Iæ OW[z%è O◊Jñ h™ Iæ v+z%è OY^| äv[wÄ´"" w‡\T v&Gè {]û#è õèní´""

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 65 Codex vindobonensis Palatinus, Aeth. 4, f. 1b.

õeüBè ûz—í%| π±+çB H“I oœ¨Ç ôè¡"" (—È 63 Iæ zm≈~J"")

page095-160 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 66 TØ^ı !

|èXô+ Oè”Y|

TåJ° z®J∆ õJT wºJTñ ‘vç ˆ°a ºè wæz[—>Tñ ô&|øÂº õT|wJ πc´ Jœ õç|ñ v≤_´ ÆHT ´eÿ y{T wJê^|""

page161-168 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 1 πúaUÇè {]° πËÒ ô} ÆÌO —&ø`—&e (ÆÌS/ÆÿS)""

(û Da Zeila alle Frontiere del Caffa, Viaggi di Antonio Cecchi, 1886)

page161-168 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 2 !

HúaU¨Ä% ôè≈ä|è HA—]z%T ôè≈ Oè”Y|è HRT◊| πúaU¨Çç πH+H:Ç ô&|øÂº´ºè πJœ J–Ç ‘è¿` Iæ OW[z%è O◊Jñ h™ Iæ v+z%è OY^| äv[wÄ´"" ô&|øÂºè õä±&F áx[| ôJw úaU¨Ç c&p◊÷b| πRõûI™* Oè”Y| wHYJ◊êÇ OI®e ôJÅH#T äv[ó «®H&èû# ¢`R {ô&ñ v#ôÚ ºv& ¿®¡» («®èƒ ¢`Ç Bèñ ®›ç ®^Àè ûJ°J») πQH´è πjR”H+¨Ç T`n| õè¿ ÆW`z% nI| |õ≤≥ πQºûx\| æOeJ äv["" ôv+} ä“X& RFJ h™è cw| ÆO| û—≤ç YJ◊ãè vM≥x ±è≈ ü[“—÷ vâI πRØ`” eT HReÔm≈ ‘è¿` E∆ OOHi´è úaU¨Ç eH±—#| õ±&º´ U} õ±&º´ zmv[1"" ô&|øÂºè õè¿¡a´ û√` õeû√` πQºez√≈` Oè”Y| ÷Û"" BH#Tñ úaU¨Ä%Tñ °`ez*ºêÄ%T õeIUÄ%T vº±#| y{ ‘v≥ õπ®◊wÄ´ A—]~ π|çèj Oè”Y{| O÷^mQº GäÇ"" «A—[ Oè”Y|» πQwH´T HeP ±´≈ç ôJ“ ÷wm* è—#Y ‘è¿` Iæ æã[´ õèÃ wH ±´¡ õè£è YJ◊è êa| H&kT H&h&` πQvI´ ôÿ} «Hè—#W# OÈ´z%|» πQwJ HRî Gêñ —#JvzïÇ v‘ÕTñ v‘è¿` (veSè)ñ v|”_ñ vh™ ^dÄ´è πÅH# Oè”Y}Ç ôuuP"" úaU¨ÇT v—&v+ ®è≥ ô—aÇ πH#w´ ƒU°^c& m`} πs^‡ ÔI‡ Oè”Y| RuuT T[´ äv[""2 v±&F —&±+ ä´ «xoJ π—¿H´è xoJ ºäX™J» õè¿QwH´ π“H:Ä%ç πc&√R¨Ä% (πúaU¨Ä%ç πôRaÄ%) J–Ç zmwæä|è HR”í| vôv+} ºØpx ≠ÌT zè÷IÿH´ πô&|øÂºè Oè”Y| «Öv ±m√Q Oèv\» (ûm≈U´ Oèv\) πOHc#|"" {]û#è vôR`ì x±#¨Ç eHËÒ| õ±&F O≈—T ôºeÔJ”T3""

1. á\æ ®J¿ YIc+ (Asfa-Wossen Asserate, Die Geschichte von Šaw), p. 38. 2. Huntingford, The Galla of Ethiopia The Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero, London 1955. 3. v±&F `õe Iæ x±# zÈÛ

page161-168 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 3 164 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

HR—çí| ºFJñ ôÏ+ Jxä ≈è”J (1500-1537) v”^î Ÿ`ä| ûOI v+z cv# “^ vjj| väv[v| —&±+ ôè¡ JÀ ôv+}Ö#è ºØpx õ±&º´ õh™ üè≈ y{ z¿xp m`} äv["" πôv+} ºØpx ôè¡ JÀ —^T Ûc&J πc#eèøe ôw| ä´ñ BHzì´ ±aÄ% ûúaU¨Ç “^ vŸ` S√ç v“xÅ z—çîz´ h™ Iæ Oè”Y| ºuuP| Y”® nJ ä´"" (fezì´ñ z≥ü[ ≈è”J πô—:z%è πôÏ+ Qçeè Oè”Y| c&mçmè zhèˆ πõz,—+æz% ±O∆Ç —¿J ®[®\|"") ûúaU´T ûôR^´T õπz“v#ñ Y”® nJ ®æ±a cèvJ|èñ ®æ±a cèvJ| ôv+} ä“X&èñ ä“X& exez,èñ exez, ôxΩèñ ôxΩ ôTÜ ô&πc#eèñ ôTÜ ô&πc#e ôeÛ ®cèèñ ôeÛ ®cè ®cè c—≈èñ ®cè c—≈ XFH YIc+èñ XFH YIc+ ÖæH OH¢|èñ ÖæH OH¢| √”R™* TåJ°è æ®J√H#4"" π≤_æz% πô&|øÂº RõûI™* Oè”Y| zOJf πzuuO´ ôÏ+ øKèeç è—#Y z°H DæRê| vA—]z% ≈èv` Iæ û÷I| “` c&™¿m% vä±&F J–Çç vO¤[iT TåJ° ÖæH OH¢|ç ‘vç √¤ äı÷ïÇ |”J ä´""

|≥{Ä´ñ TåJ° z®J∆ õJT wºJTñ ‘vç ˆ°a ºè wæz[—>Tñ ô&|øÂº õT|wJ πc´ Jœ õç|ñ v≤_´ ÆHT ´eÿ y{T wJê^|"" πQºcî ä´""

ûôÏ+ TåJ° ±Oè Ta π÷Ûè OÔH”ñ πzç¿è O—èw| z O["" eH|èXô+´ ÁKÙ |õ≤≥ —x[ YIc+ c&z`û# õè¬F æIH#5ó

á|Oz%è º¤ç—Ô´)ó πxIz,è —+{ á\æ ®J¿ YIc+ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ vûÚJñ Asfa-Wossen Assrate, Die Geschichte von Šawó πÁLÙ |õ≤≥ —x[ YIc+ {]û ±Oè ± √”R™* TåJ° è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂºó πz°H Ë≈o Oû=]º πô&|øÂº {]° û≠Ï+ z,¨≈ae õeû m√R™* ÜæH YIc+ó õç πwM\ ±´ƒ πô&|øÂº {]° û1884 õeû 1966"" 4. HTdH+ñ πè—#Y XFH YIc+ õá| ®æ±a mHO ®`o «πô≈ô´è wIw| Jœ ô} ¿U v#éè ô”xz´» õè¿äv[ ô} —x[ YIc+ ú√ ºe{´dH#ó |≥{ HO{cv&ºñ —. 6-7"" 5. ÁKÙ |õ≤≥ —x[ YIc+ñ {]û ±Oè ± √”R™* TåJ°ñ —. 100""

page161-168 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 4 |èXô+ Oè”Y| 165

û±&F vâI v08)&4 ÆOz TM[| v¬`R ¿x[ ä—:≈’≈èñ vH—K&√ ô|aèc R`ºTèç {Øü ä—Y|èñ vH——:^ Oüä YIc+èñ ÿè| vê^ πzW\ ôxºz °èz*ºç| v”^î —&±+ πzn÷H#|è õºepÔ\ ”Tv#è ôe®÷#|"" π”Tv#T m%O| cw|T eTè|T °è≈ Gä"" ä—` ”è ûmè x≤| πzäX O_z% ôÿxp ´Ÿ{Jç õeû OW[z% HOpÔ` ôJzÅHT"" Y^´T ≈è“∫ ô^| RØ±è πzÁ[v πzm[Á õœ” πQºe¿èo ä´"" û±&º´T x±# è™π o≈d| ®◊"" π®H:T c´ æFè BH# wπ —&±+ õ´ä|T π°èz*ºè ô—` OGãè z[√´"" û±&F ÿoe ô^| ä—` õè[√Hèó (1) õä±&F π{®m% πôR^´ ô—` {IIo ô≈w^| v”^î ®[^ —&±+ On÷IÄ´è (v{]°T ôèxvçJ)ñ (2) vúaU¨Ç ®[^ πy{¨Ä% eUÇ OH®◊Ä´è (¬`Rñ H—K&√ñ H——:^)ñ (3) «ô¬c#» |´J≈ ô¬fÄ%è πy{ eUÇ OmvH#èñ (4) o`fÇ ûOnx` HOäX| Ø≈J R”í{Ä´è"" vA—`ç vOè”Y| OüûJ ºH´ J∫ä| õè√æR{ O÷èmo ºeÔJ“J"" TåJ°ç ‘vç √¤ OJc´ ºuuP| RõûI™*´è Oè”Y| õèÃ A—]~R BJ —&±+T vJ–Ñ õœ äv[Ç"" πy{ eUÇè πH®÷#| ^dÄ´ ô&|øÂº´ºè eHGã ®¿âI ®¿¡a´ õèOJe ºH πHT"" πRõûI™*´ Oè”Y| |èXô+ h™ Iæ æ®H≈ õèÃñ πzÎäc´ m¿T xH: õ±&º´ õ‘è¿` ä´"" õè¿Tçπ´ñ v‘è¿` ±Oä Oè”Y| vúaU¨Çç vOè”Y| OüûJ x±# —&±+ vÿoT T°èº| π[œT —&±+ ”‡| züC√;J"" GêT Iæ I∫è «“Iç °èz*ºè» ®æT «úaUç c&√R» πRæ—çí%ç πRæ◊◊P æTcH# õèÃñ πäÏäz% ôxa ãa vRFJ ºH´è π±`ç πwFJ J∫ä| πBH| û#_è ´K πQ—≈v´è ”≈x õè¿QºÔè ÜæJ y`v#a| éÿ é÷#è vwFJT v±`T z¿vIJm™J"" ôTÅç “xÅäz% õeû v+z Oè”Y| ±JuJ"" úaU¨Ç õè¿ä ô≤∑ Aü¢ vY`Æz% éÿ —xz´ YJ◊è züıH™J"" z¤R] TdH+ üeÔH— õä±&Fè ûôÏ+ ô&ºc# (1676-1698) {]° πm√âÄ´è BH| ÿofÇ õèOJû|ó (1) ®√”O OÈô ¤™C ±æxJ ®Èô “I ®Îxú H≈è"" ®fv cTÆ è—#Y ±èz ä—[ ô±¥ HÁKÙ IMT z%H# ®æv+H: K#` |J¨ ®ô&ºTeÿû"" ®´õz%å N[ vH+H&| ®zH¨ ®[ûy H“I vT≈[ ¤"" "

page161-168 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 5 166 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

(1) «“I Oÿ} ≈èè ®“´» πQH# |°Hì ®{¿aÇ õè¿—ç O÷#"" æFèè ä—` è—#W# c&cR ÁKÙ IMT z%H#èñ «C≈ (“H:Çè) zûzIÄ´ñ õè√ºOJ÷#F» xH: ô±±´"" õc#T vH+H&| E¿ç zûzIÄ´ó “H:Ä%è vT≈[ ¤ ô—ìÄ´6""

(2) ®v´õz% ®`á X+U HøKèe X&Oz ÁKÙ IFT ±√U|"" ®X+U X&Oz xIz,êÇ —+{ H÷v&x ®RØT` ®Hw™, ı|M ®°v#[ ±O≈ ®ä—≈ ±õTä—¿ “I ®ô≈º ±´õz% weJøe ®J¿ v#çº ®®J¿ õáz% H¿Õ≥RÇ H:_èe"" " (2) v±&F ®` øKèeè π√U| ÁKÙ IFT h#O|è kO´"" û“I ä—≈ç ûô≈º πGä´è ÿvvì´èñ ≠™m*´èñ ı`≈ ôez™∫èñ wH zûv\ ±O∆Ç πGä´è πv#çºè Jœç π¿Õ≥RÇ H:_èe õá| Jœ weJøeè πxIz,êÇ —+{ h#O|è kO´7"" v±&ºè ±Oè πxIz,êÇ —+{ RØ`” ûv&|®¿≈ä| mÿH: äv["" ”è ÁKÚ´ πweJøeè ä—≈ wæä”[è πRè ä—≈ æOeHè äv[? veRÄ´ T°èº| úaU¨Ç OGçÄ´è dçó πm[è eè}Ç çÄ´? π°èz*ºã Oè”Y| eèJ πúaU¨Çç πH+H:Ä% BH# °èz*ºêÇ OGãè Re{®e ôHxè"" v¿T π≤_¨Ä% ô&|øÂº´ºè ûz^´ M≥x v+| õeû v+z Oè”Y| π‘d¨Çç πä—∆Ç ”èí%ä| ´÷+| OGçÇèè πQºdπ´ ºº}ÅÇè π“xÅÄ´ {]° ºJzËÔ´ vô&|øÂº´ºè OüûJ “xÅ —#≈ ®æT xò eIæ¿H ä´"" πôÏ+ TåJ° Jœ ®æ±a h™[—≈ πê ‘vç Jœ πô} ®√– wHv+| õè¿äv\ πzËÔ´ π—∑¨Ç {]° eHGä ä´ õèÃ ôÏ+ TåJ° ôR^ (!) ê ‘vç √¤ úaU eHGã ºèè õè¿ {]° HOO≥—x ôæ¿HT"" °v#` Jœ Qüô+J õT\ ê ‘vç √¤ ôº{Ä´ OGçÄ´è πä—\è ôè≈ä| “±+◊ eH÷πnÄ´ ä´"" º´T v&Gè ±^Ä´è HOt÷` dæGè v+z cwÄ´ Hô&|øÂº Oè”Y| |èXô+ eI¿[—´ ôez™Èú {]° c&ºezT\è ä´"" vwFJT [—≈ úaU¨Ç ô&|øÂº û—v#v| —&±+ Ta väc#ç v®[\| M≥x OüûJ ûızì O¿wHo äv["" HTdH+ñ °èz*ºêÄ% eRÄ´è «±Ê»ñ «≠ey»ñ «≠T∆»ñ «Oè—∆»ñ «z≥üa»ñ «±Z»ñ ®±z õºH# vdxØ c&ºdÿ\ õçºHè"" πGä´ñ

6. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iysu I et Bakff, part II, p. 206-7. 7. õ±&º´ —. 170""

page161-168 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 6 |èXô+ Oè”Y| 167

úaU¨Ç «÷&ê»ñ «ÿC}»ñ «KHx∆»ñ «v`w∆»ñ ®±z õºH# eT πQº®÷#v|è ±ƒ vOć≈ç π^dÄ´ vR≈[” äv["" vôR`ì Iæ πQ{π´è πwFIÄ´è —#JM zÈõê |zè ”Ø≥è xèO[T[´ πúaU wFJ z÷nQ GëJ"" æE πGä´ úaU¨Ç π”Ø≥ ÆHT ‘[v+}Ç eHGã dæGèñ õè¿ úaU¨Ä% õè¿ ô≤∑ ÷&ê õç π‘ÕTè {]° õè¿ËÒJè õè¿WÆH&´ õè¿ ôHn z°H+ π”Ø±# Yä ÈK#ı wHv+| eHGã ä´"" πA—]z% wFJ vô¬e ¿T õè¿ÛÛ ”JÈ ä´"" ôw wM`æT v&Gã æ§èè ºFJ ≥`≥` πËÒ| eHwHv+| õèÃ eH —:[v+| ®æT «õ“I ô—`» E¿´ º—í%| «πOe° ÿç|» ôæ¿HT"" ππ‘d´ J–Ç ºeOcHè {]ü™* ô“◊Qç vy{ O®cè T°èº| ”RkÅÇè ºè¡è ä—≈ uèuñ ”RkÅÇè ¿”U πH+I´è ä—≈ uèu eHTèä“—` ä´"" HTdH+ñ ¿Tv&ºè (‘è¿`è) õç ‘ÕTè π®c¡ úaU¨Ç J–Ç uèu ôR`ì GëJó ôR^ Oe- H™J"" πô`c& M≥x û”Rj vIæ πK≈º |´J≈ Gê dH uèu´ úaU GëJó úaU OeI;J"" æF OeH: O—í| H÷I| O”v&º |Jo m√√ Gê õäG H&ºz^Tcè æOIHev{J"" πTèä“—[´è uèu zû|Hè ô&|øÂº éÿ ûzÔÁP| {]ü™* ≈`—&}Ç ôè¡è °ıJ π±&F uèu zç“] ôè¡è π±&º uèu zç“] {]° õç≈`” xèJ õ´ä| ô|Ôo≈JèT"" πôº}ÅÇè J–Ç OGçÇèè vRº÷^ÿ` ”T| πTè¿èv|è ºFJ πo≈Tôº}ÅÇè uèu Tè õè¿äv[ ôè¿èv|T"" ≤_ π|ì´èT uèu ®`cè xè—î BIÇèTñ v±&ºè ±Oè ôä“—` π“H:Ä%ç πc&√UÄ%ñ ®æT v≤_´ ôä“—`ñ πúaU¨Ä%ç πôRaÄ% J–Ç äè"" vTèç—[´ uèu õπzO^è ûÿè| ±^Çè Jè¿è πRèÇJv| T°èº| uèu¨Ä%è ÿT≥T±# π{]° Oè—≈ eId®^Ä´ ä´ó Ø´` ¿”U OT^| ôæÇJTó uèu¨Çè {]° ôüÛæ xç¿`“Ä´ c&¿çv\ Häc# (Huèu¨Ä%) õè¿QOÇ ô≈`—´ñ ”RkÅÇèè ûç{Çè ”RkÅÇèè ûôw{Çè ±`ç {]° ºHº∫çJ"" v16zì´ Tõ| ÆO| ô&|øÂºè π®[\ úaU¨Çç H&ûH°I;Ä´ πUû\ πm≈U¨Ä% äwaÇ BH#T ûUI —:¿J õû#J ôº}ÅÇè Gä™Jó õìT õè¿±&º´ ûUI —:¿J õû#J J–ÅÄ´ äè"" πTèç—`v|è uèu Re[Õ ô≈`—è ûzÔÁO´ [ÃT {]° éÿ úaU¨Ä% πÔÁP|è ≤_ úaTì HQç—\ H+I´è HH+H:Ç RüÔH#è πTè—Ûv| ûGè O O]º {]û#è ûôº}ÅÇè äÿmè H®[eçÄ´ uèuÄ´ Oe÷| æê`xçJ"" æF ¿”U

page161-168 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 7 168 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

«wH{]û# πô&|øÂº uèu¨Ç õèÃ πô&|øÂº M≥x ôæ¿HTó õì {]° πHèT» RH| æGçJ"" õ`”ÿ úaTì πQç—\ úaU πQwH# ô&|øÂº´ºèç H+I uèu πQç—\ π”J O÷]º ºIÄ´ H+H:Ç ô&|øÂº´ºè ôH#ó õä±&F c¨Ç {]° ôè≈ πô&|øÂº M≥x º¿[“Ä´è [ez´ J∫ä{Ä´è HR÷èû` ûÔH—# ûôBè æ T\| õèÃ ®¿ {]° ôæC¡ó {]° ºdonÄ™Jó ıI‘{Ä´èT ´≈o º¿`”wÄ™J""

page161-168 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:40 page 8 ôw]

Appendix

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 1 vô&|øÂº {]° OÈKÛÄ´ ´eÿ eH úaUÇ vcÚ´ πËÒ ôHn {π""

(û Gustav Arén, Envoys of the Gospel in Ethiopia, 1999)

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 2 !

ôw] 1 - Appendix I

ûôHn {π |Jm% OÈKı πzm√ (JE692E, —. 548-561, 586-7, 595-600)

«H+T» H+H:Ç Tè·Çó «O» πô&π\dH+P oÃ πôHn {π OÈKı" (JE692E)"" (vá√” üJ—HÈû# voèı ºH´ πÁKÚ´ ä´)

17. eH ä—¿ “I eH ä—¿ “I πQä—` m%T ä—`ç õ´ä|ñ õ´ä|ç z[| πGä vπôæäz% x±# J∫ J∫ {]° ôH"" ô} ÆÈS vËÒ| π{]° OÈKı eH “I c&ç—` õè¬F æIJ"" “I πQH#| M≥x ü—\ π®◊v| T°èº| õœ” ôæ{®oT"" wH{]¢Ç õåF π“I1 M≥x ûõeº ÔJc´ ®¿ R√“eü` õè¿ zi—\ñ û±&ºT ÔJc´ ywd ô÷—x ûwM` ®¿x zmO÷#"" ywd RH| Hûx|T v&Gè OWR]º RH| ä´ñ v“Jì"" û±&ºT —çH+ πQwH´è œ[| zû|H´ ô&|øÂº ®÷# æIH#"" ü—^Ä´ c&®÷# ”è BH# wè≈ —&±+ ôJ®÷#Tó π®¿¿ ®◊ ºJ®¿¿ m[ õèœ2ó æF “I πzwH M≥x û±&º zäe} O◊ç vwH+ √` —Iç vQH#| œ[| (®è≥)3 √`Å zmO÷"" IPèç4 ıπH#è v—#è õº[w õè¿ ±Iè Bê ê["" ûO◊T üÏ+ Jxä ≈è”J eO Oè”Y{Ä´5 ®ç” c—≈ ûdÄ´ Oè”Y| vÚ| 102 ÆO|6 Bê| äv`"" æFT ôÏ+ æeKo vä—W# v5 ÆO| v6 h&F 9)4ÆOz ÆHTñ v04)4 ÆOz TM[|

1. O π—I"" 2. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work, pp. 56-57 and 138. 3. O"" 4. «IPè» πQH#| ”Ø±#è zû|H´ ä´ó v_T æ¤T^J"" ûxz%è RH{Ä´ ä´"" 5. O ”YÅÄ´"" 6. O ÆO""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 3 172 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

ä´ó πQH# ôH#"" õ´äzì´ ”è π“H:Ç ®¿ ô&|øÂº O´◊| v≤! (O^ z°H DæRê| eO Oè”Yz% ≤!7) Oè”Y| 0ÆO| v9)# ÆOz TM[| ä´"" Ô[è–Ç eH “I πËÒ| {]° vê Ø´m|ç vOOÒ` ä´"" õì ”è ô≤∑ ÷&ê πËÔ´è {]° ôæzè ä´""8 “H:Ç c&O÷# v“Ié ®è≥ (œ[|)9 ®ÿz´ Ka Íy vQwJ ô—` —v#"" vKa Íy ™çzì v™ç πQp`◊|ç πQi—^| |èj û@_ wM` ôHÇ"" “H:Ç ôw{Çèç ıÿ[{Çè û±&F Á ®◊ä æIH#"" eH±&FTñ ≠#Rè Íy wz* æIH#"" æFT ûÍy Á ıÿ[| ®◊ RH| ä´"" eH±&F “H:Ç HÁ æc”√H#"" c´T õèedT û±&ºÇ Á ôæ÷◊T"" °J°J ä´"" “I BH# û±&º HÁæz% æc”√J"" û±&ºT cè“ç x±# ı]√ v”T ıπJT º`√H#"" vKa Ív# J∫ J∫ uèu ºIÄ´ ÿm*| M≥yÇ ôH#"" ∆ê æwIH#"" π“Iè M≥x æOeIH#"" ûc&√U õeû Ív# 4mèñ ûÍv# õeû y[è 5mè ºeû+√J""

“H:Ç 2 ä—≈ çÄ´ó v`z%Rç10 y[ç11 æwIH#"" v`z%R 6 J–Çè ®H¿"" õä`dÄ´T õåF çÄ´ó

1ñ û[∫ 2ñ O[™ 3ñ ô&z% 4ñ ô°z%12 5ñ ®[èh13 6ñ Bvç14

πv`z%R πvû@` JÀñ û[∫ 6 J–Ç ÜæHïÇ ®H¿"" õä`dÄ´Tó 1ñ H&vè

7. oèı πO"" 8. ô≤∑ ÷&ê πËÒ| πQH#| π|ì´è ≈`c| õè¿Gä ôæ{®oTó ±+çB H“Iè ôeÛız´ πËÒ| æOeIJ"" 9. O"" 10. H+T «v`z%R»è õç «v[æz%R»è ºÔ^`uÄ™J"" 11. «y[è» õç «y[ç» πôè≈ ä—≈ eT æOeIH#"" 12. O «ôûz%»è õç «ô°Ä%»è ¿“”U HπxÅÄ´ eHQÈÛÄ´ πeMz| —#√æ ôæOeJT"" 13. H+T «®[èi»è õç «®[èÿi»è ºÔ^`uÄ™Jó ôBè ¿”U O «®[èh»"" 14. H+T BTvç""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 4 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 173

2ñ |H:R"" ®H:15 3ñ œH+ 4ñ ôy 5ñ H#w 6ñ ≠He çÄ´"" ®H: û7 c+}Ç 7 ®H¿"" 1ñ Cvê 2ñ ≠væ 3ñ ôH& 4ñ nH# 5ñ ôTy 6ñ C√ 7ñ ‘^ çÄ´"" ûåF H+I ¿”U H®H: v¢ñ êH&ö&ã πQwH# 2J–Ç ôH# πQH# ôH#""

y[ç 01J–Ç ®H¿"" 1ñ √¤ 2ñ œH+ 3ñ ¢ê õåF 4ñ yÇ |H:R æwIH#16"" 5ñ ôü¢ 6ñ ®y õåF 7ñ H#w c¿Å æwIH#"" 8ñ ‡H+ 9ñ H&yè 0ñ —@≈\ 01ñ G¢ çÄ´"" õåF G¢ æwIH#"" û®H: J–Ç 3z% ÚzïÇ v®H: eT æ÷^H#ó 4z% v®[c¿Å eT æ÷^H# æwIJ"" O[™ πv`z%R BHzì JÀ ®`≈ºèè17 ®H¿""

15. H+T «z%HR»ñ «z%IR» "" «®H:» πz¤O[´ Hõ`R| æBè ôæBè ôæ{®oT"" 16. t. 15è zOJû|"" 17. ôè¡ «è» veMz| π—w OGè ôHv|ó t. 19è zOJû|""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 5 174 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

®`≈ºè 3J–Çè ®H¿"" õä`dÄ´Tó 1ñ ôç 2ñ ≠#`18 3ñ ôv÷&è19 çÄ´"" õåF πO[™ J–Ç vÜæJç vx≤| ûBH# ævJ◊H#"" æFT π“I M≥x ô[R™* M≥x ä´ç õ”±&ôxK+`è ôºóT"" õ”±&ôxK+` HPc+ Èˆ ûc÷´ ü0z% nI| H“I π—:¿H´ O O]º |õ≤≥ ºèz ôTI° õé äîó ûé vm` H+I ôTI° ô{TJ° ºH´ xÅ ™ç ä—\ ä´`20 ûwF`æ M” ‘∆H:ä| πQºezT[´ K™`º eI◊ BH#è æÔ^Jç ≤ÒèT ®è±#èT wM\èT ¿è—&º´èT —¿H#èT ºOJüH#ç æc”√H#T"" BHzì õB≈è cèvz —#√ o√Sè cèvz ÷&ç õºH õè¿ °èz*ºè ºûx^J"" fezì TèT v&Gè vKc| ôæTJT"" ô^zì ôw| õçz%è ô°xa vØ≈S πvH÷´èT wJè ^´è ºûx^J"" ôH±&º v¤Ù RH| vhè‘ —#wô+ æÔ[≈v{J"" ôTezì äıe π—¿H v—#R πäıe ™“ vO°ÔJ võœ” x±# —è±x æm◊J"" ¿”U ä—\ {æ} vô∫ vH#w zÔ`∆v|T πQU|T ôH"" e≈ezì Tè≥`21 v¤ÙºÄ´ ®æT vÇH:{Ä´ û°èz*ºêÇ æJo õäc# OJüT æÔ`√H#"" õä±&FT πv`z%Rç πy[è J–Ç π“I ä—≈ BH# ûMÏèä| Ta õeûjT”Jç õè¿ °Fä| ºH OÆ`” ôIÄ´"" æF OÆ`“Ä´ —√ æwIJ"" —√ RH| õè¿ °Fä| ºH h#O| YJ◊èT ä´"" æ§´T YJ◊çÄ´ õè¿ ±OçÄ´ m@ÿ` H8 H8 ÆO| ä´"" ±OçÄ´ v8 v8 ÆO| æûÔIJ"" —√ æH#{J"" v8 v8 ÆO| πQûıH#|T w5 H#yÇ eT õè¿ z÷^ 5 çÄ´"" v8 v8 ÆO| ôè≈ H#w zja H+I´ H#w c&kT õè¿ H+I´ M≥x è—#Y wIw|T22 —+{T πHwÄ´T"" õeû 8ÆO| HH#w æ{±≤H#"" û8 ÆO| vâI H+I H#w ækRJ"" π±&º —&±+ Hπä—√Ä´ eT º®◊H#ç æ—±^H#""

18. H+T ô#\"" 19. O"" 20. O"" 21. ≠ÌS «ôOè≥^»"" 22. O wHv|T""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 6 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 175

