Güneşin Söndüğü Gün Sayfa 1

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Güneşin Söndüğü Gün Sayfa 1 Güneşin Söndüğü Gün Sayfa 1 ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................... 7 GİRİŞ .................................................................................................................. 8 DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN NERESİDİR ......................................................................... 10 DOĞU TÜRKİSTANIN DOĞAL KAYNAKLARI ve STRATEJİK ÖNEMİ ................... 11 ÇİN MEZALİMİNDE BİR ATA DİYARI ................................................................. 13 TALAS SAVAŞI .................................................................................................. 16 KARAHANLILAR DEVLETİ ................................................................................. 19 KARAHANLILAR SONRASI ................................................................................ 20 ÇİN ZULMÜNÜN BAŞLANGICI ve DİLŞAD HATUN ............................................ 20 DİLŞAD HATUN’UN ESARETE DÜŞÜŞÜ ............................................................ 22 KAŞGARİYE DEVLETİ ve ABDÜLAZİZ HANIN GÖNDERDİĞİ OSMANLI YARDIMI 27 ABDÜLHAMİT HAN’IN ASYA PLANI.................................................................. 34 1908 HAMİDİYE ÜNİVERSİTESİ ve ENVER PAŞA ............................................ 36 OSMAN BATUR’UN TARİH SAHNESİNE ÇIKIŞI ................................................. 45 1911-1933 KARGAŞA DÖNEMİ VE MAO’NUN TARİH SAHNESİNE ÇIKIŞI ......... 48 KUMUL AYAKLANMASI VE KURTULUŞ MARŞI ................................................. 52 RUS MEZALİM DÖNEMİ (1933-1944) .............................................................. 55 ÇİN SOSYALİST CUMHURİYETİ VE MAO .......................................................... 57 BÜYÜK YÜRÜYÜŞÜN ROTASI - SONU VE MAO’NUN RÜŞTÜNÜ İSPAT ETMESİ 58 JAPON İŞGAL PLANLARININ MAO’NUN EKMEĞİNE YAĞ SÜRMESİ ................. 59 MİLLİYETÇİ ÇİN İŞGALİ - OSMAN BATUR EFSANESİNİN DOĞUŞU VE HOCA NİYAZ HACININ ŞEHİT EDİLMESİ ...................................................................... 61 DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’DA “SON” BAHAR .............................................................. 63 Güneşin Söndüğü Gün Sayfa 2 2. DÜNYA SAVAŞININ SONU VE GÜÇ DENGESİ OLUŞTURMA SAVAŞLARI ve OSMAN BATUR CEPHESİNDE GELİŞEN OLAYLAR ............................................ 64 1 EKİM 1949 ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYETİNİN İLANI VE OSMAN BATUR’UN VAROLUŞ SAVAŞI ............................................................................................. 70 MAO ‘NUN KESİN ZAFERİ ................................................................................ 70 KOMÜNİSTLERİN ASİMİLASYON UYGULAMALARI .......................................... 71 MAO’CU DÜŞÜNCE TARZINDA OLUŞTURULMAYA ÇALIŞILAN TOPLUM YAPISI ve KEYFİ CİNAYETLER ...................................................................................... 72 MAO’NUN İSTATİSTİKSEL CİNAYETLERİ ........................................................... 74 OSMAN BATUR’UN YAKALANMASI VE ŞEHADETİ ........................................... 78 OSMAN BATUR’UN AİLESİNE YAPILAN EZİYETLER .......................................... 80 ATALARININ LAFINI YERE DÜŞÜRMEYEN EVLATLAR ....................................... 81 1953 DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN SOYKIRIMI ................................................................ 82 1955 DİLİ İĞNEYLE DİKİLEN ŞEHİT: FEDHEDDİN MAHSUM ............................. 82 1958 MAO’NUN BÜYÜK ATILIM’I VE BÜYÜK KITLIK ........................................ 85 1958 VE SONRAKİ AYAKLANMALAR ................................................................ 90 HAPİSE ATILANLAR DAHA ŞANSLIYDI SANMAYIN ........................................... 91 1966 MAONUN ŞAPKADAN ÇIKARDIĞI YENİ TAVŞAN : KÜLTÜR DEVRİMİ KATLİAMLARI ................................................................................................... 93 1970 YENİ BİR SOYKIRIM ve SONRASI ............................................................. 97 TEK ÇOCUK YASASI VE SONUCUNDA ZORLA EL KONULAN UYGUR KIZLARI ... 98 1990 AYAKLANMASI ...................................................................................... 100 1982 ANAYASASI VE 1O YILLIK KISMİ RAHATLAMA ...................................... 101 1989 TIEN-ANMEN KATLİAMI ....................................................................... 102 Güneşin Söndüğü Gün Sayfa 3 1998 MESUT YILMAZ’IN UYGURLARIN SIRTINA SAPLADIĞI ÇİN HANÇERİ .... 110 11 EYLÜL 2001 ÇİN’İN TERÖRİZM KANDIRMACASI ve BATIYA YARANMA GİRİŞİMİ......................................................................................................... 111 2003 YILI OLAYLARI VE BİR BAŞBAKANLIK GENELGESİ DAHA ....................... 114 SÜRGÜNDEKİ DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN HÜKÜMETİNİN KURULMASI ..................... 116 DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’DA 5 TEMMUZ 2009 KATLİAMI ....................................... 