Reference List Concerning Spinal Adhesive Arachnoiditis

SPINAL ADHESIVE ARACHNOIDITIS

RMA ID Reference List for RMA363-2 as at June 2020 Number

Abel TJ, Howard MA 3rd, Menezes A (2014). Syringomyelia and spinal arachnoiditis resulting from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: 94310 Report of two cases and review of the literature. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine, 5(1): 47-51. Abhinav K, Bradley M, Aquilina K, et al (2012). Spinal arachnoiditis and 72882 cyst formation with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br J Neurosurg, 26(4): 574-5. Abouleish E, Vega S, Blendinger I, et al (1975). Long-term follow-up of 94392 epidural blood patch. Anesth Analg, 54(4): 459-63. Agrawal A, Agrawal A, Agrawal C, et al (2006). An unusual spinal 59948 arachnoiditis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 108(8): 775-9. Al Maach N, Vogels OJ, Bollen TL, et al (2010). Arachnoiditis and 59949 communicating hydrocephalus as a complication of epidural blood patch. J Neurol, 257(4): 672-3. Aldrete JA (2003). Neurologic deficits and arachnoiditis following 59950 neuroaxial anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 47(1): 3-12. Aldrete JA (2004). [Comment] Chronic adhesive arachnoiditis. Br J 59947 Anaesth, 93(2): 301; Author reply 301-3. Aldrete JA, Brown TL (1997). [Comment] Intrathecal hematoma and 94322 arachnoiditis after prophylactic blood patch through a catheter. Anesth Analg, 84(1): 233-4. Anderson TL, Morris JM, Wald JT, et al (2017). Imaging appearance of 94311 advanced chronic adhesive arachnoiditis: a retrospective review. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 209(3): 648-55. Anim-Somuah M, Smyth R, Howell C (2005). Epidural versus non- 60550 epidural or no analgesia in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4: CD000331. Aoyama T, Hida K (2010). Spinal intradural granuloma as a complication 61450 of an infected cerebrospinal fluid drainage tube fragment--case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 50(2): 165-7. Arai A, Aihara H, Miyake S, et al (2011). Syringomyelia due to thoracic 61449 spinal stenosis with ossified ligamentum flavum--case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 51(2): 157-9. Arcos-Algaba A, Serramito-Garcia R, Santin-Amo JM, et al (2009). 94312 [Lumbosacral arachnoiditis secondary to a lumboperitoneal shunt]. Rev Neurol, 49(10): 547-8 [Article in Spanish]. [Abstract] Arslanoglu A, Aygun N (2007). Magnetic resonance imaging of cauda 94376 equina syndrome in long-standing ankylosing spondylitis. Australas Radiol, 51(4): 375-7. Australian Arachnoiditis Sufferers Association NSW (2005). Adhesive 61470 arachnoiditis MRI diagnosis. Retrieved 7 June 2011, from http://www.aasansw.org.au/president'spage.htm

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Bakhsh WR, Mesfin A, Bridwell KH (2013). Arachnoiditis ossificans after 94313 revision adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a 22-year follow-up and review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 38(18): E1166-70. Barolat G (1993). Experience with 509 plate electrodes implanted 94333 epidurally from C1 to L1. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg, 61(2): 60-79. [Abstract] Barros GA, Marques ME, Ganem EM (2007). The effects of intrathecal 94403 administration of betamethasone over the dogs' spinal cord and meninges. Acta Cir Bras, 22(5): 361-5. Basaran R, Kaksi M, Efendioglu M, et al (2015). Spinal arachnoid cyst associated with arachnoiditis following subarachnoid haemorrhage in 94314 adult patients: a case report and literature review. Br J Neurosurg, 29(2): 285-9. Bay A, Oner AF, Etlik O, et al (2005). Myelopathy due to intrathecal 94336 chemotherapy: report of six cases. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 27(5): 270- 2. Bejjani GK, Karim NO, Tzortzidis F (1997). Intrathecal granuloma after 94334 implantation of a morphine pump: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol, 48(3): 288-91. Bell RB, Wallace CJ, Swanson HA, et al (1995). Ossification of the 60562 lumbosacral dura and arachnoid following spinal cord trauma. Case report. Paraplegia, 33(9): 543-6. Bendersky D, Yampolsky C (2014). Is spinal cord stimulation safe? A 94335 review of its complications. World Neurosurg, 82(6): 1359-68. Bernard P, Vanhoenacker FM, Adam N (2010). Arachnoiditis ossificans. 