ä—\ õè¿ì æOeIJ"" õì ÆO| võπ ®è—+I™* eT õè¿Tè÷^Ä´23ñ 1 Rz,ëñ 2 R`peñ 3 H#neñ 4 øKèe xHè H4 ÆO{| eT õè¿Tèc◊Ä´24ñ õäc#T v8 ÆO| ôè≈ eT æc◊H#"" $´è ±Oè w5 ô`vïÇ eT æ÷^H#"" $´è ±Oè c&¤è z—≥a H#w æGçJ"" æFT $´ ±Oè ü5 πQûıJ º5 ô`vïÇ25 eT πQ÷^v| õåF çÄ´"" O O]º´ñ —√ v&Ò`Ã ä´""26 BHzì´ñ G[{27 ®æT QJwFó fezì´ñ TèÇH+28 ®æT P¿çó ô^zì´ñ ¡H:ó ôTezì´ñ avH& æwIH#"" õä±&F π“I M≥x Y^| ôw ¡H:Ç v$ v$ ±Oè æOIHdH#"" π“I {Im%29 M” æF ä´"" ¿”U û±&F H+I U“d ¢H# πQwJ Y^|ç M” ôIÄ´"" U“d HwØ≈ ä´"" õc#T π÷#| Jœ õè¿RH| ºH ä´"" ¢H# û‘d ®—è ä´"" æFT [√| ®æT ô≤∑ õè¿RH| ä´"" πM“Ä´T Y`Æ| õè¬F ä´"" “I ûz®H¿ Ta õeû Uz% ≈[e M”ç Y`Æ| ôH´"" ôwz% z—≥a H#w c&Gèñ JÀ H8 ÆO| ô&|Q¢ æGçJ"" mÿH: H8 ÆO| ¿vH+ æGçJ"" πM”è Y`Æ| üwz% ûjR”H:ÇT æR^J"" fezìñ ÷&ˆH& æwIJó äË π®◊ ä´"" æ±ıçJñ æ¤ı^Jñ πÔm¿´èT æW^J"" z´ æF ûÛ æF vŒ πQH´ πHT"" v±Ôè v‡Ô^ æ◊IH# æ“¿IH#"" πäË ±Oè ä´ç ä—` πHv|T30"" 4zì m@è√I æGçJó vØ`“{ vO¿OT æê^J"" ®¿ ¤Ù æE√Jñ vhè‘T æmO◊J"" 5zì πm@è√Iäz%è ±Oè û¤[c vâI ºaRæ æwIJ"" ®¿ ¤Ù ôæE≈T ®¿ hè‘T ôæ®◊T"" πm\| ®¿ ¤Ù c&K+¡ õc# vOè¿` æm^J"" H+w mRì31 ®èvƒ æGçJ"" πRèèT v”ç ıπJ 23. O õè¿T÷^Ä´"" 24. O õè¿Tc◊Ä´"" 25. O »ï|"" 26. ÁKÚ¨Ä% —√è õç H#wèñ πH#w´è πzÁ´∞ eTç πh#O| eTñ πH#w¨Ä%è o¿T zûzJ πQc÷#| vzHºπ OJ° ä´"" H±&F ≈`c| Oäi´è πôw wM`æè ≈`c| R≈[” æê`xçJ"" —√ Y`Æz% ä´ó H#w wè≈ ±Oè z—≥a 8 ÆO| πQ—≤ |´J≈ ä´"" «v&Ò`Ã» v&ÒŒ ä´"" 27. ôw wM`æ ôº´m%|T"" 28. H+T TeH+"" 29. O {H#m%"" 30. O πHvT"" 31. O mOì""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 7 176 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

õº[¿ ævIJ"" xÅ üè≈ v[| 1 v” 1 ıπJ 1 cè“ õèÃ 2 ôæ®e≈T"" õè¬BT õåFè 5 OÆ`“| c&ÔÈT $ ±Oè æGä™J"" û±&F vâI æ—±^Jç H#w æGçJ"" ô∫ ”è û®—ã zO`Ÿ ®—ã π®¿¿´è ækRJ"" —√´è π¤[c32 H#w ækP{J"" ô∫T yû#è ôeO`p v¤Ù æmvIJ"" yû# RH| π®æ^ ¡I ä´"" õc#T ov+ π÷—v πz®H®H õè¿ v|[ Oè”Y| πûv[ ä´"" vc# zh#U æO[ov{J"" 8 ÆO| zh#U æÔ`√J"" û8 ÆO| vâI æi^J"" ôæÔ`≈Tó û¤ÙT ôæ¿`eT"" H#w ¡HÅ æwIJ"" ô∫ v¿À ûx±# H#yÇ “^ æÔ`√J"" v8 v8 ÆO| “I BH# zcxey πQÔ`≈v| ºHÔ´T π8 ÆO| {]°ç ı`≈ πQä—`v| πzämÔ´ zäoˆ ô¬e M” πQW^v| HQO◊´T π“I M”ç Y`Æ| πQcv°v| y{´ç ¤Ù´ vm≈U ±Oè y[ç äv`"" û±&ºT πQÔ`¿´ ôw P√ç æwIJ"" ôw P√ç RH| OX&K™* ®æT πzmw RH| ä´"" ûy[çT û®÷# vâI õeû≤_ ûπ‘d´ ®¿`c# exûz%ç |õ≤±#è cTz´ πQOHc# 2 2 c´ æJû# äv\"" õäc#T vzOHc# —&±+ võπ¤Ù´ ô∫ v°x` æmvIÄ™J"" õä±&FT œI æwIH#"" vJxdÄ´ ®æT vTJ°{Ä´ π{®m% çÄ´ç vcJı OAûJ v&E¡ πQäüÄ´ πHT"" ûy[ç û®÷# ®¬F πBH#T ¤Ù OJü yH: ô™j äv["" ô∫T πQÔ`¿´ û“Iè33 äv["" vâI ±Oè “H:Ç õevdÄ´ c&◊H# y{T c&÷wÄ´ vQÿﬁT34 c&Hº∫ v¤ÙT zHº∫""

32. O »i"" 33. O"" 34. π«Qÿfi»ñ «SÿÅ» |°°Hì |`—>T Tè õè¿Gä HR®o ôJzÅHT"" nH#T ôè√è≈ y{ «OÿÅ» zxH: zÈˆ æ—ìJ"" ”è πûx| Oè“ OGè ôHv|"" «û”^î ®¬F h™è πzH:R “I SÿÅ ôc[v|""»ñ (EMML 1515 p. 160)"" û±OÅ vÚ| πQ¿[” πûx| ¿T Rıceç Omw| ºHv| ôTJ¢ v±&B eT æ÷^J"" ôè≈ Tè‡ °èz*ºêÄ%è c&®oeñ «õè¿ “IT ¿O OÿÅ HÔ[e æmv# º¿`—# µO\» æIJ (EMML 144, f. 113a)"" ôTJ¢´ ®¿ Ÿ`ä| c&®÷# πQº¿`—#| OGãè πJR¡ {]° ºe[√J"" úaU¨Ç vè—#W# h#Tç vô&|øÂº Oè”Y| Iæ HO O]º —&±+ c&ºTÎ# ≈J πQº¿`—#v|è ±ƒ õèƒ| “éè õè¿ä—^Ä´ ÁKÚ¨Ä% c&z`û# õè¬F æIH#ó «æF IH: πQwJ c´ v#I ıπJ ÿm%` v” ä‡ IT ov+ æ¥ (û÷èuæ ±è≈) O◊ó Tè I≈`” ôH´"" û±&F vâI ... õè¬F ôH´ó v—#è ıπH#è IVè ô`¿F ¿RÄ´è vov+ ôO≈ HćF m≈OF ôèz ”Tw`Fè zmwó HÔ[eFT mw´ó J–ÇFT õè√èz æmv#"" Y“´èT ôèz vÚ|

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 8 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 177

eH±&F ô™j OJü yH: πz%HR35 ¤Ù Gä"" πô∫T º´ —Iè33 ä´"" πOfiT ÷#H+ Gä"" õû#H+{ Ofi ä—Y{| ôH#v|"" πæz% ¤Ù ü^ m@`m@^ Gä"" ûv#`n36 v{Ç πK[`—+ “I ¤Ù vH#H: äv["" õè¿±&FT ®H: ô\c+T vπ¿ÕÄ´ ¤Ù ô¿[—#"" æ§´T ¤ıºÄ´ vOcxcwÄ´ Bû| õè√æäd v√”R™* TåJ° ô™œ zûHûH#37"" õè¬F eHGä “H:Ç v¤ÚºÄ´ πQÔ`¡v| w÷—wÄ´ üHä´ °èz*ºè äè ûTèH´ æJo πä`dÄ´ πziH πÁçT ä´"" v“I Y`Æ| vH#w vô∫ v¤ıºÄ´ “I ºwz%èç πçz%è Jœ ôº—wT"" º‘z%è πõáz%è Jœ ôº—wT"" M” zIJˆ v&º—wT õeûU| πQº¿è x`z% o◊| ôHv|"" û®—ä# û±O¡ R”w| vä`dÄ´ ±è≈ õ`T ä´"" ÿèz%èT ôJz O[T õèœ v¤Ù ôı`c´|T v&Gè ûM” ®÷# RH| ä´ó vM“Ä´T æÔ[≈wÄ™J"" eH±&FT o¡e ‰´H:e õè¬F æIJ"" õ”±&ôxK+` πc´è Ú| ôæ} ôº¿ITç M” dæcÎÄ´ πv¿H# BH# ºH M” æ÷ÛH#ç"" M” zW`}IÄ´T πv¿H# vM” æÔ[≈wÄ™J"" M”è πQcP võ”±&ôxK+` ±è≈ Ë≈nè ôæ¿H#Tç M”è πQc\ õä`dÄ´ æÁ≈nH# õèœ"" M” πH+IÄ´ ôM≤x ûwF`ºÄ´ M” v&º¿`—# õä±&º M” wæê^Ä´ H^dÄ´ M” çÄ´"" M”èT vR≈[” vJwÄ´ πzËÔ´è æ—J◊H# õèv`dÄ´T JwÄ´ æOc°`wÄ™J"" ôdwÄ´T æ—YËÄ™J"" õ”±&ôxK+`T vc´ TY÷&` vQÔ`≈v| mè vô&πc#e °è}e õé v®è—+J õè√ezR`B ı`√Ä´ æGçJ õè√H´ πQGèv| —&±+ ôH"" aS 2"11-17"" 1"42""38 “H:Ç vDæRê| ô[R´ºè çÄ´"" xÅ πK™`º R◊| ä´ õèÃñ 1 ôTI° õè√H ºńH#ó ™n —#^Å æH#{J"" vzÄ—\ç vz¤äm% —&±+ ®¿ cRæ ººH#ó ®¿±&º´T æHTçH#""

vJzF ôxIÄ´ ôH´"" ... IH:T æFè ä—` cT} πä—[´è BH# ô≈`‘ ... ôJO◊T xH: ü≥RÇ õè≈`ºe Iû"" û±&F vâI ô≥RÇ õè≈`ºe eR W^™*| °z| vä“]| xH: c´è BH# cxey z™—#"" (IH:) ≈J äe} IPè ä≈} J–Ä%è ôeû|H: “I ûQwJ ¡` —x} ﬁ| v#è õπvI ®z| õπ÷◊ ‘– c`} zmO÷» (EMML 144, ff. 107b-108a)"" 35. O »H#R"" 36. O ûv#`{"" 37. vdv&º´ H≠OÌ õè√æ∆Jz% æGçJ"" 38. O ""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 9 178 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

û“I BH# ôem≈U π®H: “I ôcHO"" mÿH: πSfi “H:Çñ ä—Y{| ää πQH#ñ û—&v+ R∆ ºH# ôcHP"" mÿH´ vK[`—+ ûzR ±#]º ºH# “H:Ç TeaÇ v—±#™Ä´ —&±+ v”≈ cHPó vâIT wÁ+ TåJ° ±Oè õeû ô&z%39 cHO"" ôBèT πm[´ “I ºR^ ®{¿`è eH÷I40 °èz*ºè ûOGè õeIT OGèè æO`◊J"" “I ôR^è OÿIz% —è±xè vO´¿¡ç v°Ûz% vO¤ûã õèoÛ| Gêv| ä´ õèÃ πõeIT v&Gè ®æT π°èz*ºè πDæRê|è °Û|ç v—@ä| Hæ} eI®m ôæ¿HT""

“H:Ç vc+| oç|ç O“¿J æo` xH´ M” πc\v| T°èº|""T°èº|" (—. 555-561) v®H:ñ vÚ| —ç dºcJPñ ôè≈ œ”ç ‘v≥ w—^Ä´ äv[ó OJüT pè– Tj| äv[Ç´"" ôè≈ π¤™ Jœ OJû OJüT —ç ûc+| ºJ¿[c —:v≥ v‘[v+| äv["" π±&F œ”ç Tj| v±&F —:v≥ ıo` zä≈Û äıe ôJm[w|T"" ±®|`T HTî{ |Oí´ äv[Ç"" ûØH{| ôè≈ mè vzOÄ y{ ô—íÇ´ó Ôn≈™èT HOÔÁT º±Ç´"" v“I Y`Æ| ºJ—¿H c´ ûc+| ôæ¿`eT äv[ó æJm%èT û—#JRd Tj| TèT ôæm`x äv["" eH±&F õè¬F ôI|ó πz¿[— ä—` dæcR41 ôæm`Tç õéT —ç O^πè ôI®◊BTç æF ä—` v&cR ôèÇ |ä®]ºHjó wJjèT {eä´]ºHjó eH±&F42"" ôBè ôæGèT"" vâI ”è û±OÅ —≈Ω vzOHeB —&±+ v”Jÿ ®√œ ô¿`”iHB"" πœ”ç πõ—H+ Tj| Gäj ôBè ûé O^Ωè üI®◊B Jœ “^ x|—î vâI IèÇ {Io Üı[|ç ä´` æGèxiJ ôI|"" õc#™ ”è ôè≈ —&±+ v°Ò ı|®| zä≈Ûñ vc# ıo` õd| Jx™ znÿI;Jçñ æFR Tè Ä”aFó õé ôè¡è JŒè vTY÷&` vè¬F ºH eı^ õc≈JAHB õc#è ”¿Jç cJvF õº±ÔèF ç ôHÇ´"" õc# ”è ôΩ x|÷æî ä´ õèÃ æFe O´¿≈T ôæ¿Hó π±&ºè œ”ç —:v≥ Jœ —≈Ω vâI πz¿[— ä—` dæcR ôæm`Tç v&cR æ—HìJ"" õè£è õéè ûä±` ô≤á`z, º÷ÛìJ ôI|""

39. O ô+z%"" 40. O e÷I"" 41. O dæR"" 42. O e±&F""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 10 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 179

õgT ”≈ πHFT æFè ä—` ûéç üèz vm` H+I c´ Rè º´m™Jç æcRJ xHF |÷^÷^HFç |Ô^HF ôHÇ´"" õc#T væ õè”¬ºe ä—`j õè¬F ûGäñ vâI eH Jœj õè√æ÷ÿ|j æFäèT TY÷&` Hc´ õè√{®‡ xH: vÈã OKI õè¿ Y^{Ä´ ôRI|"" û±&F vâI v\üv+ dæ—çí% BHz%T vπv+{Ä´ E¡"" R{ v¤HR vm÷a´ eı^ C∆ û¡` zhj‘ zmO÷ó õgT Jœ™è wè≈ T°èº| Jü ®¿±&º eı^ c¿¿Ç´"" JÀT v¿[c —&±+ º±´ç ®¿ \o eı^ ®c¿´"" û±&ºT æF Jœ π®è≈S Jœ ä´ç ô¿^ ¿áç ô≈`“ÇB43 z÷èonÇB44 ÷xm%Jîç ôã\Jî xH: û®√œ ±O≈ v+| ôê[´"" —&±+´ πjx`ç πe`p| πO”¿J —&±+ äv`çñ ôw| õç| v+z ±O≈T A#H# zc`p zjŸ æGçJ (®æT “¡ —≈H:| æGçJ)45 xH´ ôJoc´ ≥T ôH#"" æF —:v≥T ÿm*| cèx} ôè≈ Jxe πıπJ ¿T mx} ôè≈ ‹v+ æ¥ ®¿ \o ô—` CŒ —¿JA#îó cHw´è46 ôe◊H#îó π¿T hR´è ‹v+´è ”è ôO◊Bî xH: ôdºÄ´"" vv+z% æ±Ôè O["" æFÇ c+|T Tèe JÕÇè ÷ı} ô±èzïÇ xèGè H`c#T H—:[v+{Çè Uz% (ä´ç) õè¿c´ BH# C¿è õè£è ¿áç O◊Fñ õè£ mçF õèvH´ xI ûä wJ™ ®¿ v+z% E¡ç õè£ ¿áç —wFñ õè£ mçF ôH#|"" õc#T õè£ ¿áç pºÇBî xH: õè¿ Y^z% eH JÕÇB U| KUz% ô&c&åz* ô&èƒv&æè ûè—#¿z% ô&c&å ºû+í%% xH: ôÁççÄ´""47 æFT °Ò ôæOJewÇB πQº≈—´è æe◊ÇB RH| ä´"" û±&F vâI zäe{ ûQ±ıä´ c´ “^ zäe{48 ±ÔäÇ"" ±Ôè ûzÔÁO c´ BH# vπv+z% zvzä"" æF —:v≥ç æÇ c+| πQOÅÄ´è —&±+ c&÷wvm% 1mè v\üv+ z—çí%ñ °Ò ı|®{Ä´èT ÔÁP"" ûÚzì´ πQvJÿ õœ” ôÿxn ®¿¿Ç´""

43. O »“Ä´"" æF vÁKÚ´ ôR`ì J° H&Gè æÇIJ"" 44. O »nÄ´"" õè¿ tÿ` 43"" 45. vâI voèı á√” Iæ πz¤O["" 46. O cI»"" 47. O"" 48. O""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 11 180 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

õc#T ôè≈ —&±+ Jw;è O≥ê{Jç ÿm*| cäwx} õèv& ôI|"" Tä´ Tè GèF ôHÇ´"" wJè aÄ æF ôè≈ π—¿H BHzì ºJ¿—O49 õºH# c¿v#îç ôdÔ\î ôI|"" æFR Tè Ä”aF ¿”U BHzì´è JŒè ”¿H´ xI c÷Ç´"" ®e∆T û®è≈P “^ ¤Ta (ôãa|)50 O◊ç õè¿ Úzì´ —wó Tï~èT ÔÁO"" õè¿JR¡ ¿”U õèv& ôI|"" ûÿm*| —&±+ vâI õgT 3ì´è Jœ™è ¿”U ”¿H´ xI c÷Ç´"" ®e∆T û®è≈UÄ% “^ ôê[´"" õè¿JR¡T —¿JB xH: —w"" õe™èT Tj| ôûJ ô≈`‘ º±"" v¿[ T —&±+ æF —:v≥ —√æç œ”ç Gä"" õä±&ºèT J–Ç õπzOIHc õººÄ´ vT”x õºeOÅÄ´ ô¿—#"" û5 û6 ÆO| vâI x`z% —#√æ ôHîç 7 v+| ®H: æcxcxJî xH: Hh#P HK∫ ä—[´"" vBH#T vK∫ |õ≤≥ zcvcv#"" ºÆ& πQwJ {Io —#wÆ+ ô¿[—#"" v—#wÆ+´T OAûJ æF —:v≥ zäe} pO"" ePî ±O∆Äñ ™n õ”±&ôxK+` æeRÇB51"" —#wÆ+´T ≥T xH: ä—\è HOeR| ô¿O÷"" *ôè¡ Y^{Ä´52 —#wÆ+´èç ô—\è pH+´èç ô≈w\è ûO[m vâIñ ä—\è õè¬F ä´ c&J O["" πTä”^ÇB ä—` õ—H+è πQºep◊ ä´ç ôem≈RÇB õc#è õè√æ—Hî õW\Jî ôH"" º c´T zº±ç {W["" ä—\èT ûO O]º´ õeû O¤[i´ñ π±&F c´ Tj| õc#è vOOí| v°Ò ı|®| zä≈Û vJ–Ç™ º¿[—Ç´è ‡ûçç53 —@≈ ä—` BH# ä—^Ä´"" õä+ ”è J–Ä%è ôJ—¿Jû#Tó vOJüT y{ õπO—xB ôd¿”B õèÃñ xH: hJU ôe—&Ÿ w÷—v# ôãbÄ´ äv`ç zäc# xH: v—#wÆ+´ OAûJ ôm%Uñ õäG J–ÇF xH: Iw{Ä´ ôe[ûv"" J–Ä, Uz% xH: zeÛ πp[÷ç vÖ±è z¿m%f πäv[ ôw|T ≈è—| dºev´ πJ–Ä%è O—í|54 v–a´ vcR wæãT wºÄ´ —&±+ π¿e{ ≈è“÷+ ¿è”Ÿ õè¿ ≈è“æ Gä""

49. O ºH»"" 50. O"" 51. «ôH» O¤O` äv[v|"" 52. «õè¿ Y`Æ{Ä´» HRH|"" 53. O ‡¢»"" 54. O »Ç""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 12 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 181

c´T BH# v±&F c´ ¿”ä| v±&ºÇ c+| ‡ûçç °Û| z¿ämç z—[O"" û±&F vâI ¿”U æF c´ v—#wÆ+´ OAûJ zäe} pOñ õè¬F c&Jñ ®√–Äç ±O∆Ä Gæñ ¿”U õez* ePî ôè≈ —&±+ Hì πQ÷oO´è ä—` õè≈çexç Y^| õè≈ç®◊ õè≈çmçT Jè—^ÇB"" Ø´m| πH+IÄ´ õècfÇç ô^™*}Ç õè£ HJ–ÅÄ´ æ^^H#"" eH J–ÅÄ´T ^dÄ´è HU| ôdJÔ´ æc◊H#"" c¨Ç πQwH# ıÿ[}Ç πì c+}Ç ”è ûõèedç ûô^™*| õœ” æûÛH#"" æFT °Û{Ä´ πY“ ı|®{Ä´è HOÔÁT J–ÅÄ´è HU| ôdJÔ´ õeû&c÷# πJwÄ´ OhÔèç O¿è¿è æ{ºJ"" õè¬F ûGä õè”ƒF vè¬F ºH# ıÿ[}Ç c+}Ç vQwH# Onç|ç O◊I| O“¿JT æo`"" ®è≈T ®è≈Pèñ wJè ^T wJè ^´èñ v&Ä—` πQ[√´èñ v&·F ôxa| πQ®◊´èñ v&peJ πQºäd´èñ v&U| πQmx[´è våF ÿˆÇ T°èº| õè√æ◊I´ç õè√æ—≈H´ õçè|55 jR”H:Ç H±&F ä—` π´J Y^| ô≈`—#"" õç}ÅÇè çÄ´ç ä´ õèÃ c+}Ç ûc´ H&p÷\ ôæ—wÄ´ äv["" õè”ƒF vc+| Omçç|ç O◊I| æo` ôH"" ä—\T v—#wÆ+´ BH# Ú| πz®¿¿ç ºR[ Gä"" û±&F vâI jR”H:Ç vc+}ÅÄ´ Iæ æFè Y^| W\"" ôè¿ì ä—`ñ c+| Jœ ww|™ v+| û®è≈UÇ™ “^ è| ô|üÔJ"" BHzìñ vc´ x|U| πäıe ™“™ π®è≈ äıe ™“ õû#H+{ % m%T ûx| æBèó π®è≈ ”è ) m%T ûx|"" fezì´ñ ôw| c+| JÀè c&≈` JŒè jfiHB56 ævJó wJ™T õè¿w`º mÿoŸ æ”≤|"" ¢xJI C√T ûH+I c´ x|®J≈ J–Ñè ¤Ta OJf ®e∆ π”≈ æ”≤|"" ô^zìñ û®è≈ wæçÒ57 x|º≥ πoç| ™“ ´jR™ HwJ™ ôè≈ ®æÔè æeÿ"" HgT 1 hRç Oe{¨|58 æeÿ"" æFèè æ¥ ®¿ v+|™ πQE≈v|59 mè ô^^ æwIJ"" æFT πØò mè RH| ä´"" H±&F Iè¡ ®æÔè Oç– 7|T 0`T m%T ûx| ôxa ®e∆ ûwJ™ v[| º—wJ""

55. O õç|"" 56. O e»"" 57. «wæçÛ»? |`—>P ”JÈ ä´ó nH# ”è πzHO¿ ôæ¿HT"" 58. {]û# õ´ä| v&Gè ≈`—&z% πzÔÁO´ vo`x —&±+ ä´ HRH| æÅIJ"" 59. O πT|E≈v|""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 13 182 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

õc#T ûÿm*| wJè aÄ% “^ Bê ô—&Ÿ zhJU æE√J"" wHv+z%T ¤™{ç ®” πQº´m%|è jR”H:Ç ÷`} —:[v+}Ä%èT cxey OxJç O÷ÿ ôo`y õc#T ûTjz% “^ ô—&Ÿç zhJU æpºJ"" ºT õè¿¿[c π´jR´è ê æeRJ"" ºO◊´èT ôe[°y ôJˆ æmO◊J"" jR”H:ÇT õè”ƒF õçèz60 vBH# J|[√¡ πQ—wÇB ®è≈RRÇ çÇB æI;Ä™J"" û±&F vâI ûOJüT ¤™{ “^ OxJç O÷ÿ æm`wJ"" õä`dÄ´T v¿e{ c&vH# c&÷÷# c&fi®z% ´H´ ºO÷#|è ®æÔè ôe[°v´ HOç– ºO÷#|è ûx}ÅÄ´è OJc´ æ±´ ®¿v+{Ä´ æE√H#"" û±&F vâI ®¿ ´jR´ v”Jÿ õπzOIHc õè¿ wHv+| æGçJ"" Ÿ\è v¿À ôm%U æ—wJ"" wHv+z% vS√ ãa c&O◊ πTjz%è ´jR Ÿ` v¿À m%U wπ —&±+ ®¿âI´ zOJf õeû&®◊H| û—:[v+| c&fi®| æpºJ"" ®¿\o ô—` πE¿ õè¿GäT ç v+z%è ÷xo xH: æ÷^™J"" πTjz% ´jR ûv+z% Oÿ} õè¿ wH v+| Bê wHv+z% c&c^´ πäv[´è õπW^ õeû&OHe æpπ™J61"" “H:Ç æFè Y^| πW\ OÄT c+|è ÷xp R√è πHTç Iè¬| c+| BH| ®è≈ v&÷xn| æiIJñ Onç|ç O“¿J æm^J xH´ ä´""

eH “I |´J≈ (—. 586-7) π“I |´J≈ õè¬F ä´ó Ú| π÷^çÄ´ v`z%R62 6 y[è 01 BHz% ®è≈RRÇ 07 J–Ç ®J¡"" πv`z%R J–Ç 1ñ û[∫ 2ñ O[™ 3ñ ô&z% 4ñ ô°z%63

60. O õçz"" 61. O π»"" 62. t. 10è zOJû|"" 63. t. 12è zOJû|""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 14 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 183

5ñ ®[äi 6ñ Bvç64 çÄ´

πû[∫ J–Ç 1ñ H&vè 2ñ Sﬁ 3ñ |H:R65 4ñ ®H: 5ñ œH+ 6ñ ôy 7ñ H#w 8ñ vIØ çÄ´

πO[™ J–Ç 1ñ ®`≈ºè 2ñ ô\c& 3ñ ô&z% 4ñ ÿP“

®`≈ºè 3 æ®J√J 1ñ ôç 2ñ ≠#`66 3ñ ôv÷& õåF BH# πO[™ J–Ç çÄ´"" õåF πO[™ J–Ç vÜæJç vx≤| ûBH# ævJ◊H#"" eH±&FT vBH# æ—ìH#""

πô&z% J–Ç 1ñ œH+ 2ñ H#w πô°z%63 J–Ç 1ñ œè—#` 2ñ ¤Û

64. «T» z´◊ ä´ õèÃ «BTvç« ä´"" 65. H+T z%HRó t. 15èç 16è zOJû|"" 66. t. 18è zOJû|""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 15 184 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

π®[äi J–Ç 1ñ c∫ 2ñ ôv# 3ñ ﬁv# 4ñ æH# 5ñ —>≈\ 6ñ û#{æ 7ñ ôU\ 8ñ Ga çÄ´

πBvç64 J–Ç 1ñ ^º 2ñ ô±y 3ñ ôhè—+ çÄ´""

67. t. 11è zOJû|""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 16 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 185

π√¤ J–Çñ 1ñ H+n 2ñ ¤Hw""

πœH+ J–Çñ 1ñ ®H“ 2ñ —#R""

π¢ê J–Çñ 1ñ H&P 2ñ œR 3ñ —+^""

πyÇ J–Çñ 1ñ ôxÄ% 2ñ ”TxÄ%""

πôü¢ J–Çñ 1ñ ®v] 2ñ —Iè""

π®y J–Çñ 1ñ H#S 2ñ H&vè""

πH#w J–Çñ 1ñ S{ 2ñ ™∫ æwIH#""

π‡H+ J–Çñ 1ñ —#HH+ 2ñ cIH+ñ68

68. 2 z[e} vâI û«cIH+» mÿH: zÈÛ

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 17 186 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

πH&vè Jœñ 1ñ ôvz*69""

π—#≈\ Jœñ 1ñ ¿^""

πG¢ Jœñ 1ñ y[ç67"" õåF BH# π“I ôw}Ç çÄ´""

π®H: õeJTç õ´äzì´ {]°e õè¬F ä´"" (—. 592-594)

πõeIUÇ O O]º äv&æç è—#Y πOKO≈è πJÀè πÛ÷&R wJ ôH&è ôx¿`FRè70 πQwJ —¿H´"" ºH& Jœ ûÛ÷&R πz®H¿´ Kcè ä”Z äv`ç vâIT πQä”W# πOKO≈ πÛ÷&R πÆH& J–Ç çÄ´ç πôx≈ [FRè70 J–Çç ®—êÇ BH# πÆH&è ¿T zvoH´ æÔÀçJ c&H# zc¿´ ®¿ ô&|øÂº Oÿz´ ûh™ væÛ| zmO÷#"" æFT πGä vè—#Y ≈”ç Qüô+J ±Oè ä´"" ≈”ç Qüô+J û6)%6 (õeû) 6)*2 ÆOz TM[z @6 ÆO| ä—W"" vc# ±Oè ´eÿ õåF õeIUÇ væÛ| —v#"" v±&º ±Oè πäv\ zû{|H´ πä—W# ä—Y{|ç O£èè| üFç|T veèıçÄ´ ≥T xH™Ä™Jç x±# —è±x õπc÷# vR{HJ πä—Y{z%è πO£èèz%è Jx ôx`¿´ õåF õeIUÇ me me õºH# vh™ √` H√` wJ∫ ôTw w`‘w õeû ®H: ô—` õºezR\ c´ c^j DæRê{Ä´è ±[—#ç ôcÒ"" x±# ºJzR[ M≥xè ôcHP"" ®H:T väv[v| ûåF õeIUÇ “^ z—çî} πõeITè DæRê| OeR| O["" û±&FT vâI ûåF õeIUÇ ûH# πQwJ hF Oÿ} ôezR[´ç û®è≈UÄ% zHæ}ñ õc# ücHOT πõeIT ®—è õπv[{ E¿""

69. «ôv÷&» æGè? 70. O""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 18 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 187

wÁ+ ÆT¿ Èøè ¿°U πäv[71 õè¿ —ç õπzäd ôjÄ—["" eH ±&FT v±&º ±Oè v´≈R ôeÔ_ —&±+ vä—W vBHzì´ (ÆO|)72 wè≈ ®—è “I wè≈ ®—è õeIT õπzäd v&ºeÄ”^Ä´ “Iè xÅ HRÿn| õåF ûæÛ|ç û®H: õeIUÇ HO{[o è—#W#ç O£èèz% üFçz%T zcxev´ wè≈ Bä´ Oû\"" O°[´T ôJm\ ûõeIUÇ “^ {[m%73"" Ø`nÄ´T Hè—#Y H&{±±#ç H&—x\ñ vDæRê{Ä´ H&ê\ñ vπM≥wÄ´ võº—^Ä´ H&kP74ñ w—^Ä´ éÿ ºH °èz*ºèè õè√æv≈H#ñ v+z °èz*ºèT H&÷xm% õèÃ IºnÿH#ñ v±&F ´J °èz*ºêÇ v®è—+J õeIUÇ vt`Æè zRTH´ ´J dºÔ`c# vıo` H&ê\ {[m%"" eH±&F væÛ| w`‘w wH# õeIUÇ ôHn ®æT —∑ zxH: ®IeR zxH: û®—çÄ´ zkO"" π®JcRè |`’S vâI ûõeIUÇ {]° Iæ õçO◊™Hè"" H®H:T è—#Y cÿ}| û™π| ®¬F ºHè ô—` º±ç ”≤z% èz%T ô¿[—"" π±&º ô—` eT ÿè| I¢ OJ≤ æwJ äv`ó ®H: ûº±´ ®¬F veP ®H: zxH: z÷^"" æF πGä vh& 3)^3 ÆOz TM[| ä´"" ®H:T —ç vMæ®z% dH ô—\è H7z% J–Ä% ôüıH: c◊Ä´"" ô—^Ä´T vπeRÄ´ z÷^"" πCvê ®[CRê zwHó πnH# ®[nH# zwH"" ®[ RH| ô—` ®æT Oè¿` RH| ä´"" π≠væ ≠væ v+|ñ πÆH& ÆH& v+|ñ πôTy H— ôy75ñ πE√ H— E√ñ π‘^ H— ‘^ zwH"" H— ®æT H“ RH| OJü RH| ä´"" eH±&FT ô—\ vÿoH# ®H: 7 v+| ®H: æwIJ""

