The Alumni Gazette The College of William and Mary

Winter 1980 On The Cover

The portrait of James Blair (oil on canvas, 49" by 39 3/4") is attributed to Charles Bridges (1670 - 1747), who was active in Virginia from 1735 - 1743. It is one of the most interesting and historically important paintings in William and Mary's art collection. Blair, first president of the College and one of the most powerful figures in Coioniai America, asked the artist to paint the facade of the Wren Building in the background of his portrait. This eariy view of the main College building reflects its appear- ance following the reconstruction required after the fire of 1705. Details from the painting were used during the 20th century restoration of the structure. The phoenix rising from the ashes, shown beneath the Wren Building, symbolizes the rebirth of the College after the 1705 fire. It is not known how or when William and Mary obtained this portrait. A reference to it in the faculty minutes of November, 1859, indicates that it was the possession of the College at that time and was, in fact, rescued from the Blue Room of the Wren Building when fire swept the buiiding earlier that year. Today the portrait is displayed in the Great Hall of the Wren Building.

Photograph courtesy of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. The Alumni Gazette The College of William and Mary

January February 1980 Volume 47, No. 6

2 Education and "Relevance" By David L. Holmes 6 Sitting on a Sea of Oil By George W. Grayson 9 The Second Founding of William and Mary By Russell Smith 16 Antique Silver By Louise Lambert Kale 22 The Renaissance and the Cloister By John A. Moore 25 The Fear of Writing By Lynn Z. Bloom 30 Attracting and Keeping the Best By James M. Yankovich 32 "This Old College Will Endure ..." By Edward E. Brickell

Editor, Ross L. Weeks, Jr. Officers of the Society are: President Denys The contents of this periodical contain view- Associate Editor, S. Dean Olson Grant, '58, Richmond. Virginia: Vice President. points and other comments which are those of John H. Garretf. Jr., '40, Irvington, Virginia: the authors. They are not intended to represent Managing Editor, Jim Rees '74 Secretary. Elaine Elias Kappel, '55, Pittsburgh, necessarily the opinions of the College, the Typesetting, Sylvia B. Colston Pennsylvania: Treasurer, Patricia King Sell, '58. Society of the Alumni, or the editors. La Jolla, California: Executive Vice President, The Society and the editors acknowledge Gordon C. Vliet, '54. Board of Directors: To gratefullv the contributions of those who have Established June 10. 1933, by the Society of the December 1981: James W. Brinkley, '59, Towson, submitted ideas, articles and other materials for Alumni of the College of William and Mary, Box Maryland: James E. Howard, '43, Richmond, consideration in the Alumni Gazette. More GO. Williamsburg, Va. 23185: monthly except Virginia: Robert H. Land, '34, Alexandria. especially, thanks are due to a number of January and July. Second-class postage paid at Virginia: Austin L. Roberts III, '59, Newport members of the College faculty who provide Williamsburg and Richmond. Subscription rates News. Virginia: G. Elliott Schaubach, Jr., '59, continuing advice and other assistance in the S5.00 a year. Norfolk, Virginia: To December 1980: Marilyn development of the new semi-annual magazine Miller Entwisle, '44. Meadowbrook. Pennsyl- and its contents. vania: R. Stanley Hudgins, '43. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Andrew D. Parker, Jr., JD '69. Chapel Hill. North Carolina: Patricia King Sell, '58. La Jolla, California: Marvin F. West. '52. Williams- burg. Virginia: To December 1979: Elaine Elias Kappel. '55, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: John H. Garrett. Jr.. '40, Irvington, Virginia: Denys Grant. '58. Richmond, Virginia: Jane Spencer Smith, '48, Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan: Henry D. Wilde, Jr. '53. Houston. Texas.

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 1 Education and "Relevance" In an Age of Vocational Concerns, A Professor Tells Students to Work Hard in College And to Major in the Field that Interests Them the Most By David L. Holmes

Everyone is talking about "rele- Other speakers have told you that and Mary seems to me to rank some- vance" today. This afternoon I want William and Mary is a good college. where between second and fifth in to say a few words about it. How good? Based on the records of offering a quality education; I would To begin with: it is relevant, I the Educational Testing Service, put it second or third. Third, in think, that you have come to William William and Mary applicants rank national terms, it seems to me that it and Mary. If you are from out of state, first of all 472 public four-year is clearly easier to obtain a quality it is highly relevant that you have colleges in SAT Verbal scores and education at William and Mary than come, for here you will be exposed to 13th in SAT Mathematics scores. at most colleges, but clearly (let us a different culture. When private four-year colleges are not delude ourselves) harder than at If you are from Virginia, it is rele- included in the statistics—and this some. And finally, above all, quality vant that you have come. For William means schools like the Ivies and education is available at almost every and Mary has a diverse student body Chicago and Pomona and Oberlin and college in the land. Virtually every and a faculty from all parts of the Swarthmore—William and Mary ranks college will have a professor or a nation. In quality education, geo- 61st of all 1912 four-year colleges in library that will lead one to the light. graphy plays a major role. Max SAT Verbal scores and 79th in SAT And trying to rank schools numeri- Miiller said: "What do they know of Mathematics scores. Nationally, this cally in terms of education offered is England, who only England know?" places us in the 97th and 96th almost an impossible task. We've got We might paraphrase: "What do they percentiles. to depend on you, in your later years, know of the East Coast, or the Now the College may rank even to do that for us. So welcome! It is Midwest, or Virginia, who only the higher. In a survey taken a few years right and relevant that you have East Coast, or the Midwest, or ago of some 16 American colleges come. And we and all the ghosts of Virginia know?" whose students had similar SAT this College's past are glad that you scores, William and Mary ranked as are here. the most difficult in grading. This is, Which brings me to my second This article is the text of an of course, a tricky statistic to manage, point: it is relevant that you have address delivered by David L. but maintaining high standards has come to a college where students Holmes, associate professor of re- traditionally been essential to aca- have a reputation for being overly- ligion at William and Mary, to fresh- demic excellence. So William and studious. men and transfer students during last Mary may rate higher in the quality Now, certain campus philosophers fall's orientation program. A of education it offers than some will tell you that studiousness is respected church historian who colleges where students with loftier irrelevant, that life is more than joined the William and Mary faculty SAT scores encounter easier courses study. Perhaps they are right. William in 1965, Holmes has also taught at and lower standards of excellence and Mary students do seem to need Carnegie-Mellon University and the and therefore develop less during more social awareness; perhaps they University of Virginia. Holmes re- their undergraduate years. simply don't date enough. It may be ceived an undergraduate degree from In any event, a few things seem that at William and Mary we need Michigan State University, a Master's clear. First, in my experience, more style, more self-criticism, a bit degree in English from Columbia William and Mary maintains the less seriousness, a bit more of the University, and Master's and Ph.D. highest undergraduate grading saving grace of humor. In other degrees in religion from Princeton standards of any college in Virginia. words, we may need pizazz. University. He also studied several And this shows its relevance in the But: all too often a young person years at the Divinity School at Duke later performance of our graduates. either has studious habits, or he or University. Second, in all of the South, William she has strong social inclinations-

2 WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 seldom both. And if one must make the choice as to which is more relevant to life, then it is the self- discipline, the seriousness of pur- pose, that wins, I think, hands down. Few of us, I would hope, desire After all, style and sociability can be added to the studious disposition undergraduate colleges to encourage later on-and often are; I wonder if the notion that shoddy thinking, shoddy you know how socially inept many of our leading political and cultural and research, and shoddy writing are academic figures were in their perfectly acceptable behavior for college years. But, alas, the obverse is true far less often. Far less frequently educated people. So: don't fault the can the inward self-discipline and professor who goes to the trouble of studiousness be added to the outward social graces. expressing concern about details. As In 1973, a national pollster asked Three-Mile Island has shown us, people in all vocational fields whether they would select their details-little details-can be relevant. particular job again. What fields came out on top? The answer is: precisely those composed of people who absolutely had to concentrate on their bility. Of course, in every college then—I assure you—we will pay the studies in college-to wit, professors there are all kinds of faculty-good, consequences in later life. Anyone in (87 percent said they'd do it again) bad, and indifferent. But when you business or in the professions-where and physicians (about 82 percent said run into those professors at William deadlines have to be met daily—will they would do it again). In other and Mary who seem clearly to be tell you that college is really doing a areas, as few as 26 percent said they good, then listen carefully to them disservice if it allows us to think that would enter their field again. Being and get to know them. For the words late work is rewarded. of a studious nature in college is far and the critiques of a good profes- It is relevant to learn self-discipline more relevant to life than some sor will ring down the years after you in college. No job or profession is student sages know. graduate, and many of their words without its boring aspects. The best Which brings me to a third point- will turn out to be prophetic. They definition of a professional, after all, the relevance of professors. Despite will prove, that is, to be relevant. is—that a professional does his job all, we still have at William and Mary A fourth point: it is also relevant even when he or she doesn't feel like a teaching faculty. On the whole, you that you will find certain disciplines it. So to be truly relevant in college, will not sit in huge lecture halls and and presuppositions imposed upon we will have to study, even when we have your papers and bluebooks you during college. Pay heed to them, would prefer not to. graded by a graduate student who is for they are based upon adult life, It is relevant to learn attention to only a few years older than you—and and so are relevant. In the time avail- detail in college. We often think who is torn by the demands his own able, I would not pretend to cover all irrelevant the professor who pena- work places on him. On the whole, of them. But let me quickly sketch in lizes us when we place wrong dates your professors will know and care six that seem to cause anxiety and in a paper, ascribe wrong opinions to about you at William and Mary; you misunderstanding among students. persons, or use wrong spelling and will not simply be a number. It is relevant, for example, to learn punctuation. We prefer instead the Many will tell you to major in promptness in college. Because if we professor who applauds creativity college in relevant fields. But I would don't learn in college that-despite and declares that details are but advise you to major, at least in part, all-the paper has to be in Tuesday trivia—not worth the time to fuss in relevant professors. You see, and the test has to be taken Friday, over. outside of clergy, professors are unique in your lives. They are perhaps the last adults you will run into who as a body wish to do the right thing by you regardless of its effect on their own self-interest. In fact, the professors who work the hardest on their lectures or on comments on bluebooks and papers are really working against their self- interest. For good lecturing and careful grading is not what moves a professor to a more prestigious school and a higher salary. All professions have members who have sold out for cash, but that's very William and Mary students spend hours at Swem Library, attempting to hard to do in college teaching—and at research papers and prepare for exams. William and Mary, it's an impossi-

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 3 Studious habits, though often talked down by certain campus philosophers, are of vital importance to a liberal education. These students in the old William and Mary library (now the MarshaJi-Wythe Schoo) of Law) are surrounded by portraits of William and Mary greats. The photograph is part of the College archives and is dated around 1900. Photograph by Fred Miller, jr.