117 24 NİSAN 2013 DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN ‘DA YİNE BİR KATLİAM ........................... 122 KÜRESEL GÜÇLERİN ELİNDE BATI TÜRKİSTAN VE AZERBAYCAN ................... 123 Tacikistan .............................................................................................. 123 Azerbaycan ............................................................................................ 124 Özbekistan ............................................................................................. 124 Kazakistan ............................................................................................. 125 Kırgızistan .............................................................................................. 125 Küresel Güçler ....................................................................................... 126 GİZLENEN GERÇEK - TÜRK PİRAMİTLERİ ....................................................... 128 PİRAMİTLERİN YERLERİ ............................................................................. 128 BEYAZ PİRAMİT ......................................................................................... 129 ÇİN’İN PİRAMİTLERİN TÜRKLERE AİT OLDUĞUNU GİZLEME ÇABALARI .... 134 DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN COĞRAFYASINDA YAŞANAN MEZALİMİN BOYUTLARI .... 143 1-) İŞGAL: ....................................................................................................... 144 2-) İNSAN HAKLARI İHLALLERİ VE ORGAN HIRSIZLIĞI ................................... 145 3-) SOYKIRIM: ................................................................................................ 156 4-) ÇİNLİ GÖÇÜ VE ASİMİLE: ......................................................................... 157 5-) KADINLARA KÜRTAJ: ............................................................................... 158 Güneşin Söndüğü Gün Sayfa 4 6) UYGUR KIZLARININ ZORLA ÇİNLİLERLE EVLENDİRİLMESİ VE BUNU İSTEMEYEN KIZLARIN TECAVÜZE UĞRAMASI................................................ 161 7-) SELF-DETERMİNASYON HAKKI: ................................................................ 163 8-) DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’ DAKİ İDARECİLERİN ÇİNLİ OLMASI: .......................... 163 9-) EKONOMİK SEFALET VE ÇALIŞMA HÜRRİYETİ: ........................................ 164 10-) DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’ DA DİNİ HÜRRİYETİN KISITLANMASI: ..................... 168 11-EĞİTİM SORUNLARI ve UYGUR TÜRK LEHÇESİNİN YASAKLANMASI: ....... 171 12-) NÜKLEER DENEMELER: ......................................................................... 174 13-) DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’ IN SÖMÜRÜLMESİ: ................................................ 177 14-) ÇİN HÜKÜMET YETKİLİLERİNİN YARGIDAN KORUNMASI VE YARGI AYRIMCILIĞI .................................................................................................. 183 SONUÇ OLARAK; ............................................................................................ 184 BM GÜÇLÜ DEVLETLERİN OYUNCAĞINDAN BAŞKA BİRŞEY DEĞİLDİR .......... 185 BATININ TURAN DEVLETİ FİKRİNDE SAPLANDIĞI AÇMAZ ............................. 186 DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN DAVASININ ÖNCÜ İSİMLERİ ............................................ 188 Rabia Kadir ................................................................................................ 188 Osman Batur ............................................................................................. 192 Hoca Niyaz Hacı ......................................................................................... 194 İsa Yusuf Alptekin ...................................................................................... 196 Barat Hacı .................................................................................................. 199 Enver Tohti ................................................................................................ 202 Bir Mesut Yılmaz Klasiği Daha ............................................................. 202 Belgesele 20 Yıl Hapis ............................................................................ 203 DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN KONUSUNDA KİM NE DEDİ. ............................................ 206 Güneşin Söndüğü Gün Sayfa 5 DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN İÇİN NELER YAPABİLİRİZ? ................................................ 211 Güneşin Söndüğü Gün Sayfa 6 ÖNSÖZ 751 yılında TALAS zaferi ile başlayan Türklerin İslam dini tanışması neticesi çok ağır bir yenilgi alan Çin 10 asır boyunca tekrar eski günlerine dönen Türk dünyasına el uzatmaya cesaret edemez. Daha önceki dönemlerde defalarca diplomasi, casusluk, iç isyan üçgende yok ettikleri diğer Türk Devletlerinin yerini o günden sonra İslamla şereflenmiş Türk toplulukları almıştır. Şah İsmail döneminde yaşanan Çaldıran Savaşı Orta Asya’da doğru anlaşılamamış ve Batıya göçler bıçakla kesilir gibi kesilmiştir. Özellikle 1700 ‘lü yıllarda daha önce dünyanın
Recommended publications
  • Continuing Crackdown in Inner Mongolia