71. ÆÏ+ ÆT¿ Èøè c&ä”Y vô&|øÂº ”≤| e` πäv\ πõeIT A—aÇ ô≈O´ ≠TÎ´v| äv`ó æF ≠OÌ dÿçô+J πôTIû#è Oèv` HOmR| õè¿Uû[ Ææä| ä´ xH: O{Ä´ó Peruchon, "Histoire des Guerres d' ‘Amda íyon, pp. 271-363, 361-493. 72. ´≈R ôeÔ_ πä—W´ v1292-1306 Æ. T. ä´"" 73. π”xÍÇè {]° æOeIJ"" OHü´ºè (ü}H&¢Ç) v&ºeÄ”bÄ´ °`ez*ºêÄ% ûõeIUÄ% “^ zeRP æwIJ"" 74. OkT Oi` πPH# YJ◊è TJ°| ä´"" 75. «T» z´◊ ä´ õèœ nH# “ôTy” ä´""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 19 188 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

π®H: õ´äzì {]° æF ä´"" π“éè °{x zmvHó ô[`—+ ®`∆ πõeIT °{x zR[ó ”^î c&O◊ ôxa O◊ RH| ”è ıÁ#T Kc| õè¿Gä v{]û# ôHOeRR|ç vä—\ BH# æ{ºJ""

eH “I z¤R] ºı {]° (—. 568-9 572-3)

(ôHn {π OÈKÛÄ´ ´eÿ eHúaU ûQä—[´ ºı {]° x±# cxev™J"" ôè√è∆Ä% õè¬F c&H# æ T^H#ó “H:Ç ôw{Ä´ ô^| ®è∆Ç (û[∫èñ z%HRèñ Oﬁèñ ®H:è) fe| c+}Ç (ôJ¢èñ ¡[z*èñ ôºèz%è) ®J¿"" ®è∆Ä% π´‡ c+}Ç v&{÷#(!) ôá}ÅÄ´è ô—v# æH#ç J–ÅÄ´è æ±[≥^H#"" {]û# ûô RO\ Iæ wæ{OèTñ eHúaU¨Ç πQÈı c´ πJœ J–Ä%è ≥`≥`ç Rè π| õè¿cÔ[ πQcÿè Tè‡ dº÷ç´ ôºJıT"" eH±&F ûôHn {π OÈKı vm√B| Iæ û±&F v{Ç ºH#|è BHz%è õ¤T^HB""

ôè¡ {]° (—. 568-9)ó û[∫ ôºèz%è ô”x}ñô”x} ô\c&èñ ôºèñ v+}èñ æz%è76 ®H¿"" √”OìT πõeIT OKO≈è77 ππc#ıè78 Jœ ô”x} |—>]è79ñ ã]è ®H¿"" ôºT ô\c& v&U| õè¿ õeIT M” π®è≈Pè Tj| ®`f c#wèñ ≈è—>`—@^è ®H¿"" ûèx —¿J ôæOHJ ≈[eñ ûô¿J õeû ÿJ◊J80 ≈[eñ û|”_ vOHe æÛ|èñ TY^m%è ô—` BH# æ±´{J"" ®—”è81ñ ôcy|èñ ÿm%` T≈`èñ ¤`¤`èT BH# æ±´{J""

76. æz% «ô&z%» ä´"" 77. «è» veMz| π—wÇ æOeIJ"" 78. «π» veMz| π—wÇ æOeIJ"" 79. |—>] H{À^ (œv#z*) eT πc÷´ πúaU ä—≈ OGã ä´"" 80. πôÛaÇ H+I eT"" 81. ®—” πôv#ä dPô+J A—[ exû| äv["" —≈IÄ´è e{H&eçe û#` ôd|U{Jó Kur, Actes de Samuel de Wagag. ôcy| —√RÄ´è ºuuPv| ¿x` ä´"" x±#¨Ä%è Oä¢d| ôBè v|”_ äÏ ô´› ±Oä Oè”Y| πúä” ôwI| ô[√;Ä´""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 20 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 189

|H:R ôJ¢è ô”x} πSfi ôxÄ%è82ñ √¤èñ c∆è83 ®H¿"" √”OìT û[∫ v&U| πOKO≈è 77 πc#ıè Jœ Tjz%è ®`f ^º ºH#|è “H:Ç ®H¿ó |H:R æwIH#"" œH+T π|H:R Jœ ä´ æIH#"" ÿè| π≤` Jœ ä´ æH#| äv`"" vv[| éÿ ô”î} ôd¿—´ó eH±&F π|H:R Jœ zwH"" ®H: º¿J c+| ô”x} üH#è ®H¿ç Uz"" √”OìT |H:R π®H:è Tj| ®`f wv#èñ —:^èñ ô&H#èñ nH#èñ üH:èñ C√èñ û#{æè (®H¿)84"" õä±&F 7z% |H:R çÄ´"" v´è Jœä| ®H: æwIH#"" √¤ π|H:R Jœ85 ä´"" 4 v+| ôxÄ%èñ 8 v+| ”TxÄ%èñ 7 v+| “Ièè æ®J√J"" √”OìT ºxÄ% Sfiè86 (Tj|)87 ®`f S{èñ y[çèñ A—[ ¿™a ºH´è c∆è88 æ®J√J"" õä±&FT ô¤x`ñ ®[∆añ êê æwIH#"" SfiT ¡[z*è ô”x} œÛ`èñ ®—+¡èñ H&vèè ®H¿"" û#{æT89 v]ºè v´è üxÄ% Sfi Tj| ®H¿Ç´"" õç{Ä´ ÿm%` ièoI ôæ÷ vI ç|90"" õä±&F BH# õeû ÆÁ+ Jxä ≈è”J ±Oè ≈[e 7 7 Bä´ vô&|øÂº BH# OJz´ û°èz*ºè “^ õû#J vû=J Bä´ ê\""

82. ôä“—\ H+H:Ç ôxÄ%¨Ç ®æT H+H:Ç Sfi¨Ç ºH# ºeOeIJ"" 83. «f∆è» RHz% dæGè ôæm`T"" 84. «®H¿» ôJzm√Tó z[e} æGçJ"" 85. O J≈"" 86. t. 80è zOJû|"" 87. ºJzm√"" 88. v±&F ôä“—` ¿™a æwJ πäv[´ f∆ OGã ä´ó πô} ≠ÌST õTä| õè¿±&B ä´"" |°°H#è ”è võ`”÷ìä| R®o ºeÄ”^J"" vπ—&±+´ ô&|øÂºè π—:ví% TØ^w´ºè πä¿Û<Ä´ ü`{¨ÇT õè v`dÄ´ ôæeRPT"" ¿™a ”^î O O]º π®“´ π°èz*ºè ”≤| eHGä ô√J ô÷—x OGè ôHv|ó ®æT BH| f∆¨Ç äv\ó ®æT f∆ ûô√J πQ™cè cÚ ô—` äv["" O÷]ºä{Ä´ eHm[´ πy{ eUÇ Bé{ HR®o πQÔJ” ˘aÙc` ]Å`≈ ¯è°[e| cxey ºdzO´è Rèvx æÇIJó Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands, Lawrenceville (New Jersey) 1997. 89. O û#{]è"" 90. ÁKÚ´ H+H:Ç M≥yÇ mè√´◊ñ íñ õèt^]|ñ ôèv◊ õè¿QvH# πcP ôæOeH#T""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 21 190 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

H+I´ {]° (—. 572-3)ó

û[∫ ôºèz%è ô—wç 0 ®H¿®H¿ó õädÄ´T õåF çÄ´"" 1ñ ô\c+ 2ñ ô&z% 3ñ ÿP“ 4ñ ÃH+ 5ñ c#w 6ñ œ—#`—>` 7ñ ﬁÛ 8ñ ^º 9ñ ô±y 0ñ ôhè—+

Sﬁ ôJ¢è ô”x} ôe^ ôTe| ®H¿"-®H¿ 1ñ c∆ 2ñ ôv# 3ñ ﬁv# 4ñ æH# 5ñ —>≈\ 6ñ û#{æ 7ñ ôU\ 8ñ G\ 9ñ H+n 0ñ ¤Hw 01ñ ®H“ 02ñ —#R 03ñ H+P 04ñ œR 05ñ —+^ çÄ´""

|H:R ¡[z*è91 ô”x} ôe^ ôTe| ®H¿"-®H¿ 1ñ ôxÄ% 2ñ ”èxÄ% 3ñ ®v] 4ñ —Iè

91. O ¡[zè""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 22 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 191

5ñ ô√ 6ñ H#S 7ñ H&vè 8ñ S{ 9ñ ™∫ 0ñ —#HH+ 01ñ cIH+ 02ñ ™À 03ñ ôyz, 04ñ ¿^ 05ñ y[ç

®H: 7 Te}Ç ô”x} û7 Iæ v+| W`} 7 J–Ç ®H¿®H¿ó eRÄ´T õåF çÄ´"- 1ñ Cvê 2ñ ≠væ 3ñ ôH& 4ñ nH# 5ñ ôTy 6ñ K&√ 7ñ ‘^ æwIH#"" π“I M≥x vπä—√Ä´ õåF çÄ´ó πû[∫ J–Ç 0ñ πSﬁ J–Ç 05ñ π|H:R J–Ç 05ñ π®H: J–Ç 7 v≈T\ v≈P\92 $593 ä—≈ çÄ´""

π“I Y^|ç M” (—. 597-600)

vô&|øÂº °èz*ºèñ°èz*ºè °èz*ºè vQwJ M≥x M”ç Y^| õπz¿ä—— vπ—&±+´ ôæÔÁTTó πOè”Y| ô™œT ôºpO´T"" õ”±&ôxK+` vÔ÷[´ ÆHT vº—\ vπ¿Tv# ô[R™* v&Gèñ °èz*ºèT v&Gèñ õeITT v&Gèñ ôæB√™*T v&Gèñ BH# vπ®—ã Áè} πpO M” ôH´"" û} TèT v&Gè vÿm*| ä—` v{çj T°èº| wJ Tjz%è ôæÔ{Tó πQºÛ{T94 πHT""

92. O"" 93. O"" «$7» OGè äv[v|"" 94. O πQÛ{Tó ≠ÌS πQºÛ{T""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 23 192 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

“I ”è TèT vT°èº| v&Gè v[¢ º—w| Tjz%è û} ôæÔ{T"" “I v{Io ‡èo ûTjz% v&Hæ õgT C√ ûH+I x|®J≈ vâI ®¿ [¢ wJ™ x|OHe J–Ç™è æ≤ |OHdHÇ"" w|OHeT v±&ºT x|U| J–Ç™ H[¢ wJ™ Bä´ æE√H# õèÃ H®H√Ä´ ôw{Ä´ ôæGãT"" eH±&FT πO O]º wJ™ πÔ{| c+| x|®J≈Jî J–Ä, IæGã õºH ôè√è≈ û¤äm´ vm` πQº—w| πHT"" æFT π[¢ wJ™ πäv[ v&U| õåF û´‡ πO÷# J–Ç ±\ ºæ¿H# õè¬®`c#| ºńJç πx`z% ‡èo ä—` üJGä v™≤ ä—` °èz*ºè õè¿QwH# —:[v+}Ä% π[¢ Tjz%è ôæÔ{T"" RázT ôJ÷ÛTç õä±&º π´‡ Jœ õè¿ J–Ä% |°°J çÄ´ç è|è æ®`dH#"" õc#T ûH+H:Ç Tj}Ç v&®J≈ ™ç JÀ vû=\ v“Jì ôè“Û πQwH´ π[¢ Tjz% πz®H¿´ ä´"" [¢ RH|T πM” πû&√è πO O]º Tj| RH| ä´"" ¿”U v“Jì ‡èo RH| ä´"" ûm%w}Ä% ®æT ûBHzìæz% û[¢ TèT {IIpÇ ÜæHïÇ J–Ç v&®J≈ ™ç ®^h# πO O]ºæz% π[¢ Tjz% JÀ ä´"" c+| Jœ v&®J≈ ÔÈR ®¿ wJ™ |E√HÇó õè¿ õeIT Y^| vwI; ®—è |÷^HÇ"" “I ûH+I ‘d õèÃ TèT v&Gè û±O¡ ôæ“wT"" õè¿ “I ±\è pÿa πQºó πHT"" {Im% Ø´m{Ä´ ±^Ä´è Ot÷` ä´"" ôw| HJÀ |´J¡è ºezT[™J"" eH±&F õeû 0 |´J≈ v&Gè ôæ“v#T"" vô&|øÂº ı|K95 ä—Y| õeû 4 |´J≈ H&“v# væä™J"" ÆÁ+ ±`ô ºØpx xÅ v7 |´J≈ H&“v# vOè”Y{Ä´ M≥x BH# ô™œ ä”[´ äv\"" æFT ô™œ õeû ≤_ ûh™ vz—>H|ç96 vOè≥ñ v—:è¿`ñ vv+—T≈`ç v‘ÕTñ û|”_ vKRc+èñ vH+IT ô—` x¥Ç Y^| æ÷xnH#ó õè¿ õ”±&ôxK+` nJ BH# ºev#{J"" v“I OËMı| ûzc⁄Ä´ ûRæ÷xm%| °èz*ºè ää ûQH#| —:[v+}ÅÄ´ æJo πQiJ x±# OJüüT ä—` ôHv|"" √\ ôè≈ |Jo |Jo97 BH#è xIj πQº¿`”wÄ´ ä—` ôH"" õc#T õ”±&ôxK+`è ôHR®o ä´ó RH| M—#èç |õ≤±#è vBH# eı^ Oê\èT ôº´m%T"" cR∫è õ”±&ôxK+` æH#{J"" Rè Ô÷[F v&H#| ≠#OT æIJ"" vzp÷# w±ãT —&±+ ®¿ cRæ ººH#ç vJwÄ´ õè√H ºe{ńH#""

95. O ı{"" 96. O ûz»"" 97. O""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 24 ôw] 1 - Appendix I 193

“I ÿè| ûTjz% ®è≈ v&º—î æ—J äv`ñ vÚ| õè√dπä"" cè“ üc[H|98 üe{®m´ vâI ”è ûTjz% —x} v&º—í´ ôè√Ç ôæH´T"" πTjz%è ´jR Ÿ` û¿ÕÒ m%U wπ —&±+ õè¿ —w99 º´nJç zOJf ®¿âI æE√J""

v“I M” π¿T Y^|

π“I π¿T Y^| w^| °ıJ æûÔIJ"" O O]º ¤™ v&U| —√∫ ) m%T ûx| æûıIJ"" BHzì c+| x|U| % m%T ûx|ó fezì ÷v&xñ ôèÿ[ìñ hRéñ Ûm* wH õœñ BH# v&U| $ m%T ûx| æûıIJ"" ô^zì Jœ ôwz%è v&—Jñ JÀ π[¢ Tjz% Jœ v&Gè ºwz% ®—êÇ ≈è—&º û®—v# ôe[´ ûwM` æÿH#{J õèÃ õ`RÄ´ ä´ç v¿T Rıce ôæ¿v≈v#|T"" õçz% [¢ πH+I| õè¿GäÇ ”è πçz% ®—êÇ zmxH´ ®e¿´ ) m%T ûx| æ°ÔH# õèÃ πM” Jœ ôæ¿HTç ôæ¿x¿x æIH#"" ôw| JÀè v&—≈Jd v&H# ôæ—JT æIH#"" eH “I ûQä—` {]° û[œT w‡\ñ ûx±# vÿm*z% æF ævnçJ"" û±&F mÿHè πõç]ºè (ä—`) {]° ôèÈÛHè""

18. eH ä—¿ õç`º100 (—. 600) πõç]º M≥x BH# πüT ±` ä´"" ä—¿ øo◊è Oÿz´ πä—¿ û=dè Oè”Y| v®c¡ —&±+ñ M≥v#èT vŸ` ôÿız´ πz[Ô´è wd¿¡ —&±+ vô&|øÂº ¿v#x √` H√` v®IUñ vc&√Uñ vû=H:ñ v¢è{ñ vôUa v≥èœa πQê` M≥x ä´"" õc#T ûŸ` vâI ûä—¿ øo◊è ä—Y{| —x} HädÄ´ z—≥} —xa πQê` ä´"" m≈U “H:Ç dæ±#| H#oRñ œRñ H+nñ |v+ñ —#Rñ ûÛñ æF BH# πõç]º M≥x ô—` äv`"" vâI “H:Ç õºeHmm%| π“I ô—` Gä"" æF BH# ûm≈U Ta õeû m√R™* TåJ° ±Oè û±&ºT vâI õeû ±Oä °`e|ç zºæ¥ õè¿ O◊ ôè≈ õç]º zxH: ûè—#W ä—Y| v{Ç ôè≈ è—#Y ækTv| äv`""

98. O û»"" 99. vâI πz¤O["" 100. æF °ıJ eHä—¿ õç`º ä´ó õ±&F πm√B| eH úaU eIHv| ä´""

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 25 ±+çB H“Iè ®¿ õè”H&≥ì ûz[—:P| ôè¡ Å`Je v+û&è”DT""

(û Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 105: 1999 Lectures and Memoirs. )

page169-194 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 26 !

ôw] 2 - Appendix II

Ethnography of the Galla (±+çB H“I) By Abba Bahriy

In transliterating names and other words, the system I followed is this: (a) for vowels: “e” for gi'iz or first order and hamis or fifth order; “u” for ka'ib or second order; “i” for salis or third order and for sadis or sixth order; “a” for rabi' or fourth order; and “o” for sabi' or seventh order. The “h” has lost the gi'iz vovel for the rabi'. (b) for consonants: I have “h” for A, K and Ö ; “s” for c and W; “'” for ô and ≠, ignoring both when they come at the beginning of a word; “ch” for Ä; “tch” for ¤; “t” for z and ÷; “gn” for í; “j” for ; “ts” for Á and Î; and “p” for ˜ and „. Expressions in parenthesis are supplied for the sake of English.

I (hereby) begin to undertake studies1 of the Galla in order that I may know the number of their tribes, their zeal to kill people, and the brutality of their demeanor. If there is anyone who would say to me, “Why has he written about the wicked ones like the history of the good?”, I will give him an answer, saying to him: “Search in the books, and you will see that the history of Muhammad and the history of the kings of the Muslims have been written, although they are our enemies in religion. Giyorgis Welde Amid2, too, has written the history of the

1. Lit. “write.” 2. Giyorgis Welde Amid (1205-1273 A.D.) was a Coptic historian who wrote the history of the world from creation to 1260 A.D. Among the Copts he is known as Jirjis Ibn Abi Y‹sir Ibn Abû Al-Makarîm Ibn al-‘Améd al-Makin. The Ge‘ez translation of his work, made in the second half of the thirteenth century, is known by his name.

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3 4 5 ZinguÕn kings of the Barbarians, who are the Afridon and the other kings of Persia, who are called at this era the Sofi.”

Section 1 The owner6 of (this) book says: The Galla appeared from the west7 and crossed the river of their country, which they call gelena8, to the frontier of Bali9, in the time of the Hatse Wenag Segged.10 They are the two tribes who are called Bereytuma11 and Boren.12 Bereytuma begot six children. The first was called Kerreyu, the second Merewwa, the third Ittu, the fourth Akkechu, the fifth Weren- tisha,13 and the sixth Humbena.14 The father of the Boren was called Seppira15. Seppira begot Datche, and Datche begot Metcha. Metcha begot Da'ale and Jidda. And the two brothers gave birth to many tribes, which are the sons of De'ale: Hoko; second, Tchile; third, Obbo; and fourth, Suba.

3. In the world history by Giyorgis Welde Amid, “ZinguÕn” (plural of “ZinguÕ”) refers to the Babylonians, e.g., EMML 21, f. 40b, Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 23. 4. ‘Agam/‘ajam in Arabic is “non-Arab”, “pagan”, and “Persia.” 5. The reference must be to the Farédun dynasty. 6. I.e. “the author.” 7. If the Oromo crossed the frontier of Bale to come to central Ethiopia, they could not have come from west. Ethiopian writers sometimes confuse the names of the cardinal points. Dillmann has references, e.g. Isaiah 11:11, and 45: 6, to some older manuscripts where “mi’rab” appears where “misraq” is expected; see Dillmann, Lexicon linguae aethiopicae, col. 964. The author might have meant to say, “the Galla came to the west.” 8. The word probably means “river.” 9. Today changed to “Bale.” 10. Wenag Segged/Libne Dingel (1508-40) died fleeing from the forces of Imam Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. 11. Also called “Bertuma.” 12. It is not known how the two tribes are related. 13. Also called “Werrensha” and “Werrensh.” 14. Also called “Hubbena”, with “m” assimilated into “b.” 15. In Ge'ez it means a “band of people,” from Greek speira “military unit;” see Leslau, Comparative Dictionary of Geez, p. 509 (col. 1); and n. 28 below.

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Jidda begot Hakako, his first-born; second, Gudru; and third, Liben. Furthermore, Datche begot the Datch--and called them by his own name16--the Kono, Becho, and Jille. And these, too, gave birth to many tribes. Their names are these: the children of Becho are Uru and Ilu; the children of Datch are Soddo17, Abbo, Galan; the sons of Kono are Seqseq18, Liben; the sons of Jille are Ela, Abbo, and Li'is. All these are called Tulema, because they are many.19 They used to make war together; (but) after a long while, they quarreled with each other and separated from each other, as Abraham and Lot separated when their herds became a multitude, that they said to one another: “Let us separate, so that if you are to the right, I be to the left; or if I am to the right, you be to the left.” 20 And it (now) happened as it happened (then). Similarly, the two tribes of De'ale, who are the Tchile and the Hoko, and also the two tribes of Jidda, Liben and Gudru21, separated from their brothers and formed unity; and were called Afre,22 in the time of the luba which the Boren call Ambisa--the Bertuma23 call him Robale. Furthermore, the Hakako, sons of Jidda, and the children of De'ale, Abbo and the Suba, formed unity in the time of the luba,24 called

16. This means “Datch” and “Datche” are the same. 17. Could this mean that the Soddo Gurage got its name from this tribe? 18. There is a region in Gojjam which has this name. It must have received it from Oromo who have since become Amharic speakers. 19. This reasoning gives the impression that “tulema” means many. 20. Gen. 13: 9. Since the allusion is to explain the reason for their separation, we can infer that the separation of the two tribes was caused by their growing number of cattle. The reason the other sources give is “miticha.” 21. In the text it is usually “Guidru.” 22. From afur meaning “four”. Beckingham and Huntingford have given the English equivalent of most of these Oromo terms in their Some Records of Ethiopia, pp. 111-29. 23. Same as “Bereytuma.” 24. Luba (“the circumcised”) is the equivalent of the messiah or hastega of the Christians.

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Birmeje; and were called Seddecha.25 These, too, gave birth to many tribes. These are their names:

The sons of Tchile are Gelam and Webbo/Abbo. The sons of Hoko are Kiremo, Imuru and Jidda. The sons of Liben are Waliso, Kutawe and Amiyye. The sons of Gudru are Sirba, Melol and Tchereqa. The tribes of Hakako are Abbo, Harsu and Limu. The tribes of Suba are Hagelebabo and Tchura. The tribes of Abbo/Obbo are Seyyo, Abono, Tum'e and Leqa. When all these are allied, they are called Metcha26; and when they quarrel, they are called Afre and Seddecha. When they are all united with the Tulema, they are called Seppira. 27 Boren,28 on his side, begot twelve29 children. The first was Datche, the second Jille, the third Kono, the fourth Becho. These are

25. From “sedi” (“three”). 26. There is a region in Gojjam which has this name. It must have received it from Oromo who have since become Amharic speakers. 27. See n. 15 above. 28. It seems that Oromo tribes are identified by any one or two of their ancestors; here by Seppira and/or Boren. The name Seppira is enigmatic; see n. 15 above. According to Mersie Hazen Welde Qirqos, the Oromo elders are not familiar with this name, EMML 3749, p. 57. There is a tradition that the ancestors of the Galla are the Portuguese whom Atse Gelawdewos settled in the south after the war with Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Gragn). The Portuguese could have encouraged the “Galla” to revolt against the kingdom which refused to convert to Catholicism. Almeida reports that when Patriarch Dom Jo‹o Bermudez, their spiritual leader, was expelled from Ethiopia, “God made known to him that the rod and whip which he had first put into the hands of Granh (Gragn) and the Moors (Muslims) of Adel to punish the obstinacy of the Abyssinians, had now been delivered to the Gallas and that they were to be a crueller scourge and almost the total ruin of that contumacious empire. So, the Patriarch, as he came on his way (out of Ethiopia) pronounced many curses on the lands through which he passed, and said, many times that there were certain black ants invading the kingdoms and the provinces of the empire, destroying and wholly devastating it.” See Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, p. 135. 29. Possibly a mistake for eleven.

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called Tulema. The fifth was Hakako, the sixth Obbo, the seventh Suba--these (three) are called Seddecha. The eighth was called Tchile, the ninth Liben, the tenth Gudru, the eleventh Hoko--these (four) are called Afre. Section 2 The Dawwe, who devastated Betre Amora,30 are (part) of the Boren people. There are those who say that they are from another (tribe), citing their fight with the Boren as the reason. This, however, is a naive story, not true. But the informer says, “When they (first) left their country, they did not all leave, but whoever wished (to stay) stayed, and whoever wished (to leave) left.” For they have no master who would give them orders; rather, they do what their hearts like. Those of the Boren who stayed behind left their country (later) by way of Kuera;31 and Fasil32 attacked them, but they killed him. At that time the Dawwe began to attack the Christians. And at that time the writer of this story prophesied, saying, “I fear the killers of Fasil, for they have tasted Christian blood.” They,

30. Betre Amora is originally a name of an army contingent, like Betser Waget. It probably comes from betser amora “vulture to the enemy”. The region where a contingent is permanently stationed is, like a tribe, called by the name of the contingent. 31. Also “Kuera” in the old Amharic panegyric edited by Guidi, “Le canzone geez-amariña.” It must be an ancient name of a tribe/place. Some sources give Huera. This may or may not be a reference to Kuyera near Shashemenne or to Koyra in Gamo. However, Abba Bahriy's spelling cannot be glossed over because these names look similar to “Kuera”. These names are three different forms which may or may not derive from the same original name of one place. The question is which Damot was the province to which Fasil was appointed governor. Ato Ambellu Kebede notes on 16 Ginbot, 1944 E.C. (May 22, 1952) that when he was serving as a Supreme Court Judge in Gemu Gofa Province, elders told him that the former name of Tchencha was Hara, EMML 5731, f. 114a. This is at least the direction from which the Dawwe invaded and where Abba Bahriy lost his property to them. 32. Sertse Dingil appointed Fasil/Fasilo governor of Damot in the third year of his reign and within a year, he revolted but was defeated. He must have been reappointed only to meet his death at the hands of the Dawwe (see also n. 31 above).

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indeed, devastated Betra Amora and Wej; it happened according to his words, for the spirit of prophecy is not far from the clergy. The Dawwe chased this prophet, devastated his country of Gamo, and looted all that he possessed. So let us return to the story of the Bereytuma, which we have suspended to this time.

Section 3 Kerreyyu begot six sons. They became many and powerful tribes. The first of them was Liben, the second Wello, the third Jille, the fourth Obbo, the fifth Suba, the sixth Bela'. And Wello begot six sons, who are Werre Bukko, Werre Guira', Werre Nole'elu33--these are under the name of Wello--Werre Kerreyyu, Werre Ilu, and Werre Nole'ali33--and these three are called Seddecha. Their separation took place at the time they killed Aboli.34 But now they have come together in peace against us; they have plotted and made a covenant (to ruin us).

Section 4 Merewwa Ayya35 begot Ana, Uru, and Abeti. Similarly, their children and their grandchildren multiplied and formed many tribes. Each one's name is derived from its respective tribe. They have neither king nor master like other peoples; rather they obey a luba for eight years. And after eight years another luba is appointed, and the first is relieved. They do so at every period. The meaning of luba is “those who are circumcised at the same time.”36 And the order of their circumcision is like this: when a luba steps down, the Bertuma and Boren each gives itself a name, just as the

33. Note the difference between “Nole'eli” and “Nole'ali.” 34. Aboli died in 1576 E.C. His death has been recorded in many sources. 35. Other sources give Merewwa only. 36. One generation of Oromo men was circumcised together to lead the nation. The generation as army and its head had the same name. In such cases, in translating I use “they” when I think the text refers to the luba generation and “I” or “he” when the luba is the leader.

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nigus's regiments are called Sillus Hayle37, Bedil Tsehay,38 and Giyorgis Hayle.39

Section 5 Similarly, the one who was circumcised when he started attacking Bali was called Melbah. I do not know the name of his father, for there is no one who tells me.

Section 6 The second luba was called Muddena. The name of the father of this one was Jibbena. It was he who crossed the river Webi.

Section 7 The third luba was called Kilole; he attacked the lowlands of Dewwaro, such as the Adel Mebreq40 and its lowlands.

Section 8 The fourth luba was called Bifole; it was he who devastated the whole of Dewwaro and began attacking Fetegar.41 He began to take people captives, and made of them servants, and called them geber. 42 He also began to drink koso.43 (In contrast) the first (three) lubas, which we have mentioned, killed people, men and women. They killed horses and mules; they spared only sheep, goats,

37. “(The Holy) Trinity is my power.” 38. “A (shining) sun at victory.” 39. “(St.) George is my power”. 40. Like Betre Amora (see n. 30), Adel Mebreq too was a name of a contingent, giving its name to the region where it was stationed. It must must have been the creation of Atse Zer'a Ya'iqob (1434-68). 41. Fetegar was the region between Bulga and Gurage. 42. Possibly name of people forced to servitude; see Guidi, “Le canzone geez- amariña.”, p. 59. 43. Local medicine against tapeworm.

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and cows44. They did not kill the animal in their stomach45 with medicine; it just slid down their thighs, as (it does with) beasts.

Section 9 The fifth luba was called Mesle46. It was he who slaughtered the Jan Amora47 and fought with Hamelmal48 at Dego.49 He devastated all the districts, and became a master over them; he moved (into them) with his herd. The previous Galla, on the other hand, attacked from Webi and returned there. Our King Atsnaf Segged50 fought him, setting out from Asa Zenneb. And when Nur went down to his country, having done what he had, he (Mesle) met him near Hazelo and killed most of his (Misle's) countless people. Ever since the Galla appeared in our country, they were not slaughtered as (much as) they were slaughtered at that time. And Nur's army slaughtered at that time were more than the army of Awsa, about which we shall report in due time. Thus God avenged on them the blood of his servants which they had spilt in Mej.51 This Mesle began riding horses52 and mules, which has not happened before him (with the Galla), until he said of the lubas who had preceded him, “I made those who walked on two and three legs walk on four legs.” The reason for his saying “on three legs” was because they (the Galla) leaned on their spears when they were tired during a journey.