■4 WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 But I question, oh I question, the It is relevant that you will occas- field am I propelled to work so hard relevance of such a laid-back ionally be misgraded in college. Pro- that other people think I am over- approach. None of us wants medical fessors are human beings, not working? schools to produce physicians who machines; just as the most conscien- think that hosts of errors can be tious umpire will occasionally call a And at some point during college- I wouldn't worry a bit if it doesn't forgiven as long as intentions have player out who a TV replay shows come until the junior or senior year- been good; the more painstaking the was safe, so even the most careful most of us will discover such a field. physician or scientist is, the more professor will occasionally give a It may be Anthropology or Biology or relevant he or she is to our lives. bluebook or a paper a grade it doesn't None of us wants dental or business deserve. Business or English or Fine Arts or Russian or Accounting or History or schools producing graduates who But, you know, there are several Physics. And in the last analysis I believe that shabby workmanship is safeguards here. Many professors adequate. And few of us, I would have graded for years. This may be really don't believe it matters whether this field is "relevant" to the current hope, desire undergraduate colleges the third bluebook essay you have marketplace in America. to encourage the notion that shoddy received a grade on, but it may be the Because, you see, what is "rele- thinking, shoddy research, and 10,000th they have graded. And they vant" at one time may be irrelevant shoddy writing are perfectly accept- have read all of the bluebooks in your later. In my day, everyone was able behavior for educated people. class, whereas you, complaining, majoring in aeronautical engineering So: don't fault the professor who goes have read only yours and perhaps and going into the space industry. to the trouble of expressing concern that of your roommate. Given their And then space exploration col- about details. As Three-Mile Island experience, professors are probably lapsed, and these highly specialized, has shown us, details—little details- going to be right 90 to 95 percent of can be relevant. the time. And even if there is a five- narrowly-trained technicians had It is also relevant that we may percent error, they are just as often terrible times finding other satis- factory jobs. Many had to go back to sometimes spend many hours in going to grade too high as too low. In college and retrain. college preparing for a paper or a test four years of college, it all tends, Or in the late 1950s we were told and then fail to receive the expected again, to even out. To be aware of that teachers were in desperately high grade. It is relevant to life this is to be relevant. short supply in America. There were because, after all, a surgeon can work And now, a final point. And that is actually TV ads showing classrooms for hours and still fail an operation that it is relevant if we major in full of college students with no pro- and a patient. It is relevant because college in what we like, and not in fessor at the lectern. So everyone took an untalented painter can spend what someone tells us is relevant. Ph.D.s (that seemed relevant), and months and still paint a bad portrait. Topeka, Kansas, has been the home you all know what happened. It is relevant because I could give a of a noted family of psychiatrists, the Or in the 1970s because of Nader very weak speech here today, and Menningers. Not too many years ago, and Woodward and Bernstein and hardly any of you would be a reporter asked one of the Watergate, students poured into impressed if I stayed around after- Menningers if he could sum up in a journalism majors and into law wards to argue that I spent hours few words the lessons he had learned schools. And now journalists are in preparing it. The world inevitably about personal fulfillment in 50 years oversupply, and even the Chief judges work not by the time that goes of psychiatric practice. Menninger's Justice of the United States thinks we into it but by its final result. It is reply: "Find what you want to do in have too many lawyers. relevant for us to realize that. It is life, do it, and work hard at it." also relevant for us to know that time And now, today, millions of college spent in preparation will, in the long Over the years I have become students are selecting majors and run, richly pay off. convinced that these words are rele- locking themselves, perhaps for life, It is relevant that you will receive vant—not just to the years after into vocational choices they really borderline grades in college—a B+, college but also to the years in don't like but that they think are for example, when you lament that college. As I see it, we are relevant to "relevant" to getting a job in the the professor could have given you our own needs and interests and 1980s. One wonders with sinking an A-. But marginality-the condition abilities if during college we find the heart how in later years they are of narrow misses—is a given in life. In academic field in which we are most going to answer that grim question of my lifetime I have watched elections interested, and major in it, and work the national pollster: "Would you do in which four men (Dewey, Nixon, hard at it. It won't necessarily be the the same thing again?" Humphrey, and Ford) have missed field we end up in at the age of So I hope we will pay serious the presidency by the narrowest of 50—for surveys show that adults now attention to Menninger's rule. In margins. It does little good to argue change career fields, make major what undergraduate field should we over such things; there are B + 's in changes, three times during their major? We should find the field we life. working life. But it will be the field really like, we should major in it, and In addition, when we agonize over that is right for us at this time. we should work hard at it. In an age narrow misses, we inevitably ignore But how, you ask, do we discover in which everyone is concerned (I guarantee it) those courses in such a field? As the semesters and about relevance, that, I submit, is true which our A- could just as easily courses go on, some relevant signs relevance. have been a B + . The point is: in four will emerge. We should ask ourselves New students of the old College of years of college, borderline grades honestly: what courses do I really William and Mary, I hope you hear have a way of balancing out. It is like? What can I do or read that me. I wish you well. especially relevant for us to remem- causes me to work through the dinner ber this during our freshman year. hour without noticing it? In what

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 5 Sitting on A Sea of Oil Mexico's Leaders Smile When They Look to the Future, But Will the Masses Ever Benefit From the Big Oil Profits?

By George W. Grayson

Mexicans sometimes exhibit either dent since 1976, has whetted While charging slightly more than a Cuauhtemoc or Quetzalcoatl corn- appetites throughout this cornucopia- the $24.00 per barrel exacted by lex. The former connotes a dread of shaped nation by comments about the Saudi Arabia, the largest cartel mem- contact with foreigners, just as Aztec petroleum industry and its prospec- ber, Lopez Portillo has spurned mem- chieftain Cuauhtemoc feared Cortes, tive impact on the country. "Think of bership in OPEC. Mexico, which has his 16th Century Spanish conqueror; what it means these days for Mexico little in common with most of the 13 the latter describes a frame of mind to have oil," he said on November 24, OPEC countries except oil, prizes its like that of the Aztecs, who believed 1979, in a session at PEMEX, the state freedom of action in world affairs and that the great white god Quetzalcoatl petroleum monopoly. "It means the steers clear of most international would bring salvation from across the difference between the summit and organizations. Though unlikely, sea. the abyss, and we are heading for the OPEC could shift from coordinating Especially evident with respect to top." prices, an increasingly difficult task, the United States, this love-hate Such optimism springs from an oft- to setting production quotas. This relationship has been sharpened by stated belief that Mexico's 67 million possibility makes the organization discoveries of major oil resources in inhabitants -- one third of whom lives even less attractive to a new producer the Southeastern states of Tabasco as rag-pickers at the base of an such as Mexico, which - if an and Chiapas, as well as in Campeche increasingly squat social pyramid — affiliate — could not expect to play a Sound northeast of Ciudad Carmen. are "sitting on a sea of oil." major policy role until the mid-1980s Jose Lfjpez Portillo, Mexico's presi- In fact, the sea has expanded from when its exports, now 800,000 barrels 6.2 billion barrels of "proven" per day (bpd), may double. Other reserves when Lopez Portillo took potential liabilities attach to member- George W. Grayson, member of the office to a current level of 45.8 billion ship. The U.S. Trade Act of 1974 Government Department since 1968, barrels. PEMEX also boasts "prob- awards preferential tariff treatment to holds a Ph.D. from The Johns able" holdings of 45 billion barrels selected exports of developing Hopkins University and a J.D. from and "possible" holdings of 200 nations. As a result of the 1973-1974 the College of William and Mary. He billion. The last figure, if scientific- oil embargo, Congress excluded has lectured scores of times at the ally verified, would vault Mexico OPEC states from this General System Foreign Service Institute of the ahead of Saudi Arabia whose 165.7 of Preferences. Hence, Venezuela and Department of State, appeared on the billion barrels make it the world's Ecuador - the two Latin American McNeiJ-Lehrer Report fPBSJ, and foremost reserve. members - lost valuable trade pre- made five research trips to Mexico A National Front for the Protection ferences, even though they did not since 1976. His most recent articles of Natural Resources, composed of a participate in the embargo. Mexico, have appeared in Foreign Policy, score of small Marxist organizations, whose products benefit in the amount Inter-American Economic Affairs, the has emerged to protest the "massive of $500 million annually under the Journal of Inter-American Studies and and indiscriminate" exploitation of legislation, could look forward to the World Affairs, the Christian Science Mexico's wealth. Its members favor same treatment. Monitor, and The Washington Post. affiliation with the Organization of Although boosting investment in The University of Pittsburgh Press Petroleum Exporting Countries refineries, Mexico has accelerated the will publish his book, "The Politics (OPEC), exportation of refined pro- shipment of crude, 84 per cent of of Mexican Oil," later this year ducts rather than crude, and a sharp which flowed to the United States in (1980). diversification of foreign markets. 1979. Moreover, on January 1, 1980,

B WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 particularly for farmworkers needed to harvest crops. Closing the border escape valve is not aimed at Ldpez Portillo; he understands his nation's long-term requirements, which were set forth in the Industrial Develop- ment Plan released in March 1979. Instead, it would be designed to sensitize powerful, conservative elites—industrialists, landowners, labor leaders, businessmen, and political chieftains—that only by advancing rather than retarding essential reforms can they continue to enjoy privileges amid tranquility. At some point, the United States will have to act concertedly to impede crossings of its 1,946-mile border with Mexico, lest a flood become a tidal wave. This is not the forum for analyzing the migration problem. Suffice it to say that in the past Mexico has pursued capital- intensive rather than labor-intensive industrialization, and the number of new people in the labor force Although oil is being uncovered in Mexico at an evergrowing rate, the poor outstrips the creation of jobs. Most people of Mexico may not see much improvement in their lifestyle, at least in evidence, including an accelerating the near future. rate of inflation (20% last year), points to an expansion in the number of PEMEX began selling 300,000 cubic impact on Mexico's future by acting indocumentados - with marked feet of natural gas each day to its gradually but assertively to restrict political, economic, and environ- northern neighbor. This volume, less the flow of "undocumented" aliens, a mental consequences for the United than 1 per cent of American move that should be complemented States. Even a Spanish-speaking consumption, is expected to increase by raising the quota for legal immi- Quebec, activated by the drum-beat of steadily because U.S. needs comple- grants and streamlining procedures secession, could emerge in the Sun ment surging Mexican production. for temporary migration visas, Belt by the end of the century. By While vexing to leftists and that time, the T-shirts now on sale in nationalists, Mexico's "ship crude, San Antonio, which proclaim, "YOU sell-America" policy has an obvious ARE NOW IN OCCUPIED MEXICO," rationale. With a $30 billion external may not appear so facetious. debt, a fast-growing population, a American policymakers resist any major oil development program, $750 border action that might complicate million in annual food imports, and The oil and gas sales (though the United massive underemployment and un- United States States offers the most attractive employment, Mexico must earn market) or spark unrest in a foreign exchange as fast as possible. and international contiguous nation (though only the Thus, exports north of the Rio bodies can have threat of unrest may precipitate Grande, 450,000 bpd in 1979, should fundamental changes). exceed 650,000 bpd by the end of this but a limited President Carter's own Illegal Alien year and 1 million bpd before Lopez impact on Control Bill, introduced in mid-1977, Portillo leaves office in 1982, helping came a cropper because of opposition to generate over $12 billion annually Mexico. The from then Senate Judiciary Committee in total oil earnings. oil revenues Chairman James O. Eastland, since Will these earnings spur develop- replaced by Sen. Edward M. ment in a country where the poor present a unique Kennedy, and because of growing have not seen their status improve opportunity. concern on both ends of Pennsylvania since the 1910 populist revolution? Avenue that a resolute border Or will the new dollars wind up in program would offend Hispanic the pockets of the powerful elite? Can American leaders in key states whose the United States and international convention and electoral votes may agencies help nurture sustained determine the next president. In view growth? Answers to these questions of this situation, does the United are important to us, for the absence of States have other means of influence? opportunities at home drives millions Most important is continued sup- of Mexicans to seek work here. port for family planning through the Washington could have the greatest Agency for International Develop-