    CONTINUING CRACKDOWN IN INNER MONGOLIA Human Rights Watch/Asia (formerly Asia Watch) CONTINUING CRACKDOWN IN INNER MONGOLIA Human Rights Watch/Asia (formerly Asia Watch) Human Rights Watch New York $$$ Washington $$$ Los Angeles $$$ London Copyright 8 March 1992 by Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-56432-059-6 Human Rights Watch/Asia (formerly Asia Watch) Human Rights Watch/Asia was established in 1985 to monitor and promote the observance of internationally recognized human rights in Asia. Sidney Jones is the executive director; Mike Jendrzejczyk is the Washington director; Robin Munro is the Hong Kong director; Therese Caouette, Patricia Gossman and Jeannine Guthrie are research associates; Cathy Yai-Wen Lee and Grace Oboma-Layat are associates; Mickey Spiegel is a research consultant. Jack Greenberg is the chair of the advisory committee and Orville Schell is vice chair. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. It addresses the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. In internal wars it documents violations by both governments and rebel groups. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process and equal protection of the law; it documents and denounces murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, exile, censorship and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Helsinki division. Today, it includes five divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, as well as the signatories of the Helsinki accords.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2003: China (Includes Tibet, Hong Kong and Macau)
    Page 1 of 66 China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau) Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2003 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor February 25, 2004 (Note: Also see the section for Tibet, the report for Hong Kong, and the report for Macau.) The People's Republic of China (PRC) is an authoritarian state in which, as directed by the Constitution, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP or Party) is the paramount source of power. Party members hold almost all top government, police, and military positions. Ultimate authority rests with the 24-member political bureau (Politburo) of the CCP and its 9-member standing committee. Leaders made a top priority of maintaining stability and social order and were committed to perpetuating the rule of the CCP and its hierarchy. Citizens lacked both the freedom peacefully to express opposition to the Party-led political system and the right to change their national leaders or form of government. Socialism continued to provide the theoretical underpinning of national politics, but Marxist economic planning has given way to pragmatism, and economic decentralization increased the authority of local officials. The Party's authority rested primarily on the Government's ability to maintain social stability; appeals to nationalism and patriotism; Party control of personnel, media, and the security apparatus; and continued improvement in the living standards of most of the country's 1.3 billion citizens. The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary; however, in practice, the Government and the CCP, at both the central and local levels, frequently interfered in the judicial process and directed verdicts in many high-profile cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Xi Jinping and the Party Apparatus
    Miller, China Leadership Monitor, No. 25 Xi Jinping and the Party Apparatus Alice Miller In the six months since the 17th Party Congress, Xi Jinping’s public appearances indicate that he has been given the task of day-to-day supervision of the Party apparatus. This role will allow him to expand and consolidate his personal relationships up and down the Party hierarchy, a critical opportunity in his preparation to succeed Hu Jintao as Party leader in 2012. In particular, as Hu Jintao did in his decade of preparation prior to becoming top Party leader in 2002, Xi presides over the Party Secretariat. Traditionally, the Secretariat has served the Party’s top policy coordinating body, supervising implementation of decisions made by the Party Politburo and its Standing Committee. For reasons that are not entirely clear, Xi’s Secretariat has been significantly trimmed to focus solely on the Party apparatus, and has apparently relinquished its longstanding role in coordinating decisions in several major sectors of substantive policy. Xi’s Activities since the Party Congress At the First Plenum of the Chinese Communist Party’s 17th Central Committee on 22 October 2007, Xi Jinping was appointed sixth-ranking member of the Politburo Standing Committee and executive secretary of the Party Secretariat. In December 2007, he was also appointed president of the Central Party School, the Party’s finishing school for up and coming leaders and an important think-tank for the Party’s top leadership. On 15 March 2008, at the 11th National People’s Congress (NPC), Xi was also elected PRC vice president, a role that gives him enhanced opportunity to meet with visiting foreign leaders and to travel abroad on official state business.