60128 JBR-BTR, 93(2): 108. Bilgen IG, Yunten N, Ustun EE, et al (1999). Adhesive arachnoiditis causing cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: CT and MRI 94337 demonstration of dural calcification and a dorsal dural diverticulum. Neuroradiology, 41(7): 508-11. Bilston LE, Fletcher DF, Stoodley MA (2006). Focal spinal arachnoiditis 59951 increases subarachnoid space pressure: a computational study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 21(6): 579-84. Bogod D (2012). The sting in the tail: antiseptics and the neuraxis 95663 revisited. Anaesthesia, 67(12): 1305-9. Boonmak P, Boonmak S (2010). Epidural blood patching for preventing 60551 and treating post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1: CD001791. Boyd JT, Langlands AO, Maccabe JJ (1968). Long-term hazards of 94497 Thorotrast. Br Med J, 2(5604): 517-21. Brain E, Alexandre J, Minozzi C, et al (1997). [High-dose methotrexate 94338 and cerebral neurotoxicity. Apropos of a case of arachnoiditis]. Presse Med, 26(6): 265-8 [Article in French]. [Abstract] Brodbelt AR, Stoodley MA (2003). Post-traumatic syringomyelia: a 61263 review. J Clin Neurosci, 10(4): 401-8. Brodsky AE (1978). Cauda equina arachnoiditis. A correlative clinical and 94498 roentgenologic study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 3(1): 51-60. Burgett RA, Purvin VA, Kawasaki A (1997). Lumboperitoneal shunting for 94499 pseudotumor cerebri. Neurology, 49(3): 734-9. Butterworth JF, Lahaye L (2019). Clinical use of local anesthetics in anesthesia. Retrieved 14 February 2020, from 94339 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-use-of-local-anesthetics-in- anesthesia Canova G, Boaro A, Giordan E, et al (2017). Treatment of posttubercular 94340 syringomyelia not responsive to antitubercular therapy: case report and review of literature. J Neurol Surg Rep, 78(2): e59-67.

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Carlsward C, Darvish B, Tunelli J, et al (2015). Chronic adhesive 94341 arachnoiditis after repeat epidural blood patch. Int J Obstet Anesth, 24(3): 280-3. Carmouche JJ, Molinari RW (2004). Epidural abscess and discitis 60565 complicating instrumented posterior lumbar interbody fusion: a case report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 29(23): E542-6. Chan CC, Lau PY, Sun LK, et al (2009). Arachnoiditis ossificans. Hong 61475 Kong Med J, 15(2): 146-8. Chan YC, Dasey N (2007). Iatrogenic spinal epidural abscess. Acta Chir 60561 Belg, 107(2): 109-18. Chang HS, Nakagawa H (2004). Theoretical analysis of the 61452 pathophysiology of syringomyelia associated with adhesive arachnoiditis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 75(5): 754-7. Charlesworth CH, Savy LE, Stevens J, et al (1996). MRI demonstration 94347 of arachnoiditis in cauda equina syndrome of ankylosing spondylitis. Neuroradiology, 38(5): 462-5. Chattopadhyay I, Jha AK, Banerjee SS, et al (2016). Post-procedure 94348 adhesive arachnoiditis following obstetric spinal anaesthesia. Indian J Anaesth, 60(5): 372-4. Cohn J, Moaveni D, Sznol J, et al (2016). Complications of 761 short- 94349 term intrathecal macrocatheters in obstetric patients: a retrospective review of cases over a 12-year period. Int J Obstet Anesth, 25: 30-6. Collighan N, Gupta S (2010). Epidural steroids. Continuing Education in 61473 Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain, 10(1): 1-5. Cooper SD, Brady MB, Williams JP, et al (1988). Neurosarcoidosis: 94350 evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Comput Tomogr, 12(2): 96-9. Cornelson SM, Johnnie ED, Kettner NW (2018). Neural mobilization in a 94351 54-year-old woman with postoperative spinal adhesive arachnoiditis. J Chiropr Med, 17(4): 283-8. Cosan TE, Kabukcuoglu S, Arslantas A, et al (2001). Spinal toxoplasmic 59952 arachnoiditis associated with osteoid formation: a rare presentation of toxoplasmosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 