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 7 ment (AID) and UN affiliates. Until Increased trade offers another seven years ago Mexico encouraged means to facilitate development. large families. Now the government Unfortunately, captains of industry in fully backs the notion that la familia Will the new Mexico have fashioned a manufactur- pequena vive me/or (the small family dollars wind up ing sector, shielded from outside lives better), an ubiquitous slogan. competition by quotas and import Recent efforts have lowered the in the pockets of licenses, that has converted the growth rate from 3.6 to 2.8 per cent. the powerful bribery of bureaucrats from an art But there is no reason for com- form to an exact science to keep placency. Large numbers of women elite? government-set prices at extremely are just now reaching childbearing Can the United profitable levels. Not only are age, and the campaign has barely domestically produced goods expen- touched the countryside where no States and sive but only a limited number can more than one in 10 couples practices international agencies compete internationally. It is a severe a birth-control method other than indictment of Mexican producers that rhythm, withdrawal or folk medicine. help nurture sustained Asian nations undersell them in Also vital is the encouragement of growth? dozens of manufactured items in the appropriate technology. Unemploy- U.S. market. ment or underemployment afflicts Lopez Portillo wants Americans to half of Mexico's 18.5 million able buy more of his country's tomatoes, workers, many of whom live in the shoes, textiles and other goods whose shadows of the machines that deprive international financial agencies domestic producers are already up in them of a livelihood. Yet, Mexican should stipulate that Mexico will arms over external competition. The entrepreneurs and transnational earmark a significant chunk of the United States might consider greater corporations continue to erect monies for these producers. Even access for Mexico's light manu- modern plants, replicas of those then, few labor-intensive projects will factured goods at the expense of found in the United States and be undertaken if unreasonable social Asian states only if our neighbor Western Europe. benefits and inflexible labor laws shifts from quotas to tariffs to stimu- To many Mexicans, appropriate or make human workers expensive and late competition at home, while labor-intensive technology smacks of vitrually impossible to discharge. steadily reducing these tariffs on a imperialism wrapped in "small is To answer the common complaint wide range of imports. Officials beautiful" prose—an effort to pre- that "appropriate technology is un- should also invite Mexico to take serve Third World nations as "hewers available," AID—with local groups— advantage of existing import prefer- of wood and drawers of water." should sponsor "technology fairs" in ences on paper goods, dried fruits, Psychological and political factors Mexico, as well as visits of small metal products and chemicals. reinforce this preference for machines businessmen and industrialists to the The United States and international over men. Mexican elites, bitter over United States. The United States bodies can have but a limited impact a legacy of U.S. discrimination, see in could also support formation of a UN on Mexico. The oil revenues present shiny new equipment a sign of the institute to catalog existing appro- a unique opportunity. But unless country's technological machismo, priate technology, help develop new major changes are made in the next while labor-intensive techniques be- applications of these techniques, and few years, the country may exhaust token backwardness in a society that disseminate this information to its most accessible reserves without disdains manual labor. In a recent interested countries. Finally, Con- revamping a deformed economy. public discussion, a prominent gress might change tax laws to Failure to act will perpetuate depend- Mexican economist and congressman encourage investment abroad by ence—and the concomitant image of categorically rejected his country's smaller American firms whose tech- the United States as a satan or savior. use of appropriate technology instead nology is more likely to be labor- Only by grasping the prickly nettle of of the latest methods. "You can no intensive than that of giant multi- reform can this ancient Aztec nation longer expect to treat us like greasy nationals. gain the pride and self-confidence little brown people," he said. The It is imperative to create work in vis-a-vis outsiders that springs from World Bank, which has demanded the countryside in hopes of restrain- putting its own affairs in order. that developing nations commit ing the haphazard growth which The Aztecs believed that they had themselves to population control as a besets the key cities of Mexico whose to provide the mighty sun god, prerequisite for assistance, should capital will pass Tokyo and Shanghai Huitzilopochtli, the blood of human apply a similar requirement for to become the world's largest hearts to strengthen him for battle appropriate technology. This would metropolis by the year 2000. Yet, against the night, the stars, and the stimulate the activities of small and one-third of the population still moon so that he could rise and bring medium-sized producers who resides in the campo, often working the day. It remains to be seen generally have labor-intensive opera- less than 100 days per year. whether Lopez Portillo and other tions. Among the needs of these Additional jobs will spring from road Mexican elites — the latterday priests entrepreneurs are: (1) trade associa- building, water and soil conservation, who manage prodigious oil reserves tions to lobby, fund common and irrigation work. Such endeavors, - will demand the sacrifices neces- research, and gather and share now supported by the World Bank in sary to uplift the country's masses information; (2) access to inventory 106 impoverished regions, should be from the abject poverty which they and working capital on a competitive emphasized over capital devouring may be increasingly loath to accept basis, and (3) the acquisition of agro-industries endorsed by many now that visions of wealth dance in management skills. In making loans, politicians and industrialists. their heads.

R WII.I.IAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 The Second Founding of William and Mary

In the Years Following the Civil War, It Took Courage, Energy and Political Clout To Save a Floundering College

By Russell Smith

Like rivers changing their course in of William and Mary were waiting in fast expiring school. In return, the a violent storm, colleges sometimes the wings. They were General College corporation offered to add a undergo drastic reorganization be- William B. Taliaferro and his cousin, new department for teacher training cause of crisis conditions. The history Judge Warner T. Jones. Both promi- to its traditional liberal arts program of higher education is full of nent lawyers from Gloucester County, and to allow the state to select half of instances where failing finances, they were leaders among the the Board members. changing clientele, political revolu- corporal's guard of remaining active Jones and Taliaferro were effective tion, or other adversities have William and Mary Board members. men to represent their alma mater diverted college purposes into Their mission was to secure a before the legislature. Their personal channels never dreamed of by their 810,000 appropriation to revive the values and public achievements gave founders. A major change in insti- them a reputation for that kind of Old tutional identity is always a trau- South honor and integrity that matic experience. But institutions captivated Virginia's ruling class. A with courageous and progressive former Delegate to the State House minded leaders have often succeeded and a colonel in the Confederate in meeting the changing needs of army, the 70-year-old Jones had changing times so effectively that the served on the Board for 15 years. educational services continue to flow Most revealing of his character is the in a new and better stream. For the traditional account that has him College of William and Mary, such a rising from his sickbed with pivotal time came during the troubled pneumonia to watch the polls and years after the Civil War. prevent election fraud. In spite of his When the General Assembly sternness as a county judge, he had a opened in Richmond on December 7, winning quality that made others 1887, two determined lobbyists for love him. the closed and nearly defunct College Taliaferro's service as a major general in the Confederate army and his unsuccessful pursuit of the Russell Smith is currently complet- gubernatorial nomination in 1880 ing requirements for a Ed.D. degree made him well known throughout the in higher education from William state. A graduate of William and and Mary's School of Education. He Mary and Harvard Law School, he is a student of Paul Unger, professor was largely a traditional conserva- of education. Smith, who works as a tive. Before the War, he had grants and federal projects developer, "honestly believed" that slavery was received both his undergraduate and "of divine origin." In 1876 he refused Master's degrees from the University W.D. Cardwell to support James Lawson Kemper for of Texas. governor because he feared that

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 9 i

Bicycles were a popular mode of transportation back in 1899-1900, much like they are on campus today. This motiey crew called itself the Bicycle Club. Most members apparently wore caps to keep their hair in line and high top shoes or boots to keep pants legs out of the way. Photograph by Fred Miiler, jr.

Kemper would industrialize the state. across Europe and America during "modern" stage of educational de- A dedicated educational leader, the nineteenth century. The general velopment demanding public schools Taliaferro sat on the board of every rule was that, as each country moved and teacher training until the defeat state college in Virginia at one time into the economic stage of industrial of the feudal plantation economy at or another. A man of principle, he capitalism, the public school house Appomattox. Afterwards, the demo- was one of the few landed aristocrats followed the factory, with teacher cratization of landholding and with progressive views on the public training institutions not far behind. political participation, the movement schools. He even sat on the local The new middle class need for higher of power from country to city, and school board. In 1884 he helped level skills and for intelligent the expansion of the industrial plant found Virginia's first state teachers' political participation in the demo- led to the organization of public college for whites, the State Female cratic countries made school expan- schools in the 1870s. But, because of Normal School of Farmville (now sion inevitable. the excruciating burden of a large Longwood College), and was chair- The timing of school development state debt, Virginia had not founded man of its board by the time he was dependent on the readiness of normal schools before 1882, the year prepared to fight for the William and the various countries to accept direct William and Mary closed. Mary appropriation. Then 65 years governmental initiative. Even before In spite of the grave damage of the old, he was probably as widely the American Revolution, Prussia Civil War to the College building and respected as any private individual in developed public schools to weld the endowment, the faculty had restored the state. loyalty of the aristocrats and middle campus life to a healthy and even The well organized campaign for class to the state. Napoleon expanded vibrant condition in the mid-1870s. state funds would three months later secondary schools and built France's But after the loss of the Southern succeed in radically reorganizing first major normal school in order to Orphan Association's scholarship William and Mary as a public teacher turn middle class children into civil lottery in 1876, finances went from training college or normal school. servants. In England the first educa- bad to worse, and the school was The College would wrest its first tional appropriation in 1833 and the unable to reopen in the fall of 1882, appropriation from a hostile legisla- launching of apprentice teacher train- although according to tradition, ture because of the skillfulness of the ing in 1846 were a direct out- President Benjamin Ewell rang the lobbyists and the rising middle class growth of a 20-year-old drive for bell each fall while the school was demand for improved schooling in increased middle class power. In closed to preserve the Charter. Virginia. America the pioneering work of An amazing turn in the wheel of In order to understand the larger Horace Mann led the industrial political fortune brought William and forces and trends that made this Northern states to cap their already Mary's first opportunity for state extraordinary change possible, it is viable public schools with teacher funding as a normal school in 1882. helpful to look at the reorganization training institutions before the Civil That year, Virginia's insurgent of the College as a part of broader War. Readjuster-Republican party captured educational developments that swept Virginia did not reach the all three branches of government. 10 WII.MAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 Swept to power on an unprecedented became law in March of 1884. wave of black and lower class white When the College had been closed votes, the Readjusters were com- for three years, General Taliaferro and mitted to educational reform and Judge Jones persuaded a more promised to found normal schools. A desperate Board to revise its earlier Shortly after he took office in opinions and to endorse the normal January of 1882, Readjuster Governor particular school proposal on November 27, William E. Cameron told President problem was 1885. It was an advanced and even Ewell that he thought the legislature radical change of direction, con- would vote a $12,000 annual appro- that there was sidering the personalities on the priation. Foundation head J. L. M. not any teachers' Board and the general quality of Curry promised $8,000 from the upper crust opinion on the public Peabody Education Fund, a philan- college for men, school question. Other than Taliaferro thropic trust then awarding grants to although society and Jones, the six men who made the strengthen teacher training in the decision included Jefferson Davis's South. Edward S. Joynes, a former generally expected lawyer, his preacher, a well-to-do modern languages professor at the men to teach retired property holder, and the College and a former president of the rector of Norfolk's prestigious Christ Virginia Education Association, high school and Episcopal Church. Their old families, enthusiastically predicted that plac- prominent positions, comfortable cir- ing the College at the head of the serve as cumstances, and exclusive educations public schools would make it "a great principals. inclined them towards an aristocratic center of educational influence." At outlook on life. the time, however, the College was Converting William and Mary into still open, and the Board was a state normal school would put it at unready to approve the plan. We can the head of the public school system. speculate that the old guard Con- It would transform the old classical servatives who controlled the Board college for training gentlemen into a diplomat, preacher, and the most were repelled by the idea of working professional teacher training institu- with a group possessing such an un- influential educator in the South, tion. By the 1880s, the fledgling Curry argued persuasively that im- washed, lower class image like the public school system had become the Readjusters. The general notion that proved teacher training was mainstay of the growing middle class "necessary to the existence and teacher training was less elevated and had won the grudging accept- prosperity of a free state and to the than gentlemanly liberal arts educa- ance of the upper class. But it hardly existence of individual freedom." As tion undoubtedly influenced their enjoyed that kind of popularity that Board chairman of the Farmville thinking also. gives easy access to the public Thus William and Mary was not Female Academy, General Taliaferro treasury. included when the Readjuster legisla- provided encouragement by offering The inadequacy of teacher training the Academy property as a nucleus ture founded Virginia's first normal and the need for more institutions school in February of 1882. A school for the school. Because of the careful was apparent. In 1885 only three work of a handful of educational for blacks housed in a "1,000 foot long percent of Virginia teachers had liberals in the legislature, the charis- Romanesque building at Petersburg, attended a college and only 15 matic leadership of Curry, and a the Virginia Normal and Collegiate percent had any kind of diploma. Of general feeling that it was time to Institute (now Virginia State Uni- the higher institutions, the black improve women's education, the bill versity), was a monument to the key Hampton Institute at Hampton was role of black voters in bringing the graduating scores of teachers each Readjusters to power. Although it year, and the Female Normal School was organized primarily as a teacher soon would be also. But for the large training institution, it also addressed body of Virginia's 7,000 teachers, the black aspirations for "higher and summer institutes and voluntary professional education." improvement by reading groups William and Mary had actually >/v*C*•) ^K-.»^ constituted the only means of been closed 18 months when the training. A particular problem was 1884 campaign to found the State that there was not any teachers' Female Normal School began. Debate college for men, although society on the act was a small-scale preview generally expected men to teach high of what was in store for William and school and serve as principals. The Mary. Traditional opponents fought three month free spring course for the measure, arguing that profes- teachers starting in 1885 at the sional teacher training was a University of Virginia was only a Northern innovation that was in- stopgap solution to the problem. appropriate to Virginia and unsound As the College campaign for in principle. Peabody General Agent funding got under way, Virginia's J.L.M. Curry, who wrote the bill, political system was in the throes of a served as spokesman for the pro- major reorganization that would ponents, addressing both houses of Warner T. /ones affect the bill. The Readjusters were the legislature. An orator, lawyer, becoming Republicans, while the

