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POLITICS in SRI LANKA 1947-1979 by the Same Author ELECTORAL POLITICS in an EMERGENT STATE: the CEYLON GENERAL ELECTION of MAY 1970 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1979

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POLITICS in SRI LANKA 1947-1979 by the Same Author ELECTORAL POLITICS in an EMERGENT STATE: the CEYLON GENERAL ELECTION of MAY 1970 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1979 POLITICS IN SRI LANKA 1947-1979 By the same author ELECTORAL POLITICS IN AN EMERGENT STATE: THE CEYLON GENERAL ELECTION OF MAY 1970 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1979 A. JEYARATNAM WILSON Professor and Chairman. Department of Political Science University of New Brunswick formerly Professor of Political Science and Head. Department of Economics and Political Science University of Sri Lanka © A. Jeyaratnam Wilson 1974, 1979 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First edition 1974 Second edition 1979 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Delhi Dublin Hong Kong Johannesburg Lagos Melbourne New York Singapore Tokyo Typeset in Great Britain by Vantage Photosetting Company Ltd Southampton and printed in Great Britain by Billing & Sons Limited Guildjord. London and Worcester British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Wilson, Alfred Jeyaratnam Politics in Sri Lanka, 1947-1979.-2nd ed. l. Sri Lanka-Politics and governrnent I. Title 320.9' 549' 303 DS489.57 ISBN 978-0-333-26208-5 ISBN 978-1-349-17718-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-17718-9 The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser This book is sold subject to the standard condition 0/ the Net Book Agreement For Susili and Malliha, Maithili and Kumanan Contents List of Maps and Tables viii Prime Ministers and the Executive President of Sri Lanka x Acknowledgements xi List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction to the Second Edition xv Introduction to the First Edition xxviii The Land and its History 2 Problems in a Plural Society 10 3 Economic and Social Progress 52 4 Political Behaviour and Political Forces 112 5 Constitution and Government 171 6 Foreign Policy and Defence Arrangements 243 7 Conclusion 277 Notes 283 Bibliographical Note 307 Index 309 vii List of Maps and Tables page Modern Sri Lanka: Provincial Divisions and Principal Towns xxx Sri Lanka: Main Agricultural Exports and Climatic Zones 51 Population Growth 1871-1971 53 Unemployment by Educational Status, 1953, 1963 and 1966 56 Acreage of Lands alienated and Number of Allottees settled under State Schemes 66 Paddy Yields 1956-74 74 Export Volumes and Earnings of Tea, Rubber and Major Coconut Products 1948-77 76 Taxes, Dividends and Reserves as a Percentage of Gross Surplus of Companies 78 Value of Assets, Plantations and Private Sector, 1964 78 Sri Lanka's Exports and Imports 1956-76 93 Government Expenditure on Social Services and Economic Development, 1948, 1955, 1961 94 Government of Sri Lanka, Financial Position 1956-76 95 G.N.P. (1960-65) at 1959 Factor Cost Prices 96 Per Capita Income (1960-65) at 1959 Factor Cost Prices 96 G.N.P. and Per Capita Income at 1959 Factor Cost Prices (1965-77) 98 Party Positions (House of Representatives) at General Elections, 1947-77 156 Distribution of Seats (House of Representatives) by Provinces, 1947-56 197 Vlll Lists of Maps and Tables ix Distribution of Seats (House of Representatives) by Provinces, 1960-70 199 Distribution of Seats (National State Assembly) by Provinces, July 1977 231 Foreign Trade, 1951-76 267 Prime Ministers and the Executive President of Sri Lanka Under the Constitution of the Second Republic, 1978- Executive President Junius Richard Jayewardene (February 1978- ) Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa (February 1978- ) Under the Constitution of the First Republic, May 1972-February 1978 Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike (May 1972-July 1977) Junius Richard Jayewardene (July 1977-February 1978) Under the Constitution of 1947-1972 Don Stephen Senanayake (September 1947-March 1952) Dudley Shelton Senanayake (March 1952-0ctober 1953) John Lionel Kotelawala (October 1953-April 1956) Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike (April 1956- September 1959) Wijayananda Dahanayake (September 1959-March 1960) Dudley Shelton Senanayake (March to July 1960) Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike (July 1960-March 1965) Dudley Shelton Senanayake (March 1965-May 1970) Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike (May 1970-May 1972) x Acknowledgements This work is the result of many many years of research on and first-hand observation of political developments in Sri Lanka since 1947. The many hundreds of students I taught at the University of Sri Lanka during 1952-72 helped me tremendously in the formulation of my views, theories and interpretations by their immediate and critical responses in classroom discussions, and to them lowe special