26(15): 1726-8. Couto de Silva JM, Couto de Silva JM Jr, Antonio Aldrete J (2001). Body 61453 temperature and diaphoresis disturbances in a patient with arachnoiditis. Anesth Analg, 93(6): 1578-9. Crespo Martinez C, Castro Copete MC (2018). Adhesive arachnoiditis 95664 secondary to the use of intrathecal liposoluble contrast. Radiologia, 60(3): 267-9. Crete RN, Gallmann W, Karis JP, et al (2018). Spinal 94352 coccidioidomycosis: MR imaging findings in 41 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 39(11): 2148-53. Cunha I, Nour D, Silva JA, et al (2006). [Ossifying arachnoiditis in 94353 spondyloarthropathy patient]. Acta Reumatol Port, 31(3): 263-71 [Article in Portuguese]. [Abstract] da Silva RA, Ferraz IL, Zuza RS, et al (2019). Can an inflammatory reaction in the meninges, caused by spinal puncture through tattooed 94354 skin, evolve into adhesive arachnoiditis? An experimental model in rabbits. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 44: 355-9. Davies MJ (2007). Perioperative epidural anaesthesia and analgesia--an 60664 appraisal of its role. Anaesth Intensive Care, 35(4): 593-600. De Andres J, Palmisani S, Villanueva Perez VL, et al (2010). Can an 94355 intrathecal, catheter-tip-associated inflammatory mass reoccur? Clin J Pain, 26(7): 631-4.

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Deer TR, Prager J, Levy R, et al (2012). Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference--2012: consensus on diagnosis, detection, and treatment of 94356 catheter-tip granulomas (inflammatory masses). Neuromodulation, 15(5): 483-96. DeSanto J, Ross JS (2011). Spine infection/inflammation. Radiol Clin 60560 North Am, 49(1): 105-27. Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Turner JA, et al (2009). Overtreating chronic back 61457 pain: time to back off? J Am Board Fam Med, 22(1): 62-8. Diaz JH (2002). Permanent paraparesis and cauda equina syndrome 94357 after epidural blood patch for postdural puncture headache. Anesthesiology, 96(6): 1515-7. Domenicucci M, Ramieri A, Passacantilli E, et al (2004). Spinal 59953 arachnoiditis ossificans: report of three cases. Neurosurgery, 55(4): 985. Dong A, Zuo C, Zhang P, et al (2014). MRI and FDG PET/CT findings in 94358 3 cases of spinal infectious arachnoiditis. Clin Nucl Med, 39(10): 900-3. Dossani RH, Patra DP, Sun H, et al (2018). Delayed spinal arachnoiditis 94359 following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a case report. Cureus, 10(1): e2031. Douglas MJ, Swenerton JE (2002). Epidural anesthesia in three 94360 parturients with lumbar tattoos: a review of possible implications. Can J Anaesth, 49(10): 1057-60. Duarte RV, Raphael JH, Southall JL, et al (2012). Intrathecal granuloma formation as result of opioid delivery: systematic literature review of case 94361 reports and analysis against a control group. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 114(6): 577-84. Dullerud R, Morland TJ (1976). Adhesive arachnoiditis after lumbar 94362 radiculography with Dimer-X and Depo-Medrol. Radiology, 119(1): 153-5. [Abstract] Duthel R, Nuti C, Motuo-Fotso MJ, et al (1996). [Complications of lumboperitoneal shunts. A retrospective study of a series of 195 patients 94363 (214 procedures)]. Neurochirurgie, 42(2): 83-9 [Article in French]. [Abstract] Ea HK, Liote F, Lot G, et al (2010). Cauda equina syndrome in 94364 ankylosing spondylitis: successful treatment with lumboperitoneal shunting. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 35(24): E1423-9. Edwards WT (1992). [Comment] Comment on "Intrathecal Depo-Medrol". 60811 Clin J Pain, 8(1): 57-8. Eisenberg E, Goldman R, Schlag-Eisenberg D, et al (2019). Adhesive 94365 arachnoiditis following lumbar epidural steroid injections: a report of two cases and review of the literature. J Pain Res, 12: 513-8. Epstein JA, Epstein BS, Lavine LS, et al (1978). Obliterative arachnoiditis 94500 complicating lumbar spinal stenosis. J Neurosurg, 48(2): 252-8. Epstein NE (2013). The risks of epidural and transforaminal steroid 94366 injections in the spine: Commentary and a comprehensive review of the literature. Surg Neurol Int, 4(Suppl 2): S74-93. Epter RS, Helm S 2nd, Hayek SM, et al (2009). Systematic review of 61458 percutaneous adhesiolysis and management of chronic low back pain in post lumbar surgery syndrome. Pain Physician, 12(2): 361-78. Etchepare F, Roche B, Rozenberg S, et al (2005). Post-lumbar puncture 94367 arachnoiditis. The need for directed questioning. Joint Bone Spine, 72(2): 180-2. Evans PR, Misra U (2003). Poor outcome following epidural abscess 60552 complicating epidural analgesia for labour. