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CHAFTER-II HISTORY of the LEPAKSHI TEMPLE Origins of Age

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CHAFTER-II HISTORY of the LEPAKSHI TEMPLE Origins of Age 2 / CHAFTER-II HISTORY OF THE LEPAKSHI TEMPLE Origins of age old institutions are usually shrouded in mystery. This particular feature is more remarkable in respect of certain ancient temples of South Indiap so also is the ease with Lepakshi temple. The direct evidence in the form of inscriptions of its beginning is practically nil, while traditional accounts available are but illusory in character. Even the inscriptions do not specify either the exact date or the manner of the origin of the temple as a whole. But they are of immense value in deciding the hey-day of the temple. From the early times, several legends have gathered around the fame of Lepakshi, Naturally with the growth of the temple, the legends also increased. According to Sthalamahatmyam, the sage Agastya, during his visit to various sacred places south of the Vindhyas, visited the place and is said to have stayed « / in a cave on the Kurmasaila hill and built a small temple and dedicated the same to Papanasesvara^ A natural rock shelter formed of a huge granite-boulder available at the site is said to have been the place where sage Agastya stayed and is being revered by the people even today. The temple of Papanasesvara is actually built abutting to the said boulder itself on its western face. 2 5 This incipient place in later days became one of the reputed Saiva-kshetras in South India, A reference to Papanasesvara-kshetra is made in the Skandapurana (Lepakshya papanasanah) as one of the * 2 hundred and eight Saiva-kshetras located in South India, If we consider the Purapic evidence as authentic, it will be an early reference of the shrine, dedicated to God Siva known as Papanasesvara (redeemer of sins). According to a popular legend^, ?irupanpa, son of LepakshI Nandi Lakkusetti and Muddamba, held a high post of the regional governor stationed at Penugonda during the reign of Achyutaraya Maharaya, He was more religious minded and is credited to have constructed the en tire temple complex spending the entire treasure. After hearing the news, the king got anjry at him and ordered that Virupanna should be blinded as punishment for the above crime. He, being a loyal servant, carried out this order on the spot. It is also stated that the sudden blindness of Virupanna left the building of Kalyanamandapa incomplete. As stated elsewhere, even the direct evidences like the epigraphs are silent about the early history of the temple. Among the available records at the site, one^ engraved on the natural granite rock adjacent to Rangamandapa on its west is the e a rlie s t, so far known. U J It is a donatory grant issued in Saka IV1 5 , corresponding to IU-93 A.D,, falling in the reign of a Yijayanagara king Saluva Immadl Narasimha (A.D, ^\h^0~^^06) ^ It records the perpetual grant for the services to god Papanasesvara Devara. It does not mention other shrines, but throws a welcome light on the existence of Papanasesvara shrine in A.D, 1*+93» I t also suggests an early beginning of the said structure, say at least a hundred years prior to Virupanna, which, in turn, also supports the Skandapuram evidence. The other inscriptions available at the monument are nearly twenty in number, mostly engraved on the prakara walls and a ll of them belong to the reign of Achyutaraya Maharaya (A.D. 1530-15^2) of Vijayanagara and are grouped together year wise to glean the history of the temple during the period. In the order of chronology, the earliest of the group is dated to 1531 A.D. They are two in number, engraved on the natural rocky floor, ad;)acent to the second prakara-wall on its east, of which / » the one dated to the cyclic year Khara Sravana Bahula dvadasi corresponds to A.D. 1531» August, 9 Tuesday^ It records the royal order to the Gaudas of Chaluvindla v illa g e , statin g that the king Achyutaraya Maharaya made a gift of the same, village surnamed Kumara Venkatadriyapura to the god Papavinasana and the village Ga^apatihalli to Virupanna or Tirapanna^ of Penugonda and the ownership of ‘h ) both the villages rests with the latter. The second 7 * record dated Saka 1^-53» Khara Srayana Bahula astami,“ corresponds to A.D. 1531» August 5» Sunday, in the reign of Achyutaraya, In the beginning, it furnishes the geneology of the Vijayanagara kings in Sanskrit verses, and then records in Kannada that, at the request of Virupanna, the king made a gift of the v illag e Chalavindla 8 , surnamed Achyutendrapura,^ for the services of gods Veerabhadra, Raghunatha and Papavinisa of Lepakshi, This gift he issued in the presence of the god Virupaksha, on the banks of Tungabhadra at Hampi. The above records inform that the main temple of the complex was in existence prior to 1531 A.B. Neither the ruling king Achjnitaraya Mahariya nor his local feudatory Virupanna, were responsible for the construction of the above temples. The mention of