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 11 Conservative party was taking the required a majority of all members name of Democrat. In order to reverse elected, not just those present, to pass their humiliating defeat by the money measures. The western Readjuster-Republican group, the members could not be counted as Democrats liberalized and organized friends because they were too far their party during the mid-'1880s. away to benefit. The large and Speaking directly to broad middle articulate contingent of corporate class interests, they nominated lawyers could be depended on to younger men for office, promised to oppose any expenditure for a normal deliver attractive social services such school. Even the College's old friend as free text books and a labor bureau, and mentor, the Episcopal church, and greatly increased the funding of warned the legislators to proceed the Female Normal School. Their with caution: "On first blush the newfound interest in the common scheme seems to be a good one," voter returned the Democrats to wrote the editor of the Southern power in all branches of government Churchman, but the ongoing needs of between 1883 and 1886. But it should "the Farmville school is of first not be supposed the Democrats were importance." becoming a people's party. For their Because of the odds against them, corporate leaders with major cam- Lyon G. Tyler the lobbyists planned carefully and paign contributions to offer, organized well. Obviously much of especially railroad officials, spoke personal business, there the two their work was informal and went un- with the most persuasive voices in would stay with little interruption for recorded, since they lived in the the legislature. The conservative the next three months. same hotel as the Assemblymen. But Democrats were, in fact, sufficiently From the start, the lobbyists it is clear that they enlisted several strong that the William and Mary bill realized there was a good probability key personalities to manage various failed miserably in the legislature of that their best efforts would not be critical phases of the campaign. 1885 - 1886 and the special session of good enough. The state debt still Richmond Board member William W. 1887. hung like a millstone around the Crump, as fine a defense attorney as Determined to reverse their earlier neck of public finance. Legislators of Virginia could offer, helped when legislative defeats, General Taliaferro all political hues had a reputation for possible. James N. Stubbs, a and Judge Jones checked into their abiding sensitivity to new Gloucester attorney who had served Richmond's Exchange Hotel in early appropriations of any sort. As if the in the legislature for 20 years, would December of 1887 to lead the fight for members needed his warning, the take charge of the bill in the Senate. the bill in person. A leisurely 10 governor specifically cautioned them Richard A. Wise, a Williamsburg minute walk from the legislative to "be as frugal as possible, keeping physician who had taught chemistry chambers, the hotel was "notable as expenses down or abolishing them at the College and served as superin- the gathering and caucusing place of where possible." The rules them- tendent of the Eastern Lunatic the State politicians." Putting aside selves were an obstacle as they Asylum (now Eastern State Hospital),

The College began to thrive again soon after the State came to the rescue in 1887-88. This photograph of the student body in 1896 shows that the turn-o/-the-century student was likely to part his hair down the center and wear onJy a white shirt and dark tie. Photograph by Fred Miller, Jr.

12 WII.I.IAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 would work with the Republicans. A humanitarian who would ride the train 30 miles into New Kent County to treat his black patients free, Wise was as popular with the Republicans as he was unpopular with the Demo- crats. The influential Republican had a critical assignment because the large minority of Republicans was more open to persuasion on school questions than the Democrats. Their tradition of appealing to black and lower class voters had given them some sensitivity on school matters. Delegate A. W. Harris, the brilliant young black lawyer responsible for the founding of the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute at Petersburg, would accept responsibility for persuading the other six black delegates. Richmond's freshman just a few years after the revitalization of the College, young men were once delegate and former William and again participating in several sports clubs for gentlemen, including the Tennis Mary professor Lyon G. Tyler would Club. This 1899-1900 photograph from the College Archives shows 25 Tennis sponsor the bill in the House. That Club members with rackets in hand. Photograph by Fred Miller, Jr. was the most critical assignment, because heavy opposition was final consideration at 1:30 p.m. on opposition of the latter two was expected from that quarter. Con- February 14. Stubbs started off with a significant because of their traditional spicuous by his absence from the 45 minute speech full of quiet friendship for education. group was state Superintendent of eloquence and touching dignity. His The passage of the bill by a Public Instruction John L. Buchanan. persuasive appeal is worth examin- decisive margin of 45 to five reflected Unlike his two predecessors, who had ing, because it is the best surviving the relative liberality of the Senate on shown crusading zeal for normal summary of proponent arguments. educational measures and set the school development, Buchanan was a His analysis directed attention to (1) stage for a traumatic conflict in the status quo man, habitually unready to the favorable finances of the proposal, House. That same day, Stubbs carried engage in controversial contests. (2) the regional needs of the the bill to the House, praying that the Before Christmas of 1887, the Tidewater, and (3) the fair claims of Delegates would concur with Senate College bill was simultaneously the middle class for access to higher action. The fact that the bill survived submitted in both houses. The school education. The state could meet the two readings in the House and went had been closed for five and one half commonly felt need for a men's back into the Committee on Schools years at the time. Reported favorably normal school most economically and Colleges the next day un- by the Senate Committee on Public through the College, he contended, doubtedly reflected intensive lobby- Institutions and Education, it was because the buildings were already in ing by the friends of the College recommitted to the Committee on place. Bountiful appropriations for during the previous two weeks. When Finance and Banking and again other colleges proved that the state the bill was reported favorably by a reported favorably on February 1, could afford it. The Tidewater "very much divided" committee on 1888. That same day, the House deserved regional consideration, February 22, the stage was set for the Committee on Schools and Colleges since that section paid 40 percent of decisive battle that would either voted the bill down. Thus any the state's taxes but had no institu- make or break College fortunes. possible future for the measure would tion of higher learning. Whereas all House debate beginning the next depend on a successful outcome in of Virginia's public colleges offered day would reveal that the William the Senate. On February 4, the Senate more or less expensive routes to and Mary bill was one of the most passed the bill through its second educational preferment for well-to-do controversial of the session. Before reading, adding an amendment boys, "right, justice, and equity" the issue was decided, at least 14 to make the state Superintendent of demanded an inexpensive place for delegates would speak, four for and Public Instruction an ex-officio mem- boys of "worth and merit" but 10 against. The issues would be ber of the Board. If successful, this "limited means." Other arguments Western against Eastern Virginia, would reconstitute College govern- emphasized the College's historic conservative against liberal finance, ment with a "dual board" composed distinctiveness, its nonsectarian and a status quo versus a progressive of the 10 members of the old corpora- nature, and the ease with which the conception of public schooling. tion, the 10 state appointed members state could escape through the sunset The leadership of the debate was, provided in the original bill, and the clause, if the experiment failed. ironically, the reverse of what one superintendent. The next day, Senate Three senators opposed the mea- would expect. The aristocratic Lyon floor manager of the bill James N. sure, giving financial reasons. They G. Tyler would lead the College side Stubbs wrote General Taliaferro, "I were Henry Heaton of Northern while the commoner, Speaker think it will pass." Virginia, Absolom Koiner of Western Richard H. Cardwell, would lead the Made the special order of the day, Virginia, and Henry T. Wickham of opponents. A son of United States Senate Bill Number 53 came up for Hanover County near Richmond. The President John Tyler, Lyon G Tyler

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 13 grew up playing with slave children calling for a commission to select a at Sherwood Forest Plantation in site for the new normal school. It Charles City County. Graduating from Tyler failed. Starke thought the bill repre- the University of Virginia with a contended that sented fair play for the Tidewater. Master of Arts and a legal education, Echols saw no reason that could he served as professor at William and Williamsburg's persuade him to favor it. Col. Robert Mary and principal of an exclusive climate had never M. Mayo, a "brilliant and popular academy at Memphis, Tennessee, attorney" of Westmoreland, practi- before settling in Richmond. A caused any cally demanded that the House give handsome blond-haired, blue-eyed sickness. the Tidewater its due. man of five feet 11 inches and In a very revealing comment, weighing 160 pounds with ramrod- Cardwell expressed what were un- erect posture, Tyler was organizer of Rappahannock, millionaire presi- doubtedly the sentiments of the and professor of the Richmond dent of the Seaboard and Roanoke opponent group when he said, in Mechanics Institute and a candidate Railroad, thought the Finance essence, that normal schools were for commonwealth attorney of Rich- Committee should coordinate spend- just not needed. To drive home his mond at the time. In the legislature ing. Ammi Moore of Clarke, a bank point, he held up the Journals of the he supported bills to outlaw child president and corporate counsel who two previous sessions and showed labor and to establish a labor bureau had taught school for two years, felt the parts in which the House had as measures to improve Virginia's the state could not afford it. William previously rejected the William and educational machinery years before A. Anderson, a member of the Board Mary bill. John S. Harris of Albemarle they would finally become laws. at Washington and Lee College and opposed, calling the University of In contrast, Cardwell had a difficult an attorney, opposed this "new Virginia "the Athens of the South." youth because his father died when addition to the public school system" John F. Ryan of Loudoun, an he was a child. Educated in the on financial grounds. Proponent engaging person whose father had public schools and an academy, the Henry Willis Daingerfield, a judge taught school after losing a fortune in intensely ambitious Cardwell taught and former customs collector in speculation, opposed. Three months himself law at night. He was a Essex, thought that "this little sum of intensive work netted the friends capable and rising self-made leader, a could be given to the Tidewater, of the College a vote of 42 yeas to 37 formidable opponent because of his which pays nearly half the State's nos. But it was not good enough skill as a debater and parliamen- taxes." Edward Echols of Augusta, a because the rules required a vote of tarian. His reputation for "fairness in lawyer who spoke rarely but always 51 on money measures. debate" and his "conservative bear- "had something to say" when he Still undaunted, the College con- ing" gave him great influence in "took the floor," opposed on financial tingent determined to turn the House "advancing wise and constructive grounds. The decisive 31 to 48 defeat around in the remaining two weeks legislation, and in preventing the of Crawford's motion to recommit of the session. Since practically all passage of unwise and ill-considered reflected the desire of the House to the Republicans and Tidewater measures." bring the issue to a clear resolution. members already supported the Debate began during the noon hour Again seizing the initiative for the measure, they concentrated on wes- of February 23 in the high-vaulted opponents, Cardwell then made three tern Democrats. In particular they old House chamber. Except for telling blows against the bill proper. forged an alliance with the friends of Republican Robert M. Mayo and In his opinion (1) it was unsound as a the western school, Virginia Agricul- Henry W. Daingerfield, the debaters business proposition; (2) it would tural and Mechanical College now were Democrats. Dr. }. H. Crawford of allow the Republicans to accuse the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Augusta fired the first salvo for the Democrats of "reckless appropria- State University. opponents, moving for referral of the tions"; and (3) it would threaten the bill to the Finance Committee. The delicate compromise on the sensitive Opponents of the bill had been articulate Lyon G. Tyler of Richmond public debt issue. The popular Col. active in stirring up fears in the opposed referral and warmly sup- Algernon Sydney Buford of Rich- Blacksburg camp that a William and ported the bill, probably using many mond, a man who originally intended Mary appropriation would hurt fund- of the same arguments that Stubbs to teach and did so for two years ing for the technical school. The used. He felt that the College would before building the 3,000 mile College lobbyists, therefore, promised not be a heavy financial burden Richmond and Danville Railroad, to work diligently for a $20,000 because "many donations from the opposed for the same reasons as appropriation for a new barracks at North would shower upon it." Cardwell. The morning hour having Virginia A & M in return for their Standing down from the high- expired, debate stopped in mid- support of the William and Mary bill. pedimented chair, Speaker Richard course to be completed the next day. At 4:30 p.m., March 1, Lyon G. H. Cardwell of Hanover cleverly The bill came up at 1:30 p.m. on Tyler asked the House to reconsider appealed to the bill's natural February 24 for its final considera- its earlier vote on the College bill. It opponents in the west by question- tion. Tyler seized the initiative, con- did so and passed the measure by a ing the healthiness of Williamsburg's tending that the Williamsburg climate safe margin of 57 to 27. A resound- low lying terrain, "especially for the had never caused any sickness and ing cheer went up from the floor of mountain men." Col. Lucian D. that the "renown and prestige" of the the House when the results were Starke, a Norfolk publisher and College merited an appropriation. announced. attorney, opposed referral asking, James Hay of Madison, a lawyer of An analysis of the two ballots on must the bill "run the gauntlet of all marked ability, tried to confuse the the College bill shows that the House Committees?" Basil B. Gordon issue by proposing a substitute lobbyists did some heroic work