44. The Ge‘ez “lahm” refers to cows and oxen, “bovine,” “cattle.” 45. The tapeworm. 46. In other sources also “Michle.” 47. Another contingent that gave its name to the location where it was garrisoned. 48. Grandson of Libne Dingel through his daughter Romane Werq. 49. Zer’a Ya‘iqob was crowned at Dego. He had built an important church there which he called Mekane Maryam and endowed lavishly, Perruchon, Les Chroniques de Zar’a Yâ‘eqôb, pp. 54-5. 50. Gelawdewos (1540-59), who defeated Gragn but was killed by Nur, Gragn's successor. 51. Historians think this to be Wej but the reference is most probably to the war against the Abeti at Mej, in 1570 A.D.; see Getatchew Haile, Bahra Hassab, Collegeville (Minnesota) 1993 E.C., p. 248. 52. The Oromo are today famed for their horsemanship.

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Section 10 The five lubas whom we have mentioned ruled forty years; their sons were not circumcised. The uncircumcised used to abandon (their) sons and daughters, for such is their tradition. And if they (the fathers) are circumcised they reared the boys, but the girls they continued to abandon until two to three years after the time they had been circumcised.

Section 11 After (the reign of) the five lubas, the sons of Melbah were circumcised, and were named Harmufa. He slaughtered the Giyorgis Hayle at Qetchino. The Boren call him Dullu. It was he who devastated Gegn, Angot, and Amhara. It was he who began attacking Begemdir. Harmufa of the Bertuma attacked Begemdir and killed Waka, the brother of Harbo. At that time Harmufa uttered insulting words; he said, “The Sidama who are clothed in the body of water, I have hurled into the body of water.” 53

Section 12 After eight years Harmufa was relieved and Robale, son of Muddena, whose name has been written in Section Six, was appointed. It was he who devastated Shoa and began attacking Gojjam. The Hatsege54 attacked him (Robale) at Ziway, and killed many of his (army), and took his cattle booty. Many enriched themselves with that booty. He (Robale) killed Azmach Zer'a Yohannis,55 head of the dignitaries, may peace be upon him!

53. The Oromo called the Christians (and the Amhara in its meaning of “Christians”) “Sidama”, just as others call the Oromo “Galla.” Here “clothed with body of water” refers to the Christian baptism. The Oromos knowledge of the ritual indicates the close contact between them and the Christians. 54. The Hatsege here and elsewhere in this text is Sertse Dingil/Melek Segged. 55. The death of this general has been reported in Sertse Dingil's history, but the source does not tell how the general died, saying only that the king promoted the general's personal attendants to the rank of tchewa, “land owning soldiers.”

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At that time, soli and bidaro became ilala56 at the Suba of the tribe of the Boren. Five years after this, the Hatsege attacked Robale of the Abeti at Weyna Deg'a and killed them without sparing any.57 Some say (just) over ten remained and came home to carry the news.

Section 13 After eight years, Birmeje son of Kilole, who had devastated Dewwaro, was appointed. This Birmeje (generation) of the Boren made shields of cow-hides as tall as themselves, and attacked the Maya,58 the people of archery, and defeated them, as they could not find (a place) to shoot them because they shielded themselves with dry cow-hides. (The Birmeje) pressed hard on azmach Deharegot,59 the king's general; they killed Zinnay and his attendants. In the past he (Deharegot) defeated them many times; but (this time) it happened (so) by the will of God, because the sins of the Christians had not been requited--the conqueror was defeated. They devastated Ar'ign, the country of his governorate. They killed Gato, Betro, Bedlo, Amdo, and others. These two districts,60 where all the poor enrich themselves, became desert.

56. What is meant here is not clear. It could also mean “... soli and bidaro were made into instruments of alarm.” Ato Amha Asfaw tells us in his Amharic book Yilala Dennebo, 1995, how people perform wailing, singing “yilala dennedo,” when they mourn their dead. “Yilala” is an Oromo word borrowed by Amharic, meaning “lookout”. And according to Cecchi, “bideù”, most probably a variant of “bidaro”, is a kind of alarm bell made out of tree-trunks used to warn of an approaching enemy, A. Cecchi, De Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa, Vol. II, p. 327-8, n. 1; and Vol. III, p. 123. Dennebo could be a third type of ilala (after soli and bidaro) practiced by the people who occupied this region. 57. This took place at Mej in 1570 E.C. 58. This “tribe” appears in several places far from each other and as recently as in the reign of Yohannis I (1667-82) when one of them had a Christian name, Mikha Giyorgis. 59. A very famous general during the reign of Sertse Dingil. 60. Only one district is mentioned.

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The Birmeje of the Bertuma attacked Dembya and killed Aboli of the royal family, Semre Ab the bahir negash, and others. (All) this happened where our king, who is powerful in his deeds and wise in his counsel, was not. Had he been in Dembya, what happened to Robale would have happened to Birmeje. But in order that the victory would happen alternately, God directed the king's journey to Damot. He found victory where he went; and his dignitaries were defeated where he was not.

Section 14 The Birmeje of the Boren put Damot under siege and captured people and livestock when they found the country without a savior and a deliverer. At that time the dej azmach was Asbo. He took counsel with his brothers, gathered the army, and pursued them. He arrived as they were dividing their booty. The chosen ones (the infantry) and the cavalry surrounded them with a meslist; this means they surrounded them with three (rows of) invaders. The Galla fled and (many) were killed. Most of them hid in a large cave. (The army) collected wood and made fire at the mouth of the cave. Many came out for fear of the fire and were taken prisoner, until they brought to him the boy of the royal family61 who had been taken captive together with many captives.62 They (Asbo's army) cut off the heads63 of the dead; they were too many to count. (This way) he kept his country.

61. “The boy of the royal family” was young Susinyos. The story has been recounted in his chronicle. The reason that his name is not mentioned in the Zenahu le-Galla could be that clerics of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, including copyists, did not like to mention the name of a renegade who betrayed his Church. But the fact that the name of Sertse Dingil, Abba Bahriy's most beloved monarch, is not mentioned is possibly for a different--though related-- reason: fear of Susinyos who killed Sertse Dingil's son and heir. 62. In the chronicle of Susinyos, “with many captives” refers to those released with the boy, not to those taken captive with the boy. 63. This is an ancient custom practiced in Ethiopia and the rest of the world; see, for example, Mat. 14:8-10.

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After this, until the end of the tenure of Birmeje, (the country will be defended). But the (punishing) hand of God will still remain stretched64 because the sin of the Christians is not atoned yet. Although they were defended in the days of Birmeje, the latter luba, which we shall mention afterwards in the proper place, would destroy them.

Section 15 After this, Birmeje was relieved and Mul'ata son of Bifole was appointed. He made a dullagutto on Gojjam. The meaning of dullagutto is “war of topknot” For when the Galla are circumcised at the same time, they give themselves a name, as we have said at the beginning65 of Section 4, and they attack a country which their predecessors have not attacked. If they kill people or large animals, they shave their whole head, leaving a little hair (topknot) in the middle of their skull. But he who did not kill does not shave himself, so much so that he suffers from lice. For this (reason) they are zealous to kill us. In those days the Hatsege decided to go to the land of Damot. And while he was on the journey, he heard that the Galla had attacked the country of Gojjam and that his mother the Queen had gone up to Debre Abriham66 to seek refuge there. Wezero Tewdada, the sister of his ancestors King Atsnaf Segged and King Admas Segged, may peace be upon them, (was also there). When the Galla fell upon them suddenly, at a time they did not expect them, all the people of the country were terrorized and their army scattered. But her (Tewdada's) eldest son showed force over the Galla, who were approaching his mother, (and) chased them away, for he was a young man praised for his prowess. (Then) he came back and took his mother by the hand and brought her up to a high mountain called Jibbela.67

64. An allusion to Is. 5: 25. 65. Sic. 66. This Amba was once used as a detention center for royal children who were thought to pose a threat to the power of the incumbent king. 67. This was the mountain where Tedla Gwalu climbed to defend himself when Atse Tewodros attacked Gojjam, EMML 5403, f.108b. Later King Tekle Haymanot (of Gojjam) had made it prison, ibid., f. 180b.

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The Hatsege, for his part, cancelled his journey, and came in haste to where the Galla were and arrived with the army. He ignored the rules of his ancestors the kings; for when they come to the war front, their custom was to send the fighters ahead, and to stand (aloof) with the chosen cavalry and infantry, and praise him who flings forward and punish him who lags behind. This time, however, our king put himself at the head of the force and showed force. When the army saw this, they rushed forward and became wild in (fighting) the Galla; they killed all without sparing any. Most of them were hurled over the precipice, until the people of the countryside and the peasants killed them wherever they found (them). He (the king) ordered that they cut off the heads of the Galla. The (heads) filled Adora, which is a wide place. (Then) they brought down the Itege and Wezero Tewodada from the mountains68 where they were. And he (the king) received them with honor. When they (the two women) saw the large number of the enemy's heads which had been cut off, they rejoiced a great joy and praised God who set the spirit of victory on his anointed.69 As for the cattle they rescued from the hand of the Galla, they returned them to those from whom they were looted.

Section 16 After this our king decided to take an expedition, for he does as he thinks and executes as he says. He went to Wej to attack the Galla, who are called Dawwe. The Galla call them “the latter Galla,”70 but (other) people call them “Dawwe”71 because they pained them.

68. Adbarat is the plural of debr, meaning “mountain” and “monastery”. The two ladies were at two different refugee centers. 69. The kings are referred to as the mesiah “the anointed”. 70. The expression, “the latter Galla,” is missing in the Vienna copy, obviously by mistake of the copyist. But the London text is not corrupt. The question is whether or not the Oromos use the name “Galla.” Or could this be the author's perception? 71. There seems to be a play with words. In Ge‘ez “dewe” ¿™, means “illness” or

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The reason for his (the king's) expedition there was that he thought that they (the Galla) would battle with him and that they would not flee; but when he arrived where they told him they were, he did not find them. He searched, but he did not find their dwelling. When he did not find animal booty and a fight of the flesh, he decided to fight with the devil and take from him as booty the souls of the pagans. (Therefore,) he summoned the people of Innarya, Bosha, and Gomer and said to them, “Become Christians!” And they became (Christians); they were baptized in Christian baptism.

Section 17

When the Mul'ata of the Werdi'aya attacked the country of Ras Welde Kristos, (the latter) conquered them, recovered their booty, and killed many of them. He pursued a party of them until they hurled themselves over a precipice. (This way) he defended the country till the Hatsege returned. When the Hatsege returned, he found the country defended by the diligence of Welde Kristos and by his battle. For that reason he made him master over his house and set him governor over the whole of his kingdom.72 Section 18 The Mul'ata of the Boren afflicted the Christians of Damot; they scattered them and devastated their country. During their time Shoa and Damot became deserts. The reason that I have written at one time the victory of the Galla, and at another time the victory of the Christians, is because it is the custom of the books, which say, “Today to you and tomorrow to the other.”73 Victory belongs at one time to this one, and another time to that one. He who conquers always is the one God who is above all. The country submitted to him (to the Mul'ata of the Boren), and none remained (free).

“sickness.” However, identifying Dawwe (√™,) with Jawi (Õ™*), “serpent,” as some authors have done, is unwarranted. 72. Welde Kristos ultimately met his death at the hand of the Oromo during the reign of Susinyos. 73. Source not identified.

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When this essay was written, the tenure of Mul'ata, son of Bifole, was in its seventh year. They were about ready for the circumcision and the appointment of the sons of Mesle. If I am still alive, I shall write later about the battles and killings which would take place in their time; and if I have died, others will write about me and about the coming luba. But happy is he who is dead, for he is resting!

Section 19 The knowledgeable ones make an extensive inquiry, asking, “How is it that the Galla defeat us, although we are many, and many are our arms?” There are those who say, “God has allowed them because of our sins.” And there are who say, “It is because of our nation's division into ten classes. Nine of these do not come close to any battle, and they are not ashamed of their fear. But the tenth class battles and fights to the best of its ability. Although our number is big, those who can fight are few, and those who do not come near the battle are many.” One of these is the party of the monks, who are countless. There are those who become monks in their youth, when monks lure them while they are studying, like (the case of) the writer of this essay and those like him. There are also those who become monks because of fear of battle. The second group is called debtera. They study the scriptures and all the profession of the clergy; they clap with their hands and stamp with their feet;74 they are not ashamed of their fear. They take as their models the Levites and priests, namely, the sons of Aaron. The third group is called jan hatsena and jan me'asere.75 These guard justice and guard themselves from battle. The fourth is the group of deggafoch76 of the women of the dignitaries and the (royal) ladies, powerful men and strong young men. They do not come near the battle; they say, “We are attendants of the women.”

74. I.e. when they chant and dance during religous feasts. 75. These are people of the law, judges. 76. Supporters, who probably assisted the women when they would walk and mount their mules.

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The fifth group is called shimagille77, geze78, and be'ale rist79. They give a portion of their land to the peasant and demand his services; they are not ashamed of their fear. The sixth group is the peasants. They spend their day in the fields and are oblivious about fighting. The seventh group is those who benefit themselves from commerce. They make profit for themselves. The eighth group is the artisans, such as the smiths, scribes, tailors80, carpenters, and their like. They do not know fighting. The ninth group is the minstrels, those who play the qende kebero81 and the begena82, who make begging a profession. They bless the one who rewards them; they give him vain glory and idle praise. And when they curse the one who does not reward them, they are not charged, for they say, “This is our tradition.” 83 They keep themselves very far from battle. The tenth group is those who carry the shield and spear84. These can do fighting, and “follow the steps of the king to run.”85 Because of the fewness of these, our country is destroyed. The Galla, on the other hand, do not have any of these nine classes which we have mentioned. All are trained in warfare, from the small to the big. For this reason they destroy us and kill us. Those who say, “They kill us by the order of God,” find a reason in the defeat of the children of Israel and their destruction at the

77. Elders. 78. “A class of landlords; see EMML 1832, f. 1a/varia (1), Getatchew Haile, A Cat- alogue, Vol. V, p. 249. The Amharic meggazo (“rented land”) could be related to it.” 79. Landowners, one of the two classes. The be'ale rist were apparently entitled to keep the farmers on the land. 80. Includes people who worked on leather. 81. Drum. 82. Harp. 83. These must be the “lalibela”/“amina”/ “abba widdaqi.” 84. Who carry arms. 85. A misunderstood version of Song of Songs 7: 5. In the source, the word is “asere”, a verb meaning “to bind.” It is misunderstood as a construct form of “aser” “trace”, “footstep”. Based on that misunderstanding, it has become the title of one of the types of Ge‘ez poems (asere nigus) offered to the monarch.

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hands of the kings of Persia and Babylon. They say, “If a fighter is victorious, who would ask help from God the Exalted and Most High? And if the many conquer the few, the words of scripture which say, 'One shall put a thousand to flight, and two shall chase ten thousand',86 would be vain”. O knowledgeable ones, you know whether the words of the former arguers or of the latter arguers are credible.

Section 20

So, let us return to the exposition of the Galla. They call the small children mucha', and those who are older they call elman. And those who are older than these, who begin to do fighting, they call gurba'. The young men who are not (yet) circumcised, who call kelela their hair which they dress like gora87, they call quendela88. If they kill people, an elephant, a lion, a rhinoceros, or a buffalo, they shave (leaving) a topknot89 in the middle of their skull. But he who has not killed does not shave. (Even) those who are married do not shave themselves unless they have killed. In the time of Mul'ata they ate the buffalo; and (so) they said, “If we ate it, it is like a cow, and we ought not to shave our heads when we kill it.” A party of them said in insulting words, “Let us not shave our heads when we kill the people of Shoa and Amhara, for they are but speaking cows; they cannot fight.” All the unmarried Galla, whether luba90 or quendela91, are called qero and live (together) in one dwelling, the qero of the luba with

86. Deut. 32:30. 87. All three manuscripts have “gora.” I do not know what this word means. It could be the name of a non Oromo tribe whose members wore this unique hairstyle. 88. The word has become Amharic but refers to the hairstyle, not to a class of people. 89. The sentence is corrupt. 90. Circumcised. 91. Uncircumcised.

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the luba, that of the quendela with quendela, and the qero of the geber with the geber. They appoint about twenty people to build the sequela; and they call them ajertu92. Furthermore, they appoint (people)93 for killing cows; and they are called qelta94. Also, two people are appointed who roast the meat and cut it up, and distribute it in pieces equally to all; they call them wajo95. Furthermore, they appoint five men to milk the cows of all; their name is halebdo96. Furthermore, they appoint (people) for scooping the milk and giving it to each in measurement; their name is tihito97. Furthermore, they appoint seven people for bringing home the herds. They also search for the strayed. Their name is berbado98. They also choose from among themselves two and authorize them to admonish and punish the one who goes to a woman; these are called gorsa99. This abstinence is not for righteousness, but so that they may be alert and diligent for fight. For he who is married thinks of that by which he would please his wife100. Furthermore, they appoint about ten people to drive the cattle; their name is tewwutu101. Any of them who wish to marry separates himself and lives in his own house; they call him jilhika102.

92. Builder. sequela (Amharic “seqela”) is a rectangular house. 93. The number of the “qelta” or “butcher” is missing. 94. Butchers. 95. Roasters, possibly from “wada” “to roast.” 96. Milkers, definitely related to Ge‘ez/Arabic “halib,” “milk” ) 97. Unknown to me. 98. From “barbada” “to search”, “to want.” 99. Instructor, adviser. 100. I. Cor. 7:33. 101. Inspectors. 102. Obviously, “married herdsman.”

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The old they call milguddo103. They (the old), too, do not rest from fighting, unless they are too feeble, like our brothers Zeppo104 and Abba Hara105. There is no one else who has found an enemy who is (so) zealous to do evil; and there is no one else who has found a master and a king who is (so) zealous to do good. May God guard him for a long period of time and for length of days.... (Thus) says Bahriy.

103. Elder. 104. In the chronicle of Sertse Dingil, Zeppo is Ze-Peraqlitos. 105. Hara Dingil for whom a gedl has been written, EMML 69, Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 71.

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ôw] 3 - Appendix III

Concerning the Galla by Aleqa Tayye (pp. 548-561, 586-600)

The following is my English translation of excerpts from an unpublished work by Aleqa Tayye, JE692E, pp. 548-561, 586-7, 595-600 that I included here. Many of these sections have been translated and published by Professors Grover Hudson and Tekeste Negash from the 1920 edition of Aleqa Tayye's πô&|øÂº M≥x {]°; see bibliography. Historians will notice the striking similarity of most of these excerpts to those in Ato Atsme's Ye-Galla Tatik, edited and translated by Bairu Tafla.

(“17” and “18” are the numbers of the sections in the manuscript.)

17. Concerning the Galla Tribe

There are many various serious, true, and fictitious stories, that are being told in different (forms) about the Galla tribe. The history book that Ato Atsme wrote states the following when talking about the Galla: “The reason why the people called Galla left their country is not well known. Historians say that these Galla people migrated from Asia and crossed over to Madagascar, and that they migrated from there and settled at a seacoast near Mombassa. (The name) “Mombassa” means in the Galla language good for pasturing animals. And from there they came to Ethiopia following the stream called Gennale.”1

1. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work, p. 138. It is not clear where the quotation ends. The pieces that deal with the Galla in Aleqa Tayye's work are

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However, when they left their country, they did not all leave at the same time. Rather, those who wanted left, and those who did not remained behind. This people, called Galla, came, setting out from there, and settled at the frontiers of Bale, at the bank of the stream (river)2 called Gelana. They led a nomadic life, breeding their cattle, goats and sheep. There are those who say that their arrival took place 102 years before the reign of Atse Libne Dingil, whose regnal name was Wenag Segged3. This was in the fifth year of Atse Yishaq, 6904 Year of the World, 1404 Year of Mercy.4 But the truth about (the time of) the coming of the Galla to Ethiopia is the tenth year of the reign of Zagwe (during Merra Tekle Haymanot, whose regnal name was Zagwe), in 930 Year of Mercy.5 The history of the Galla that the Westerners have written is from their personal knowledge and research. But we (write), having seen the history which Azzaj Tinno has written.6 When the Galla came (to Ethiopia), they came from the river (stream) Gelane and entered into a country called Haro Wilabo. In Haro Wilabo there is a pond which a swimmer can cross and pass through. The Galla say, “As regards our forefather and creation, we came from this water.” Hence they say “umman Wilabo batti.” And this means, “There came out a creation from the water of Wilabo.” Therefore the

almost identical to those in Ato Atsme's. Although Tayye wrote his book after Atsme and quotes him, it is impossible to conclude that he got them all from the latter. Both probably had access to sources not known to us. One of these sources depended heavily on Abba Bahriy's Zenahu le-Galla. My suspicion is that one of their sources was a work by Azzaj Tinno, Susinyos's chronicler, elaborating the Zenahu, because both quote Tinno where one would expect Abba Bahriy, and their version of the Zenahu is sufficiently different from Abba Bahriy's original. 2. Put in parenthesis by the copyist. 3. Libne Dingil/Wenag Segged (1508-40). 4. Yishaq reigned in 1406-1421 E.C. (=Year of Mercy). 5. The time each king of the Zagwe dynasty reigned has yet to be firmly established. 6. See no. 1.

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Galla prostrate themselves to the ground before water. Neither people nor animals drink from that pond; it is forbidden. All the Galla prostrate themselves to the ground before that water. There they slaughter fattened ox and many gelded steer as well as sheep and goats. There are several peoples in Haro Wilabo who have different languages. They are called Doras. They look like the Galla people. It takes four days to walk from Sidamo to Wilabo, and 5 days from Wilabo to Boren. The Galla are of two tribes; they are called Bertuma7 and Borena8. Bertuma begot six children. These are the following: 1. Kerreyyu 2. Merewwa 3. Ittu 4. Akkitu9 5. Werreneshe10 6. Hubbena11

Kerreyyu, Bertuma's first-born child, begot six mighty children. And these are: 1. Liben 2. Tiloma Wello12 3. Jille 4. Abbo 5. Luba 6. Ales

7. Also “Bereytuma.” 8. Also Boren. 9. Obviously a mistake. It should be “Akkichu.” 10. Also “Werrentisha” and “Werrensha”. 11. With “m” of Humbena assimilated. 12. Most sources (including Tayye, if only rarely) have “Tulema.” The place of “Wello” in the sentence is not clear. It is probably added as a correction.

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Wello begot seven (children) from seven women. These are: 1. Hibeno 2. Abey 3. Ali 4. Qalu 5. Ambo 6. Hida 7. Gora13 There are those who say that Wello has other children than these, called Bekko and Noli'inu. Borena begot eleven children (these are): 1. Datche 2. Jille 3. Kono; these are called Tiloma. 4. Boch 5. Akako 6. Webbo; these are called Seddecha. 7. Luba 8. Tchile 9. Libon 10. Guidru14 11. Hoko; these are called Hoko.

It is said that the first three of Wello's children are called by the name of Wello, and the (last) four by the name of Werreseddecha. Merewwa, the second child of Bertuma, begot Werdeyyan.15 Werdeyyan begot three children. These are (the following): 1. Ana

13. One wonders whether this name has any relation to the enigmatic gora, given in Zenahu le-Galla (see its section 20) as the hairstyle of the quendela. 14. The “i” in Guidru could be ignored. 15. The "n" could be the Amharic object marker, mistakenly taken as part of the name.

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2. Ur16 3. Abeti These children of Merewwa are greater than others in number and might. Because these people of the Galla are a heathen people, they do not know God. What the Galla are mainly missing in the Ten Com- mandments which God gave to Moses in writing is the first command- ment only which says, “I am your God; worship no other god than me.” Because of the imperfection of the natural law and because they did not have an apostle to teach them, they fear every thing. They therefore worship the tree, the river, the body of water, the rock and the cliff, and prostrate themselves to the ground (before them). Second, they call Sunday the Senbete gudda17, and Saturday Senbete tinna,18 and observe (them) like the Christians. Third, whatever happens, they do not swear falsely. Fourth, they honor their fathers and mothers, and they honor their peers who are older than them. Or else they will be (tried and) sentenced by the tcheffe, that is, by the shengo19 assembly. Fifth, he who kills people will be penalized with a guma, reparation of a huge amount of money for the price of life. Further- more, there are those who die, sentenced by the ayyu and the luba, with the case being reconsidered. Sixth, the rank and file passes better judgement in their tcheffe and court sessions than the Christians. These descendants of Bertuma and Boren, all of the Galla tribes, have a (system of) hierarchy20 from childhood to old age like that of the priesthood. This hierarchy is called geda. Geda is an office (and) authority similar to priesthood. This, their authority, is for every eight years like the number of their life span. Their years are divided into eight years; they call it geda.

16. Otherwise always “Uru”. 17. “The big Sabbath.” 18. “The small Sabbath.” 19. “Tcheffe” (Oromo) and “shengo” (Amharic) means “assembly.” 20. Or “grade.”

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(The lubas) are five, since each of the (five) eight-year period is named after the name of the respective five lubas. Every eight years a luba is removed and another luba is appointed. They do not have a master or a balabbat21 as do other people who have kings. They accept orders from a luba for eight years. After eight years, another luba is appointed. At that time, (each tribe) gives a name to its (class) and is circumcised. The system looks like ours. As we call the year after the name of one of the Evangelists--as we give to each of the four years a name, calling them 1 Matthew, 2 Mark, 3 Luke, 4 John--they, too, give a name to the (period of) eight years. They call (the divisions of) the forty years after the names of the five warriors. When (a Galla) completes the forty years, he will be circumcised and become a luba. These are the names of the five warriors for whom the forty years are divided into five (eight-year period and) after whom the periods) are called: The first geda is Birmeji, the second is Horreta or Milbah, the third Minchile22 or Muddena, the fourth Dullo, the fifth is called Robeli. These abba dullas of the system of the Galla people recur every forty years. This is the major rule of the Galla. Furthermore, they have, other than this, an order and a rule, which are called mogasa and kolu. Mogasa is for strangers. It is something like yetut lij.23 Kolu concerns the one from the same tribe. This is like a helper or azzaj.24 And this is the order of their rule: The Galla have laws and procedures (to follow) from the day they are born to their death. When the father is circumcised and becomes a luba, the son becomes itmiko for eight years. Next he becomes a debele for eight years; he learns the order of the law from his father (and) the elderly.

21. Traditional chief. 22. Also “misle”. 23. Amharic for “(nominally) adopted child”. Such a child is not treated as a real child; the system is a means of acquiring a mentor. 24. A deputy in administrative matters.

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Third, he will be called tifoli. (At this stage) he is free: he sings, dances and does whatever he wishes. No one would say to him, “Do not do (this); this is bad; or this is good.” They (the tifoli) quarrel and kill each other during singing and dancing. But since it is the age of freedom, there will be no case against him. Fourth, he becomes quendela.25 He leads a subdued and quiet life. He comes to the tcheffe and sits at the shengo. Fifth, when he completes his age of qondala-hood, he is called yaromay. He does not come to the tcheffe nor go to shengo. He remains in the village when the rest go to the tcheffe. He turns into a thief, robber, and vagabond. He slaughters and eats anyone's sheep or goat. However, he takes only one sheep, or one goat, or one ox from a barn; he should not take two. When he completes these five stages this way, he become 40 years old. After that he is circumcised and becomes a luba. The ayyu, however, is chosen from his people; his people appoint whom they like. They appoint (an ayyu) the luba who completes his geda (time). And the ayyu sits at the tcheffe, having let his bokku be blessed (by the assembly). Bokku is a club of olivewood. It is well soaked in butter and polished; it is honored like the royal scepter. He (the ayyu) is appointed by it and is blessed. He is appointed and sits in judgement for eight years. After eight years he is removed from the office; he will no longer sit in judgement nor come near the tcheffe. He will be designated luba dullecha. The ayyu sits in judgement with many lubas at his courtyard. In former times, the place and the tcheffe where all the Galla assembled every eight years to pass judgements, where the history and judgements of the past eight years were recounted, where new rules are promulgated--criticizing what should be criticized--and where the future Galla rules and procedures were proclaimed, was Borena. The one who sits for judgement there was called Abba Muddana. The meaning of Abba Muddana is messianic or the anointed. Since they left Borena, and to this day, each tribe sends two people to him (to abba Muddana) who would hear his proclamation and

25. The word is amharicized to refer to a certain hairstyle.

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orders and report back. And when they come back, the ayyu at each tcheffe receives them with honor. These are called jila. Since they are recognized by their clothes or their signs, no one touches them if they walk in the middle of a battlefield.26 Since they left Borena the tcheffe of all took place at Melka Bollo (in) Awash. And the ayyu used to sit in judgement at Galan. Later, when the Galla quarreled with each other, when the place was cramped for them, and when they parted each other in mititcha,27 they separated in tcheffe as well. Thus, the Melka Bollo (in) Awash became (site of) the tcheffe of the Tulema. And that of the ayyu is at the same Gelan; and that of the Metcha became at Tule. Half of the Metcha have kings. The (site of) the tcheffe of the Yittu became Karra Quirquire, below Burqa. The (site of) the tcheffe of the Galla of Harerge was at Lulo. And similarly the Wello and Aruse held tcheffe at their respective courtyards. Their tcheffe were banned by a proclamation (issued) by Mene- lik II, in order to prevent an eventual disturbance emanating from the gatherings. Nevertheless, the judgements which the Galla pass at their tcheffe are better and are more observed than (those by) us who are near them and claim to be Christians. According to the Galla law, (passed) by the luba, ayyu (and) their tcheffe, a Galla does not marry a child of his parents. He does not marry his uncle's or sister's child either. If he marries, in violation of the law, he receives a harsh punishment, one that would lead to death. Marriage to one of one's own people and relatives is taboo with them. It (internecine marriage) has never been initiated28; and if (it ever was, but) they have abolished it at a tcheffe, it would still mean a

26. That is, when one Galla tribe fights another Galla tribe. For the Oromo, a Galla tribe is no different from a non-Galla tribe. 27. The description is identical to what we have in Abba Bahriy's Zenahu, section 1: “They quarreled with each other and separated from each other, as Abraham and Lot separated when their herds became a multitude.” 28. These paragraphs seem to have been added to refute the view that the Oromo

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violation of the law. They will be sentenced according to their law. Relative to this, St. Paul says as follows: “For God shows no partiality. All who have sinned apart from the law will also perish apart from the law, and all who have sinned under the law will be judged by the law. For it is not the hearers of the law who are righteous in God's sight, but the doers of the law who will be justified. When Gentiles, who do not possess the law, do by nature what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they not have the law. They show that what the law requires is written on their hearts, to which their own conscience also bears witness; and their conflicting thoughts will accuse or perhaps excuse them on the day when, according to my gospel, God, through Jesus Christ, will judge the secret thoughts of all”, Romans 2:11-17; 1:42 (sic). The Galla are heathens in religion. This, however, is only due to lack of an apostle, because they know that there is one God; they call him Waqa Gurracha. When they are in trouble and distress, they look up to the sky and pray in that direction. Wello embraced Islam before all the Galla. Next the Metcha Galla, who claim that they are royal, who are on the other side of the Gibe, embraced Islam. Next the Galla around the city of Harerge became Muslim by force when the Egyptians ruled them. And later, during the time of Atse Menelik, (those) as far as Ittu became Muslims. And now, the rest of the Galla prefer to be Muslim than Christian, because they hate the Amhara army. The reason that the Galla hate the Amhara is because (the latter) is a stumbling block, because of their love for money, evilness, and cruelty, not because they knew (the difference), distinguishing the bad and the good of Islam and Christian- ity.