three main shrines suggests the fu lly developed stage of the temple complex, which might have taken much longer period, say at least more than hundred years before 1531 A.D, The next group of records consists of three, all dated to 1533 A.D. (also of Achyutaraya*s period) of Q which two are engraved on the eastern wall of second prakara, while the third is a copper plate grani^ which is a copy of the inscription number 57^ of 1912* They are in both Sanskrit and Kannada and begin in Sanskrit 31 and end in Kannada, The former (573 of 1912) is a preface to the one on the eastern wall which records gifts made to the shrines of Veerabhadra, PapanasesTara and Rama. It is also stated that these records were engraved by Basavanna Somayajin and Timmappa under the orders of Virupanna, The second registers a grant of three villages named Hamparahalli or Hamb anahalJ.i, Kancharlahal].i or Kamsarehalli and Timmagondanahalli or Timman-unahal3.i to the shrine of.feerabhadra. The v illages were a ll surnamed as Venkatadrisamudra after prince Kiomara Venka^adri, son of Achyntaraya. Since these were recorded on the second prakara wall, it is quite evident that all the three temples that are referred to in the inscriptions and the other important buildings b u ilt inside the enclosure wall such as Ranga- mandapa, Kalyanamandapa and Pakasala including prakara w alls, were in existence prior to 1533 There is yet another record 11 engraved on the _ t eastern wall of second prakara, dated to Saka 1^56, corresponding to 153^ A.D. in Sanskrit and Kannada, recording a gift of tolls collected by the merchants at the market held every Sunday in the Samlet of Vlresvara- devarapura, belonging to Lepakshi, of tolls raised in Harunadu— 12 and Hosura-nadu~ — and of other income, for 0 W oblations to be offered in the three shrines, i.e., Veerabhadra, PapaYinasesYara and Raghunatha. This grant was made at the instance of Virapa-Nayaka, younger brother of Virupannaya or Virupanna. Another inscription**^ dated in the same year as abore, engraved on the eastern wall of the same prakara, records that the king Achyutaraya Maharaya also made a gift of a village (name is damaged) for the services of the god Veerabhadra, who bestowed boons upon Virupanna _ * settled on Kurmasaila, which was considered as Dakshina- kailasa C Saksadaksina kailasa Kurmasailanivasi Viropana prasanna Sri Virabhadra namostute ). From the above i t may be inferred that both the king and his subordinate officer Virupanna, were having cordial relations and were very much interested in bringing up the temple into prominence and also that the legendery story stating that the king ordered Virupanna to be blinded, is a concocted one. In the year 1537 A.D., some more g ifts were made by the Vijayanagara king Achyutaraya Maharaya and his feudatory Virupanna for the services to be rendered to all the three gods stationed at Lepakshi. All these records are engraved on the eastern wall of second prakara, of which the first record”*^ registers a sale of land to the three shrines at Lepakshi by the mahajanas of the 33 Saryamanya agrahara v illag e Kanchasamtidra alias Pratapadevarayapura, It is also stated in the record that the Lepakshi was a village in Sadalivente in Roda-nadu of Penugonda rajya. The second record**^ which is in a much damaged condition, refers to a gift of two Tillages to the ' — - — temple of Viresvara, made by the king Achyutaraya Maharaya / in the presence of the god Vittalesvara on the banks of the Tungabhadra river at Hampi. The third record 17, dated Saka^ 1^+59 corresponding to A,D, 15^3 7 , in the reign of Achyutadeva Mahar%a, engraved on the same wall, informs that one Achyutaraya Mallapanna purchased a manya-village Nandicherla from Timmapa, son of Bandarada Apparasa and presented it for « / services to the god Viresa. It is also stated that this v illag e, surnamed Virupaksharayapura, has been granted — 18 ^ as a manya to Timmappa’s grand father Viramarasa by Virupakshadeva Maharaya in laka I 389 ( 1^6? A,D«) and the price of the above sale was fixed by the Madhyasthas (mediators), From the above record it is evident that the Veerabhadra temple was patronised not only by the ruling class but by other rich people, like Mallapanna, and the - / ~ / IQ god was also known as Viresa or Viresvara,^ There is another endowment 20 engraved on the same 3; eastern wall of the second prakara issued in the year 1 5 37 A,B, September 23, and i t records that Penugonda Virupanna purchased from certain Brahmanas- some v rittis - - 21 in the v illag e of Kalanuru, surnamed Tryambaka Nar^apapura and presented them to the service of the god Viresvara of LepakshI* The other record issued^^y Virupannaya during the reign of Achyutaraya Maharaya, dated Saka ^ ^ 9 corresponding to A.B, 1 5 3 7 , engraved on a boulder to the west of the village Choutakuntapalle of Hindupur taluq, states that a copper plate grant was issued recording the gift of a village Kachakarahalli for the services of the three gods _ _ / _ / .
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