14 WIU.IAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 during the week before March 1. They persuaded seven Western Democrats to switch from no to yes and brought in 10 absentees. It is likely that they persuaded eight opponents who may have been unready to vote yes at least to stay away during the vote. The eight were present earlier in the afternoon and voted on other bills coming just after the College bill. The union of College and State to offer inexpensive teacher training to Virginia's young men became official when the Board accepted the terms of the act as amended April 11, 1888. In his apparent elation at the successful conclusion of the long campaign, the secretary of the Board accidentally recorded the resolution of acceptance twice in the Board Minutes. He had reason for joy because the poten- tialities of state support made College finance reasonably sound for the first time since the Civil War. After the "second founding" of the College, the students and /acuity quickly An analysis of the House vote on formed or revived a large number of organizations, including the Philomathean March 1 shows significant factors of Literary Society. This photograph from the College Archives shows the Society's region, party, and economics in the speakers at the final exercises in June 1893 or 1894. Seated (left to right) are decision. Every Tidewater member William Griffith Stephenson, Thomas Swepson Herbert and George Edgar supported the measure, and not six Bennett; standing are Robert Taliaferro Bolyn and Alfred Gordon Brown. from the eastern three-fifths of the state opposed. The organizing genius Europe, required teacher training stronger than the conservative objec- of Richard A. Wise delivered 29 of institutions as one of its standard tions. As Lyon G. Tyler explained it, the 31 Republican votes, whereas the cultural accouterments. Although the many of the legislators recognized the Democrats divided evenly on the "genius" of Virginia politics has need for men's teacher training, but measure. The fact that nearly all the always been more or less aristocratic, they knew that teachers' salaries members who opposed the bill were the new conditions after the war gave would never attract well-to-do appli- corporate attorneys and railroad rise to new popular forces that cants such as those who graduated leaders reveals the ongoing oppo- liberalized politics. The William and from the University of Virginia. So sition of Virginia's business leaders to Mary people were at the right place they created an inexpensive school expensive public school develop- at the right time to help fill the that would attract a class of men who ment. educational needs of the new could move up to teaching. It was a A unique combination of favorable dispensation. Virginia expression of the American political and economic trends and At first glance, it seems puzzling belief that educational opportunity effective personalities made it that a revered educational monument should open the doors of advance- possible to reorganize William and of Old Virginia like William and ment to people of "worth and merit" Mary in 1888. The most visible of Mary would meet such diehard oppo- but of "limited means." these was the forward-looking leader- sition from the traditional minded For his services in the campaign, as ship of the former planter-aristocrat, leaders of a people enchanted by the well as his educational qualifications, William B. Taliaferro. He took up antiquities of the past. William and Lyon G. Tyler was elected president educational leadership in the 1880s, Mary's very status as a leading of the College. During his 31 years in according to one biographer, because symbol of Old Virginia probably was the position, he helped make the he was deflected from high political the reason. It must have seemed College more prosperous than it had office. Without his leadership, doubly objectionable to the more ever been before, and he became one William and Mary might well have conservative leaders of the ruling of the most widely known historians joined the hundreds of permanently class that the old College was in the Southern United States. His failed colleges strewn across the becoming a normal school. For that friend and arch-rival on the bill, landscape of American higher educa- would put the revered monument at Richard H. Cardwell, became chief tion. the head of the public schools that justice of the Virginia Supreme Court. A more important and underlying represented taxes they despised and Nearly thirty years after the bill was factor was the revolution in the an overturn in society that still made passed, Cardwell wrote Tyler that "I Southern way of life coming after them uncomfortable. have been more than pleased at the Appomattox. The movement from In 1888, however, the persistence results [at William and Mary] and I "precapitalist" plantation stage of of the lobbyists along with their have been long since convinced that I economic development to full capita- progressive vision of improved public was wrong in the position I took in lism created a society that, like the schools and improved middle class opposing the measure." Northern United States and Western opportunity for higher education was

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 15 ANTIQUE SILVER William and Marys Collection Continues to Grow

By Louise Lambert Kale In 1775, the will of Rebecca Lady Gooch, widow of a royal governor of Virginia, directed that a silver cup be given to William and Mary in memory of her only son, who had attended the College and later died in Virginia: ". . .as a small token of my Remembrance to the place of his education, I give to William and Mary College in Virginia my Gilt Sacrament Cup. . ." This magnificent two-handled covered cup was among the earliest gifts of art to William and Mary and remains today one of the most impressive pieces in the College's modest collection of silver. Many of the silver items in the College Art

Louise Lambert Kale joined William and Mary's fine arts staff in 1975 as registrar of the College Art Collec- tion. She graduated from Sweet Briar College and received a Kress Fellow- This elegant hand candlestick was made in J 749-50 by English silversmith ship in 1970 for graduate work at the John Cafe. It supposedly descended through the family of Chief justice John University of Minnesota. Marshall, who attended the College. Photograph by Thomas L. Williams.

16 WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 Collection are important both as fine examples of the silversmith's craft and for their historical associations. The cup bequeathed by Lady Gooch was made in London in 1686/87 by Pierre Harache, Sr., a noted Huguenot silversmith. It was originally in- tended for domestic use, perhaps for the mixing of spiced drinks. But by mid-eighteenth century the cup was serving an ecclesiastical rather than secular function. Beautiful cut-card decoration, favored by Huguenot silversmiths, enriches both cup and cover. The cup is engraved with the heraldic arms of Lady Gooch's parents, William Stanton and Margaret Gavell. The same coat of arms appears on a gilt paten made over 60 years later (1751/52) by Richard Gurney and Thomas Cook of London. Although it is not mentioned in Lady Gooch's will, it was, presumably, given to the This two-handled covered cup was made in London in 1986 87 by Pierre College with the cup as a companion Harache, Sr., a noted Huguenot silversmith. The finial is a restoration. Colonial piece. Both cup and paten have been Williamsburg photograph. included in exhibitions of silver at the Metropolitan Museum, the mained interred with the coffin, the tradition, descended in the Marshall Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, and survival of a silver example is, family from Mary Willis ("Polly") the National Gallery of Art in according to Davis, very rare. The Ambler, wife of John Marshall. Washington, D.C. Botetourt coffin plate is also signifi- An especially fine English tankard Another important and unusual cant as one of only a few pieces of was presented to the College in 1943 piece of silver—an engraved coffin silver which can be identified today by John Stewart Bryan, President of plate—is also connected with a royal as having been made in Williamsburg William and Mary from 1934 to 1942. governor. Norborne Berkeley, Baron during the Colonial period. The marks on the tankard indicate de Botetourt, was a highly respected A quite different and very impor- that it was made in London in 1693, and well-loved governor whose brief tant example of the Colonial the same year that the College was tenure was terminated by his death in American silversmith's craft is a founded by a royal charter granted by Williamsburg in 1770. silver coffeepot made in the 1730s or King William III and Queen Mary II Lord Botetourt's coffin was out- 1740s by the famous Boston silver- of England. fitted with silver handles and a hand- smith, Jacob Hurd. This stunning The 275th anniversary of this some engraved silver coffin plate coffeepot, engraved with an as yet founding date brought to William and made by Williamsburg silversmith unidentified coat of arms, was Mary a silver candelabrum and rose William Waddill. This coffin silver bequeathed to the College in 1969 by bowl designed for the occasion by was stolen from the Botetourt burial Mary Davis Ries as a memorial to her London silversmith Leslie Durbin. vault beneath the chapel of the Sir father, Donald Walton Davis, a Presented to the College on Charter Christopher Wren Building, probably member of the College faculty from Day, 1968, by the Master of the in 1862 when the Wren Building was 1916 to 1950 and for many years Drapers' Company of London, the burned and the crypt looted by chairman of the biology department. candelabrum, with its enamel finial soldiers of the Union Army. The In 1975 a bequest from Mrs. Ruth depicting the arms of the College coffin plate was discovered in 1889 Middlebrook Hogue added to the on one side and the arms of the in the window of a Rome, New York, College's collections a silver hand Drapers on the other, represents the jewelry store by a Presbyterian candlestick made in 1749-50 by continuing friendship between the minister. The jeweller, E.P. Bevillard, English silversmith John Cafe. Mrs. two institutions. had bought it as old silver for $2.50 Hogue was the wife of Andrew Among the most recent additions to and, upon learning of its history, O'Beirne Hogue, a great- great- the College Art Collection is an early insisted on restoring it to Virginia grandson of Chief Justice John 19th century tea urn historically without charge, writing, "I think it Marshall, one of the College's most associated with the Alpha Chapter of belongs to the State of Virginia. illustrious alumni. The hand candle- Phi Beta Kappa and donated by Mrs. Allow me to have the pleasure of stick had, according to family Mary Heath Keesling of California. returning it. . ."* Thus William and William and Mary's collection of Mary acquired what is, according to 'Another remembrance of Lord Botetourt was silver, which includes other church John D. Davis, Colonial Williamsburg acquired by the College under similarly favor- pieces and a variety of domestic able terms: The priceless marble statue of the Foundation's curator of metalwork, royal governor ivas purchased from the General objects used in the President's House, an unusual and rare object. Since Assembly of Virginia by the President and continues to grow, thanks to the most coffin plates of the period were professors of the College for a mere S100 around generosity of alumni and friends of made of brass or lead and have re- 1B01. the College.

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 17 This candelabrum and rose bowl was designed by London silversmith Leslie Durbin to commemo- rate the 275th anniversary o/William and Mary's charter in J968. The bowl has a diameter of nearly W inches and the candelabrum is almost J5 inches tall. Photograph by Thomas L Williams

18 WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 This handsome silver coffeepot was made during the 1730s and 1740s by the famous Boston silversmith, John Hurd.lt is nearly 10 inches tall and has a base diameter of almost five inches. The finial is a reproduction. Photograph by Thomas L. Wilh'ams.

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 19 This beautiful English tankard was made in London in 1693, the year WilJiam and Mary was founded. It was presented to the College in 1943 by former WilJiam and Mary President John Stewart Bryan. Photograph by Thomas L. Williams.