Why the Galla Are not Jealous (pp. 555-561)

The reason why the Galla issued a law saying, “Let there be no jealousy and killing of each other because of women” (is as follows):

ancestors married their sisters. But the tale is not different from what the Christians teach about the marriage of the children of Adam and Eve.

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In Wello, long before they (the Galla) became Muslims, there was a young hero in their country. He had a comely and beautiful wife. There was in the neighborhood a handsome young son of a nobleman who had not slept with a woman. The wife of this hero was so stung by the love for this young man that she became crazy. She always desired to go to bed with him. One day she found him at a convenient place. She seized him to fulfill her desire. According to the law of the Galla, however, a man who has not killed (people) cannot sleep with a woman. He would never do so, especially with the wife of a young man. So he said to her as follows: “What has happened will never remain unheard; and since I have not fulfilled my obligation to kill, you will be disgraced, and you will disgrace your husband if this affair becomes public. So it should not happen now. But later, when I come back from a military expedition having killed, I will make you my lover openly. If you are found with me, who has not fulfilled his obligation to kill, it will be afterwards a big shame and disgrace to you, as you are a wife of the hero so and so.” But since she had already been stung with a wicked lust, and her heart had been consumed with the fire of love for him, she said to him: “As for this, it won't be a problem for you. I will send you in secret one child of mine to such and such a place. Kill him, take his male organ, and come home accompanied by singers.” But he said to her: “Oh no, you must hate me; this is not love. If I kill the son of that young hero, he will kill me when it becomes public, because what has happened never remains unheard. He will destroy not only me but also my relations.” And she said: “Do not worry. Who do you think will know and hear this affair, other than I and you, that you suspect and fear?” He made her swear a firm promise according to their law, saying, “Well, then, if your position is this, (swear) that you will not regret about your child, and that you will not share this secret with others.” Then each of the two went to their respective homes without sexual intercourse. In the evening he went to the appointed place in the dark and stayed hiding in the bush. And she sent her son there with an errand for

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an excuse. When the child arrived, he seized him and sent him off to a far away place. There he kept him at a house of a friend and relative, saying: “This child is a son of my brother. Please guard him and keep him with good care for me.” Since the time was a time of social unrest, robbery and killing, the parents and all close relatives mourned and did nothing, assuming that he may have been either kidnapped and sold or that a bandit had killed him. And this young man, after a while, smeared a piece of cloth with goat's blood, carried a dagger, and claimed: “I went to a far away country and killed. But they forced me to abandon the trophy. How- ever, I brought the clothes (covered) in blood and the dagger” and showed them to them. The singing began at his house. And this woman, saying: “Even if we are mourners because our child is lost, since the death concerns him, our neighbor, as well, let us go to him like others and say to him, 'we are happy that you returned safely and that you succeeded',” went to his house with her husband and said, “We are happy that you returned safely and that you succeeded.”29 And he, having said, “I am happy that you stayed well”29, consoled them, saying, according to tradition, “About the death of your son, hamotu isinitti indebiyyin kenguddetu isini yakennu.” This means, “May he not repeat the wicked (incident) on you; may he give you the one that will grow.” After this, she stood up and sang with those who were singing. As soon as the singing was over, people dispersed to their respective homes. This young man and this woman were waiting for an opportune time, and they met one day for the intercourse. They fulfilled their evil lust. She loved him very much, even more than before. Since he had already assessed her heart, he said no to her after a while. “Why? What happened to you?” she asked him. He said to her, “My peers insulted me and put me to shame, saying, "This killer of (only) one, who did not repeat."”

29. These are standard Amharic formulas of greetings exchanged with someone who comes back from a long, and possibly perilous, journey.

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“But this should not be your worry. Kill my second child, too” she said to him and gave him her second child. He took him (to that far away country) and kept him together with his brother, and returned, as he did before. And he fulfilled her desire. Again, he said no to her, as he had done before. After a while she gave him her third child, too, so that he might kill him. He took him and kept him with his brothers. And he came home claiming as before that he had killed. And he kept her like a wife. As this young man was well established, he became a killer and a hero. And he frequently visited the children. They grew up, he providing them enough food. Five or six years later, he told the official, the hayyu, saying, “I have a very important matter; let the Seven-House Wello make an assembly for me.” By the command of the hayyu, they came together from all places. They held a big assembly called ya'i. This young man stood in the middle of the assembly (and said), “Listen to me, O my people; may God Waqa listen to you.” The assembly paid attention in silence to hear the matter. Having blessed the assembly and the country, the (spirits) qolle and adbar, according to their tradition, he began the story, saying like this: “The story I shall tell you is one that would enrage so and so. Please bind him first, for me, so that he may not kill me.” That man was seized and bound. He told them the story, from the beginning to the end, all the cruelty and wonder the wife of this man did to her children, desiring him, stung by an evil lust. He said, “But I did not kill the children; on the contrary, I brought them up, feeding them (well) in a good place.” As he had kept them near him, decorated and ornamented, he asked them to stand up; and making them stand up in the middle of the assembly, he handed them to their father, saying: “Here are your children.” When the father, who thought his children were dead and became despondent and crushed by sorrow, suddenly and unexpectedly heard about the finding of his children with his own ears and saw them

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with his own eyes, he was shocked by a shock of joy and became like a rock. And all the people were stunned and astounded by the goodness of this man and the cruelty and wickedness of that woman. After this, this man further got up and stood in the middle of the assembly (and) said thus: “O my friends and my people! Listen to me, further. Let me ask you that we think about what is beneficial to us, once for all, and establish a rule and make corrections. Even the beasts and wild animals which are without knowledge are tenderhearted towards their kids. And they give their life for the sake of their kids. But our women, the creatures called humans, are wicked, much more than beasts and wild animals. This wickedness of theirs will be seen by the fact that their hearts are covered and swollen so much so that they deliver their children to death to fulfill the lust of their bodies. If this is the case, as of now let jealousy, quarrel and killing of each other because of such creatures, called women, be abandoned. You, the elderly, make a binding rule, so that, because of these cor- rupted ones, quarrelling with, and killing, a brother by his brother and a friend by his friend, who would help him if he is in need, who would come out with him, if he cried for help, who would pick him up if wounded (in a battle), who would bury him if he died, may not happen. Except that they are our mothers, women should have not been consid- ered humans. As of now, let jealousy and quarrel about women be abandoned.” The suggestion was loved and (found) good by the entire assembly. After this the elders passed these rules on women: First rule, let not a daughter share landed property with her brothers in her father's house. Second, if she is murdered, let her blood compensation be half the blood compensation for man, 50 cows--that for a man is 100 cows. Third, when a father gives his daughter in marriage, let him declare, “I have sold my daughter.” And let her husband rule her crushingly like a slave. If she runs away and has children from another man, let him take her back, together with her children, and rule her by force.

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Fourth, if she is caught in an illicit relation with a man, let her lover give one heifer to her husband in lieu of jealousy. Let him give her, too, one shemma30 and a mirror. 31 The day on which he goes to her house carrying these is called arara, and this means “a day of reconcilia- tion.” To accompany this one heifer, he takes seven to ten cows together and brings them into the pen of her husband. He himself goes, decorated and ornamented, with some of his friends. And her husband waits, inviting elders who know how to entertain and tell stories, gathering his neighbors, preparing food and drink, and he himself is decorated and ornamented with his wife. And the other one, as soon as he arrives, kisses his lover's forehead, hands over what he brought, and passes over and sits. The elders would say to them, “As of now, you are brothers who should help each other in all matters.” After this, food and drink are served with good entertainment. And they, having spent the day joyfully eating, drinking and entertaining themselves, return home, handing over the heifer they brought and taking back the cows they brought for accompaniment. After this, he comes often to his lover openly and acts as a husband. He comes in, sticking his spear (to the ground) at the door. When the husband comes from the field, and sees the spear of his wife's lover standing at the door, he turns away and stays to visit a neighbor until he (the lover) gets out for him. And if he (the husband) has to go to a far away land, he calls him (the lover) and tells him to look after the house. His wife's lover comes to his house, and stays until he returns, being the head of the household and doing what a head of a household does. The Galla made this law because whatever happens, it is impossible to watch over a woman and stop her, believing that it is better that two men watch over her rather than one man and saying: “Let jealousy and killing over women be abandoned.”

30. Ethiopian toga. 31. This indicates that either the story is anachronistic or the tradition is not ancient.

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Concerning the Galla Genealogy (pp586-592)

The genealogy of the Galla is as follows: Bertuma and Boren, the two brothers whom we listed earlier, begot seventeen children, Bertuma six and Boren eleven.

The descendants of Bertuma are: 1. Kerreyyu 2. Merewwa 3. Ittu 4. Akkichu 5. Werrenesha 6. Hubbena The descendants of Kerreyyu are: 1. Liben 2. Metcha 3. Tiloma 4. Wello 5. Jille 6. Abbo 7. Luba 8. Bela' The descendants of Merewwa are: 1. Werdeyan (sic) 2. Arusi 3. Ittu 4. Timuga Werdeyan (sic) begot three (children): 1. Ana 2. Ur 3. Abeti All these are descendants of Merewwa. These children of Merewwa are superior in might and number to all (others). And because of this, they are found everywhere.

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The descendants of Ittu (are): 1. Jille 2. Luba The descendants of Akkichu (are): 1. Jingur 2. Tcheffa

The descendants of Werrenesha (are): 1. Seyyu 2. Abu 3. Tchabu 4. Yilu 5. Guidru 6. Kutay 7. Amoru 8. Horo The descendants of Hubbena are: 1. Rayya 2. Azebo 3. Ashenge These Wello speak in Amharic, losing Galligna because they have been neighbors of the Amhara. The Ashenge speak in Tigregna, losing Galligna because they have been neighbors of the Tigre. The descendants of Boren (are): 1. Datche 2. Jille 3. Kono

The (following) are called Tiloma: 1. Boch 2. Akako 3. Webbo 4. Luba

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The (following) are called Seddecha: 1. Tchile 2. Liben 3. Gudru

The following are called Hoko; 1. Hoko

The descendants of Datche (are): 1. Leqa 2. Tcheleba The descendants of Jille (are): 1. Wellegga 2. Gumma The descendants of Kono (are): 1. Limu 2. Jimma 3. Gera The descendants of Boch (are): 1. Abbechu 2. Gimbichu The descendants of Akako (are): 1. Weberri 2. Gelan The descendants of Webbo (are): 1. Lume 2. Liben The descendants of Luba (are): 1. Metta 2. Wayyu The descendants of Tchile (are): 1. Gullale 2. Selale

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The descendant of Liben (is): 1. Abeti32 The descendant of Gudru (is): 1. Derra

The descendant of Hoko (is): 1. Borena All these are the ancestors of the Galla.

The True story about the Islamization of the Wello (pp. 592-594) The true story of the Islamization of the Wello is as follows: (A man) called Abderrahman killed Ali, the husband of Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad, the first prophet and king of the Muslims. Because Hasan, the son of Ali born by Fatima, had ascended the throne, and because the successors will be the descendants of Muhammad, Fatima and Ali, all the children and party of Abd Rahman migrated to Ethiopia and settled in Yifat, in Shoa, fearing that they would destroy them to avenge Ali's blood. This took place during the time of King Digna Mika'el. Digna Mika'el reigned 26 years, from 656 (to) 682 (Year of Mercy). These Muslims moved into Yifat during his time. Because the kings who successively reigned at that time, the officials, and the clergy ignored them--because of dereliction of their responsibility--these Mus- lims gradually spread and widened their man-made religion, preaching it on the borders of Shoa, at Aliyyu Amba, at Argobba, up to the country of Wello, by giving out a lot of money and by deception. They converted to Islam many of the uneducated people. And Wello met with these Muslims from where he was and started to learn about the Islamic religion. Then a certain sheik called Kellu, from these Muslims, came (to him) and taught him (the religion).

32. With the simple “t”, possibly a mistake in restoring the name from a book in a European language.

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And after he, separated from his brethren, became Muslim, the party of the Muslims continued to gather strength. (The Muslims) who were weakened during Atse ‘Amde Tsiyon33, caused havoc, reviving again and again. And so, at that time, during Wedma Asferre34, during the second year of his reign, when the Galla on one hand and the Muslims on the other continued to rise up and wreaked havoc on them, the king, the officials, and the clergy came together and counseled in unity to make peace with these Muslims of Yifat and Wello, in order to combat only the Galla. They not only counseled, but indeed made peace with the Muslims. The condition for peace was that they submit to the king and pay tribute, keep their religion, have the authority over their people and territory to appoint officials, not oppress the Christians residing in their territory, and not burn but protect churches. They made peace on these conditions, the Christian swearing by the Gospel and the Muslims by the Qur'an so that they might live in peace upholding the agreement. So a head or a ruler, one from their own, called Welasma, was appointed over the Muslims residing in Yifat and Argobba. We will come to the meaning of Welasma later in connection with the history of the Muslims. A king was given to Wello, too; he occupied the country beyond the (river) Wayet and made it his dominion and heritage. Originally, the name of that country was Lako Melza. After Wello occupied it, it was called Wello, by his name. This took place in 1363 Year of Grace. And Wello, when still alive, gave his country, dividing (it) to his seven children. And their countries were called by their respective names. The one of Hibeno was called Werrehimano. That of Qalu was called Werreqalu--werre means settlement or village. That of Abbey (was called) Abbey Bet.

33. The allusion is obviously to the Atse's war with the Islamic revolt; cf. Perruchon, “Histoire des guerres d'‘Amda íyon,” pp. 271-363, 361-493. 34. Widm Asferre (1299-1314).

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That of Ali (was called) Ali Bet. That of Ambo (was called) Lege Abbo. That of Heda (was called) Lege Heda. And that of Gora (was called) Lege Gora. Lege or Legi means wide field. So the country in its entirety is called The Seven-House Wello. This is the true story of Wello. That the assertions, that “(Wello) went down to Harerge and learned the book of Islam (there)” and that “When Gragn came, he came with (him)” are completely false is obvious from the contradiction of the history and from all the story.

Supplement from the Oral History about the Galla (pp. 568-9, 572-3)

Among the many oral histories about the Galla some start their account saying, “The father of the Galla begot four sons (Kerreyu, Tulema, Metcha and Wello) and three daughters (Alko, Duretti and Ayantu). When the boys could not find women from outside their family, they married their sisters,” and list their descendants. Even though the beginning of the account is not credible, any one who writes about the Oromo cannot gloss over it without studying the list of the descendants and report on who settled where. Therefore I add the following two to what I copied from Aleqa Tayye's history book.

One Story: (pp. 568-9)

Kerreyu married Ayantu and begot Arusi, Ayya, Betto and Yittu. Furthermore, he married the daughter of Islam Muhammad Yesuf35 and begot Teguri36 and Nuri. And when Arusi died, Ayya inherited his brother's wife, following the Islamic tradition, and begot Suba and Dinguirguira. These have occupied the Eastern country from Nib Gedel (to) Ayimmelel; and

35. Ms “of Yesuf,” (sic). 36. This implies that Tajura, in Djibouti, got its name from a Galla tribe.

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from Adel to Tiltal.37 They have occupied Yifat and the entire Eastern country up to the border of Tigre. They have occupied also Wegeg38, Asebot39 and the Tiqur Midir. Tiloma married Alko and begot Abbichu of Metcha, Datche and Soddo. Furthermore, when Kerreyyu died he (Tiloma) inherited his wife, the daughter of Muhammad Yesuf and begot the Galla who are in Rayya. They are called Tiloma. They say that Jille, too, is Tiloma's son. At the beginning they used to say about him that he was a son of a zar.40 He found him in a barn and raised him. “Hence,” they say, “they say that he was called Tiloma's son.” Wello married an Adel woman and died having begotten Kallu. Furthermore, Tiloma inherited Wello's wife (and begot) Babbu, Gora, Ilu, Qalu, Kalo, Hida and Kutay. These seven are Titoma. According to the (tradition) of inheritance, they are called Wello. Datche is Tiloma's son. He begot the Four-House Abbichu, the Eight-House Gimbichu and the Seven-House Galan. Furthermore, he inherited (the wife) of Abbichu of Metcha and begot Metta, Borena, Seddo41 who is in Dawwaro.42 These are called Atchebir, Werredoru and Nono. And Metcha married Durette and begot Jifar, Wegedu, and Liben. And Kutay begot Beriya from the wife of Metcha of Abbichu by inheritance. Their mother (the inherited wife) is a rat-eating black Shanqilla.

37. “Tiltal” is the traditional Amharic name for the people of Affar. 38. In the Middle Ages, the diocese of Abune Samu’el of Wegeg. His gedl has been edited by Kur, Actes de Samuel de Dabra Wagag. 39. This is where Abune Samu’el of Wegeg established his monastery, which, despite attacks from people hostile to their religion, still flourishes. 40. Spirit. 41. Probably “Soddo.” 42. This implies that Dewwaro was today's Soddo of the Gurageland. This can be possible only if we assume either the existence of two places by the same name or that Soddo was a large territory bordering Adel. There are two reasons for this. First, Dewwaro was the first territory that Gragn attacked when he started in

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All these lived in Ethiopia since Atse Libne Dingil, filling Ethiopia settling in seven (groups) on equal level (in rights and duties) with the Christians.

Another Story: (pp. 572-3): Kerreyyu married Ayantu and begot ten (children). These are: 1. Arusi 2. Ittu 3. Timuga 4. Jille 5. Suba 6. Jigurguir 7. Tchafu 8. Rayya 9. Azebo 10. Ashenge Metcha married Alko and begot fifteen (children): 1. Seddo 2. Abbu 3. Tchabu 4. Yilu 5. Guidru 6. Kutay 7. Amoru 8. Horru 9. Leqa 10. Tcheleba 11. Wellegga 12. Gumma 13. Lemu 14. Jimma 15. Gera

1527 invading the Ethiopia outside his realm; second, Debre Asebot, the Monastery of Abune Samu'el of Wegeg, assumed to be in Dewwaro, is in Tchertcher.

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Tiloma married Duretti43 and begot fifteen (children): 1. Abbichu 2. Gimbichu 3. Weberri 4. Galan 5. Ada 6. Lume 7. Liben 8. Metta 9. Wayyu 10. Gullalle 11. Selale 12. Waju 13. Abote 14. Derra 15. Borena Wello married seven wives, built houses in seven places and begot seven children. These are their names: 1. Hibeno 2. Abey 3. Ali 4. Qalu 5. Ambo 6. Hida 7. Gora

These are the Galla people, arranged according to their tribes: the ten children of Kerreyu, the fifteen children of Metcha, the fifteen children of Tiloma and the seven children of Wello. The total is forty five (sic).

43. MS “Durette.”

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Orders of the Galla and Rules (pp. 597-600)

Christianity in Ethiopia: Rules and orders are often legislated with the people called Christian, but are not executed. Even a governmental proclamation would not enforce them. In the world that God created, (people) in every country and of tradition, whether heathen, Christian, Muslim, or Jew, everyone has rules upheld by the people. (As it happens among Ethiopian Christians) there is no husband who ever divorces his wife, whatever happens, for a trivial matter, for a flimsy reason. There is no one who executes the divorce either. But a Galla never divorces his wife whom he married in reko. If a Galla is separated from his wife because of great difficulty, and if she bears a child by another one, and she comes back later to her reko husband, she brings her children with her. If she does not come back but dies there, her children will not belong to their biological father, but go to belong to her reko husband. For this reason, except for a few who have problems, there is no one who would marry a woman whom her first husband divorced, saying, “If she bears for me, they would not be my children.” And because her reko husband knows that when he dies, these children who came from outside, who are not his seed, would inherit (his property), he will not easily divorce his reko wife, like his neighbors who call themselves Christians, unless he is desperate. Since honesty44 has not disappeared, those children from outside are like his children; (treated) equally, they inherit landed property. And if he begot from other wives, his main child, his first-born, called angaffa, in Galligna, is the one born from his reko wife. Reko means the first legal and covenant wife. Furthermore, it means “difficulty” in Galligna. Even if he begets big and mighty children from his concubines or second wife, the principal heir is the son of his first, the reko, wife. If he begets a girl, she moves totally to her

44. The word is mahitem “seal” or “stamp,” usually a soft cotton cord put round the neck of the child as a sign of Christianity on the day he/she is baptized. The word is used, as in here, figuratively to mean “honesty.”

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husband. And as in the Islamic tradition, she will be called by the people of her husband. Whatever happens, the Galla do not marry from their own people but from another tribe. There is no one like the Galla who knows his genealogy by recitation. Their main knowledge is reciting their genealogy. The father teaches his genealogy to his child. So they do not intermarry even up to the tenth generation. According to the Fitha Negest of Ethiopia, it has been ruled that people may intermarry after the fourth generation45. Except that Atse Zer'a Ya'iqob has decreed that all people in his kingdom intermarry (only) after the seventh generation. 46 To this day, many people in Shoa--in Tegulet and Menz--in Gonder, in Begemdir and Gojjam, in Tigre--in Hamasen--and in other regions observe this proclamation (as) a rule; they take it like a word of God. In the Galla (tradition) there are very many things that are far better than in their neighbors' (tradition) to whom the scriptures, which they do not observe, are given and who call themselves Christians. But there is one big (really) big, thing that makes everything naught against them, and that is lack of the knowledge of God. That is, they do not know his laws and commandments and that he is omnipresent. They call the sky God. When asked “Who created you?” they would say “ummem”. Since they look up to the sky when in rage and sorrow, they show that he is in their heart. The Galla used to kill a man if he found him with his wife, as we have shown earlier. But after he brings for him an ox and makes (the affair) known to him, he would not say anything if he found him with his wife. When he sees the spear of his wife's lover standing at his door, he (the husband) would know that he (the lover) is there and would turn around and go back.

45. See Abba Paulos Tzadua, The Fetha Nagast, pp. 134-5. 46. The source is not identified.

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The Law of blood according to the tradition of the Galla The Galla tradition of blood is divided into four: First, if a tchewa47 is dead48, the killer pays 100 cows. Second, if a woman is dead48, (the killer pays) 50 cows. Third, if an artisan, smith, weaver, tanner, or any other crafts- man, is dead48 (the killer) pays 40 cows. Fourth, if a son kills his father, and if the son is the son from his reko wife, the people of his father will tie a rock to his waist and throw him in a body of water. They will not beat him to shedding blood because that is taboo to them. But if his mother has no reko privilege, they say that the relatives of his mother should receive him and take him and pay 100 cows. He should not be beaten (to bleed) because he is not a legitimate son. When asked: “How about if a father kills his son?” they say he would not do it. This, abbreviated and few (stories) from the history of the Galla, told at length and in many (versions), suffices. Next to this we will bring, (the story of), the history of the Innarya.

18. Concerning the Tribe of Innarya49 (p. 600) The entire people of Innarya is a scion of Ham.50 At the time, when the tribe of Yoqtan came and usurped the kingdom of the tribe of Cush, destroying the people in war and causing the rest to flee, this people lived on the southern borders of Ethiopia, in Welamo, Sidamo, Kullo, Konta, Amoro, and Zinjiro. After the war, they submitted to the kings of the tribe of Yoqtan, and showed allegiance to them by paying tribute.

47. “Landed soldier.” Here it probably refers to a man who is not in the category listed under “Third”. 48. That is, “murdered.” 49. This section deals obviously with Innarya, the region which became part of the Oromo since they moved into it in the sixteenth-seventeenth century. But the two paragraphs have a lot to say about the Galla/Oromo. 50. I.e. they are speakers of a Cushitic language. “Ham” is the equivalent of

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Earlier, before the Galla occupation, Luqma, Jimma, Leqa, Tibbe, Guma, and Kefa were all territories of the people of Innarya. Later, because the Galla caused it to be evacuated, it became Galla territory. A king called Innarya used to be appointed over it, under the king of kings, in accordance with the (tradition) that continued from ancient time to the time of Menelik I, and after that up to the time of Christianity51.

“Ethiopia” in the Arabic/Ge’ez literature. Since Cush is a son of Ham, there is no serious reason for preferring one over the other as a name for a branch of languages. 51. As his Chronicle and the Zenahu le-Galla testify, Sertse Dingil was instrumen- tal in christening them.

page215-242 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 27 BL Or. 534, f. 168b.

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page215-242 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:41 page 28 ! ™v& OËMı|

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O = OÈKÒ (eMz| ûGä ûOÈKÒ ä´ó em√ ºdd|B| ôæ¿HT HRH|)"" O`eÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`pe (xI{)ñ ±+çB Hôw wM`æ ±ÁKˆ vJdä ”Ø≥ñ ô¬e ôww 09)%9 Æ. T.ñ EMML 3749. O≥P[ √™*| TeH O≥P[ °`e}eñ Hfezì —&±+ ô¬e ôvw 09)%2 ÆOz TM[|"" OÈKÔ o√c+ v”Ø≥ç vôR`ìñ ô¬e ôvw 09)%1 ÆOz TM[|"" Kz{ ±±`ô ºØpxñ Enno Littmann, Philosophi Abessini, CSCO, script, aeth., ser. prima t. 31, Paris 1904, reprint, Vol. 18, t. 1, Louvain (1962), pp. 3-28. eè°d`ñ võè”H&≥ìñ E. A. Wallis Budge, The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church, Vol. I/II, reprint, Hildesheim · New York 1976. wM[ Kdx (v—+{Ä´ ÜæH+ e` õæ)"" wM\ ±´ƒñ πô&|øÂº {]° û1884 õeû 1966ñ ô¬e ôvw 1989 Æ.T."" wM`æ (ôw)ñ ±+çB H“Iñ I. Guidi, Historia Gentis Galla, CSCO, ser. altera t. 3, Paris 1907, reprint, Vol. 20, script, aeth. t. 3, Louvain (1961), pp. 223-231. ——ñ ÆHS õhz,/Oz°ñ «π“I {]° ÁKÚ´ - wM`æ History of the Galla (Oromo) of Ethiopia By Bahrey”ñ (ô√¬eç ÿè{´ºè ÿç}Ç HM≥x Re{®m*º vπ—&±+´ πQ®◊ OÈK+|)ñ oÈ 1ñ tÿ` 2ñ aR ÿ`/84 (Vol. I, No 2, Rome January/98). x`Dã HSfç {y` ™Qñ πúaU M≥x {]°ñ ô¬e ôvw 1993 (Æ. T.)"" z°H ô&πc#e (ôHn)ñ π‘ÕT {]°ñ EMML 4802 and EMML 5403. z°H Ë≈o Oû=]ºñ πô&|øÂº {]° û≠Ï+ z,¨≈ae õeû m√R™* ÜæH YIc+ñ ô¬e ôvw ì —&±+ Æ. T."" {π (ôHn)ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ JE692E""

page243-250 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 1 244 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

——ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ ô¬e ôvwñ Æ. T."" ——ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ Grover Hudson and Tekeste Negash, History of the People of Ethiopia by Aläqa Tayyä, Uppsala 1987. ÜæH YIc+ (è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂºñ m√R™*)ñ Mæ®z,ç πô&|øÂº õ`TÕñ ì OÈKıñ ô¬e ôvw Æ.T"" á\æ ®J¿ YIc+ (xIz,è —+{)ñ OÈKÔ oéñ (ô¬e ôvw) ÆO| õT≈á[ J¿z% H°`e}e"" ——ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ á|Oz%è π1928 Æ. T. πÛh&e| ®[^ º¤ç—Ô´"" ——ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ Asfa-Wossen Assrate, Die Geschichte von Šaw (Äthiopien) 1700-1865, Wiesbaden 1980. ôTA ôcÛ´ñ æII ¿äyñ 1995 Æ. õ."" õ±&º´ = üHÔ´ tÿ` ´eÿ vzOHûz´ Tè‡"" û&®° (vû&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ e` õæ)"" û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ (v°ıH —&ø`—&e e` õæ)"" °ıH —&ø`—&eñ û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ñ ¿e{ z°H ®J≈ñ (û&®°)ñ OÈKÔ c™e´ ®”e ®O≥—v nI| K¬eñ ô¬e ôvw ÆOz TM[|"" ´√c+ R`ºT o√c+ R`ºTñ (ô¬e ôvw) Æ. T. ≠ÌS/wæ\ zıI (v≠ÌS õç vBairu Tafla e` zOJû|)"" ≠ÌS (ô})ñ π“I {]°ñ Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work. His- tory of the Gll and the Kingdom of Šaw, Stuttgart 1987. ÆHS õhz,/Oz°ñ “π“I {]° ÁKÚ´ - wM`æ History of the Galla (Oromo) of Ethiopia By Bahrey”ñ (ô√¬eç ÿè{´ºè ÿç}Ç HM≥x Re{®m*º vπ—&±+´ πQ®◊ OÈK+|)ñ oÈ 1ñ tÿ` 2ñ aR ÿ`/84 (Vol. I, No 2, Rome January/98). πW`Î ≈è”J/OH° c—≈ {]°ñ K. Conti Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), CSCO, script. aeth., ser. altera t. 3, Paris 1907, reprint, Vol. 20, t. 3 Louvain (1961), pp. 3-220. πÆT¿ Èøè/—x[ OemJ {]°ñ M. Jules Perruchon, “Histoire des guerres d'‘Amda íyon, roi d' Éthiopie,” Journal asiatique, Vol. 8, ser.14, Paris (1889), pp. 271-363, 361-493. πøKèe/ôõIı c—≈ (m√R™*) {]°ñ Guidi, I., Annales Iohannis I ’Iysu I et Bakff, part I, CSCO, Vol. 22, script. aeth., t. 5, reprint, Louvain (1960), pp. 3-55. πô&ºc#/ô≈ºT c—≈ (m√R™*) õç πvüÛ {]°ñ Guidi, I., Annales Io- hannis I ’Iysu I et Bakff, part II, CSCO, Vol. 24, script. aeth., t. 7, reprint, Louvain (1961), pp. 59-346.

