The Physical Education and Sport Studies in the Framework of Social Demands- Institutional Structuring and Teacher Training

Asian Journal of Education and Training Vol. 4, No. 3, 170-175, 2018 ISSN(E) 2519-5387 DOI: 10.20448/journal.522.2018.43.170.175 The Physical Education and Sport Studies in the Framework of Social Demands- Institutional Structuring and Teacher Training the Developments Before and During Turkey Training Community Alliance Period (1922 - 1936) Murat ÖZMADEN1 Fikret SOYER2 Harun ÖZMADEN3 1Department of Coaching, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey 2Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey ( Corresponding Author) 3Free Researcher, Bursa, Turkey Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical education and sports studies and institutional structuring, the developments before and during Turkey Training Community Alliance (TTCA) Period in the framework of social demands within the historical process. In the study, the screening model was taken as a basis, historical and descriptive methods were used. The periodicals belonging to the period of 1922-1936 were reviewed to address how TTCA activities in physical education and sport had influenced the social life, and what sort of discussions had been made about the subject. As a result, the physical education and sport are thought to be used as suitable tools for providing the physical and spiritual development as well as fulfilling the functions which would create powerful community; and it's seen that the effort was made to practice those ideas as much as possible. Keywords: Turkey training community alliance, Teacher training, Physical education. JEL Classification: I29. Citation | Murat ÖZMADEN; Fikret SOYER; Harun ÖZMADEN Contribution/Acknowledgement: All authors contributed to the conception (2018). The Physical Education and Sport Studies in the Framework and design of the study. of Social Demands-Institutional Structuring and Teacher Training Funding: This study received no specific financial support. the Developments Before and During Turkey Training Community Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of Alliance Period (1922 - 1936). Asian Journal of Education and interests. Training, 4(3): 170-175. Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, History: accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital Received: 13 March 2018 features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the Revised: 16 April 2018 study as planned have been explained. Accepted: 20 April 2018 Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing. Published: 23 April 2018 Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License Publisher: Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 171 2. Physical Education and Sport Activities in the Late Period of Ottoman Empire ............................................................ 171 3. Physical Education and Sport Studies in Republican Period................................................................................................ 173 4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 174 References ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 174 170 Asian Journal of Education and Training, 2018, 4(3): 170-175 1. Introduction Physical education and sport are defined as the movement forms that aim to develop people's physical strength and abilities at the same level of their mental and spiritual education. However, it is known that sport activities have been applied for various reasons during the historical process, and they have fulfilled quite different functions for both individuals and societies. In ancient times, providing a number of physical, mental and social qualities such as hunting to survive, being able to dominate the horse in different terrain conditions, being able to shoot moving objects while moving, predicting the movements of the prey, acting in harmony with the group, and conducting a group was not only economically important, but improved the military, administrative, social and athletic skills as well (Yıldıran, 1996). In the Ottoman Empire, the sport, which were protected and encouraged till the regression period and institutionalized through private sport fields and lodges, began to lose importance in the early 18th century. With the new regulations introduced with the Tanzimat, the application areas of traditional sports such as archery, wrestling and throwing javelin, which are supported by the state and the foundations, were narrowed down. Just as it was in the whole world, the industrial revolution also showed its effect in the Ottoman Empire, albeit slightly delayed. Increased relations with the West led to westerners bringing modern sport to the country towards the end of the 19th century. However, due to the successive Balkan Wars, World War I and the War of Independence, serious sport events could not be organized. The fact that the physical and mental weakness of the Turkish youth who had been away from the concept of being in sportive activities for a long time was shown as one of the most important reasons for the failure in the Balkan Wars brought the idea of using the benefits of the physical education and sports back to the agenda. In such an environment, the first management organization of Turkish sport which was initially founded as a temporary committee in Istanbul in 1922, and the headquarter of which was taken to Ankara in 1923, was established, and then it went into action under the name of Turkey Training Community Alliance (TTCA) The organizational form of TTCA which was in the effort to be organized in the whole country, and which functions the sport studies fulfill have not been a research topic in a sufficient level. It is thought that this study will be important in understanding to which social demands the physical education concept was oriented in the period of TTCA which is a unique part of our recent history, and in establishing a model for the researches on the historical descriptions of the physical education and sport studies of later periods. From here, it is important to know the development process of physical education and sports studies before and during TTCA period. 2. Physical Education and Sport Activities in the Late Period of Ottoman Empire 2.1. School Programs and Institutional Structures School Physical Education and Sport Activities in Pre-Turkey Training Community Alliance Period Enderun School (school where government officials were educated) and Dervish Lodges (place of worship and education), which hosted sport activities under their roof indirectly and directly in Ottoman period, lost their functions with the Tanzimat. In general, these sport activities in the traditional sports context were replaced by the practices taken from the West both at the school and outside, or by the modern sports that were being put into practice by westerners themselves especially since the first Constitutional Monarchy. Firstly, in 1863, they were included in the curriculum under the title of Modern Gymnastics (Riyazat-ı Bedeniye) in the Turkish Military Academy and appropriate gym equipment was provided for the course (Kocer, 1970; Özçakır and Yıldıran, 2016). The main progress in the schools, on the other hand, was made in Galatasaray High School, which was established in 1868. After the Rescript of Gulhane (Tanzimat Fermanı), it was proposed to open new kind of schools by stating that a religious education system could not meet the needs of the day. With this in mind, in 1845, junior high schools (rüştiyeler), which educated students for specific areas such as education, military academy and medical school were started to open whereas in 1868, common high schools were started to open. Galatasaray High School was established as the first high school (Kocer, 1970). In 1862, bayonet and fencing lessons were introduced into the curriculum of military schools and these lessons were given by Kolağası (officer phase between the squadron leader and lieutenant in the Ottoman army) Mr. Akif Efendi (Tayga, 1990). An Italian teacher named Martini was assigned to the Naval Academy as a gym class for the first time. Later in 1864 Sadik Bey was appointed as a gym teacher. It was thought that these courses, which continued just as exercises in the beginning, would be incomplete without a book, and military translator Colonel Mustafa Hami Bey was assigned to write a gymnastic book (Gökdağ, 1939). In these years, while there was no physical education and gymnastics in the curriculum of the girls' teacher training schools, the gym class was introduced in the Naval Academy in 1884 (Unat, 1964). In Naval Academy, swimming science lessons were taught as well as applied courses (Kaplan, 1986). Students who had learned this lesson theoretically also learned it in a practical way with swimming suits and materials. Among the students who were educated, the first big name was Ali Faik (Üstünidman) Bey (Atabeyoğlu, 1985). In Galatasaray High School (Mektebi Sultaniye), the first physical education teacher was a

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