20 WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 This engraved coffin plate of Norborne Berkeley, Baron de Botetourt, was made by WiJJiamsburg silversmith William Waddill. It is approximately 10 inches tall and more than five inches wide. Colonial WiJJiamsburg photograph.

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 21 The Renaissance and The Cloister

A Spanish Friar Provides a Philosophy That Bridges the Gap From Medieval to Modern Spain

By John A. Moore Almost every professor has exper- Granada, a Dominican, received an tise in a special field enabling him to education that was unusual. He superimpose original thoughts upon excelled in two broad areas. One was esoteric research to write papers for theology with its concomitant over- the edification of colleagues with view of history and philosophy. In similar narrowly-defined interests. his advanced work at the monastery The direct application of this of San Gregorio at Valladolid, he research to the classroom is often studied under the very liberal Bishop minimal and certainly few will feel Carranza and the arch-conservative the urge to share these studies with a Bishop Cano. He knew thoroughly discriminating but non-specialist the Bible, the writings of the Church public. In spite of this isolation, Fathers, and the Greek and Roman perhaps because of it, I would like to scholars. He possibly knew the Greek show that such research can be language and was certainly fluent in relevant beyond the sheltered walls of Latin. He was probably the most academe. Therefore I would like to thoroughly eclectic figure of his age. introduce Fray Luis de Granada, an Granada's second field of expertise austere sixteenth-century Spanish was science, from the microcosm to friar. the universe, both physical and Granada's long life (1504-1588) biological. Part of his knowledge spans an interesting period in came from reading the recognized European history. The great figures of Fray Luis de Granada authorities: Pliny, Aristotle, Galen, the Italian Renaissance: Da Vinci, Ptolomy, and therefore was subject to Michelangelo, Raphael, were dying, The key historical event of the any errors of the era preceding the but the humanists, led by Erasmus, century was the delayed and long advent of modern scientific pro- and the religious reformers, led by drawn-out Council of Trent (1546- cedure. Much of it, however, came Luther and Calvin, were changing the 1563), which confirmed the incom- from his personal observation of orientation of Europe. Meanwhile, patibility of Protestant and Catholic nature, patient and objective. He Copernicus was changing the orienta- theologies and practices and set acknowledged no conflict between tion to the Heavens. Catholicism's course for centuries to the two. come. It also helped map Spain's While Granada lived through this John A. Moore, professor of modern course, for her great expansion under century of opportunity, he also lived languages and literature at William the Emperor Charles V was coming to through a time of repression. The and Mary, is the author o/Fray Luis an end; with Phillip II, her retrench- Spanish Inquisition was going de Granada, published in 1977 by ment and introspection were through its greatest vigilance of Twayne Publishers. An expert on the beginning. Moralists and mystics heresy and heterodoxy in the wake of Spanish Renaissance, Moore received were filling the new printing presses Erasmus and Luther. A key to our his undergraduate degree from with their thoughts and meditations, understanding of the times in Spain Davidson College and his Master's a heralding of the zenith of Spain's was that conservatives could almost and Ph.D. degrees from the Univer- literary output, her Golden Age, equate Erasmus, who remained a sity of North Carolina before joining featuring Cervantes and the great Catholic, with Luther, who broke the College faculty in 1950. dramatists. with Catholicism, and both of them 22 WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 with the Devil. Incidentally, the greatest influence of Erasmus in Spain came after his death. Two of Granada's books were banned, but he was not otherwise bothered. The Inquisition did him an unintentional favor since he revised both books and improved them con- siderably in the process of making them acceptable to the censor. There is little question but that had Granada been bolder, he would have encountered more trouble with the Inquisition. There is a question, however, as to whether the Inquisi- tion really inhibited him in his work, for Granada was by nature and train- ing a cautious person and would certainly have challenged in his mind any revolutionary idea in accordance with the dogmatic criteria of his upbringing. Granada originally thought his main calling was that of a preacher, and, apparently, he was an eloquent one. It was at about the age of 50 that he began a full-time writing career. Three works exemplify and epitomize his prolific output: the Sinners Guide, a book of do's and don'ts for virtuous Christian living; the Book of Prayer and Meditation, a guide for prayer and an introduction to mysticism; and Introduction to the Symbol of Faith, which despite its modest title, is almost an encyclo- Granada spent most of his life cloistered in a monastery much like this one pedia of life and faith, including his located in Eastern Spain. great treatise on nature. It has five volumes, the fifth a compendium of the first four. religious writers, he was mellow and considerable influence on the modern These works are characterized by seemed to gain in serenity as he grew spelling and syntax of the Spanish an intuitive interest in psychology older. language. Granada, as a Dominican and pedagogy, for Granada was not There was one area in which scholar, knew thoroughly the theo- merely interested in the exposition of Granada seemed bold in the face of logy of St. Thomas Aquinas, as well his material. He was even more conservative pressure. This was in his as the writings of other theologians. concerned with catching and sustain- advocacy of mental prayer for every- He knew also that the people he was ing the attention of his reader and in one. A conservative could point out trying to reach did not understand instilling in him a set of habits and the dangers. The undisciplined mind this theology. They could not read routine to sustain him in the practice can wander and can confuse the Latin and would not have understood of prayer and virtue. Granada used imagination with the voice of God. it if they could. His writings were numbered lists, repetition, and The person studying Granada's works originally directed to his brothers in summary of the material to aid the for devotion, however, would run religious orders, but he soon had a memory and to form habits. He com- little risk of such wanderings. Not large lay following as well. Granada, bined reason and emotion for greater only did he warn against false therefore, wrote largely in Spanish, effectiveness. He showed zeal for his mysticism; he warned against exces- editing and interpreting St. Thomas subject and genuine interest in his sive reliance upon mystic experi- Aquinas, other theologians and readers. We could use him on our ences which were genuine. Never- philosophers, and expressing the faculty at William and Mary. theless, it was in this area that the result in practical terms for the un- Despite the fact that all of Inquisition seemed most concerned sophisticated person Vvho wished to Granada's works show the alliance of with Granada's eloquence. lead a Christian life. He included reason and emotion, one can detect a Essentially, what was Granada's everything he thought a person change in his spirit as he grew older. influence? He wrote at a time when needed to know for leading a The pessimism of sin and Hell the printed page was replacing the virtuous life and for the salvation of gradually yields in emphasis to the manuscript, and the language of the his soul. In a way, he seemed to put praise of virture and the love of God. people (Spanish) was beginning to the virtuous life first. It seemed We naturally think of Granada as replace Latin in serious treatises. natural to him that the person who austere, but compared to many other Some even give him credit for followed a virtuous life would hold

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 23 Granada visited the Extremadura section of Spain, pictured here, and then traveled to Portugal, where he spent a large portion of his life. the faith and beliefs that the Church These laws were established by God and a belief in the common man's taught and would not have to worry to insure an orderly and harmonious right to know, even if in a watered- about the dogma of salvation. This universe. God does set these laws down way, things about life and approach assured a more positive aside for the special consideration of eternity which others thought were orientation to life than the medieval man's spiritual needs and in specific too dangerous for unsophisticated idea of life as wickedness to be and unique times. Granada rejects the minds. stamped out and of death to be use of fortuitous timing to explain Granada's great lesson, however, is earnestly wished for to put an end to God's use of miracles. For example, the serenity of his life. He must have temptation. he states unequivocally that the moon been aware that theology, philosophy, Granada seemed unconcerned in was on the opposite side of the and science were not as easily his writings about heresy, heterodoxy heavens from the sun at the time of explained or accepted by many as and schisn. He believed in a benign the Good Friday darkness. Both the they were by him. From his writings circle which defined the virtuous life regular working of nature's laws and it is difficult to glean an awareness of as a life of joy rather than austerity, the occasional miracles that set them the conflicts that beset his age. and in a vicious circle which showed aside are examples of God's provi- Witchhunts, religious wars, the that sinful man was miserable, never dence. In spite of this dichotomy, an struggle of scientists to gain freedom able to enjoy the fruits of his mis- individual reading Granada's works for observation and experimentation, deeds. is aware that reason and common the efforts of linguists to escape from The scholar examining Granada's sense are foremost in his mind. ancient authority and ancient error: works is likely to show greatest Granada also finds philosophy and surely he knew of these and just as interest in the first volume of his theology perfectly compatible. He surely regretted the slowness of their Introduction to the Symbol of Faith. was very fond of Plato and Aristotle resolution. But once again he seemed Here Granada writes about nature as and often used their examples of to pretend that they weren't there or a hierarchy of values. Physical wisdom, but he acknowledged Divine perhaps they were simply chronic substances have values relative to Revelation as the same type of over- problems, not worthy of his each other. On a higher plane, the ruling of philosophy that miracles Olympian, timeless view. various biological creatures form their held in overruling nature. God gave Granada could reassure his friends, own hierarchy, with man at the top, man his ability to reason, and the common people, that this kind of except for the angels and God revelation easily explains everything intellectual activity was not for them, himself. Granada stresses the mar- that is rationally unknowable. An not because they were incapable of velous harmony and careful planning example of something which cannot such reasoning but because he of the universe, which illustrate the be explained rationally but must be believed that he.had been shown a providence of God and man's duty to accepted by revelation is the concept more perfect way. be grateful for it. of the Trinity. Three Gods, yet one Fray Luis de Granada was over- An examination of the works of God. Our minds are finite and only shadowed by the greatest of the Granada will leave the reader with the infinite Mind can fully under- Spanish mystics, St. Theresa and St. some interesting thoughts. He found stand such concepts. John of the Cross, and by the sublime science and religion perfectly com- An observer of Spain's Renaissance religious poet Fray Luis de Leon, all patible. Most of us would hesitate to may lament Granada's conservative contemporaries. But Granada pro- accept completely his simplified reliance on ancient authority, but he vided a very important transition view. For him there are physical laws deserves credit for a spirit of belief in from medieval to modern Spain, which are regularly functioning. the basic goodness of common man facilitating the path of many others.

24 VVII.I.IAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 The Fear of Writing An Author and Professor Works to Turn Anxious Writers into Confident, Productive Writers

