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Biomechanical Analysis of the Stroking Cycle in the Sport of Sledge Hockey

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Biomechanical Analysis of the Stroking Cycle in the Sport of Sledge Hockey Biomechanical Analysis of the Stroking Cycle in the Sport of Sledge Hockey by Alicia Maria Gal, B.P.H.E., P.S.F.F. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Applied Science in Biomedical Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2017, Alicia Maria Gal Abstract The objective of this thesis is to investigate the stroking cycle used to produce skating in the sport of sledge hockey identifying possible performance enhancing stroke mechanics and potential skating introduced mechanisms of injury. Sledge hockey is a full body contact para-sport, where the skating motion is produced solely from the upper limbs using two sticks with picks that make contact with the ice surface. The research presented is comprised of two studies. Results are first of its kind for the sport of sledge hockey. Study 1 investigates free fall downward poling in sledge hockey at three drop heights for three fixed elbow angles (flexed, mid, and extended). An anatomically correct (mesomorph male) mechanical prototype (푆퐿퐴푀 − 80), with a solid-static upper limb-stick system (solid segments linked with fixed joints) produces a free fall downward pole upon release of the support strap. Results indicate an extended elbow produces the least increase in shoulder joint reaction force at the most propulsive stick angle. Results suggest extending the elbow is slightly more efficient (0.02 N⁄W, Newton-Watt) when producing propulsive forces during limb extension (downward pole) compared to a flexed elbow. Overall, free fall downward poling in sledge hockey produces 2.0 times bodyweight (퐵푊) upon impact. Study 2 investigates task naïve double poling for a start stroke, mid stroke, and restricted stroke (mimics Study 1) during off-ice skating. Participants propelled themselves through a motion capture – 4 force plate system. Results indicate an initial spiking force occurs at stick impact ≤ 3.1 times 퐵푊 with only ≤ 0.4 times 퐵푊 of force at push-off. Stick initial impact was determined to be a potential mechanism for injury. Validation of 푆퐿퐴푀 − 80 was provided from Study 2 results permitting future investigations of spiking impact forces without the use of human participants. Stroke kinematics (i.e., elbow joint angles, and stick ii impact and push-off angles) appear to be important factors for producing enhanced skating in sledge hockey. Interpretations from the results are provided suggesting mechanisms of potential injury that are introduced from skating in order to improve the understanding for injury prevention within the sport of sledge hockey. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr. Adrian D.C. Chan and Dr. Dean C. Hay. Their ability to provide knowledge, challenges, and support throughout this adventure was immeasurable and irreplaceable. Next, I would like to thank my research assistant, Marcus Haefele. Through it all, for better or worse, we survived with smiles on our faces. Thank you, Mohamed Abdelazez, for providing unconditional support, knowledge, and assistance throughout this thesis. Dr. Mario Lamontagne and Dr. Daniel Benoit for the use of the University of Ottawa – Human Movement Biomechanics Laboratory. Erik Kowalski for his assistance and problem solving during data collection (Human Movement Biomechanics Laboratory). Thank you to my participants for volunteering their time to contribute to the sledge hockey database. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their continuous support throughout my academic adventure. Specifically, I would like to thank my father, Jozef W. Gal, for all the late night proofreading and phone calls. Thank you for sharing your love of life-long learning with me. To my mother, P. II. Anne Gal, for always encouraging me to follow my dreams no matter the direction. iv Statement of Originality This thesis presents the work of the author, under the supervision of Dr. Adrian D. C. Chan (Carleton University) and Dr. Dean C. Hay (Nipissing University), completed at Carleton University and the University of Ottawa for the degree of M.A.Sc. in Biomedical Engineering. The author of this thesis conducted experiment design and development including all equipment design and/or modification, data collection and analysis, and result composition and presentation of the below identified publications. The author’s supervisors provided guidance and feedback regarding of the above-mentioned. Many of these results have been presented in conference publications. What follows is a summary of these publications. A.M. Gal, D.C. Hay, & A.D.C. Chan, "2 and 3-dimensional biomechanical analysis of the linear stroking cycle in the sport of sledge hockey: Glenohumeral joint kinematic, kinetic and surface EMG muscle modeling on and off ice", in Proceedings of 13th International Symposium on 3D Analysis of Human Movement (3D AHM), Lausanne, Switzerland, 2014, pp. 108-111. ISBN 9782880748562. This conference paper described preliminary evidence of