    [Show full text]
  • Rough Justice in Beijing: Punishing the "Black Hands" of Tiananmen Square
    UCLA UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal Title Rough Justice in Beijing: Punishing the "Black Hands" of Tiananmen Square Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7zz8w3wg Journal UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 10(1) Author Munro, Robin Publication Date 1991 DOI 10.5070/P8101021984 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California ROUGH JUSTICE IN BEIJING* Punishing the "Black Hands" of Tiananmen Square Robin Munro** 1. INTRODUCTION During late spring and early summer, namely, from mid-April to early June of 1989, a tiny handful of people exploited student unrest to launch a planned, organized and premeditated political turmoil, which later developed into a counterrevolutionary rebel- lion in Beijing, the capital. Their purpose was to overthrow the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and subvert the so- cialist People's Republic of China.... In order to achieve thorough victory, we should mobilize the people completely, strengthen the people's democratic dictator- ship and spare no effort to ferret out the counterrevolutionary rioters. We should uncover instigators and rebellious conspira- tors, punish the organizers and schemers of the unrest and the counterrevolutionary rebellion ...and focus the crackdown on a handful of principal culprits and diehards who refuse to repent.' (Chen Xitong, Mayor of Beijing, on June 30, 1989.) In late 1990, the Chinese government brought formal charges against several dozen of the most prominent leaders of the May- June 1989 Tiananmen Square pro-democracy movement. Trials held in the first two months of 1991 have resulted in sentences rang- ing from two to thirteen years for students and intellectuals.
    [Show full text]
  • CECC China Human Rights and Rule of Law Update Found on the CLB Web Site and in the CECC Political Prisoner Data Base
    China Human Rights and October 1, 2005 Rule of Law Update Subscribe United States Congressional-Executive Commission on China Senator Chuck Hagel, Chairman | Representative Jim Leach, Co-Chairman Events Roundtable: China's Household Registration (Hukou) System: Discrimination and Reform The Congressional-Executive Commission on China held another in its series of staff-led Issues Roundtables, entitled China's Household Registration (Hukou) System: Discrimination and Reform, on September 2, from 2:00 - 3:30 PM in Room 2168 of the Rayburn House Office Building. The panelists were Fei-Ling Wang, Professor, The Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; and Chloé Froissart, PhD candidate at the Institute of Political Science of Paris, affiliated to the Center for International Studies and Research, Paris; Research Fellow at the French Center for Research on Contemporary China, Hong Kong. Translation: Court Judgment in Shi Tao State Secrets Trial The Congressional-Executive Commission on China has prepared a translation of the Changsha Intermediate People's Court's Written Judgment in the Shi Tao State Secrets Trial. Translation: New Rules on Internet News Publishing The Congressional-Executive Commission on China has prepared a translation of the Rules on the Administration of Internet News Information Services, promulgated by the State Council Information Office and the Ministry of Information Industry on September 25, 2005. A summary of the Rules prepared by the Commission is available here. Updates on Rights and Law in China Human Rights Updates Rule of Law Updates All Updates Yahoo! Cited in Court Decision as Providing Evidence in Shi Tao State Secrets Trial On April 27, 2005, a Chinese court sentenced newspaper editor Shi Tao to 10 years imprisonment for disclosing state secrets for e-mailing notes of an editorial meeting to an organization in New York City.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Cultural Revolution
    Chinese Cultural Revolution Background Guide Written by: Sruthi Venkatachalam and Patrick Lee, Case Western Reserve University ​ The Rise of Modern China The reign of the Chinese dynasties ended in 1911 leading to China’s emergence into the modern world. China’s weakness in the 20th century, as seen in the devastating loss in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, stirred unrest and murmurs of uprising among the population. In 1911, armed rebellions broke out in response to the nationalization of railways in the Sichuan province, word of which spread across China. This snowballed and lead warlords to rebel against the weak imperial regime. Such rebellion in Wuchuan led to the overthrow of the provincial government and revolutionary leader Sun Yixian took advantage of the regime’s weakness. He later returned from exile, elected provisional president He saw that the emperor be abdicated, and resign power allowing Yuan Shikai, imperial minster entrusted with full power via the courts, to become the nation’s first president.1 In early 1912, the reign of Imperial China, Yuan Shikai’s attempt to become military dictator was thwarted and the Nationalist party, the Guomindang, also known as the Kuomintang (GMD) took control of the country in 1923. Sun Yixian, now president, reorganized the party that made it a centralized, democratic party. The GMD worked with the nearly formed Chinese Communist Party, with Soviet assistance, to reunite China and end the control of warlords running rampant in the 1 Wang, Yi Chu. “Sun Yat-sen : Chinese Leader.” n.d. Britannica. Accessed November 9. 2018. ​ ​ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sun-Yat-sen country.