By Lynn Z. Bloom

Sarah, a perfectionistic student, instructor assured her that she was and kept putting off work on his term worried about whether she could pass doing competent work, Sarah felt that papers. When two more Incompletes Freshman Composition. Although her her classmates wrote better and more for procrastinated papers loomed on easily than she did, and continued to the Spring Semester's horizon, his worry. Why was writing so hard for history instructor referred him to the Lynn Z. Bloom, who joined the her and so simple for others? She Writing Anxiety Workshop. College faculty as associate professor enrolled in the William and Mary Dierdre was working full-time at a of English in 1978, is one of the Writing Anxiety Workshop to find clerical job at the College, but wanted nation's foremost authorities on the out. to be a writer. At work she day- problems and "cure" of writing Wayne had a job that involved a dreamed about writing. Many even- anxiety. She is the author of several lot of writing-reports, memos,presen- ings she attended meetings or con- books, including Doctor Spock: tations to clients. But continual inter- certs; on the weekends she and her Biography of a Conservative Radical ruptions, from the phone, colleagues, husband entertained or went sailing, and Strategies for Composition. She customers, kept him from finishing and she never seemed to find time to received her undergraduate, Master's his writing during working time. get down to writing. After a year of and Ph.D. degrees from the Univer- Exhausted from the hours of unpaid thinking about her future, with still sity of Michigan. She is conducting a overtime, Wayne sought a solution in series of workshops on identifying pristine writer's notebook, she came the Writing Anxiety Workshop. and reducing writing anxiety in con- to the Writing Anxiety Workshop. Dennis, a William and Mary junior, sultation with her husband, Dr. After her children were grown, had three Incompletes to finish from Martin Bloom, a social psychologist Jeanne decided to change careers. the Fall Semester before the course currently teaching at Virginia She quit her responsible but routine grades became Fs. He hated to write Commonwealth University. job with the municipal court and WM.UAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 25 enrolled in William and Mary's graduate program in education. One early assignment required her to write a two-page summary of a 20-page journal article. After spend- ing a month on it, including 98 hours of writing time, Jeanne earned an A— and signed up for the Writing Anxiety Workshop. There's always the laundry to do or the lawn to mow or friends to see-right now; All five of these individuals have a similar problem-they are anxious and the Great Unwritten American Novel can unproductive writers. At William and wait for the manana that never comes. Mary, through workshops on Identify- ing and Reducing Writing Anxiety, the College has found a way to help such people become more confident and more effective when they sit down at the typewriter. Anxious writers are people who otherwise function well in society and whose lives are relatively satis- Procrastinators and Perfectionists Anxious writers may also be fying except where writing, or not plagued by perfectionism, writing writing is involved. Recent research Anxious writers are likely to be and rewriting each sentence and indicates that writing anxiety plagues procrastinators, to put off writing rewriting it yet again before they go between 10-25 percent of college until hours before the deadline-or on to the next. This myopic courting students, men and women alike, and months afterward. If no deadline of the coy muse can take weeks or countless others who, though they exists, then writing, a long term goal, months to produce an essay; people may want to write or have to write, can be put off indefinitely in who expect to spend three solid days are unable to do so with ease or favor of accomplishing the "neces- on their opening paragraph will do efficiency. sary" short-term tasks that take so. Writing anxiety has four major priority over the writing. There's dimensions. Paramount are the feel- always the laundry to do or the lawn The Lack of Knowledge ings and irrational beliefs that form to mow or friends to see—right now; the anxious writer's mythology. the Great Unwritten American Novel Some would-be writers are justifi- Among these myths is the anxious can wait for the manana that never ably anxious because they don't know writer's belief that writing is easy for comes. Once they finally begin to enough about their subject, which everyone but him or herself; that the write, anxious writers are easy prey may have been arbitrarily assigned, to words flow with effortless fluency to self-distractions or interruptions write a well-developed essay on it. from the pens of all other writers, from others. They are readily over- They may not know how to gather professional and amateur, while his come by hunger, or fatigue, or the information, or what is the appro- or her own pen, tipped by a cube desire to talk with a friend, and priate amount and nature of informa- instead of a ball point, is permanently cannot concentrate until these have tion to use. Or they may not know clogged. been satisfied. one or more of the fundamentals of Another myth anxious writers hold Academics—teachers and students composition that conventional writ- is that they write worse than their alike, as well as aspiring free-lance ing courses commonly treat: how to peers, and poorly according to writers-may procrastinate by con- frame a thesis, how to start, where to absolute criteria. Yet many actually tinuing to do "research" when they stop, or—a particular problem for write very well indeed, though they should be writing. They read all the anxious writers—how to organize often underestimate their own abili- relevant—and some irrelevant-litera- their material. This is especially true ties because they judge themselves ture, take abundant notes, and run of people who are trying to build a according to unrealistically perfec- the risk of becoming buried under complex edifice from note cards tionistic criteria. They often think their mountain of note cards. By the covering disparate topics. For among they must write like Hemingway or time they've perused the entire field, the notes may be mavericks that need Faulkner or Lord Bacon on the first they've forgotten what they read firm control to either bring them into try, and are frustrated and dismayed earlier and have to reread a great line with the subject, or eliminate when they don't succeed. And deal. This excessive labor impedes them. anxious writers are often afraid to scholarship, rather than abetting it. have their writing judged or criti- The paper or dissertation is never Wrong Place, Wrong Time cized—or even read by other people. done, as many ABD's (All But Disser- Already insecure, they remember the tation) will testify, to their lifelong Anxious writers are often frustrated negative comments of readers— regret. Other activities (such as the by attempts to write at the wrong especially teachers-which are etched necessity for earning a living) inter- times or in the wrong places. Offices indelibly in red pencil on the vene, and gradually the dream of or dorm rooms that are too hot, too margins of their consciousness. At finishing the course or article or cold, too dimly lighted, or full of the same time they edit out or earning the doctorate becomes more noise and interruptions impede discount the readers' praise. and more impossible. writing. Nor can most people expect

26 WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 Writing really does not come "easy" to anyone. It usually takes intense concentration and a strong commitment of time and energy. to write well in the evening if they're through letters to friends, trades- fragmentary jotting of ideas, some- at the peak of energy or creativity people, public officials; or in the times clustered around topics; and 25 during the day, or vice versa. writing of news releases, organiza- percent use no written guides at all. tional newsletters, or job resumes. Moreover, observations of the com- A Vital Part of Liberal Education They may wish to contemplate posing processes of various people publishing articles or books for fun or reveal many aspects of writing It would be possible, after leaving profit. anxiety, concerning the would-be college (or never entering it in the Anxious writers, like non-anxious writer's beliefs, behaviors, and en- first place) to simply circumvent the writers, share the liberal commitment vironment identified above that are problems of writing anxiety by never to writing, and have the same uses not ordinarily considered in conven- writing at all, or by writing only in for literary skills. But too often they tional courses or discussions of how those modes that create no stress for feel that their inability to write at all, to write. the writer-shopping lists, letters to or with comfort or enjoyment, is friends, private diaries. But implicit inherent either in themselves or in Reducing Anxiety Through in most people's choice of a liberal the tasks of writing and that there is Workshops education is the valuing of the ability little or nothing they can do to to express oneself in writing, as in alleviate the problems. The knowledge gained from this speaking, with clarity, effectiveness- Fortunately, current research on the new and continuing research is now and ease. "Unaccustomed as I am to composing processes of actual writers being used to help anxious writers in public writing" is as uncomfortable can be of help to anxious and non- a few places in this country-notably as is its oral counterpart. This means anxious writers alike. For one thing, at the College of William and Mary, that one of the functions of a liberal our new understanding of how as well as at the University of Texas education should be to enable its people actually write reveals that at Austin and at Harvard. In the recipients to perform well whatever many do not work the way the text- spring of 1979, a continuing series of writing tasks life imposes. They books say they should. For instance, workshops on Identifying and Reduc- should be able to write on the job, contrary to textbook admonitions to ing Writing Anxiety was introduced whether college papers and theses, always make an outline before at the College. These workshops, interoffice memos, business letters, writing, only about 25 percent of all three two-hour sessions over a five- reports, or professional presentations writers of prose, professionals and week period, have attracted a wide to clients. They should be able to students, make formal outlines before range of William and Mary students, express themselves in private life, they write; 50 percent write from from freshman through doctoral level

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 27 Anxious writers are likely to be procrastinators, to put off writing until hours before the deadline — or months afterward. If no deadline exists, then writing, a long term goal, can be put off indefinitely, in favor of accomplishing the "necessary" short term tasks.

and law school; several members of 7) Do I have trouble expressing more, in the hopes of accomplishing the College faculty and staff; and my ideas clearly? their goals by the termination of the some townspeople. A series of work- 8) Do I have trouble organizing Workshop sessions. In each case the shops has been conducted especially my ideas? amount and kind of writing is for the personnel of the Virginia 9) Do I write slowly and labor- adapted to what the writer can cope Institute of Marine Science. This iously? with and expect to accomplish. Thus project proved to be particularly 10) Do I think my writing has to be a beginning writer might write only a successful because, sometimes for the perfect? sentence or a paragraph per day; a first time, faculty and students were more experienced writer is urged to engaged in an extended dialogue The Workshops are deliberately write a page a day and sometimes about common difficulties in writing kept informal, with the 15 members more. and in exploring possible solutions. (no more because of the individual In addition to the daily writing, Participation in the workshops is help each participant receives) sitting participants are requested to keep a entirely voluntary. It has to be, for around a conference table. The first daily record of their writing process anxious writers must want to change session is diagnostic, as each partici- on a simple checklist, and through a their behavior, although they cannot pant identifies his or her difficulties daily written log. Here they comment and should not be compelled to do with writing. Perhaps from compas- on the relevant points expressed in so. sion, perhaps following la questions one through ten above, and Applicants are screened initially to Rochefoucauld's maxim, "We all have on such matters as whether or not determine whether the Workshop will strength enough to bear the mis- distractions intervened, whether they be relevant to their needs. Students fortune of others," the participants wrote at a time of day or night when in search of grammar or spelling are usually able to offer helpful productivity could be highest, and rules or authors in search of pub- suggestions to ease their peers' what they thought about their writing lishers are referred to other types of difficulties, and are equally obtuse when it was completed. courses, such as Freshman Compo- with respect to solving their own The second session of the Work- sition or Creative Writing. People problems. They are also relieved to shop is two weeks after the first; the whose anxiety seems to be part of a find that they are neither unique nor third session is three weeks after the larger set of problems are referred to alone, and grateful to learn that the second. Before the second Workshop, the appropriate counselors; these writing-or non-writing-habits of a using the information from the Workshops do not provide psycho- lifetime can be changed. participants' daily records, plus a therapy. But if the applicant answers Throughout the five-week Work- quick scanning of the actual writing an emphatic yes to one or more of the shop period, the participants are en- to determine how long it took the following questions, he or she can couraged to write daily, so that they participant to write it, the Workshop probably be helped by the Writing will confront their writing problems. leader diagnoses the participant's Anxiety Workshops: Novice writers and people with no difficulties. The leader then writes specific goals are asked to write for each participant a long, detailed 1) Do I avoid or put off writing? 10 minutes a day on whatever they letter of specific, individually tailored 2} Do I have trouble concentrating wish, without editing or revising-like recommendations on how to over- on my writing? shooting baskets during basketball come particular manifestations of 3) Do I dislike writing? practice. This stretches the aspiring writing anxiety. A letter is more 4) Do I fear or dislike having my writer's literary muscles in a non- useful than oral commentary ex- writing evaluated? threatening way, because it isn't clusively because the writer can con- 5) Do I think I don't write as well being judged or graded. People with tinue to refer to the suggestions while as other people do? specific projects, such as a term writing. A letter is harder to avoid or 6) Is it hard for me to compose a paper, article, book, or dissertation misinterpret than are oral sugges- good essay or other piece of chapter, are requested to work on tions; it helps to maintain the writing? those—usually daily for a half-hour or participant's consciousness of self 28 WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 and composition process. And a letter may oblige the recipient to confront behavior which he or she has been loath to acknowledge: "You are an habitual procrastinator!" usually startles the recipient into getting down to work. During the second Workshop session we discuss the written suggestions, supplemented by the class's often astute observations, and any new problems that may have arisen. The emphasis is on practical means of implementing the sugges- tions. For instance, procrastinators and people who labor long and hard to produce very little, such as Dennis and Jeanne in the introductory examples, are encouraged to set up a realistic time schedule, and are shown how to stick to it. Because they can cope with writing more easily if it is sub-divided into its components, the time schedule allows for whatever each participant may need to do. Thus just starting a paper due in two weeks might Lynn Bloom tells her students not to be fooled by longstanding "myths" require the allocation of two days to about writing. Students should never assume that they write worse than determine a topic, three days to their peers or poorly according to some unwritten standards. gather information about it, a day to organize the materials, three days to write the paper (250 words-one at Work rather than Writers at Play. whether the participants are writing typed page per day), two days away She would also realize that for most at all, and if so, with more ease, from it to gain perspective, a day to writers, including herself, instant-or efficiency, and control than at the rewrite the paper, and another day to even ultimate-perfection is a dream beginning; and to find out whether type and correct it. rather than a reality. they are accomplishing their in- A person such as Dierdre, who People such as Wayne, whose tended writing. On the average, about wanted to be a writer but let too writing responsibilities are out of two-thirds of the participants are many other activities take pre- phase with either the time allocation successful by this time. One-sixth cedence, was urged to establish her or conditions under which they're attains success by the second Work- priorities realistically so that she writing, are encouraged to try to har- shop session, and another sixth could get some writing done. With monize their own temperament, tasks, makes little or no progress. these in mind, she could reschedule and circumstances of writing. If one However, the ultimate test of the some of her free time on weekends can't stand the interruptions, he Writing Anxiety Workshop's effec- and evenings to allow for writing, should get out of the office-literally, tiveness is not what the participants even if this meant giving up some of if possible, by working in a quieter have accomplished at the end of five her less meaningful activities. environment part of the time. People weeks, but what they do with what Sarah, the perfectionist, was asked who have tried this find that they they have learned throughout the rest to look carefully and objectively at accomplish as much in four hours of of their lives. Ideally (and there is the writing of her fellow freshmen, quietude as they do in three work- some research evidence that indicates and to find one or two "writing days in a noisy office. One this is happening), the Workshops buddies," if possible, with whom she participant, who couldn't leave the enable the majority of the partici- could exchange and discuss drafts of office literally, left it figuratively by pants to gain control over their papers and how they wrote. This wearing earphones and plugging attitudes toward writing, and an would help her to recognize the them into a recorder left conspicu- understanding of the varied—and variable quality of her peers' writing. ously on her desk. Whether or not the workable—writing processes of them- And by scrutinizing successive drafts recorder was playing didn't matter; selves and others. Control implies a of essays which bore the scars and she looked preoccupied and people continual willingness to act to over- triumphs of rewriting and editing, left her alone! come writing problems, rather than to be devastated by them. Ultimately, she would be able to understand not Does It Work? only the composing processes of control implies skill and productivity others, but their genuine kinship with Like most solutions, these sugges- as a writer, based on knowledge of her own drafts, however messy and tions are easier to discuss than to what to do and how to do it, rather muddled they might be. She would apply. So the third Workshop session than on a legacy of self-denigration realize that writing takes work; not by is intended to assess the efficacy of from an anxious heritage. Control is chance is the Paris Review series of the advice given throughout the maturity, a long range aim of a liberal interviews with authors titled Writers preceding five weeks; to learn education.

WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 29 Attracting and Keeping the Best

That's the Number One Challenge Facing School Systems and Education Schools Across the Nation

By James M. Yankovich

Classroom teachers are openly property taxes, is just as high or even not surprising that teachers become discussing their intense resentment higher than in many other areas. For chagrined for being held accountable and bitterness concerning inadequate example, the cost of a doctor, lawyer, for the achievement of children who salaries, meager budgets, difficult or accountant's fee would not be do not attend school regularly, do not working conditions, and unrealistic significantly different in New Jersey eat well, have aching teeth, and who public expectations. These frustra- from that in Virginia. However, work part-time jobs late into the tions, coupled with a sense of power- teachers in the peninsula area of night. Furthermore, teachers find lessness, take a physical and mental Virginia know that after 16 years of themselves precluded from teaching toll on veteran teachers as well as in experience they will be earning at much of what they deem important in the recruitment of capable new least $10,000 less per year than their order to prepare students to take a teachers to the profession. counterparts in New Jersey. range of achievement tests, ability Teachers do not feel appreciated or Many teachers must work in the tests, and competency tests. The even understood by the general evening and on weekends to supple- courts, legislatures, book publishers public. Particularly in Virginia and ment their salaries. Not only does this and test makers are pre-empting other Southeastern parts of the preclude them from planning, teachers in making curriculum de- country, they are aware that their preparation and grading papers, but cisions and educational policies. salaries are far below those of it drains them of much needed In addition, the schools have teachers in the rest of the nation. The energy to cope with the daily assumed many responsibilities once cost of living, with the exception of demands of the classroom. No the domain of parents, home and wonder they feel exploited and family. As more and more mothers become demoralized. In our society become employed outside of the the basic indicator of value and home, the school absorbs more James M. Yankovich, dean of importance is the amount on the pay- parental responsibility. An increasing William and Mary's School of Educa- check. number of children arrive at school tion since 1974, is one of Virginia's Setting aside the differences in pay, poorly clothed and hungry, and they most respected and progressive teachers and administrators across return to an empty home in the after- educators. He is currently chairman the country feel powerless and over- noon. Schools are having to publish of the Educational Committee for the come by the avalanche of federal and detail codes and regulations pro- Virginia Association of Colleges of state guidelines, regulations and hibiting drug and alcohol possession, Teacher Education. Yankovich re- mandates placed on them by disorderly conduct, unexcused ab- ceived his undergraduate degree jrom legislators and judges. Most of the sences, inappropriate dress, immuni- the University of Richmond, his professional prerogative and judg- zation deficiencies and unnecessary master's degree from the University ments which they exercised in the usage of cars. of Virginia, and his Ed.D. degree past have been pre-empted by higher Too many good teachers have con- from the University of Michigan. authorities. cluded that they are no longer willing Before joining William and Mary, he Yet teachers and schools are being to cope with the frustrations of was dean of academic affairs at the held increasingly accountable for the classroom work in many school University of Michigan in Flint. achievement of their students. It is systems. They also cannot afford to 30 WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 teach for substandard salaries. Con- 100,000 blacks attending pre- sequently, they are changing careers dominately white Southern institu- from teaching to government, busi- tions. ness and industry. The exodus of Quite recently mentally handi- good teachers from the classroom is capped, emotionally disturbed and causing serious concern among physically handicapped youngsters school administrators and school were classified as "special" and put boards. Yet there is a general Too many good out of sight in the basements or impression that many new teachers teachers have outbuildings of schools-if they are waiting in line to fill the attended school at all. Today a major vacancies. The truth is that schools of concluded that national effort is unfolding to provide education in many areas of the they are no longer instructional opportunities and country are experiencing decreased normal social associations that will enrollments in pre-service teacher willing to cope allow handicapped children to ex- education programs. Contrary to with the tend themselves to their limits in public belief, these schools are not at attaining the good things in life all confident that they will be able to frustrations of enjoyed by their classmates. The prepare enough competent teachers classroom work in public schools have absorbed the for the near future and certainly not pressures of a social and political when the public school enrollment many school revolution. surges upward in 1985. systems. They It is absolutely essential to our The number of people capable of society that our public schools be not being good teachers has always been also cannot afford only maintained but improved. This in short supply. They must be to teach for can only be possible if outstanding intelligent, sensitive, patient, ener- young men and women choose getic, interesting, creative and flex- substandard education as a career. The leadership ible. Obviously other professions are salaries. of schools and the primary spokes- looking for the same men and men for schools come from the ranks women, and they are outbidding of classroom teachers. It is fortunate education. Affirmative action pro- that very exceptional people continue grams have opened up new oppor- to be attracted to education. They tunities for minorities and women, have very altruistic public service the traditional labor pool for educa- motivations and are willing to forego tion. There has been a major shift of many of the monetary benefits found female and minority enrollment to in non-public service. Obviously, business schools. The starting pay in they also realize that only in school business looks a little better than in work can they share in the exciting teaching. The media has made comes increasingly important that and rewarding development of young executive life appear very glamorous these young people realize that there people. while emphasizing discipline prob- is no public or private institution, nor The future agenda facing public lems teachers must face in the class- has there ever been one, that has education is of vital importance to us room. touched as many lives and has all. For if the public fails public The widely held impression that improved human conditions or education, we will all become the there is a national oversupply of quality of life for so many as public victims. In order to attract the best teachers discourages many people education. In spite of all their short- young men and women to teaching, from considering teaching as a career. comings, the American public our nation will have to reaffirm its The oversupply has been reported schools are recognized as models to faith in public education. We need to heavily in the national media. Yet the free countries throughout the world. rededicate our resources to improve oversupply exists mainly in the Many critics of public schools do life for all citizens. This rejuvenation northeast. There are openings in just not realize or choose to forget that a will require a respect for teachers and about all areas in other parts of the few years ago many quality public trust in public service endeavors that nation. The demand for teachers of schools were really private schools do not fit on a sales chart or which math, science, technical, vocational with public endowments in defy the measurements of efficiency and special education exists through- privileged white middle class com- experts. out the country. In fact, the shortage munities. In 1950 only one of four Very seldom has our nation of these specializations has reached black youngsters finished high scrutinized or devoted as much atten- the crisis stage. In some high schools school. The record was little different tion to education as it does now. The advanced science and math courses for poor whites. Today three out of members of the education profession are being removed because of the lack four black young people graduate have been challenged by the public to of staff. from high school. It is difficult to explain and to improve their schools. Young people considering career argue that these graduates are less Yet schools will not be improved choices are also mindful of the grow- educated than their mothers and unless the best of our young men and ing public criticism of public educa- fathers who dropped out of school women are attracted to the class- tion. They are hearing that public when they were in the sixth grade. In room and find it possible to remain education is too expensive and that 1950 only 435 black men and women in the classroom. This is indeed the schools are not as good as they were were enrolled in Southern white greatest challenge lying before us, the some years ago. Consequently, it be- colleges. Today there are over challenge on which all else depends. WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 31 "This Old College Will Endure. 55

By Edward E. Brickell '50

"Nothing like us (the United States) ever was before, in the entire history of the world. We have accomplished more than any other nation in the history of the world; we have accomplished things that no other nation even dared to attempt. If we have some failures, and we do, it may just be because we attempt so much, and we try so valiantly, and we dare so greatly. I would hope that this institution, and all in it, will always accept the challenge of trying valiantly, of daring greatly, so that the charge given us by those early leaders will be carried out fully, to the everlasting glory of this old College and all who love it. And at the same time, we must never lose the sense of proportion, the perspective that enables us to view events over the long reach of history, confident that come what may, this old College will endure. The William and Mary campus seldom receives a blanket of snow — Around her proud and noble head but when it does it sparkles with old fashioned charm. will break storms of strife and discord, contention and dispute, but this old College will endure. condemnation. Tenure in office will their very souls. And to the home, the State and national governments be brief or tenure in office will be classroom, the laboratory, the market- will regulate and impose and hinder long, but this old College will place, the church, the legislative and burden and direct and push and endure. halls. And in years to come, when the shove in all directions, but this old And faculties will hold forth, some realization of the transiency of things College will endure. good and some not so good, some temporal sits heavy upon them, when Boards of Visitors will meet and outstanding and some not so they've heard the whispers of their study and deliberate and legislate outstanding; a few great and a few own mortality and suffered an inward and occasionally pontificate, but this not so great, but this old College will tremor at the sound, when in quiet old College will endure. endure. moments of meditation they summon And presidents will lead, some Students will come and go, through up remembrances of things past, and well or some not so well, and be the the classrooms and dormitories, the when they long for the snows of focal point of praise or the center of libraries, the playing fields, the yesteryear, they will look back with laboratories; and there will be a pride, pleasure, and satisfaction, million individual and a thousand resting secure in the knowledge that This article is a portion of an collective protests and revolts against whatever else befall, down through address delivered by Edward E. tradition or practice or procedure or the ages, this old College will endure. Brickell, Jr., a 1950 graduate of the regulation or policy or method- In an ephemeral world stands this College, who served as alumni orator sporadic (but sincere) outbursts rock of permanence; in an uncertain at last October's Homecoming Ban- against every single aspect of life stands this certainty of living. In quet sponsored by the Society of the academic life, but this old College the maelstrom of struggle stands this Alumni. Brickell is currently rector of will endure. bastion of strength; in the darkness of William and Mary's Board of Visitors And from these portals graduates ignorance stands this beacon of and Superintendent of Virginia will go forth into every nook and knowledge. This old College will Beach public schools. He received his cranny of this great nation, bearing endure. This old College will undergraduate, Master's and Ed.D. the indelible mark of William and endure." degrees from William and Mary. Mary on their minds, their characters,

32 WILLIAM AND MARY WINTER 1980 Fires burn brightly in cressets, candies in the windows. . .the Wren Buiiding during the holiday season is a warm and inviting place to be.