thanks. There are close friends in Peradeniya from whose criticisms and observations I benefited greatly. I should like to make particular mention of Professor K. M. de Silva for his unfailing generosity and helpful advice. Professors W. J. F. Labrooy, H. A. de S. Gunasekere, Mr H. A. I. Goonetilleke, Professor Stanley Kalpage, Drs B. Hewavitharana and W. A. Wiswa Warnapala also had long conversa- tions with me on various aspects of this work. Outside Sri Lanka, Professor Dennis Austin of the Victoria University of Manchester, Professor George Lerski of the University of San Francisco, Professor Ferdinand Hermens, formerly of the University of Cologne and presently Fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, and Dr Calvin Woodward of the University of New Brunswick were helpful. I am grateful to the latter and to Brown University Press for permission to base my two maps on the map in Woodward's The Growth of a Party System in Ceylon. Needless to say the responsibility for any errors are mine. I am specially grateful to Mrs N. M. Hettiaratchi of Peradeniya for patiently typing several drafts of this book. Many thanks are also due to Mrs Rheta MacElwain of the University of New Brunswick for making an accurate typescript of the final draft. My wife Susili and my children Malliha, Maithili and Kumanan showed forbearance and patience while I was on this project through the years. To my younger brother, Mr R. K. Wilson, lowe a debt for supplying me with essential documents almost at a moment's notice. lowe much to Mr Tim Farmiloe of Macmillan for his patience whilst awaiting the completed manuscript and for the encouragement he gave me in this endeavour. Mr H. W. Bawden of the same firm did xi xii Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1979 everything possible to bring out this publication in good time, and I am grateful to him for all his efforts. A.J.W. Fredericton April 1973 Acknowledgements to the Second Edition I wish to acknowledge the useful information and materials pro- vided by my former students Laksiri Fernando, Tressie Leitan, V. Nallainayagam, Vma Nallainayagam, Kuruganty Sastry, and Wiswa Warnapala. My friends Kingsley de Silva, Ian GoonetHeke, Neville Karunatilake, Donald Snodgrass and Bishop Lakshman Wickremasinghe were of invaluable assistance in giving me their views and analyses of the developing situation during 1973-1978. They also sent me relevant literature. My friend and colleague Calvin Woodward helped me with his advice on my 'Introduction to the Second Edition'. My wife SusHi, who is also trained in my discipline, gave me the benefit of her comments and criticisms on the various drafts of the changes and additions to this revised edition. To all of them lowe a debt. The responsibility of course is mine. Peggy Fenety and Dixie Wilson typed the final draft and were souls of patience in deciphering my handwriting and the numerous changes I had made on what turned out in the end to be an untidy manuscript. I am particularly appreciative of Mr Tim Farmiloe for all the encouragement he gave me and for his patience in awaiting the com- pleted version. Mr. Allan Aslett expedited the printing of this revised edition and to him lowe many thanks. A.J.W. Fredericton June 1978 List of Abbreviations Note.' Ceylon and Sri Lanka, as used in this book, are interchangeable A.D.B. Asian Development Bank B.B.P. Bosath Bandaranaike Peramuna (The Bodhisattva S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike Front). Note a bodhisattva is a being destined to be a Buddha B.J.B. Bauddha Jathika Balavegaya (National Front for the Protection of Buddhism) B.L.P.I. Bolshevik Leninist Party of India B.R.P. Buddhist Republican Party B.S.P. Bolshevik Samasamaja Party (the Bolshevik Equal Society Party) c.P. Communist Party (Moscow) C.I.c. Ceylon Indian Congress C.W.c. (Indian) Ceylon Workers' Congress D.M.K. (Ceylon) Dravida Munnethra Kazhagam (Dravidian Progressive Front) D.P. Dharma Samaja Party (Social Justice Party) D.W.C. (Indian) Democratic Workers' Congress E.B.P. Eksath Bhikku Peramuna (United Front of Buddhist Monks) F.P. (Tamil) Federal Party I.B.R.D. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development I.M.F. International Monetary Fund I.S.F. Islamic Socialist Front J.V.P. Jathika Vimukthi Peramuna (Sinhalese) National Liberation Front L.P. Labour Party xiii XIV Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1979 L.P.P. Lanka Prajathanthrawadi Party (Ceylon Democratic Party) L.S.S.P. Lanka Sarna Samaja Party (Ceylon Equal Society Party) M.E.P. Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front) P.D.P. People's Democratic Party P.L.F. People's Liberation Front R.M.P. Revolutionary Marxist Party R.P. Republican Party S.L.F.P. Sri Lanka Freedom Party S.L.F.S.P. Sri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party S.L.J.P. Sri Lanka Jathika Peramuna (the Sri Lanka National Front) S.M.P. (R. G. Sinhala Mahajana Peramuna Senanayake) (Sinhalese People's Front) S.M.P.
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