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 109(1): 102-5. Faure A, Khalfallah M, Perrouin-Verbe B, et al (2002). Arachnoiditis 60130 ossificans of the cauda equina. J Neurosurg: Spine, 97(2 Suppl): 239-43.

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Ferraz IL, Barros GA, Ferreira Neto PG, et al (2015). Does spinal block through tattooed skin cause histological changes in nervous tissue and 94501 meninges? An experimental model in rabbits. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 40(5): 533-8. [Abstract] Freilich D (1983). Cauda equina lesion due to thorotrast. Aust N Z J Med, 94502 13(3): 283-4. Fujimura M, Nishijima M, Umezawa K, et al (2003). Optochiasmal arachnoiditis following cotton wrapping of anterior communicating artery 59954 aneurysm treated by surgical removal of granuloma. J Clin Neurosci, 10(2): 254-7. Fukushima FB, Barros GA, Marques ME, et al (2009). The neuraxial 94375 effects of intraspinal amitriptyline at low concentrations. Anesth Analg, 109(3): 965-71. Gan CW, Chen SY, Chang CS, et al (2019). Spontaneous spinal 94368 subdural hematoma: Case report of a 2 years' clinical and radiologic findings. World Neurosurg, 127: 275-8. Gibson-Corley KN, Flouty O, Oya H, et al (2014). Postsurgical pathologies associated with intradural electrical stimulation in the central 94369 nervous system: Design implications for a new clinical device. Biomed Res Int, 2014: 989175. Ginanneschi F, Palma L, Rossi A (2008). Arachnoid cyst and 59955 arachnoiditis following idiopathic spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br J Neurosurg, 22(4): 578-9. Ginsburg WW, Cohen MD, Miller GM, et al (1997). Posterior vertebral body erosion by arachnoid diverticula in cauda equina syndrome: an 94503 unusual manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol, 24(7): 1417-20. Gnanalingham KK, Joshi SM, Sabin I (2006). Thoracic arachnoiditis, 61459 arachnoid cyst and syrinx formation secondary to myelography with myodil, 30 years previously. Eur Spine J, 15(Suppl 5): 661-3. Go T, Tsutsui T, Iida Y, et al (2019). A case of spontaneous spinal 94370 subdural hematoma complicated by cranial subarachnoid hemorrhage and spinal adhesive arachnoiditis. Case Rep Orthop, 2019: 7384701. Gopalakrishnan CV, Mishra A, Thomas B (2010). Iophendylate 72889 myelopathy induced thoracic arachnoiditis, arachnoid cyst and syrinx, four decades later. Br J Neurosurg, 24(6): 711-3. Grady RE, Horlocker TT, Brown RD, et al (1999). Neurologic complications after placement of cerebrospinal fluid drainage catheters 94377 and needles in anesthetized patients: implications for regional anesthesia. Mayo Perioperative Outcomes Group. Anesth Analg, 88(2): 388-92. Graser C, Kohlmeyer K, Papke M (1979). [Myelography with metrizamide 94371 (author's transl)]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 104(14): 511-4 [Article in German]. [Abstract] Grewal S, Hocking G, Wildsmith JA (2006). Epidural abscesses. Br J 61474 Anaesth, 96(3): 292-302. Gubian A, Rosahl SK (2016). Encasement of the cauda equina after early 94372 childhood meningitis: case report and review of the literature. World Neurosurg, 96: 612.e15-20. Gulve AP, Eldabe S (2004). [Comment] Obstetric epidural and chronic 59946 adhesive arachnoiditis. Br J Anaesth, 92(5): 765; author reply 766-7. Gupta A, Garg RK, Singh MK, et al (2013). Bladder dysfunction and 94422 urodynamic study in tuberculous meningitis. J Neurol Sci, 327(1-2): 46- 54. Gupta SR, Naheedy MH, O'Hara RJ, et al (1985). Hydrocephalus 94421 following iophendylate injection myelography with spontaneous resolution: case report and review. Comput Radiol, 9(6): 359-64.