    [Show full text]
  • China Data Supplement January 2007
    China Data Supplement January 2007 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC 30 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership 37 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries 55 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations 57 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR 62 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR 69 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan 73 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 January 2007 The Main National Leadership of the PRC LIU Jen-Kai Abbreviations and Explanatory Notes CCP CC Chinese Communist Party Central Committee CCa Central Committee, alternate member CCm Central Committee, member CCSm Central Committee Secretariat, member PBa Politburo, alternate member PBm Politburo, member BoD Board of Directors Cdr. Commander CEO Chief Executive Officer Chp. Chairperson COO Chief Operating Officer CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference CYL Communist Youth League Dep.Cdr. Deputy Commander Dep. P.C. Deputy Political Commissar Dir. Director exec. executive f female Gen.Man. General Manager Hon.Chp. Honorary Chairperson Hon.V.-Chp. Honorary Vice-Chairperson MPC Municipal People’s Congress NPC National People’s Congress PCC Political Consultative Conference PLA People’s Liberation Army Pol.Com.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chinese Communist Party and Its Emerging Next-Generation Leaders
    U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Staff Research Report March 23, 2012 The China Rising Leaders Project, Part 1: The Chinese Communist Party and Its Emerging Next-Generation Leaders by John Dotson USCC Research Coordinator With Supporting Research and Contributions By: Shelly Zhao, USCC Research Fellow Andrew Taffer, USCC Research Fellow 1 The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission China Rising Leaders Project Research Report Series: Part 1: The Chinese Communist Party and Its Emerging Next-Generation Leaders (March 2012) Part 2: China’s Emerging Leaders in the People’s Liberation Army (forthcoming June 2012) Part 3: China’s Emerging Leaders in State-Controlled Industry (forthcoming August 2012) Disclaimer: This report is the product of professional research performed by staff of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, and was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of U.S.-China economic relations and their implications for U.S. security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 108-7. However, the public release of this document does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission, any individual Commissioner, or the Commission’s other professional staff, of the views or conclusions expressed in this staff research report. Cover Photo: CCP Politburo Standing Committee Member Xi Jinping acknowledges applause in Beijing’s Great Hall of the People following his election as Vice-President of the People’s Republic of China during the 5th plenary session of the National People's Congress (March 15, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • UPDATE on ARRESTS in CHINA No.21
    February 18, 1991 1 UPDATE ON ARRESTS IN CHINA No.2 INTRODUCTION Beginning in January 1990, Chinese officials began releasing dissidents arrested in connection with the spring 1989 pro-democracy movement, but the repression is by no means over. Arrests, trials and sentencings continue, and Chinese authorities still refuse to issue a list of those detained, arrested, tried or released. Only a handful of released activists - most of them internationally known - have been officially identified. Of the thousands arrested since June 1989, fewer than 1000 have been publicly identified, and few of those identifications come from official sources. Asia Watch has only recently become aware of certain arrests that may have taken place as long ago as June 1989. In many cases, the first indication that an arrest had occurred was official acknowledgment of trial and sentencing. Two dissidents, awaiting sentencing in Beijing for allegedly heading a counterrevolutionary group were previously unknown to human rights organizations and even now little information about their backgrounds or activities during the 1989 pro-democracy movement is available. Presumably they are workers who have had little opportunity to make their arrests known outside China. In another instance, at least two dissidents released in Beijing on January 26, 1991 were never officially listed as in detention. All this suggests that the true figure for the total arrested after June 4 may be much higher than earlier estimates. SUMMARY: 111 The current series of updates began with Update No.1, January 30, 1991. The updates should be read in conjunction with two 1990 Asia Watch reports, Punishment Season and Repression in China Since June 4, 1989: Cumulative Data and with a shorter report, "Rough Justice in Beijing," issued in January 1991.