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π±`ô ºØpx (õç πvõ¿ R`ºT) {]°ñ M. Jules Perruchon, Les Chroniques de Zar’a Yâ‘eqôb et de Ba’eda Mâryâm, rois d'Éthiopie de 1434 a 1478, Paris 1893. æJR ƒ_dñ πô&|øÂº {]° vôY^ e≈ezì´ °ıH ±Oèñ ô¬e ôvw 09)%9 Æ T"" —x[ YIc+ (ÁKÙ |õ≤≥)ñ {]û ±Oè ± √”R™* TåJ° è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂºñ ô¬e ôvw 09)%9 Æ T"" —x[ YIc+ ú√ñ |≥{ HO{cv&ºñ ûBH#T vÿm*z%ñ (ô¬e ôvw) 1990 Æ.T. —≈H K^ ≈è”Jñ EMML 69, William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 71. —≈H dPô+J ±®—”ñ Stalisnas Kur, Actes de Samuel de Dabra Wagag, CSCO, Vol. 287, script. aeth. t. 57, Louvain 1986. —+{Ä´ ÜæH+ñ wM[ Kdx π±Oè s÷^ o`dÇè û{]° Re{®i “^ñ ¢H+œ˚&J (Qåf{) 09)(3 Æ. T."" ˚& = ˚&πç (π˚&πç´ oÃ O{®m*º)"" Arén, Gustav, Envoys of the Gospel in Ethiopia In Steps of the Evangelical Pioneers 1898-1936, Stockholm 1999. Asfa-Wossen Assrate, Die Geschichte von Šaw (Äthiopien) 1700-1865, Wiesbaden 1980. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work. History of the Gll and the Kingdom of Šaw, Stuttgart 1987. Beckingham, C. F., and G. W. B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia 1593-1646. Being Extracts from the History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida Together with Bahrey's History of the Galla, Lon- don 1954, reprint, Nendeln/Liechtenstein 1967. Bender, M. Lionel , The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, East Lansing (Michigan) 1976. Budge, E. A. Wallis, A History of Ethiopia, Nubia & Abyssinia (According to the Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Egypt and Nubia, and the Ethiopian Chronicles), reprint, Vols. I and II, Oosterhout N.B., The Netherlands 1970. ——, The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church, Vols. I/II, reprint, Hildesheim · New York, 1976. Caquot, A., “Histoire Amharique de Grñ et des Glls,” Annales d'Éthiopie, Vol. II, Addis Ababa/ Paris, (1957), pp. 124-143. Cecchi, A., Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa. Viaggi di Antonio Cecchi, Vol. II, Rome 1886, and Vol. III, 1887.

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Cerulli, Enrico , “Documenti arabi per la Storia dell' Etiopia,” Memorie della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, Vol. IV, Rome (1931), pp. 38-101. ——, “The 'Kalila wa-Dimnah' and the Ethiopic 'Book of Baralaam and Josaphat' (British Museum MS. Or. 534),” Journal of Semitic Studies, Vol. 9 (1964), Amsterdam 1969, pp. 75-99. ——, La Letteratura Etiopica, Milan 1968. CSCO = Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. Conti Rossini, K., Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), CSCO, script. aeth., ser. altera t. 3, Paris 1907, reprint, Vol. 20, t. 3, Louvain (1961), pp. 3-220. ——, “La cronaca reale abissina dall'anno 1800-1840,” Rendiconti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, ser. Quinta, Vol. XXV, Rome (1916), pp. 779-922. Deutsche Forschung Gemeinde, Vol. 3 (1981). Dillmann, Chr. Fr. Augusti, Lexicon linguae aethiopicae cum indice latino, 1865, reprint, Osnabrück 1970. EMML = Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library (see under Getatchew Haile, Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber, and Macomber, William F.) Getatchew Haile, “The Kalélah wa-Dimnah and the Mazmura Krestos,” Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Chicago 1978, pp. 373-386. ——, The Different Collections of NägÅ Hymns in the Ethiopic Literature and Their Contributions, Erlangen (Germany) 1983. ——, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Collegeville (Minnesota), EMMl 1101- 1500, Vol. IV (1979); EMML 3001-3500, Vol.VIII (1985); EMML 3501-4000, Vol. IX (1987); EMML 4001-5000, Vol. X (1993); and EMML 5001-6000, Vol. XI, in preparation. Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Collegeville (Minnesota), EMML 1501-2000, Vol. V (1981); EMML 2001-2500, Vol. VI (1982); EMML 2501-3000, Vol. VII (1893). Guidi, Ignazio, Storia della Letteratura Etiopica, Rome 1932.

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——, Annales Iohannis I ’Iysu I et Bakff, part I, CSCO, script. aeth. ser. altera t. 5, reprint, Vol. 22, script. aeth., t. 5, Louvain (1960), pp. 5-55. ——, Annales Iohannis I ’Iysu I et Bakff, part II, CSCO, Vol. 24, script. aeth., t. 7, reprint, Louvain 1961, pp. 60-346. ——, Historia Gentis Galla, CSCO, script. aeth. ser. altera t. 3, Paris 1907, reprint, Vol. 20, t. 3, Louvain (1961), pp. 223-233. ——, “Di due frammenti relativi alla storia di Abissinia,” Rendiconti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, Rome Vol. 2, ser. 2 (1893), pp. 578-605. ——, “Le canzoni geez-amariña in onore di Re Abissini,” Rendiconti della Reale Accademia dei lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, Rome Vol. V, ser. 4 (1889), pp. 53- 66. Haberland, Eike, Galla Süd-Äthiopiens, Stuttgart 1963. ——, Untersuchungen zum äthiopischen Königtum, Wiesbaden 1965. ——, “Altes Christentum in Süd-Äthiopien,” Frankfurter Historische Forträge, Heft 2 (1976). Hammerschmidt, Ernst, Äthiopische Handschriften vom µnsee1: Reise Bericht und Beschreibung der Handschriften in dem Kloster des Heiligen Gabriel auf der Insel Kebrn, Wiesbaden 1973. Hammerschmidt, Ernst, und Veronika Six, Äthiopische Handschriften 1: Die Handschriften der Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Wies- baden 1983. Hudson, Grover, and Tekeste Negash, History of the People of Ethiopia by Aläqa Tayyä, Uppsala 1987. Huntingford, G. W., The Galla of Ethiopia The Kingdoms of Kafa and Jan- jero, London 1955. Kur, Stalisnas., Actes de Samuel de Dabra Wagag, CSCO, Vol. 287, script. aeth. t. 57, Louvain 1968. Leslau, Wolf, Comparative Dictionary of Geez, Wiesbaden 1987. Littmann, Enno, Philosophi Abessini, CSCO, script, aerth., ser. prima t. 31, Paris 1904, reprint, Vol. 18, t.1, Louvain (1962), pp. 3-28. ——, “Zu A. W. Schleicher's 'Geschichte der Galla',” Zeitschrift für Assyri- ologie und verwandte Gebiete, Vol. 9 (1938), pp. 389-400. Macomber, William F., A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts Micro- filmed for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa and for the Monastic Manuscript Library, Collegeville, Collegeville (Minnesota), EMML 1-300, Vol. I (1975).

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——, Äthiopische Handschriften 2: Die Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, Stuttgart 1989. Taddesse Tamrat, “The Abbots of DŠbrŠ-Hayq 1248-1536,” Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. VIII, no. 1, Addis Ababa (1970), pp. 87-117. Ullendorff, Edward, Studia Aethiopica et Semitica, Stuttgart 1987. Von Donzel, E. J., ‘®nbqom Anqêa Amin (La Porte de la Foi), Leiden 1969. Wendt, Kurt, Das Maêîafa Mild (liber Nativitatis) und Maêîafa Sells« (Liber Trinitatis) des Kaisers Zar’a Y‘qôb, CSCO, Vol. 221, script. aeth. t. 41, Louvain 1962. Wright, W., Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts in the British Museum Acquired since the Year 1847, London 1877.

page243-250 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 7 BL Or. 534, f. 137a.

õeüBè ûz—í%| πO≥P[ °`e}e oœ¨Ç ôè¡"" (—È 43-44 Iæ zm≈~J"")

page243-250 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 8 ! O÷m@T

(á = á√” n = note)

- A - H“" 187 H”" 110(á)ñ 131ñ 134 Axz —&ø`—&eñ Ú{´^]" 22 H#H:" 177 Axz —&ø`—&e Ä`ä|ñ ˘aÙc`" H#S" 8ñ 19ñ 185ñ 191 10 H#ne" 49(á) Aü¢ñ ô≤∑" 65ñ 78ñ 143ñ 145ñ H#neñ ®è—+I™*" 125(á)ñ 154ñ 175 165 H#oR" 193 A—[ R`ºT" 17ñ 144 H#w/H#w¨Ç/H#yÇ" 19ñ 33ñ 64ñ A—[ ¿™a" 189 66-67ñ 69ñ 72ñ 74ñ 77-78ñ AÔ °è}eñ ¿œ ô≥RÇ" 146ñ 77(á)ñ 80-83ñ 80(á)ñ 87ñ 148 89ñ 92ñ 101ñ 104ñ 126ñ BTvç" 63ñ 76ñ 172(á)ñ 183(á) 133ñ 135ñ 151-152ñ 155- Bvç" 172ñ 183-184 157ñ 156(á)ñ 163ñ 173-177ñ Cvê" 173ñ 187ñ 191 175(á)ñ 183-185 C√" 173ñ 189 H#w ¡HÅ" 176 DO`jQ|" 45(á) H#w—+" 155ñ 158 DvÌè≈ñ ôæû+" 15ñ 26ñ 96ñ H&P" 64ñ 78ñ 107ñ 185 84(á)ñ 100ñ 100(á) H&vè/H&yè" 63-65ñ 76-78ñ 77(á)ñ Dèz*è”ˆ`≈" 59ñ 61(á)ñ 93(á)ñ 80ñ 132-133ñ 135ñ 142ñ 157 144ñ 172-173ñ 183-186ñ DæRê|" 24ñ 99 189ñ 191 E√" 187 H&|Rèñ ô+ê" 58ñ 60(á) Fè≈/Fè∆Ç" 25ñ 99 H&º(ôRJº)" 3 G[{" 175 IFT" 73 G\" 190 IH:" 104(á)ñ 105ñ 105(á)ñ Ga" 184 176-177(á) Gc+Ø" 42ñ 43(á) IT/IUÇ" 82ñ 92ñ 105ñ 117ñ G¢" 63-65ñ 76-78ñ 77(á)ñ 173ñ 171ñ 176-177(á) 184ñ 186 IT ê" 104-105 Ie{" 22ñ 105 - H - IyI" 108 I¢ OJ≤" 187 HT¤è" 132ñ 134 H+P" 190 H`™*" 111ñ 115 H+n" 64ñ 78ñ 107ñ 185ñ 190ñ HvÅ" 136 193 Hwc&ñ Y∫T" 147 H+™´ºè" 90 Hwc&ñ h#T" 149 Jdä °è}eñ ôe’" 147ñ 149 H—" 187 Jdä °è}eñ πôv+zÖ#è XFH: H— E√" 187 Jœ" 147ñ 149 H—K&√" 165 Jxe cÚ¨Ç" 90 H— ôy" 187 Jxä ≈è”Jñ ôÏ+" 76-77(á)ñ H— √¬" 18 105ñ 124ñ 164ñ 171ñ 189 H— ‘^/H——:^" 165ñ 187 Jô&e" 64ñ 77ñ 77(á)

page251-278 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 1 252 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

J¿|" 131ñ 143-144ñ 148ñ 150 - O - H:H+¨Ç" 90 H:_èeñ ¿Õ≥RÇ" 166 OHdæ" 98 H:_è≥ πèeè" 61(á) OHü´ºè" 187(á) H:è∆è" 35-36ñ 57-58ñ 60ñ 63ñ OH° c—≈ñ ôÏ+" 99ñ 105(á)ñ 78(á)ñ 88(á) 112ñ 115ñ 127-129 H:ÿ" 64ñ 77 OJü" 187 OJü yH:" 176-177 - K - OJ°≠ —x`ô+J" 36ñ 49 OJ°Æ °è}eñ ê" 136-137 KHv" 92(á) OJ≤" 105 KHx∆" 74ñ 92ñ 92-93(á)ñ 167 OH:J" 64ñ 78 KH&yñ ô≤∑" 111-112ñ 114ñ 117 OKO≈" 30ñ 63ñ 75ñ 85(á)ñ KIw" 108 97ñ 188-189 KOJRJ" 19ñ 67ñ 82ñ 82(á) OKO≈ Kcèñ ∆°z`" 24(á)ñ KPe ®è≥" 148ñ 150 146 KRc+è" 192 OKO≈/OKO≈ ô&xè çc&` KT" 101 ô&xè ô#eRè ô&xè v≈Iæñ KTy" 139 è—#Y" 43-44ñ 46 K[`—+" 177-178 OKO≈ñ äv&∫" 25ñ 99ñ 103ñ K]`" 131 151-152ñ 186 K]e" 73 O[x" 41(á) K^ ≈è”Jñ ôv#ä/ôw" 74ñ 93ñ O[™" 63ñ 76ñ 106ñ 146ñ 148ñ 93(á)ñ 124ñ 125ñ 125(á) 172-174ñ 182-183 K`" 134 O[™ ôº" 66ñ 80 K`PÛ" 67-68ñ 83-84ñ 157 O[¨" 63(á) K`c#" 64ñ 78ñ 107 O^ z°H DæRê|" 172 K`yñ ô≥RÇ" 68ñ 83ñ 111- OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`peñ °v#` 112ñ 115ñ 129-130 xI{" 15ñ 26ñ 35(á)ñ 58ñ Ka Íy" 172 58(á)ñ 78(á)ñ 107ñ 109(á) Kcè" 186 Oc&M/Oc&K™*"" 70ñ 77(á)ñ 88ñ Ke’" 27(á) 129ñ 131ñ 176 Kvi/KvkÇ" 28ñ 29ñ 30ñ 104(á) Odıè|" 43(á) Kz{ ±±`ô ºØpx" 56 Oez™≈≈" 77(á) Kü¢" 63-64ñ 76ñ 78 Oez—x^è" 72 K™`º/K™`º|" 128ñ 150-151ñ OezËT`" 77(á) 174ñ 177 Oe{¨|" 181 K∫" 180 Oeû[T" 10ñ 50 Kæ}î" 146ñ 148 Oeıè ®J¿ R`ºTñ ˘aÙc`" K¬e û&√è" 49ñ 49(á) 61(á) K≈º/K≈º¨Ç" 29ñ 101ñ OmT`" 10ñ 32 118(á)ñ 167 Om,∆ç™*" 46 K—Hwy" 64ñ 78ñ 107 OzûJ" 145(á) KÏ+/KÏ+—+/ôÏ+—+" 68ñ 70-71ñ 84- Oz°" 15 85ñ 84-85(á)ñ 87ñ 89ñ 110ñ OÜJæ" 91(á)ñ 115(á) 110(á)ñ 113ñ 155 Oäû=c+¨Ç" 89 K#√ƒ" 128 Oä¢d|" 72ñ 89ñ 98 K&√" 191 Oå|" 105(á) K&œ^" 46 Oç" 105(á) K+|" 25ñ 25 Oè{ ¿Ô`" 137 M`nêe" 41 Oè≥" 192 M≥oô+J" 120ñ 122ñ 122(á) Oè—¿" 93(á) N^" 139 Oè—∆" 93(á)ñ 166

page251-278 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 2 O÷m@T 253

Oü]" 92(á) Qüô+Jñ o¡e" 81(á)ñ 137ñ 147ñ Oüä R`ºT" 21 149 Oüä YIc+" 165 Qüô+J õT\ñ °v#` Jœ" 166 O°xx" 43ñ 43(á) Q°ºe" 121(á) O£èè|" 72ñ 90 Qÿfi/OÿÅ" 176ñ 176(á) O≥P[ °è}e" 36(á)ñ 36-37ñ RUñ vœaè≈" 153-154 39ñ 45-48ñ 45(á)ñ 47-48(á)ñ RUñ ¿Õ≥RÇ" 154 57 R`peñ ®è—+I™*" 175 O≥P[ °è}eñ ô‡\" 36ñ 47- R`{ ôR[ñ ®æ±a" 10 48 R`ºTñ o≈e|" 17(á)ñ 49(á)ñ O≥P[ √™*|" 36-37ñ 44-47ñ 124 48(á) RjH#|" 148ñ 150 O≥P[ ıW#Kè ®ÁH:z |û#≤è" Rz,ë" 50(á)ñ 115-116(á) 50 Rz,ëñ ®è—+I™*" 125(á)ñ 136ñ O≥P`" 116-117(á) 175 O≥—v uèu" 102 Rá¿[ R`ºT" 147-150 O∑" 67(á)ñ 83(á) Rãô+J ôJS√" 59 O√å|" 82 RèÕa" 25 O≈Üé ÆHT" 79(á) R°Tv`ñ ™*JºTñ ∆°z`" 61(á) O≈ı" 117 Rº" 68ñ 84-85(á)ñ 85ñ 129ñ O≈ıØ" 113 131 Oœ" 67ñ 82ñ 82-83(á) R√“eü`" 25ñ 171 O—≥" 140-141 SJwM/QJwF" 66-67ñ 81ñ 83ñ OÿTm% øKèe" 116(á) 101ñ 104ñ 156-157ñ 156(á)ñ OÿÅ/Qÿfi" 176ñ 176(á) 175 Ofi" 63-64ñ 76ñ 78ñ 78(á)ñ S{" 185ñ 189ñ 191 105(á)ñ 157-158ñ 177-188 Sèƒ≥" 123 OÈKÔ c™e´ ®”e ®O≥—v SÿÅ/Sÿfi" 176(á) nI| K¬e" 98(á) Sfi/Sfi¨Ç" 105ñ 153ñ 178ñ OÈKÔ o√c+" 41(á) 183ñ 189-191ñ 189(á) OÈKÔ ô+`Tºe" 121(á) TJ—@∆" 74ñ 93ñ 93(á) OÈKÔ √èô+J" 49 TYô" 41 OÈKÔ ÔIeÛ" 40-41 TYô ôR[ñ ®æ±a" 10 PJô{" 69ñ 71ñ 73ñ 87ñ 89ñ T`n|" 26ñ 95ñ 163 91ñ 157 TeH+" 19ñ 67ñ 72ñ 82-83ñ 89ñ P^≈ üQJñ ∆°z`" 58 157ñ 175(á) Pc+" 151-152ñ 174 TeaÇ" 178 Pü }°Å" 18ñ 18(á) TåJ°ñ m√R™*" 26ñ 193 P¿ç" 66ñ 68ñ 81ñ 84ñ 157ñ TåJ°ñ √”R™* ôÏ+" 18ñ 21ñ 22- 175 23ñ 84(á)ñ 97ñ 161ñ 164- P—`" 105 166ñ 177-178 P÷&¢^" 19 TèÇH+" 175 P÷& —Iè" 19 TèÕ`" 18ñ 81(á) PfiØ" 73ñ 91 T°A —&ø`—&c" 84(á) QJwF/SJwM" 66-67ñ 81ñ 83ñ TØ^w´ºè" 28-29ñ 50(á)ñ 109 101ñ 104ñ 156-157ñ 156(á)ñ TØ^x" 41(á)ñ 76ñ 98 175 T≈[ HT¤è" 132ñ 134 Qc&øêÇ" 109 T≈[ o`ì" 143ñ 145 Qh&ä]" 29 T≈[ v≈" 131ñ 134 Q|˛¶ñ ˘aÙc`" 61(á) T≈[ v#√" 134 Qåf{" 7ñ 60 T≈[ wM`" 107(á) Qçeñ ôÏ+" 164 T≈[ v+Õ" 101 Qüô+Jñ ê/è—#Y" 41(á) T≈[ ôI" 136

page251-278 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 3 254 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

T≈[ û:H&d" 142 ^õπ ô+Jºe" 46 T≈[ ®œ" 129-130 ^º" 78(á)ñ 184ñ 189-190 T≈[ µR" 144 ^õπ øKèe" 23 T≈[ ∂è v≈J" 132 `K+ñ MOT" 20 T≈[ ¿”Æ" 112 `x" 146ñ 148 T≈[ —èµ" 145 aS" 177 T≈[ —#Rè" 148ñ 150 avH&" 175 T≈[ ‘ÕT" 145 awH+" 64ñ 68-69ñ 77ñ 77(á)ñ T≈[ ¤" 165-166 84-86ñ 84(á)ñ 156-157 TÈ™/TÌ™" 85(á)ñ 125 a—+" 154-155 UTwd" 24 U[j" 85(á) - c - U[|" 27 cHw" 179 U_|" 25 cIH+" 185ñ 185(á)ñ 191 Uô ôèvd" 107 cIO o¡dè" 36ñ 49ñ 119ñ 242 U–" 19 cIRñ ôv#ä" 18 U“d" 175 cJıñ πõaT{" 98 UÔ` ´K" 41(á) cP è—#Yñ ô}" 22 UÚd ¢H#" 175 c^™," 136 - W - c`R|" 85(á) cmI" 92 WT[ ôxñ wM` ä“j" 69ñ 86 coco" 64ñ 77 W`Î °è}e" 129-130 csI" 74ñ 92 W`Î øc+ı" 17 cxô |ü|" 118-119ñ 123ñ 129ñ W`Î ≈è”Jñ ôÏ+" 35ñ 39-40ñ 146ñ 158 42-44ñ 45(á)ñ 46ñ 48ñ 55ñ cèvJ|ñ ®æ±a" 164 79(á)ñ 80(á)ñ 84-87(á)ñ cèvz —#√" 174 90(á)ñ 93(á)ñ 99ñ 105-106ñ cèvz ÷&ç" 174 108ñ 110ñ 115ñ 125ñ 127- cè“" 172ñ 176 131ñ 139ñ 145ñ 150ñ 156 cÆ&≈" 30 W`Ó" 146ñ 148 c∫" 184 XFH YIc+ñ è—#Y" 164ñ 164(á) cæ◊è" 71ñ 88ñ 105ñ 142ñ 144 XFH:ñ ôv+zÖ#è" 147ñ 149 cø" 64ñ 107 Xô&`" 25 c¿Å" 64-65ñ 78(á)ñ 78ñ 80ñ YH#e ÖæI" 87(á) 156ñ 173ñ 184 YH#e ÜæH+" 66ñ 80ñ 101- 102 c¿æ" 139 YIc+" 37 c¬" 78(á) YJ◊è c—≈ñ è—#Y" 131ñ 133- c∆" 189-190 135ñ 137-138ñ 141-142ñ c„&^/d„+^" 63-64ñ 64(á)ñ 76ñ 144-145ñ 150-152 78ñ 78(á) YØH °è}eñ ê" 132ñ 134ñ cÛæºè" 72 143ñ 145 c#RH+¨Ç" 26 Y∫T" 77(á) c#RH+¨Ç/c#RJì" 99ñ 100ñ YøT" 147 109(á) Y”® nJ" 164 c#_" 25 c#eèøeñ ôÏ+" 8ñ 56ñ 79(á)ñ - [ - 83(á)ñ 85-87(á)ñ 106ñ [¢" 192-193 110(á)ñ 118ñ 123-124ñ 126ñ [√ô&" 110-112ñ 114-115 126(á)ñ 129ñ 131ñ 134ñ 137ñ ]Å`≈ ¯è°[e|ñ ˘aÙc`" 139ñ 140-141ñ 144-146ñ 189(á) 145(á)ñ 148ñ 150ñ 164 êä|" 27(á) c#eèøeñ ôv+zÖ#è" 139

page251-278 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 4 O÷m@T 255

c#w" 63-65ñ 68ñ 76ñ 78ñ 80ñ - h - 84(á)ñ 136-137ñ 188ñ 190 c#w ±y[è" 84(á) hRé" 193 c#z%ô+J" 121(á) hxhy/ÄxÄy" 82(á)ñ 88ñ 112ñ c#â" 132ñ 134-135 116ñ 116(á)ñ 133ñ 135ñ 146ñ c#√è" 99 148ñ 150 c#ı —U" 27 hè¢^" 8ñ 18ñ 19ñ 22 c&_ñ" 147 hè‘" 175 c&`w" 64ñ 78 h™" 18ñ 22ñ 29ñ 68ñ 71ñ 73ñ c&ê√" 153 82(á)ñ 84ñ 89ñ 92ñ 97ñ 105ñ c&°eñ ˚+aåüñ ∆°z`" 140(á) 107(á)ñ 129-130ñ 140-141ñ c&√R/c&√R¨Ç" 19ñ 68ñ 83ñ 157ñ 159ñ 163-165ñ 176(á)ñ 84(á)ñ 99ñ 102ñ 106ñ 186ñ 192 118(á)ñ 127ñ 163ñ 165 h™[—≈ñ ®æ±a" 166 c&√Tz*z*" 102 h”I" 105 c&√U/c&√UÇ" 25ñ 99ñ 172ñ 193 h&_" 149 dPô+Jñ ôv#ä" 137ñ 188(á) ihOé" 79(á) dPô+J üJØ" 117(á) ih+" 132ñ 134 dPô+J ±®—”ñ ôv#ä" 81(á) ièoI" 107ñ 147ñ 149ñ 189 dPô+J —#w/‘w|" 29(á)ñ 30 h+}" 147ñ 149 d`ü" 131ñ 134 jIæ§`" 57-60ñ 61(á) doeo" 64(á) jTx^ û#_" 156ñ 156(á) dw" 39ñ 41 j™√" 110-111ñ 114-115 dûI" 132ñ 135 d™*ae" 112ñ 116ñ 116(á) - m - dÿçô+J" 24ñ 187(á) mHO ®`oñ ®æ±a" 164(á) d„+^/c„&^" 63-64ñ 64(á)ñ 76ñ mJ{/mJ{¨Ç" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á) 78ñ 78(á) mez èFx" 81(á) c+R™*/c+R´ºè" 19ñ 24ñ 28ñ me|" 85(á)ñ 133ñ 135 100-101ñ 100(á) mvI ÍT" 143 c+û&" 15ñ 85(á)ñ 34 mè√´◊" 189(á) c+ı v`" 127-128 mè∆I" 74ñ 92 eR√" 143ñ 145 m‡ê" 67ñ 83 eSè" 107(á) m%è·" 127m@è√I" 175 eT∞è" 17 nH I" 103 e`çæ" 111 nH#" 173ñ 187ñ 189ñ 191 eoH|" 128 na√" 148ñ 150 exJºêe" 24 nf" 140-141 exez," 164 m,a" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á)ñ 133ñ 135 e{H&eçe û#`" 188(á) m,ä≥" 25 ez,Ûè e|_Jc&è" 61(á) m,÷R" 146ñ 148 e|_Jc&èñ ez,Ûè" 61(á) oRJ" 70ñ 87ñ 127 eÖ&ä ≈è”J" 76(á) oRè|ì" 100 eÖ&è" 76(á) o`ì" 143ñ 145 eç`" 118ñ 131ñ 134 ovI" 145 eçè" 80(á) ov#Ø" 77(á) eèƒ" 114 ov+" 176(á) e™*≈/e™*≈êÇ" 103 oxÆ|" 126 fH&" 68ñ 84ñ 84(á) ox÷&" 75(á) fø" 78 o¡e øKèe ∫å˚`ez*" 7ñ 11ñ 60 f∆/f∆¨Ç" 64ñ 77ñ 81(á)ñ o√S" 174 189(á) o√c+ R`ºT" 21(á)ñ 98(á) fÚ" 63ñ 75ñ 75(á)

page251-278 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 5 256 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

pUfÇ" 158 68(á)ñ 83ñ 83(á)ñ 101ñ 105- paè}e" 92(á) 106ñ 137ñ 143-144ñ 146ñ p√ cÚ¨Ç" 90 148ñ 156ñ 192 p“" 148ñ 150 v”" 82ñ 105ñ 171-172ñ 175- se÷è÷&êeñ ôv+}" 136 176ñ 176(á) se÷è÷&êeñ √”R™*" 127-128 vÿ[ ôU^" 79(á)ñ 79ñ 157 sè¿I/sè¿I¨Ç" 73-74ñ 87(á)ñ vÿ^T^" 65(á)ñ 79(á) 91-92(á) ñ 91-92ñ 123ñ vÿÛ^" 127-128 133ñ 135 vÿ^ ôU^" 65ñ 79ñ 79(á)ñ uÆ|" 139 82(á) t`wè" 80(á)ñ 102ñ 112ñ 117ñ vÁ` ôU^" 79(á) 138ñ 138ñ 147ñ 149 vÎ` kzJ" 81(á) t`Æè" 187 vÎ` ™ |" 81(á) tÌ`" 154-155 v#J—+/v#J“" 20ñ 81(á) v#\° ôx¬" 36(á) - v - v#^n" 156 v#`n" 177 vIõ/vIØ" 65ñ 80ñ 141-142ñ 183 v#`{" 177(á) vIæäF" 30 v#çº" 166 v[è{" 132ñ 134 v#è" 177(á) v[æz%R" 55ñ 63ñ 65ñ 76ñ 80ñ v#¢" 139 172(á) v#√" 134 v]º" 189 v&HR" 81(á) v_" 82ñ 107ñ 117 v&Ò`Ã" 175ñ 175(á) v`H&è" 36(á)ñ 57ñ 61(á) v&ÒÃ" 19 v`H&è v+z OËMı|" 57 v&ÒŒ" 64ñ 68-69ñ 78ñ 85-87ñ v`v`/v`vaÇ" 98 156-157ñ 175(á) v`w√" 92ñ 92-93(á) v&|®¿≈ä|" 166 v`w∆" 74ñ 167 v&√a" 68ñ 84ñ 84-85(á) v`z%R" 64ñ 66ñ 68ñ 77ñ 80ñ v&ˆH+" 66ñ 69ñ 71ñ 81ñ 87ñ 89ñ 83ñ 86ñ 99ñ 132ñ 134ñ 151- 157 152ñ 156ñ 172-174ñ 172(á)ñ wHv—ç¨Ç" 90 182 wH õœ" 193 v`çwe" 85(á) wHûva¨Ç" 90 vjH:" 143ñ 144-145 wH&" 26ñ 63ñ 66ñ 76ñ 76(á)ñ 81ñ voJ" 67 104 voH:/voH:¨Ç" 82-83ñ 114ñ wH+" 29ñ 76(á)ñ 157ñ 171 117ñ 126(á) wJÅñ Ú{´^]" 22 v|a" 69 wM[ Kdx" 9-10ñ 13ñ 15ñ 23ñ vÉ" 64ñ 77-78 25ñ 31-32ñ 45ñ 46(á)ñ vüÛñ ôÏ+" 22ñ 152-154 108(á) v¢" 173 wM`" 25ñ 107(á)ñ 174 vÆH DTd" 48(á) wM` ä“j" 55ñ 85(á)ñ 130ñ 143ñ vÆH è|" 72ñ 90 145 vπäñ ô“Û]" 22 wM` ôYw" 112ñ 117 v¿\" 85(á) wM`æñ ôw" 11ñ 33ñ 35(á)ñ 35- v≈" 131ñ 134 39ñ 43-52ñ 47(á)ñ 53-54ñ v≈Iæ" 18 56ñ 57ñ 59ñ 59(á)ñ 74ñ v≈J ÎKæ" 66ñ 80 76(á)ñ 78-79(á)ñ 84(á)ñ v≈H:" 69ñ 85 86(á)ñ 88(á)ñ 90(á)ñ 93ñ 99ñ v T≈`" 101 101-102ñ 118-119ñ 123ñ v—ç" 73 125-127ñ 125(á)ñ 167ñ v—+T≈`/v+—T≈`/v+—+ T≈`" 68ñ 175(á)ñ 242ñ 278