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Gurbuz MS, Erdogan B, Yuksel MO, et al (2013). Postlumbar puncture 94373 arachnoiditis mimicking epidural abscess. BMJ Case Rep, 2013: bcr2013200169. Guyer DW, Wiltse LL, Eskay ML, et al (1989). The long-range prognosis 60553 of arachnoiditis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 14(12): 1332-41. Hackel M, Masopust V, Bojar M, et al (2009). The epidural steroids in the 61321 prevention of epidural fibrosis: MRI and clinical findings. Neuro Endocrinol Lett, 30(1): 51-5. Hampl K, Steinfeldt T, Wulf H (2014). Spinal anesthesia revisited: toxicity 94393 of new and old drugs and compounds. Curr Opin Anesthesiol, 27(5): 549- 55. Hansen EB, Fahrenkrug A, Praestholm J (1978). Late meningeal effects 94394 of myelographic contrast media with special reference to metrizamide. Br J Radiol, 51(605): 321-7. Haughton VM, Ho KC, Lipman BT (1982). Experimental study of 94504 arachnoiditis from iohexol, an investigational nonionic aqueous contrast medium. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 3(4): 375-7. Haughton VM, Nguyen CM, Ho KC (1993). The etiology of focal spinal 60564 arachnoiditis. An experimental study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 18(9): 1193- 8. Hayashi K, Nagano J, Hattori S (2014). Adhesive arachnoiditis after 94424 percutaneous fibrin glue treatment of a sacral meningeal cyst. J Neurosurg Spine, 20(6): 763-6. Hernandez-Palazon J, Falcon-Arana LF, Garcia-Martinez M (2003). 61467 Transient postoperative neurologic deficit after lumbar laminectomy. Anesth Analg, 97(5): 1527-8. Hetherington NJ, Dooley MJ (2000). Potential for patient harm from 94425 intrathecal administration of preserved solutions. Med J Aust, 173(3): 141-3. Hewson DW, Bedforth NM, Hardman JG (2018). Spinal cord injury 94374 arising in anaesthesia practice. Anaesthesia, 73(Suppl 1): 43-50. Hirai T, Kato T, Kawabata S, et al (2012). Adhesive arachnoiditis with 94378 extensive syringomyelia and giant arachnoid cyst after spinal and epidural anesthesia: a case report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 37(3): E195-8. Hoffman HJ, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP (1976). New lumboperitoneal 95665 shunt for communicating hydrocephalus; technical note. J Neurosurg, 44(2): 258-61. Holz A (2011). Arachnoiditis imaging. Retrieved 7 June 2011, from 61471 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/336605-overview Hooten WM, Kinney MO, Huntoon MA (2004). Epidural abscess and 61460 meningitis after epidural corticosteroid injection. Mayo Clin Proc, 79(5): 682-6. Huang M, Dalm B, Simpson RK (2018). Toxic myelitis and arachnoiditis 94379 after intrathecal delivery of bupivacaine via an implanted drug delivery system: case report and review of the literature. Cureus, 10(2): e2240. Hui AC, Chan YL, Kay R (2001). Syrinx and tuberculoma formation in 60129 tuberculosis arachnoiditis. Can J Neurol Sci, 28(2): 148-9. Hwang SW, Bhadelia RA, Wu J (2008). Thoracic spinal iophendylate- 59969 induced arachnoiditis mimicking an intramedullary spinal cord neoplasm. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine, 8(3): 292-4. Inoue Y, Nemoto Y, Ohata K, et al (2001). Syringomyelia associated with 59956 adhesive spinal arachnoiditis: MRI. Neuroradiology, 43(4): 325-30. Irstam L (1978). Lumbar myelography with amipaque. Spine (Phila Pa 94426 1976), 3(1): 70-82. Ishizaka S, Hayashi K, Otsuka M, et al (2012). Syringomyelia and 94380 arachnoid cysts associated with spinal arachnoiditis following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 52(9): 686-90.