    [Show full text]
  • Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi
    AFTERLIVES OF CHINESE COMMUNISM AFTERLIVES OF CHINESE COMMUNISM POLITICAL CONCEPTS FROM MAO TO XI Edited by Christian Sorace, Ivan Franceschini, and Nicholas Loubere First published 2019 by ANU Press and Verso Books The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (hardback): 9781788734790 ISBN (paperback): 9781788734769 ISBN (online): 9781760462499 WorldCat (print): 1085370489 WorldCat (online): 1085370850 DOI: 10.22459/ACC.2019 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Note on Visual Material All images in this publication have been fully accredited. As this is a non-commercial publication, certain images have been used under a Creative Commons licence. These images have been sourced from Flickr, Wikipedia Commons and the copyright owner of each original picture is acknowledged and indicated in the source information. Design concept and typesetting by Tommaso Facchin; Illustrations by Marc Verdugo Lopez. Cover design by No Ideas. Cover artwork by Marc Verdugo Lopez. Proofreading by Sharon Strange and Evyn Chesneau Papworth. This edition © 2019 ANU Press and Verso Books Table of Contents Introduction - Christian SORACE, Ivan FRANCESCHINI, and Nicholas LOUBERE 1 1. Aesthetics - Christian SORACE 11 2. Blood Lineage - YI Xiaocuo 17 3. Class Feeling - Haiyan LEE 23 4. Class Struggle - Alessandro RUSSO 29 5. Collectivism - GAO Mobo 37 6. Contradiction - Carlos ROJAS 43 7. Culture - DAI Jinhua 49 8. Cultural Revolution - Patricia M.
    [Show full text]
  • China (Includes Hong Kong and Macau) Page 1 of 60
    China (includes Hong Kong and Macau) Page 1 of 60 China (includes Hong Kong and Macau) Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor February 23, 2001 (Note: Also see the report for Hong Kong and the report for Macau.) The People's Republic of China (PRC) is an authoritarian state in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the paramount source of power. At the national and regional levels, Party members hold almost all top government, police, and military positions. Ultimate authority rests with members of the Politburo. Leaders stress the need to maintain stability and social order and are committed to perpetuating the rule of the CCP and its hierarchy. Citizens lack both the freedom peacefully to express organized opposition to the Party-led political system and the right to change their national leaders or form of Government. Socialism continues to provide the theoretical underpinning of Chinese politics, but Marxist ideology has given way to economic pragmatism in recent years, and economic decentralization has increased the authority of regional officials. The Party's authority rests primarily on the Government's ability to maintain social stability, appeals to nationalism and patriotism, Party control of personnel, media, and the security apparatus, and the continued improvement in the living standards of most of the country's almost 1.3 billion citizens. The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary; however, in practice the Government and the CCP, at both the central and local levels, frequently interfere in the judicial process, and the Party and the Government direct verdicts in many high-profile political cases.
    [Show full text]
  • May 16, 1989 Excerpts from Conversation Between Mikhail Gorbachev and Zhao Ziyang
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified May 16, 1989 Excerpts from Conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and Zhao Ziyang Citation: “Excerpts from Conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and Zhao Ziyang,” May 16, 1989, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Mikhail Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i Reformy, Vol. 2 (Moscow: Novosti, 1995), pp. 441-445 http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/119290 Summary: Zhao Ziyang and Gorbachev discuss political and economic changes ongoing in China. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the MacArthur Foundation and the Leon Levy Foundation. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation […] Zhao Ziyang: You probably know that Deng Xiaoping, beginning from the Third Plenum of CC CCP ,which took place in December 1978, has been leader of our party, generally recognized as such inside the country and beyond its borders. In spite of the fact that at the 13th Congress in 1986-1987 he, at his own wish, left the ranks of the CC [Central Committee] and the Standing Committee of the Politburo CC CCP [Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party], all our party comrades know that they cannot do without his leadership, wisdom and experience. At the first Plenum, elected by the 13th Congress, a fairly important decision was made—that in all big questions we should turn to him as to a leader. This decision was not published but I am informing you about it today. Gorbachev: Thank you for your confidence. It is gladdening that inter-party contacts immediately reached such a level. As a result of the talks with Deng Xiaoping we accepted the formula, which he also put forward previously: look openly to the future, and as for the past, to draw a line under it.
    [Show full text]