page251-278 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 6 O÷m@T 257

wM` —U" 26-27 z`z%H&ºêc" 123(á) w]º/w`º" 107ñ 181 zèvI|" 63ñ 151 w]“R" 26 zôT[ ô&πc#e" 22 weJøeñ πxIz,êÇ —+{ (xIz,è z°H DæRê|ñ è—#Y" 164 —+{)" 29ñ 166 z°H DæRê|ñ ôw" 140 wv#" 189 z°H YH#e" 147ñ 149 wv&H:è" 73ñ 91ñ 121(á) z°H YIc+ ÷&êñ ô≤∑" 8ñ 145 wx õJOè¿x" 24 z°H ô&πc#e/™oœ^ (z°H+)ñ ôHn" wèÕ" 145(á) 8ñ 21ñ 25ñ 27ñ 167 wæ\ zıIñ ∆°z`" 59ñ 60(á)ñ z°H —&ø`—&eñ √U| ÁKÔ IT" 61ñ 61(á)ñ 84(á)ñ 108(á)ñ 129-130 214 z™M∆ v+z °èz*ºè" 37 wœñ ™H&e" 59 z´√√/z,¨√√ñ ®æ±a/™,±a " 70ñ v+`d" 81(á) 87ñ 87(á)ñ 88 v+z JK+T" 20ñ 20(á) z≥ü[ ≈è”J" 164 v+z R`ºT" 143ñ 144 z≥üa" 93(á)ñ 166 v+z ôTÜ^" 143ñ 145 z≈wv R`ºT" 82(á) v+z °èz*ºè" 84(á) z—≥a" 71 v+z “I" 15ñ 98ñ 136-137ñ 148 z—>H|" 192 v+z Ô[èœ" 98 z%HR/z%HR¨Ç/zH:R/|H#R/z%IR/ v+}" 188 |H:R" 64ñ 64(á)ñ 77-78ñ v+û&è”DT" 59ñ 61ñ 61(á)ñ 77(á)ñ 105ñ 105(á)ñ 125(á)ñ 93(á)ñ 194ñ 157 140-141ñ 153ñ 173ñ173(á)ñ v+Õ/v+Õ¨Ç" 100-101 176(á)ñ 177ñ 183-184ñ xH#æ û&√è" 90(á) 183(á)ñ 188-191 xIz,è —+{" 132ñ 134 z%H# m%w H#w" 152-153 xIz,êÇ" 132ñ 134 z%H#ñ ÁKÙ IMT" 29ñ 165-166 xJØ|" 140-141 z%H# Ô^" 8ñ 19 x]z*j Iæx^]" 11 z%Tô+" 64ñ 78ñ 107 x]{åº" 29 z%`°/z%`¢Ç" 56ñ 123ñ 125ñ x^´û+T˜`" 15 97(á) x`" 132-133ñ 135 {y` ™Qñ ô}" 76(á)ñ 79(á)ñ x`Dã HSfñ ô}" 76(á)ñ 79(á)ñ 109(á) 109(á) {Ç {Ç ”xÈ" 98 x`x` R`ºT" 35ñ 35(á) {Øü ä—Y|" 165 xäæ ¿™" 91(á) {π —x[ R`ºTñ ôHn" 8ñ 25ñ xõc+ õ”±&ôxK+`" 17 27ñ 48(á) 59ñ 60ñ 60(á)ñ y[ç/y[êÇ/y[è" 25ñ 63-69ñ 61(á)ñ 97ñ 99ñ 104(á)ñ 170- 64(á)ñ 71ñ 76-80ñ 79(á)ñ 171ñ 188 83-86ñ 84(á)ñ 89ñ 99ñ 102ñ {¿c {T^|ñ ˘aÙc`" 8ñ 11ñ 106ñ 139ñ 156ñ 172-174ñ 60(á) 172(á)ñ 176ñ 182ñ 184ñ {ƒëñ ôw" 140 186ñ 189ñ 191 {À^" 188(á) yi" 71ñ 88 z,Rè" 25 yi h#T" 128-129 z,TçØ" 25 ywd" 25ñ 171 z,¨√√/z´√√ñ ®æ±a/™,±a" 70ñ yÇ" 173ñ 184-185 87ñ 87(á)ñ 88 yû#" 176 z,¨≈aeñ ôÏ+" 18ñ 22ñ 116(á) |J" 82(á) - z - |`û=" 138 zOe—è" 30 |v+" 193 zTv+è" 136 |èv&|" 65ñ 80 z[Ô ô+`Tºe" 121(á) |´Ú{™*" 24

page251-278 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 7 258 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

|”^æ/|”_/|”_¨Ç" 28ñ çæŒ]º" 150(á) 45(á)ñ 84(á)ñ 100ñ 100(á)ñ ç˜*π`ñ Œé^J" 36 106ñ 107(á)ñ 110ñ 114ñ ç¸Gñ Fè∆Ç" 99 136ñ 143ñ 145ñ 163ñ 184ñ èe`" 113ñ 117 188ñ 188(á)ñ 192 èe` nç" 147ñ 149 |”_ O¢èè" 85(á)ñ 143ñ 145 èx —¿J" 188 |—>]" 188ñ 188(á) èô#e πRê" 147 }^ Oe°" 18 è™æñ ôw" 113ñ 118 è”≈" 90 - Ä - êH&ö&ã" 173 êH+ôH&" 65ñ 80 Ä\H&" 15ñ 45(á)ñ 46ñ 47(á) êH+ô+H#" 65ñ 80 ÄxÄy/hxhy" 82(á)ñ 88ñ 112ñ êá" 120ñ 122 116ñ 116(á)ñ 133ñ 135ñ êê" 189 146ñ 148ñ 150 ÇH:|" 174 - ô -

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page251-278 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 9 260 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

ôá¯" 99ñ 124(á) ôıê" 67ñ 70ñ 110-112ñ 133ñ ô´dxøc" 123(á) 137ñ 146-147 ô±y" 184ñ 190 ôı_" 64-65ñ 77ñ 77(á)ñ 78ñ ô±+" 85(á) 156 ô≥R]¨Ç" 90 ôıa ôæ—x" 80(á)ñ 102 ô≥RaÄ*" 73 ô#\" 174(á) ô∫" 174ñ 176-177 ô#\üI" 136-137 ôº" 188 ô&H#" 64ñ 77ñ 189 ôºèz%" 105(á)ñ 188ñ 190 ô&II" 68ñ 84ñ 84-85(á) ôæB√™*/ôæB≈" 110ñ 151-152ñ ô&^è/ô&^êÇ" 75ñ 75(á) 191 ô&dæºe" 39ñ 41ñ 41(á)ñ 76(á)ñ ôæOHJ" 188 86(á)ñ 114(á) ôæw" 146ñ 148 ô&z%" 63ñ 76ñ 106ñ 142-145ñ ôæû+ DvÌè≈" 26ñ 100ñ 100(á) 172ñ 178ñ 182-183ñ 188(á)ñ ô¿J" 43-44ñ 104(á)ñ 126(á)ñ 190 142ñ 144ñ 188-189 ô&z,—+" 70ñ 88 ô¿J Ox[o" 66ñ 81ñ 81(á) ô&|Q¢" 175 ô¿_¨Ç" 100 ô&|ø„&e" 104 ô¬e ôvw" 18ñ 21ñ 41(á)ñ 61(á) ô&|øÂº/ô&|øÂº™*/ô&|øÂº™*ä|/ ô¬e ôvw ∫å˚èz*" 109(á) ô&|øÂº´ºè" 7-9ñ 15-17ñ ô√" 25ñ 190 21-31ñ 24(á)ñ 41(á)ñ 55-56ñ ô√J/ô√H:Ç" 18ñ 20ñ 81-82(á)ñ 56(á)ñ 58-61ñ 76-77(á)ñ 81- 105ñ 125-126ñ 144ñ 189(á) 85(á)ñ 98-99ñ 100-101ñ ô≈Re U—d" 87(á) 100(á)ñ 102-104ñ 106ñ 108- ô≈Re c—≈" 70ñ 87 109ñ 118ñ 122-123ñ 125ñ ô≈ô" 164(á) 145-146ñ 155-158ñ 161ñ ô≈º" 166 163-168ñ 171-172ñ 176(á)ñ ô≈ºT c—≈ ô&ºc#" 29ñ 105ñ 186ñ 187(á)ñ 189ñ 189(á)ñ 122ñ 125(á)ñ 152-153ñ 157ñ 191-193 165 ô&è¬ºèe" 99 ô∆^" 70ñ 88 ô&π\dH+T" 8ñ 17ñ 25ñ 29ñ ô∆çæ" 118 29(á)ñ 60ñ 121(á)ñ 171 ô T" 63 ô&πaT" 123(á) ô `z%" 74ñ 92 ô&πc#e" 49(á) ô—´ T≈`" 101 ô&πc#e °è}e" 110-111ñ 114ñ ô—´/ô—´ì/ô—¨Ç" 99ñ 100- 131-132ñ 134ñ 148ñ 150- 101ñ 100(á)ñ 110(á)ñ 132- 152ñ 177 133ñ 135 ô&ºc# (ô≈ºT c—≈)ñ m√R™*ñ ô”Æ≥ºè" 28 ôÏ+" 29ñ 105ñ 122ñ 125(á)ñ ô◊H&" 67 152-153ñ 157ñ 165 ôÿçı c—≈" 82(á) ô&øx" 120ñ 122 ô¤x`" 189 ô&øôeñ ôÏ+" 29 ôÈçı c—≈" 67ñ 70ñ 82ñ 82(á)ñ ô&”ç±&ø —#æ¬" 59 87 ô&Û|" 110 ôÏ+—+/KÏ+/KÏ+—+" 68ñ 70-71ñ 84- ô+I" 64ñ 77ñ 77(á) 85ñ 84-85(á)ñ 87ñ 89ñ 110ñ ô+JRè" 73ñ 91 110(á)ñ 113ñ 155 ô+J≤v+J" 48(á) ôÒ`" 77(á) ô+JÛ≥" 25 ôÛ`/ôÛaÇ" 116(á)ñ 188(á) ô+ôH&eñ v&|®¿≈" 153-154 ôı]ü/ôı]ü™*/ôı]ü´ºè" 24ñ ô+`Tºe" 120-121ñ 121(á) 29ñ 100ñ 103 ô+`|^/ô+`|^™*" 56ñ 59ñ 85(á)ñ ôı]∆è" 63ñ 75ñ 75(á) 107(á)

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ô+d´" 25 ú`}∆°d™*/ú`}∆°e" 28-29ñ ô+z%" 178(á) 109ñ 129 ô+ê H&|Rè" 58ñ 60(á) úaR™*/úaTì/úaU/úaU¨Ç" 7- ô+∆T" 25 8ñ 15-16ñ 18-20ñ 23-31ñ ô+∆T dô+`" 25 38ñ 54-55ñ 56(á)ñ 59-60ñ õH ôH√" 100 76-79(á)ñ 82-84(á)ñ 88(á)ñ õH ôQ√/õH ÆQ√" 77(á)ñ 100 93(á)ñ 100-101ñ 95ñ 97- õH ô`wØz%" 77(á) 109ñ 104(á)ñ 108-109(á)ñ õH ô≥’’" 100 118-119ñ 122-127ñ 129ñ õH ÆQ√/õH ôQ√" 100 135(á)ñ 137-138ñ 145-146ñ õH —v≥" 100 150ñ 150(á)ñ 153ñ 155-158ñ õJıøe" 22 163-168ñ 176(á)ñ 188ñ õK#≈/õB≈" 134ñ 174 188(á)ñ 193(á) õP\" 64ñ 78 úy" 63ñ 65ñ 76ñ 78ñ 80ñ 107 õTv&J{" 149 úä”" 188(á) õTv&eRè" 143-144 õTΩ" 154-155 - û - õY^ô+J" 105(á) õ[ì" 92(á) ûHI" 73ñ 87(á)ñ 91 õ`i" 90 ûH#" 186 õaT{" 98 ûH&I ®≈Tç" 46-47ñ 47(á) õeIT/õeIUÇ/õeJTç" 25ñ û[∫" 63ñ 65ñ 76ñ 80ñ 105(á)ñ 27(á)ñ 29ñ 75ñ 75(á)ñ 105-106ñ 141-143ñ 172ñ 82(á)ñ 98ñ 104(á)ñ 105ñ 182-183ñ 188-191 107(á)ñ 110-111ñ 114ñ 125ñ û[∫ ÒŸ" 144 131ñ 152ñ 157-158ñ 163ñ ûva" 73ñ 149 186-188ñ 187(á)ñ 191-192 ûx|" 82ñ 91-92ñ 105ñ 107ñ õe^ô+I´ºè/õe^ô+J" 73ñ 91ñ 176(á)ñ 181 115(á)ñ 121(á)ñ 126 ûz{" 104(á) õez*Ôè Eæ≥" 10 ûäÆè" 25 õe°è≈`" 147ñ 149 ûÛ" 84(á)ñ 193 õe°è≈`º" 17 ûıÉÇ" 100(á) õeº" 25ñ 171 û#`ñ e{H&eçe" 188(á) õwx" 18ñ 88(á) û#d/û#d™*" 99ñ 20ñ 100-101ñ õä‡II" 158 104ñ 118ñ 118(á) õç]º" 61(á)ñ 71ñ 88ñ 101ñ û#{]" 184ñ 189-190ñ 189(á) 107ñ 125ñ 150ñ 152-153ñ û&H:H+" 66ñ 68ñ 81ñ 85ñ 157 156ñ 193ñ 193(á) û&[U" 64ñ 78 õèed" 82 û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ñ ôHn" 56ñ 98 õè∏^` ≠Rãô+J" 20ñ 22 û&√è" 119ñ 120 õè¿`{" 105 üFç|" 72ñ 90 õè≈`ºeñ ô≥RÇ" 99ñ 99(á)ñ üH#" 189 104(á)ñ 105ñ 177(á) üH+ı" 111-113ñ 115-117 õè”H&≥ v+z OËMı|" 36 üH:" 189 õè”H&≥/õè”H&≥ì/õè”H&≤´ºè" üQJñ P^≈ñ ∆°z`" 58 29(á)ñ 30ñ 36ñ 58-61ñ üR™*/üT" 20ñ 99-100ñ 193 61(á)ñ 92-93(á)ñ 157 ü^ m@`m@^" 177 õèı^≥" 148ñ õèı^≥" 150 ü}H&°/ü}H&¢Ç" 29ñ 86(á)ñ õ”[ïÇ" 87ñ 150 93(á)ñ 123ñ 104(á)ñ 187(á) õ”`" 70 üû#|" 105(á) õ¤—+" 155 üæa" 58 úS{™*/úS}¨Ç"" 100 û+^" 65(á) ú`R" 25 °Fä|" 72ñ 90

page251-278 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 11 262 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

°H&RèÕa" 26 ®H“" 29ñ 185ñ 190 °èz*ºè/°èz*ºêÇ/°è|ç" ®IU" 25ñ 27ñ 193 24(á)ñ 37ñ 65ñ 69ñ 71ñ ®IeR" 187 75(á)ñ 77(á)ñ 79ñ 83- ®H+" 157-158 84(á)ñ 85-86ñ 88-89ñ ®J{" 73 88(á)ñ 91(á)ñ 98-99ñ ®Jô&e" 77(á) 100(á)ñ 105-107ñ 109-110ñ ®J¿ Oè”Y|" 86(á) 114ñ 122ñ 125-128ñ 129ñ ®J¿ è—#Y" 140-141 131ñ 139ñ 145ñ 150-152ñ ®J¿ °è}eñ ê" 71ñ 89 155-158ñ 163ñ 165-166ñ ®J¿ °è}eñ ôv+zÖ#è" 132ñ 174ñ 176(á)ñ 177-178ñ 134ñ 147 ñ149 187ñ 187(á)ñ 187ñ 189ñ ®J¿πeñ OT_" 22 189(á)ñ 191-193 ®J¿ —x`ô+Jñ Jœ" 22 °è}d™*ºè" 111ñ 114 ®J≈º —x`ô+J" 30 °è}e" 18ñ 31ñ 37ñ 42-43ñ ®J∆ñ Ú{´^]/Ú| ô´^]" 48ñ 110-111ñ 114ñ 131-132ñ 143ñ 145 134ñ 148ñ 150-152ñ 110- ®H:/®H:Ç" 65ñ 80ñ 80(á)ñ 105ñ 111ñ 114ñ 120-121ñ 132ñ 105(á)ñ 122ñ 141-142ñ 144ñ 134ñ 147ñ 150-151ñ 177 165ñ 173ñ 173(á)ñ 177-178ñ °e{å" 84(á) 180ñ 183-184ñ 186-189ñ 191 °v& nH: Qüô+J" 30 ®[" 187 °{x" 188 ®[CRê" 187 °|Å" 144 ®[Qã" 136-137 °ıH" 93(á) ®[U" 25 °ıH:" 93(á) ®[c¿Å" 173 °ıH:ñ —:∂T ä“j" 147ñ 150 ®[c+§+" 20 ¢H#" 175 ®[nH#" 187 ¢H+œ˚&J" 7ñ 11ñ 60 ®[ v#¢" 65ñ 80 ¢f/¢Z" 66ñ 81ñ 82(á) ®[x" 90(á)ñ 129-130 ¢èf¨Ç" 118(á) ®[äi/®[äi¨Ç" 150-152ñ 183- ¢è{" 193 184 ¢è”_e v+z OËMı|" 36(á) ®[èi" 132ñ 134ñ 142ñ 143-145ñ ¢ê" 64ñ 77-78ñ 139ñ 173ñ 184ñ 172ñ 172(á) 185 ®[è÷&i" 63ñ 76 ¢æ^" 79(á) ®[èÿi" 172(á) û:H&d" 142ñ 142 ®[ êH+ôH&" 65ñ 80 û:e|a" 156 ®[ êH+ô+H#" 65ñ 80 û@ç|" 73 ®[ ô&H#" 65ñ 80 û=H:" 193 ®[ û[∫" 65ñ 80 û=d" 193 ®[∆a" 189 û={™," 64ñ 78 ®[ —>^õ" 65ñ 80 û=è≈J" 133ñ 136 ®[◊π" 136-137 û=π^" 79(á) ®_x¢" 136-137 £^" 65(á)ñ 79(á) ®_À" 136-137 !^" 27(á)ñ 65ñ 79ñ 79(á) ®_—#" 136-137 ®ò" 131ñ 134 - § - ®`√º" 124ñ 125(á)ñ 144 ß≈ —vº" 148ñ 150 ®`≈ôº" 71ñ 89 ®`≈ºè" 173-174ñ 183 - ® - ®cè c—≈" 164 ®cè ôTw" 132ñ 135 ®Hn" 17ñ 101ñ 105ñ 125- ®v]" 185ñ 190 126(á)ñ 132ñ 135ñ 139ñ ®v&" 66-67ñ 81-82ñ 81(á) 142-145

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®y" 64ñ 78ñ 78(á)ñ 173ñ 184- - ≠ - 185 ®z|" 92ñ 104(á)ñ 177(á) ≠He" 173 ®|®|" 74 ≠Rãô+J ôx`DTñ °v#` ô}" 101 ®ç” c—≈ñ ôÏ+" 63ñ 76ñ 76- ≠T¿" 93(á) 77(á)ñ 156ñ 156(á)ñ 171 ≠T∆" 166 ®ç” ôèvd" 76(á) ≠[x/≠[w™*/≠[xì/Æ[x/Æ[xì/ ®è√d" 132ñ 134 Æ[yÇ" 27(á)ñ 39ñ 41ñ 75(á)ñ ®è≈—+" 110(á)ñ 131ñ 134 97(á)ñ 99ñ 101ñ 103ñ 123 ®è—+J" 177-187 ≠ev" 93(á) ®æ^ ¡I" 176 ≠ey" 166 ®æç Æ[x" 154 ≠væ" 173ñ 187ñ 191 ®æç¿“" 83(á) ≠væ v+|" 187 ®æç ¿”Æ" 68ñ 85ñ 146ñ 148ñ ≠v&æ ÍT" 127-128ñ 145 150 ≠x¿I" 29ñ 30 ®æ≤≥aÇ" 90 ≠ T" 75(á) ®æÔè" 181 ≠ÌO —&ø`—&eñ ô}" 59 ®√–ñ ô}" 166 ≠ÌS/ÆÌS/ÆÈS/ÆÿSñ ô}" 8ñ ®œ" 65ñ 71ñ 80ñ 88ñ 129-130ñ 25ñ 27ñ 60ñ 61(á)ñ 81(á)ñ 129-132 84(á)ñ 97ñ 108(á)ñ 108ñ 138ñ ®œ nÈ" 130(á) 162ñ 171ñ 174(á)ñ 189(á)ñ ®—^" 149 191(á) ®—”" 188ñ 188(á) ≠#OT" 192 ®—+¡" 189 ≠#\" 64ñ 66ñ 77ñ 80ñ 146ñ 148 ®”√" 137 ≠#^ô+Jñ o¡e" 81(á) ®ÚR" 141-142 ≠#`" 174ñ 183 ™*JºT RûTv`ñ ∆°z`" 61(á) ÆHS õhz,ñ ˘aÙc`" 15ñ 58(á)ñ ™H&e wœ" 59 59 ™H&f" 64ñ 78 ÆH&" 30 ™jè”zè" 36(á) ÆH&" 186-187 ™n" 146ñ 177ñ 180 ÆH& v+|" 187 ™v& hvH&" 125ñ 157 ÆH&ñ |Jm% ê" 29-30 ™èü" 154-155 ÆH&ñ |èh# ê" 29ñ 29(á) ™ü" 68ñ 83 ÆOz cRØ{|/ÆOz cRØ|" 46ñ ™™," 116(á) 51 ™π|" 187 ÆOz v#\üè cRØ|" 51 ™∫" 185ñ 191 ÆOz ô“`" 46 ™√" 92(á) ÆOz õe°è≈`" 46 ™À" 191 ÆOz ÆHT" 46 ™–" 74ñ 92 ÆT¿ Qüô+J/ÆT¡ñ ê ™,±a" 70 v&|®¿≈" 27(á) ™,≤≥`" 72 ÆT¿ Èøèñ ôÏ+" 104(á)ñ 107(á)ñ Ív#" 172 187ñ 187(á) ´Jè›z*" 18 ÆT¡/ÆT¿ Qüô+Jñ ê ´^è" 112ñ 117 v&|®¿≈" 27(á) í" 18 ÆT∆" 69ñ 85ñ 93(á) ´jR" 181-182 ÆW`z% nI|" 163 óa" 146ñ 148ñ 148ñ 150 ÆX" 67(á) ´√c+ R`ºT" 21(á)ñ 98(á) ÆX ±äx" 67ñ 82 ´√c+ °è}e" 47 Æ[x/Æ[xì/Æ[yÇ/≠[x/≠[w™*/ ´≈R ôeÔ_" 187ñ 187(á) ≠[xì" 27(á)ñ 39ñ 41ñ 75(á)ñ ´fiI" 136-137 97(á)ñ 99ñ 101ñ 103ñ 123 ´fiH+" 122 Æey" 84(á)ñ 93(á)

page251-278 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 13 264 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

Æeyñ ¿œ ô≥RÄ*/¿œ ô≥RÇ" ≥èœa" 193 69ñ 86 ≥™æ" 68ñ 84ñ 85(á)ñ 140ñ 141 Æwæ" 153ñ 154 ≥Ûè v+|" 147ñ 149 Æ´¿ ”≤|" 101 ÆÈn" 140-141 - µ - ØHz ôû:z,|" 9 µR" 142ñ 144 Øx^æeÿ" 36 ∂^" 132ñ 134 Øèpñ OH° K^" 147ñ 149 ∂è" 82(á) ØèwpTñ õ¤—+" 27(á) ∂è KÁç" 72ñ 90 Ø≥^" 120-121 ∂è OÆW_" 72ñ 90 Ø◊ä ≈è”J" 76(á) ∂è v≈J" 132ñ 135 Ø◊è" 76(á) ∂è ôU^" 67ñ 82ñ 82(á) - ± - - π - ±R`ºT" 126(á) πOè/πOç™*" 27(á) ±YIc+" 137 πRä °`e}eñ ^e" 132ñ 134ñ ±Z" 166 146-147-149 ±[—T" 133ñ 136 πRêñ |èh#" 147ñ 149 ±`ô ºØpxñ ôÏ+" 18ñ 19ñ 21ñ πc#ı" 188-189 27(á)ñ 56ñ 106(á)ñ 192 πèeèñ H:_è≥" 61(á) ±`ô ºØpxñ ÔIeÛ´" 16 πô&|øÂº M≥x {]°" 60(á)ñ 215 ±`ô øKèeñ ô≥RÄ*/ô≥RÇñ πúaU M≥x {]°" 109(á) —:∂T ä“j" 68ñ 84ñ 84- πÀ/πÀ¨Ç" 29ñ 30 85(á)ñ 129-130 π“Iç πh™ Oè”Y| {]°" 60 ±Ö>Jt/Ö>Jt" 119ñ 121 π“Iç πô&|øÂº Oè”Y| {]°" ±èz^" 91(á) 59 ±è”" 146ñ 148 π‘ÕT {]°" 116(á) ±ô&πc#e" 149 ∫Jøe" 150 ±ü`ºe" 40ñ 41ñ 41(á) ºaRæ" 175 ±√”T" 91(á) ºÆ&" 180 ±≈è”Jñ ôÏ+" 107 ºØpxñ ôÏ+" 25ñ 79(á)ñ 87(á)ñ ±—` m*a" 92(á) 138 ±Ê" 74ñ 93ñ 166 ºØpxñ ôv+}" 82(á)ñ 163ñ 164 ±Îô|/Îô|" 115(á)ñ 117(á) æB¬/æB¬¨Ç" 27(á)ñ 114 ±ıÿ[|" 77(á) æH#" 184ñ 190 ≤RéJñ ô≤∑" 21 æII" 85(á) ≤TJ —&ø`—&e" 30 æII ¿äy" 85(á) ≤`" 189 æJR ƒ_dñ °v#` ô}" 54ñ 56ñ ≤}" 27 108ñ 108(á) ≤è±&w`" 24-25 æYKo" 25 ≤"/≤"¨Ç" 27ñ 27(á)ñ 101ñ æYKoñ wM` ä“j" 56ñ 85(á)ñ 155ñ 172 130 ≤ı" 97ñ 98ñ 174 æYKoñ ôÏ+" 27ñ 79(á)ñ 108ñ ±+çB Hôw wM`æ ±ÁKˆ vJdä 171 ”Ø≥" 26(á)ñ 58 æz%" 177ñ 188ñ 188(á) ±+çB H“I" 57 æû#ê ôTI°ñ ôÏ+" 27ñ 155 ±+ç O™ØJ" 8ñ 16 æÛ|" 113ñ 186-188 ±+ç R`peñ ôv#ä" 27 æÛ”" 61(á) ±+ç äv&º|" 120ñ 122 øJøeñ |”_ Oû:èèñ wM[ ä“j" ±+çæ" 85 143ñ 145ñ 148 ≥Gè" 91 øKèe O¿x`" 75(á) ≥èœ" 25 øKèeñ OÿTm%" 116(á)

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øKèeñ m√R™* ôÏ+" 84(á)ñ ¡[z" 190(á) 92(á)ñ 126(á)ñ 136ñ 164 ¡[z*" 105(á)ñ 188-190 øKèeñ ®è—+I™*" 115(á)ñ 175 ¡≈" 141-142 øKèe ‰‰e ±åm*∫" 75(á) ¬JRè" 76(á) øKèeñ ÁKÙ IMT" 166 ¬R —&ø`—&e" 125(á) øc+ı ®J¿ ¢`øè" 75(á) ¬`R" 165-165 øo◊è" 104ñ 193 ¬ä”ƒñ —+{" 19 ¬ºxH:e" 24 - ¿ - ¬—H#" 133ñ 136 ¬”¿R" 78(á) ¿Tv&º" 69ñ 86ñ 107(á)ñ √R" 80(á) 125(á)ñ 125ñ 129-130ñ 139ñ √U|" 79(á)ñ 80(á)ñ 86-87ñ 167 86(á)ñ 89ñ 105ñ 107(á)ñ ¿U v#éñ ô}" 164(á) 125ñ 127ñ 129-130ñ 132ñ ¿]Ë" 146ñ 148 135ñ 145(á)ñ 154ñ 157ñ 166 ¿^" 105ñ 143-144ñ 186ñ 191 √U| ÁKÔ IT" 130(á) ¿vH+" 175 √w|" 147ñ 149 ¿wò" 116(á) √á[‘|ñ ®œ nÈ" 129-130 ¿x[ H&wêe" 27(á)ñ 140-141 √èô+J" 49(á)ñ 120ñ 122 ¿x[ O≈Üå| (R`ºT)" 21-22 √ôH+" 63-64ñ 77 ¿x[ R`ºT" 21ñ 43-45ñ 45(á) √™*" 79(á) ¿x[ {y`" 111ñ 115 √™*|" 20(á)ñ 36ñ 43-44ñ 47(á)ñ ¿x[ Ö±H:" 81(á) 113ñ 117 ¿x[ ä—:≈’≈" 165 √™," 65-71ñ 79(á)ñ 79-80ñ 88ñ ¿x[ ôcy|" 81(á) 88(á)ñ 102ñ 118ñ 127ñ 128 ¿x[ ôx`DT" 87ñ 87(á) √—#d" 111ñ 114 ¿x[ ®—”" 81(á) √¤" 63-64ñ 76-78ñ 165ñ 173ñ ¿x[ ≈Ö#Ü" 140 184-185ñ 189 ¿x[ ”Pè" 81(á) ƒU°^c&" 158 ¿x[ ÈwM" 81(á) ƒ` YJ◊è" 11ñ 60 ¿xz^/¿xz^¨Ç" 72ñ 90ñ 124 ƒy^ h˜`≈ñ ∆°z`" 10 ¿Ö[‘|ñ ô≥RÄ*" 68ñ 85ñ ≈JäX+ñ ôdIÚ" 22 85(á)ñ 112ñ 117 ≈`dä O≥P`" 44 ¿ã" 84(á) ≈`dä ≠#^ô+J" 81(á) ¿èm≥" 148ñ 150 ≈wç" 147ñ 149 ¿èpa Oè—≈" 145 ≈x" 141-142 ¿è—&º" 174 ≈x ôèvd" 147ñ 149 ¿ôH+" 63-64ñ 76ñ 78 ≈è" 165-166 ¿§ê" 85(á)ñ 125 ≈è—>`—@^" 188 ¿™" 91(á) ≈”ç Qüô+Jñ è—#Y" 186 ¿™a" 66ñ 68ñ 81ñ 81(á)ñ ∆ê" 172 85ñ 104(á)ñ 105ñ 110ñ 113ñ ∆a Räm*º" 97 130-131ñ 157ñ 189ñ 189(á) ∆v&" 18 ¿™," 88(á)ñ 110ñ 207-208(á) ∆v&|" 136 ¿œ" 146 ∆xÆ YJ◊è/∆w YJ◊è" 112- ¿“ T≈`" 116 113ñ 116-117ñ 116(á) ¿“ˆÄ*" 72ñ 90 ∆Û Qüô+J" 20 ¿”Æ" 85(á)ñ 112 ¿‘" 19ñ 21ñ 67ñ 82 - - ¿‘Tc&d" 8ñ 18ñ 19 ¡H#" 67ñ 83 Òç™*/ Òè/ Òèì/ ¡I" 87(á) ÒêÇ" 26ñ 57-58ñ 61(á)ñ ¡I—#}" 69-71ñ 87(á) 100ñ 103ñ 140(á) ¡H:" 175