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Jackson A, Isherwood I (1994). Does degenerative disease of the lumbar 94505 spine cause arachnoiditis? A magnetic resonance study and review of the literature. Br J Radiol, 67(801): 840-7. Jenkins JG (2005). Some immediate serious complications of obstetric 60554 epidural analgesia and anaesthesia: a prospective study of 145,550 epidurals. Int J Obstet Anesth, 14(1): 37-42. Johnson A, Ryan MD, Roche J (1991). Depo-Medrol and myelographic 94381 arachnoiditis. Med J Aust, 155(8): 574-5. Joo KB, Lee S, Kang CN, et al (2013). Arachnoid ossificans of 94382 thoracolumbosacral spine in the advanced ankylosing spondylitis: a case report. Rheumatol Int, 33(6): 1623-5. Junewick J, Culver SK (2010). Clinical image. Arachnoiditis ossificans in 59957 a pediatric patient. Pediatr Radiol, 40(2): 228. Kalina P, Craigo P, Weingarten T (2004). Intrathecal injection of epidural 95666 blood patch: a case report and review of the literature. Emerg Radiol, 11(1): 56-9. Kang HS, Chung CK, Kim HJ (2000). Spontaneous spinal subdural 94383 hematoma with spontaneous resolution. Spinal Cord, 38(3): 192-6. Kaplan AW, Teng SS, Koo AH (1984). CT recognition of thorotrast- 94506 induced intracranial and lumbar arachnoiditis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 5(3): 323-5. Kawauchi Y, Yone K, Sakou T (1996). Myeloscopic observation of 94427 adhesive arachnoiditis in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Spinal Cord, 34(7): 403-10. Kendall BE, Tatler GL (1978). Radiological findings in neurosarcoidosis. 94384 Br J Radiol, 51(602): 81-92. Khan MU, Devlin JA, Fraser A (2016). Adhesive arachnoiditis in mixed 94385 connective tissue disease: a rare neurological manifestation. BMJ Case Rep, 2016: bcr2016217418. Killeen T, Kamat A, Walsh D, et al (2012). Severe adhesive arachnoiditis 94386 resulting in progressive paraplegia following obstetric spinal anaesthesia: a case report and review. Anaesthesia, 67(12): 1386-94. Kitsou MC, Kostopanagiotou G, Kalimeris K, et al (2011). Histopathological alterations after single epidural injection of ropivacaine, 60809 methylprednizolone acetate, or contrast material in swine. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 34(6): 1288-95. Kluger N, Sleth JC, Guilot B (2007). Lumbar tattoos and lumbar puncture: 94507 the emperor's new clothes? Can J Anaesth, 54(10): 855. Kochany JZ, Tran ND, Sarria JE (2013). Increasing back and radicular 94387 pain 2 years following intrathecal pump implantation with review of arachnoiditis. Pain Med, 14(11): 1658-63. Koerts G, Rooijakkers H, Abu-Serieh B, et al (2008). Postoperative spinal 59958 adhesive arachnoiditis presenting with hydrocephalus and cauda equine syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 110(2): 171-5. Kok AJ, Verhagen WI, Bartels RH, et al (2000). Spinal arachnoiditis 59959 following subarachnoid haemorrhage: report of two cases and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 142(7): 795-8; discussion 798-9. Koroshetz WJ, Swartz MN (2011). Chronic and recurrent meningitis. 61451 Chapter 377. Retrieved 28 July 2011, from http://accessmedicine.com/popup.aspx?aID=2906974&print=yes_chapter Kratzig T, Dreimann M, Mende KC, et al (2018). Extensive spinal 94388 adhesive arachnoiditis after extradural spinal infection-spinal dura mater is no barrier to inflammation. World Neurosurg, 116: e1194-203. Kratzsch T, Stienen MN, Reck T, et al (2015). Catheter-tip granulomas 94508 associated with intrathecal drug delivery--a two-centre experience identifying 13 cases. Pain Physician, 18(5): e831-40.