the biomechanics required to perform the linear stroking cycle within the sport of sledge, on and off ice. Evidence from video analysis (on-ice), motion capture (off-ice), and surface electromyography (on/off ice) was used to develop the motivations and methodology used to create this thesis as described in Chapter 1 and Chapter 4, respectively. The paper was presented by the author as a 1-minute (single slide) introduction and poster at the 13th International Symposium on v 3D Analysis of Human Movement (3DAHM), in Lausanne, Switzerland. A.M. Gal, A.D.C. Chan & D.C. Hay, "Validating a solid-static single-armed male prototype tasked to produce dynamic movement from the shoulder through the preparation phase", in International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE) Proceedings, World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (IUPESM), Toronto, Canada, 2015, vol. 51, pp. 1146-1149. doi:10.1007/978-3-319- 19387-8_278. This conference paper validated the architectural and mechanical design of the prototype used to mimic an average male's upper limb movement ( 2-dimensional) during the downward poling phase in the sport of sledge hockey. This prototype, its purposes, and evidence (motion capture and force plate analyses) used within this thesis are further discussed in Chapter 3. This paper was presented by the author as an oral presentation at the 2015 World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (IUPESM), in Toronto, Canada. A.M. Gal, A.D.C. Chan & D.C. Hay, "Investigating the seated double poling cycle: Identifying baseline measures of the preparation phase", in 33rd International Conference on Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS), Poitiers, France, 2015, pp. 1-4. sciencesconf.org:isbs2015:59230. vi This conference paper presented results from the primary data involved with test-retest validation for the prototype during the downward poling cycle within the sport of sledge hockey. Results provided kinematic (motion capture) and kinetic (force plate) data. Test and retest data present similar conclusions, retest results are outlined in Chapter 3. This paper was presented by the author as a 5-minute (3 slides) introduction and poster at the 33rd International Conference on Biomechanics in Sport (ISBS), in Poitiers, France. What follows is a summary of conference presented unpublished abstracts. A.M. Gal, A.D.C. Chan & D.C. Hay, " Propulsion in sledge hockey: A biomechanical analysis to define gait", in Own the Podium SPorts INnovation (SPIN) Summit, Montreal, Canada, 2014. This conference abstract described introductory parameters involved with the biomechanics required to perform a straight-line forward stroking cycle within the sport of sledge off-ice. Evidence comparing on-ice identified cycle phases with off-ice kinematic (motion capture) and kinetic (surface electromyography and force plates) results were used to design the prototype and methodologies created for this thesis as described in Chapter 3. The abstract was presented by the author as a poster at Own the Podium Sports Innovation (SPIN) Summit, in Montreal, Canada. A.M. Gal, A.D.C. Chan & D.C. Hay, "Baseline impact reaction forces in a seated downward short pole free-drop: A biomechanical investigation of elbow angle upon impact vii in the sport of sledge hockey", in Own the Podium SPorts INnovation (SPIN) Summit, Toronto, Canada, 2015. This conference abstract presented results from the retest data involved with test-retest validation for the prototype during downward poling within the sport of sledge hockey. Results are presented in Chapter 3 with further publications in progress. The abstract was presented by the author as a poster at Own the Podium Sports Innovation (SPIN) Summit, in Toronto, Canada. A.M. Gal, A.D.C. Chan & D.C. Hay, "Shoulder joint produced weight-bearing mobility: Defining gait", in Women in Science and Engineering (WISE) National Conference (WISE- NC), Toronto, Canada, 2015. This conference abstract presented the motivation and methodology used to correctly identify gait in an analogous form as outlined by gold-standard hip gait analysis (walking at the shoulders). Results represented the importance of understanding the downward poling cycle within the sport of sledge hockey to improve the quality of life for shoulder- dependent populations as described in Chapter 2. This abstract was presented by the author as a poster at the Women in Science and Engineering National Conference (WISE-NC), in Toronto, Canada. A.M. Gal, A.D.C. Chan & D.C. Hay, "Differences between sagittal plane static start and mid-cycle stroke biomechanics during skating for the sport of sledge hockey: Task naïve viii population", in Own the Podium SPorts INnovation (SPIN) Summit, Calgary, Canada, 2016. This conference abstract presented results for torso and stick angles from task naïve adult male athletes with single or both dominant limb sets (no upper limb stroking expertise). Task naïve biomechanics were interpreted identifying areas of difficulty during the propulsion phase for a start and mid-cycle stroke within the sport of sledge hockey off-ice.
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