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ÃH+" 190 —#HH+" 185ñ 191 Ã√" 63ñ 76ñ 78 —#R" 174ñ 185ñ 190ñ 193 ÕèGæ" 84(á) —#Rè" 148ñ 150 ÕèŒa¨Ç" 100 —#^" 136-137 Õ™*" 88(á)ñ 153-155ñ 208(á) —#^Tw (R`ºT)" 20ñ 21 œI" 176 —#^Ø" 65(á) œH+" 64-65ñ 77-78ñ 77(á)ñ 80ñ —#^—+/—#^—+¨Ç" 29ñ 77(á)ñ 79- 141-142ñ 173ñ 183-185ñ 189 81(á)ñ 84(á)ñ 100ñ 125ñ œJCü" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á) 127-129 œR" 185ñ 190ñ 193 —#v`Õ R`ºT" 30 œvI" 70ñ 87ñ 87(á) —#}" 87(á) œvç" 66ñ 81 —#æ¬" 59-60ñ 62ñ 60-61(á)ñ œv#z*" 188(á) 91(á) œè—#`" 183 —#¬ÔÅ" 28 œ√" 64ñ 77-78 —#≈\" 25ñ 76ñ 77(á)ñ 186 œ—#`—>`" 190 —#Ã" 101 œÛ`" 189 —&Q^¨Ç" 100 —&v+" 152-154ñ 157ñ 163ñ 178 - — - —&ø`—&e ®J¿ ÆQ≈" 63ñ 75ñ 75(á)ñ 79(á) —H{" 97 —&ø`—&e" 128-129 —Hç" 63ñ 76ñ 76(á) —&ø`—&eñ o¡e" 128-129 —I" 171(á) —&ø`—&e ÜæH+" 66-67ñ 80-83 —IT" 64ñ 78 —&ø`—&eñ ¿Õ≥RÇ" 125(á) —Iç" 63(á)ñ 76(á)ñ 171 “I|" 98 —Iç c—è" 76(á) “Ié" 172 —Iç ¡H+" 76(á) “Iè" 176ñ 189 —Iè" 103ñ 105ñ 157ñ 177ñ 185ñ “Ièñ ®è≥" 99 190 “Iñ ®è≥" 105 —I´ƒ¨eñ ôÏ+" 7ñ 82(á)ñ “J I" 103 104(á)ñ 105 “H:" 70(á)ñ 102 —OÄ%" 29 “U" 35ñ 38ñ 76(á)ñ 79(á)ñ —P ‘Û" 35(á)ñ 79(á) 84(á) —S" 82(á) “[≈" 116(á) —U" 65ñ 80 “i" 90 —^T Ûc&J" 164 “}" 69ñ 85 —v_/—v_¨Ç" 90 “éè" 176(á)ñ 188 —v`" 66-74ñ 81ñ 92ñ 108 “¡" 179 —v`R" 132ñ 135 “√" 100-101ñ 118(á) —w`" 107 “Û|" 132-133ñ 135 —x[ YIc+ñ ôHnñ ÁKÙ |õ≤≥" —+^" 185ñ 190 18ñ 22ñ 164 —+{Ä´ ÜæH+ñ ˘aÙc`" 7-8ñ —x[ YIc+ ú√ñ ô}" 23ñ 164(á) 61(á) —x[ õ”±&ôxK+`" 29ñ 30 ”TxÄ%" 185ñ 189 —x`ô+Jñ o¡e" 24ñ 49 ”]°" 78(á) —çH+" 171 ”^î" 17ñ 26-28ñ 76(á)ñ 81- —èµ" 144-145 82(á)ñ 91(á)ñ 104(á)ñ 105ñ —î" 67ñ 83ñ 83(á) 108ñ 122-123ñ 125-126ñ —±+" 72ñ 90 156(á)ñ 156-158ñ 164-165ñ —¿J" 174 188ñ 189(á) —¿R" 134 ”xÏ™*/”xÓÇ/”xÈ/”xÍÇ" 29ñ —√" 174-176ñ 175(á) 75(á)ñ 113ñ 117ñ 187(á) —≈H ôw K^ ≈è”J" 125(á) ”x[ MRR|" 17 —≈H ÚoŸ`" 57

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”xÈñ {Ç {Ç" 98 ÷v&wè/÷v&x" 72ñ 193 ”|J" 105 ÷x OèÕ" 97(á) ”èxÄ%" 190 ÷èuæ" 176(á) ”è¿vJ" 81(á) ÷´z%" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á) ”è¿v[|" 130 ÷#H+" 177 ”è≈ v[|" 129 ÷#÷+ õè∏^` ≠Rãô+J" 18 ”Ø≥" 7ñ 9ñ 15ñ 29-31ñ 35ñ ÷&êñ ô≤∑" 83(á)ñ 93(á)ñ 150ñ 41(á)ñ 46-47ñ 47-48(á)ñ 51ñ 167ñ 172ñ 172(á) 55-61ñ 61(á)ñ 63ñ 75ñ 75- ÷&ˆH&" 175 78(á)ñ 82-84(á)ñ 86(á)ñ ◊H&ºè" 99 88(á)ñ 92(á)ñ 98ñ 101ñ 103ñ ◊c´ ¿e{ñ ¢U∆`" 23 109ñ 116(á)ñ 167ñ 171(á) ◊ç" 45(á)ñ 157 ”±#`" 77(á) ◊∞|" 127-128 ”≥[|" 66ñ 83(á) ◊æz%ñ õz,—+" 20-22ñ 22(á) ”≥^|" 89 ◊æ}" 108 ”≥`" 80(á) ÿC}/ÿÖ&}" 74ñ 92ñ 167 ”≈T" 110ñ 113 ÿJ◊J" 116(á)ñ 188 ‘O`" 71ñ 88 ÿP“" 183ñ 190 ‘[w" 148ñ 150 ÿTm|" 88ñ 132ñ 134ñ 143-144 ‘^" 73ñ 91ñ 91(á) ÿ\äF Ûè{ñ ô}" 36(á) ‘^" 173ñ 187ñ 191 ÿm%` T≈`" 105(á)ñ 188 ‘`d" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á) ÿvvïÇ" 90 ‘`‘^" 145 Ÿ`" 90 ‘j" 91 ‘vç √¤ñ ê" 23ñ 161ñ 166 - ¤ - ‘èü" 107 ‘è¿`/—:è¿`" 29ñ 81(á)ñ 153- ¤" 165-166 154ñ 159ñ 163ñ 192 ¤Hw" 185ñ 190 ‘è“" 147ñ 149 ¤[n" 64ñ 78 ‘∂T/—:∂T/‘ÕT/—:ÕT" 8ñ ¤[è" 143-144 21(á)ñ 68-70ñ 77(á)ñ 80(á)ñ ¤`¤`" 81(á)ñ 188 84ñ 87ñ 97ñ 101ñ 105-106ñ ¤èÅ" 79(á) 107(á)ñ 112ñ 116(á)ñ 117ñ ¤Ôè{" 81(á) 124-125(á)ñ 129-130ñ ¤Û" 183 130(á)ñ 136ñ 139ñ 142-145ñ ¤Ù" 174-177 145(á)ñ 157ñ 163ñ 167ñ 192 ¤Ù ∆èd" 18 —:^" 189 ‹^" 64ñ 78 —:`wõ" 73ñ 91 ‹v+" 179 —:`‘^" 143 fiv#" 184ñ 190 —:h" 73ñ 91 fi|" 177(á) —:èœ" 158 fiÛ" 190 —>^—+" 77(á) fl^" 79(á) —>hè" 56 ‡H+" 63-65ñ 76-78ñ 77(á)ñ 173ñ —>ƒI" 108 184-185 —>≈\" 173 ‡J“" 118ñ 131ñ 134 —>≈\" 63-65ñ 77-78ñ 77(á)ñ ‡¶^" 148ñ 150 184ñ 190 ‡ı^/‡ıaÇ" 78(á)ñ 98ñ 137 "{" 132 ·S" 132ñ 135

- ÷ - - „ - ÷H{" 153-154 „^oH&Ÿe" 48-49ñ 74(á)ñ 93(á) ÷I" 97 ‰´H:e" 128-129 ÷OèÕ" 97(á)ñ 138 ‰´H:eñ o¡e" 177

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‰—>Sè" 50 Ûh&e}Ç/Ûje|" 20ñ 163(á) „+ÿae" 29ñ 111ñ 115ñ 128-129 Ûm*" 193 Ûãô+Jñ ô≤∑" 112ñ 116 - Á - Û÷&R" 186 ı]√" 107ñ 172 ÁKÔ/Ù IT" 130 ıoañ ôTwê (wITwê)" 149 ÁKÚ¨Ç" 90 ı|K ä—Y|" 41ñ 192 ÁKı|" 72 ıπJ" 82ñ 105ñ 171-172ñ 175- ÁTô" 146ñ 148 176ñ 176(á)ñ 179 Á“" 126 ËaË" 111-112ñ 115-116 - ˜ - ÈIH:" 132ñ 134 Èøè" 107(á)ñ 120-121 ¯]e" 61ñ 61(á) ÈÕ v`" 139 ¯è°[e|ñ ]Å`≈ñ ˘aÙc`" 189(á) - Î - ˘_±&√è|" 158 ˘az,e{è|/˘az,e{è}Ç" 29ñ Î^xºè" 72 121(á) Îô|/±Îô|" 115(á)ñ 117(á) ˙Hz*ü" 15ñ 99 Ì^Ø" 136 ˙H&e" 10 ˙`z%“J/˙`z%“H:Ç" 78(á)ñ - Ô - 104(á)ñ 122-123 ÔH— x`" 132-133 ÔH”" 90(á) - ˚ - ÔIc&¨Ç" 110(á) ÔIi/ÔIi¨Ç" 56ñ 85(á)ñ ˚&°}]ºñ è”Y|" 29 110(á)ñ 110-118 ˚&πç" 11ñ 57-58ñ 60-61ñ 61(á)ñ Ô[cì/Ô[cïÇ" 87ñ 149-150 63ñ 76(á)ñ 78-79(á)ñ 88(á) Ô[cîä|" 83(á) ˚&πç v+z Oè”Y{™* v+z Ô[e/Ô[fÇ" 67ñ 82-83ñ 83(á)ñ OËMı|" 57 97ñ 105ñ 114ñ 126(á)ñ 133ñ ˚+aåü c&°eñ ∆°z`" 140(á) 133ñ 140ñ 147-148ñ 176(á) Ô[èdæì" 59ñ 61(á) Ô[èœ/Ô[è–Ç" 98-99ñ 105ñ 172 Ô√{" 156 Ô÷“`" 66ñ 81ñ 81(á)ñ 101ñ - A - 104(á)ñ 105ñ 110ñ 113ñ 130-131 Aaron: 209 ÒIe" 29 abba dullas: 220 ÒŸñ û[∫" 144 Abba Muddana: 221 ÚJÊeñ õ¤—+" 104(á) ÚoŸ`" 57ñ 112ñ 116 abba widdaqi: 210(n) ÚèKc" 119ñ 121 Abbechu: 231 Û_e" 126(á) Abbey: 233 Ûè/Û`fÇ" 63ñ 73ñ 75ñ 75(á)ñ Abbey Bet: 233 91 Abbichu: 235, 237 Ûc&H¿eñ ôv+zBè/ôv+zÖ#è" 139 Ûc&Jñ ôÏ+" 104(á)ñ 136ñ 136(á) Abbichu, Four-House: 235 Ûc&Jñ —^T" 164 Abbo: 197-198, 217, 229 Ûc&J/Ûc&H:" 65ñ 79ñ 79-80(á)ñ Abbo/Obbo: 198 85(á)ñ 110(á)ñ 127-128 Abbo/Wabbo: 198 Ûc&ü" 127-130ñ 140ñ 157-158

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Abbu: 236 Amdo: 204 Abd Rahman: 232 Amhara: 100(n), 203, 203(n), 211, Abeti: 200, 202(n), 204, 219, 229, 223 232 Amharic: 4, 197-199(n), 204(n), Abey: 218, 237 210-211(n), 218-219(n), Aboli: 200, 200(n), 205 220(n), 225(n), 230, 235(n) Abono: 198 amharicized: 221(n) Abote: 237 amina: 210(n) Abraham: 197, 222(n) Amiyye: 198 Abu: 230 Amoro: 240 Abune: 236(n) Amoru: 230, 236 Abyssinians: 198(n) Ana: 200, 218, 229 Ada: 237 angaffa: 238 Adam: 225(n) Angot: 203 adbar/adbarat: 207(n), 226 Arab/Arabic: 196(n), 212(n), Adel: 198(n), 201, 235, 235(n) 241(n) Adel Mebreq: 201(n) Arabia: 26(n) Admas Segged, King: 206 arara: 228 Adora: 207 archery: 204 Aêma Giyorgis/Atsme, Ato: 215, Arén, Gustav: 170 215(n), 216(n) Argobba: 232-233 Aeth. 4: 57, 57(n), 160 Ar'ign: 204 Affar: 235(n) Aristotle: 123(n) afre: 197-199 Artisans: 210 African: 24(n) Aruse: 222 Afridon: 196 Arusi: 229, 234, 236 ‘Agam/‘ajam: 196(n) Asa Zenneb: 202 Agau: 100(n) Asbo: 205 ajertu: 212 Asebot: 235, 236(n) Akako: 218, 230-231 asere: 210(n) Akkechu: 196 asere nigus: 210(n) Akkichu: 217(n), 229-230 Ashenge: 230, 236 Akkitu: 217 Asia: 215 Ales: 217 Atchebir: 235 Ali: 218, 232, 234, 237 Atsme/Aêma Giyorgis, Ato: Ali Bet: 234 215(n), 216(n) Aliyyu Amba: 232 Atsnaf Segged, King: 202, 206 Alko: 234-236 Awash: 222 Almeida: 198(n) Awsa: 202 Amade Tsiyon, Atse: 233 Ayantu: 234, 236 amba: 206(n) Ayimmelel: 234 Ambellu Kebede, Ato: 199(n) Ayya: 234 Ambisa: 197 ayyu: 219, 221-222 Ambo: 218, 234, 237 Azebo: 230, 236

page251-278 Friday, January 23, 2004 13:42 page 19 270 πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç

- B - Borena: 217-218, 221-222, 232, 235, 237 Babbu: 235 Bosha: 208 Babylon: 211 British Academy: 194 Bacheler: 92(n) British Library: 36, 36(n) Bedlo: 204 British Museum: 36(n) Bahriy, Abba: 4, 195, 199(n), Buffalo: 211 205(n), 213, 216(n), 222(n) Bukko: 200 Bairu Tafla: 215, 215(n) Bulga: 201(n) balabbat: 220 Burqa: 222 Bale: 196(n), 216 butter: 221 Bali: 196, 201 baptism: 203(n), 208 - C - barbada: 212(n) Carpenters: 210 be'ale rist: 210, 210(n) Catholicism: 198(n) Becho: 197-198 cattle: 202(n), 207, 216 Beckingham: 96, 197-198(n) cavalry: 205, 207 Bedil Tsehay: 201 Cecchi, Antonio: 162, 34 Begemdir: 203, 239 Christening: 241(n) begena: 210 Christian/Christians: 197(n), 199, Bekko: 218 203(n), 204(n), 206, 208, 219, Bela': 200, 229 222-223, 225(n), 233, 236, 238- berbado: 212 239 Bereytuma: 196, 197(n), 200, Christianity: 24(n), 223, 238, 217(n) 238(n), 241 Beriya: 235 chronicles: 16 Bertuma: 196(n), 197, 200, 203, circumcision/circumcised: 197(n), 205, 217-219, 229 200(n), 206, 209, 211, 221 Betre Amora: 199, 199(n), 200, Commerce: 210 201(n) Coptic: 195(n) Betro: 204 Copts: 195(n) betser amora: 199(n) cows: 202, 202(n), 212, 227-228 Betser Waget: 199(n) CSCO: 11 Betto: 234 Cush: 240, 241(n) bidaro: 204, 204(n) Cushitic: 240(n) bideù: 204(n) Bifole: 201, 206, 209 - D - Birmeje: 198, 204-206, 220 Da'ale: 196 BL Or. /Or. 534: 12, 36, 57, 94, Damot: 199(n), 205-206, 208 242, 250 Datch: 197, 197(n) Boch: 218, 230 Datche: 196, 197-198, 197(n), 218, Bokku: 221 230-231, 235 Bollo: 222 Dawwaro: 235 Boren: 196-200, 198(n), 203-205, Dawwe: 199, 199(n), 200, 207, 208, 217, 217(n), 219, 229-230 208(n)

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De'ale: 196-197 EMML 3473: 36(n) debele: 220 EMML 3749: 26(n), 35(n), 58(n), debr: 207(n) 78(n),109(n), 198(n) Debre Abriham: 206 EMML 3987: 27(n) debtera: 209 EMML 3996: 47(n) deggafoch: 209 EMML 4802: 21(n) Dego: 202, 202(n) EMML 5298: 125(n) Deharegot, Azmach: 204 EMML 5403: 25(n), 107(n), Dembya: 205 116(n), 124(n), 145(n), 206(n) dennebo: 204(n) EMML 5731: 79(n), 199(n) Derra: 232, 237 EMML 5747: 125(n) deut: 211(n) EMML 5781: 21(n) Devil: 208 EMML 5782: 22(n) dewe: 207(n) EMML 5783: 22(n) Dewwaro: 201, 204, 235(n), EMML 5784: 22(n) 236(n) EMML 7109: 65(n), 67(n), 79(n), Digna Mika'el: 232 80(n), 84(n), 136(n), 156(n) Dillmann: 196(n) EMML 7346: 104(n) Dinguirguira: 234 English: 4, 195, 215 Djibouti: 234(n) Ethiopia/Ethiopian: 4, 24(n), Dom Jo‹o Bermudez, Patriarch: 26(n), 196(n), 198(n), 205(n), 198(n) 215-216, 228(n), 232, 236, Doras: 217 236(n), 238-240, 241(n) Drum: 210(n) Ethiopian Orthodox Church: dullagutto: 206 205(n) dullecha: 221 Ethnography: 195 Dullo: 220 European: 123(n), 232(n) Dullu: 203 Eusebius: 123(n) Durette/Duretti: 234-235, 237 Evangelists: 220 Eve: 225(n) - E - - F - EEDN: 15 Egyptians: 223 Fanta 1: 36(n) Ela: 197 Farédun: 196(n) Elephant: 211 Fasil/Fasilo: 199, 199(n) Elman: 211 Fatima: 232 EMML 21: 75(n), 196(n) Fetegar: 201, 201(n) EMML 69: 93(n), 125(n), 213(n) Fitha Negest: 62, 239 EMML 144: 176(n), 177(n) Frobenius-Institut: 96 EMML 1515: 176(n) EMML 1517: 61(n) - G - EMML 2335: 36(n) gada-Systems: 119(n) EMML 2393: 61(n) Galan: 197, 222, 237 EMML 2706: 50(n) Galan, Seven-House: 235

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Gamo: 4, 199(n), 200, 204 Gumma: 231, 236 geber: 201, 212 Gurage: 197(n), 201(n) geda: 219-221 Gurageland: 235(n) gedl: 213(n), 235(n) gurba: 211 Ge'ez: 4, 196(n), 202(n), 207(n), 210(n), 212(n), 241(n) - H - Gegn: 203 Gelam: 198 Hadya: 119(n) Gelan: 222, 231 Hagelebabo: 198 Gelana: 216 hairstyle: 211(n) Gelane: 216 Hakako: 197-199 Gelawdewos, Atse: 198(n) Halebdo: 212 Gelena: 196 halib: 212(n) Gemu Gofa: 199(n) Ham: 240, 240(n), 241(n) Gennale: 215 Hamasen: 239 George, St.: 201(n) Hamelmal: 202 Gera: 231, 236 Hara: 199(n) Geze: 210 Hara Dingil: 213(n) Gibe: 223 Harbo: 203 Gimbichu: 231, 237 Harerge: 222-223, 234 Gimbichu, Eight-House: 235 Harmufa: 203 Giyorgis Hayle: 201, 203 Haro Wilabo: 216-217 Giyorgis Welde Amid: 195, Harp: 210(n) 195(n) Harsu: 198 goat/goats: 201, 216-217, 221, Hasan: 232 225 Hastega: 197(n), 203-204, 206- Gojjam: 197(n), 198(n), 203, 206, 208 206(n), 239 Hayes, Stephen: 10 Gomer: 208 hayyu: 226 Gonder: 239 Hazelo: 202 gora: 211, 211(n), 218, 218(n), Heda: 234 234-235, 237 heifer: 228 gorsa: 212 Hibeno: 218, 233, 237 Gospel: 233 Hida: 218, 235, 237 Gragn: 202(n), 234, 235(n) Hoko: 196-199 Granh (Gragn): 198(n) Hoko: 218, 231-232 Greek: 196(n) Horn of Africa: 26(n) Grover Hudson: 215 Horo: 230 Gudru/Guidru: 197-199, 197(n), Horreta: 220 218, 218(n), 230-232 236 Horru: 236 Guidi, Ignazio: 54 horses: 201-202 Guira': 200 Hubbena: 196(n), 217, 229-230 Gullale: 231, 237 Hudson, Grover: 215 guma: 219, 241 Huera: 199(n)

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Humbena: 196 Jirjis Ibn Abi Y‹sir Ibn Abû Al- Humbena: 217(n) Makarîm Ibn al-'Améd al- Huntingford: 197-198(n) Makin: 195(n) John: 220 - I - - K - ilala: 204, 204(n) Ilu: 197, 200, 235 Kaffa: 100(n) Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al- Kallu.: 235 Ghazi (Gragn): 196(n), 198(n) Kalo: 235 Imuru: 198 Karra: 222 infantry: 205, 207 Kefa: 241 Innarya: 208, 240-241, 240(n) Kelela: 211 Isaiah: 196(n) Kellu, Sheik: 232 Islam: 223, 232, 234 Kerreyu: 196, 234, 237 Islam Muhammad Yesuf: 234 Kerreyyu: 200, 217, 229, 235-236 Islamic: 232, 233(n), 239 Kilole: 201, 204 Islamization: 232 Kiremo: 198 Israel: 210 Kolu: 220 Itege: 207 Kono: 197-198, 218, 230-231 itmiko: 220 Konso: 119(n) Ittu: 196, 217, 223, 229-230, 236 Konta: 240 koso: 201 - J - Koyra: 199(n) Kuera: 199, 199(n) Jan Amora: 202 Kullo: 240 jan hatsena: 209 Kutawe: 198 jan me'asere: 209 Kutay: 230, 235-236 Jawi: 208(n) Kuyera: 199(n) JE692E: 30(n), 60-61, 60-61(n), 99(n), 105(n), 171(n), 215 - L - Jerome: 123(n) lahm: 202(n) Jesus Christ: 223 Lako Melza: 233 Jew: 238 lalibela: 210(n) Jibbela: 206 leather: 210(n) Jibbena: 201 Lege Abbo: 234 Jidda: 196-198 Lege Gora: 234 Jifar: 235 Lege Heda: 234 Jigurguir: 236 Lege/Legi: 234 jila: 222 Legi/Lege: 234 jilhika: 212 Lemu: 236 Jille: 197-198, 200, 217-218, Leqa: 198, 231, 236, 241 229-231, 235-236 Levites: 209 Jimma: 231, 236, 241 Liben: 197-200, 217, 229, 231- Jingur: 230 232, 235, 237

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Libne Dingil, Atse /Wenag Messiah: 197(n) Segged: 196, 196(n), 202(n), Metcha: 196, 198, 222-223, 229, 216, 216(n), 236 234-237 Libon: 218 Metta: 231, 235, 237 lice: 206 Michle: 202(n) Li'is: 197 Mikha Giyorgis: 204(n) Limu: 198, 231 Milbah/Melbah/Milbah: 201, 203, Lion: 211 220 London: 207(n) milguddo: 213 Lot: 197 Milk: 212 luba/lubas: 197, 200-203, 200(n), Minchile: 220 206, 211, 217-2222, 229-231 Minstrels: 210 Luke: 220 Mi'rab: 196(n) Lulo: 222 mirror: 228 Lume: 231, 237 misle: 202, 220(n) Luqma: 241 Misraq: 196(n) Miticha: 197(n), 222 - M - mogasa: 220 Madagascar: 215 Mombassa: 215 Mark: 220 Monks: 209 Mat./Matthew: 205(n), 220 Moors: 198(n) Maya: 204 Moses: 219 Mebreq: 201 mountains: 207 meggazo: 210(n) Ms. orient. quart. 996: 57, 57(n) Mej: 202, 202(n), 204(n) Mucha: 211 Mekane Maryam: 202(n) Muddena: 201, 203, 220 Melbah/Milbah: 201, 203, 220 Muhammad: 195, 232 Melek Segged/Sertse Dingil, Hat- Muhammad Yesuf: 235 sege: 199(n), 203-205(n), Mul'ata: 206, 208-209, 211 213(n), 241(n) mules: 201-202 Melka: 222 Muslim/Muslims: 195, 198(n), Melol: 198 223-224, 232-233, 238 Menelik I: 241 Nib Gedel: 234 Menelik II, Atse: 222-223 Nole'ali: 200(n) Menz: 239 Nole'elu: 200 Merewwa: 196, 200(n), 217-219, Noli'inu: 218 229 Nono: 235 Merewwa Ayya: 200 Nur: 202, 202(n), 234 Merra Tekle Haymanot,: 216 - O - Mersie Hazen Welde Qirqos: 198(n) Obbo: 196, 199-200 mesiah: 207(n) Obbo/Abbo: 198 Mesle: 202, 209 olivewood: 221 meslist: 205 Or./BL Or. 534: 49

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Oromo/Oromos: 4, 196-198(n), Seddo: 235-236 200(n), 202-204(n), 207- Selale: 231, 237 208(n), 211(n), 219(n), Semiten: 100(n) 222(n), 234, 240(n) Semre Ab, Bahir negash: 205 ox: 217, 221, 202(n) Senbete gudda: 219 Senbete tinna: 219 - P - Seppira: 196, 198, 198(n) Pagan: 196(n), 208 seqela: 212(n) Paris: 16 Seqseq: 197 Paul, St.: 223 sequela: 212, 212(n) Peasants: 210 Serpent: 208(n) Persia: 196, 196(n), 211 Sertse Dingil/Melek Segged, Hat- Portuguese: 198(n) sege: 199(n), 203-205(n), Priests: 209 213(n), 241(n) Seyyo: 198 - Q - Seyyu: 230 Shanqilla: 235 Qalu: 218, 233, 235, 237 Shashemenne: 199(n) qelta: 212, 212(n) sheep: 201, 216-217, 221 qende kebero: 210 shemma: 228 qero: 211 shengo: 219, 219(n), 221 Qetchino: 203 Shepherd, Deborah J.: 10 qolle: 226 Shield: 210 qondala-hood: 221 shimagille: 210 quendela: 211-212, 218(n), 221 Shimbera Kure Archives: 54 Quirquire: 222 Shoa: 203, 208, 211, 232, 239 Qur'an: 233 Sidama: 203, 203(n) Sidamo: 119(n), 217 - R - Sillus Hayle: 201 Sirba: 198 Rayya: 230, 235-236 sky: 239 reko: 238, 240, 238 slave: 227 Religion: 24 Smiths: 210 Rhinoceros: 211 Soddo: 197, 197(n), 235, 235(n) Robale: 197, 203, 204-205, 220 Sofi: 196 Romane Werq: 202(n) soli: 204, 204(n) Romans: 223 Somali/Somalis: 26(n) Song of Songs: 210(n) - S - souls: 208 Sabbath: 219(n) spear: 210, 228 Samu'el, Abune: 235(n), 236(n) steer: 217 Saturday: 219 stomach: 202 Scribes: 210 Striedter, Karl Heinz: 96 Seddecha: 198-200, 218, 231 Suba: 196-200, 204, 234, 236

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Sunday: 219 topknot: 206, 211 Susinyos, Hatsege: 205(n), Trinity, Holy: 201(n) 208(n), 216(n) Tule: 222 Tulema: 197-199, 197(n), 217(n), - T - 222, 234 tailors: 210 Tum'e: 198 Tajura: 234(n) - U - tapeworm: 201-202(n) Tayye, Aleqa: 215, 215-217(n), ummem: 239 234 Ur: 219, 229 Tchabu: 230, 236 Uru: 197, 200, 219(n) Tchafu: 236 Tcheffa: 230 - V - Tcheffe: 219, 219(n), 221-222 Vienna: 207(n) Tcheleba: 231, 236 Vulture: 199(n) Tchencha: 199(n) Tchereqa: 198 - W - Tchertcher: 236(n) wada: 212(n) Tchile: 196-199, 218, 231 wajo: 212 Tchura: 198 Waju: 237 Tedla Gwalu: 206(n) Waka: 203 Tegulet: 239 Waliso: 198 Teguri: 234 Waqa Gurracha: 223, 226 Tekeste Negash: 215 Wayet: 233 Tekle Haymanot, King: 206(n) Wayyu: 231, 237 Tertullian: 123(n) Webbo/Abbo: 198, 218, 230-231 Tewdada/Tewodada, Wezero: Weberri: 231, 237 206-207 Webi: 201-202 Tewodros, Atse: 206(n) Wedma Asferre: 233 tewwutu: 212 Wegedu: 235 Thanksgiving Day: 9 Wegeg: 235, 235-236(n) Tibbe: 241 Wej: 200, 202(n) tifoli: 221 Welamo: 240 Tigray: 100(n) Welasma: 233 Tigre: 235, 239 Welde Kristos: 208, 208(n) tihito: 212 Welde Kristos, Ras: 208 Tiloma: 217-218, 229-230, 235, Wellegga: 231, 236 237 Wello: 200, 217-218, 217(n), 222- Tiltal: 235, 235(n) 224, 229-230, 232-235, 237 Timuga: 229, 236 Wello, Seven-House: 226, 234 Tinno, Azzaj: 216, 216(n) Wenag Segged/Libne Dingil, Atse: Tiqur Midir: 235 196, 196(n), 202(n), 216, Titoma: 235 216(n), 236 toga: 228(n)

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Werdeyan/Werdeyyan/Werdi'aya: Ye-Galla Tatik: 215 208, 218, 229 Yesuf: 234(n) Werentisha: 196 yetut lij: 220 werre: 233 Yifat: 232-233, 235 Werre Bukko: 200 yilala: 204(n) Werre Guira': 200 yilala dennedo: 204(n) Werre Ilu: 200 Yilu: 230, 236 Werre Kerreyyu: 200 Yishaq, Atse: 216, 216(n) Werre Nole'elu: 200 Yittu: 222, 234 Werredoru: 235 Yohannis: 204(n) Werrehimano: 233 Yoqtan: 240 Werrenesha: 229-230 Werreneshe: 217 - Z - Werrensh: 196(n) Werrensha: 196(n), 217(n) Zagwe: 216, 216(n) Werrentisha: 217(n) zar: 235 Werreqalu: 233 Zenahu le-Galla: 4, 205(n), Werreseddecha: 218 216(n), 218(n), 222(n), 241(n) Weyna Deg'a: 204 Ze-Peraqlitos: 213(n) Widm Asferre: 233(n) Zeppo: 213, 213(n) Wilabo: 216-217 Zer'a Ya'iqob, Atse: 201(n), 239, 202(n) - Y - Zer'a Yohannis: 203 Zinjiro: 240 ya'i: 226 Zinnay: 204 yaromay: 221 Ziway: 203

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