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Kubota M, Shin M, Taniguchi M, et al (2008). Syringomyelia caused by 95667 intrathecal remnants of oil-based contrast medium. J Neurosurg, 8(2): 169-73. Kumaran SP, Gupta K, Maddali A, et al (2012). Post traumatic 94389 arachnoiditis ossificans. J Emerg Trauma Shock, 5(3): 250-2. Laitt R, Jackson A, Isherwood I (1996). Patterns of chronic adhesive 60559 arachnoiditis following Myodil myelography: the significance of spinal canal stenosis and previous surgery. Br J Radiol, 69(824): 693-8. Lan HH, Chen DY, Chen CC, et al (2007). Combination of transverse myelitis and arachnoiditis in cauda equina syndrome of long-standing 94390 ankylosing spondylitis: MRI features and its role in clinical management. Clin Rheumatol, 26(11): 1963-7. Latham JM, Fraser RD, Moore RJ, et al (1997). The pathologic effects of 60808 intrathecal betamethasone. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 22(14): 1558-62. Lavi R, Rowe JM, Avivi I (2010). Lumbar puncture: it is time to change 61461 the needle. Eur Neurol, 64(2): 108-13. Lee JK, Amorosa L, Cho SK, et al (2010). Recurrent lumbar disk 60563 herniation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 18(6): 327-37. Lee KF, Park CH, Schnapt D, et al (1978). The value of radionuclide 94391 myelography in the evaluation of spinal arachnoiditis. Neuroradiology, 16: 359-61. Leonard JM (2019). Central nervous system tuberculosis. Retrieved 18 94395 February 2020, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/central-nervous- system-tuberculosis Lima RM, Navarro LH, Carness JM, et al (2010). Clinical and histological 94396 effects of the intrathecal administration of methylprednisolone in dogs. Pain Physician, 13(5): 493-501. Liu LD, Zhao S, Liu WG, et al (2015). Arachnoiditis ossificans after spinal 94509 surgery. Orthopedics, 38(5): e437-42. Longatti P, Sgubin D, Di Paola F (2008). Bleeding spinal artery 60663 aneurysms. J Neurosurg Spine, 8(6): 574-8. Lukas A, van der Weide M, Boogerd W, et al (2008). [Comment] 59960 Adhesive arachnoiditis following percutaneous cervical cordotomy-may we still use lipiodol? J Pain Symptom Management, 36(5): e1-4. Makarov Alu, Kholin AV, Amelina OA (1996). [The classification of the 94398 late period in closed spinal trauma]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S Korsakova, 96(4): 18-21 [Article in Russian]. [Abstract] Maravilla KR, Neuwelt EA, Diehl JT (1979). Application of metrizamide in 95668 the radiographic evaluation of the neurologically diseased patient. Neurosurgery, 5(3): 389-406. Martin R, Louy C, Babu V, et al (2019). A two-level large-volume epidural blood patch protocol for spontaneous intracranial hypotension: 95669 retrospective analysis of risk and benefit. Reg Anesth Pain Med, Sep 20: Epub ahead of print. Maulucci CM, Ghobrial GM, Oppenlander ME, et al (2014). Arachnoiditis 94399 ossificans: clinical series and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 124: 16-20. McIvor J, Krajbich JI, Hoffman H (1988). Orthopaedic complications of 95670 lumboperitoneal shunts. J Pediatr Orthop, 8(6): 687-9. McKendall RR, Sadiq SA, Calverley JR (1990). Unusual manifestations 94400 of Epstein-Barr Virus encephalomyelitis. Infection, 18(1): 33-5. Meyer MW, Powell HC, Wagner M, et al (1978). Thorotrast induced 94510 adhesive arachnoiditis associated with meningioma and schwannoma. Hum Pathol, 9(3): 366-70. Miele VJ, Price K, Bloomfield S, et al (2006). Intrathecal morphine 94401 therapy related granulomas: two case reports. W V Med J, 102(5): 16-8. [Abstract]

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