Hindawi Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Volume 2018, Article ID 2721950, 11 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2721950

Research Article Fast Channel Navigation of Internet Protocol Television Using Adaptive Hybrid Delivery Method

Timothy T. Adeliyi and Oludayo O. Olugbara

ICT and Society Research Group, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa

Correspondence should be addressed to Oludayo O. Olugbara; [email protected]

Received 14 March 2018; Accepted 5 June 2018; Published 8 July 2018

Academic Editor: Mohamed El-Tanany

Copyright © 2018 Timothy T. Adeliyi and Oludayo O. Olugbara. )is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. )e Internet protocol television brought seamless potential that has revolutionized the media and telecommunication industries by providing a platform for transmitting digitized television services. However, zapping delay is a critical factor that affects the quality of experience in the Internet protocol television. )is problem is intrinsically caused by command processing time, network delay, jitter, buffer delay, and video decoding delay. )e overarching objective of this paper is to use a hybrid delivery method that agglutinates multicast- and unicast-enabled services over a converged network to minimize zapping delay to the bare minimum. )e hybrid method will deliver Internet protocol television channels to subscribers using the unicast stream coupled with differentiated service quality of experience when zapping delay is greater than 0.43 s. )is aids a faster transmission by sending a join message to the multicast stream at the service provider zone to acquire the requested channel. )e hybrid method reported in this paper is benchmarked with the state-of-the-art multicast stream and unicast stream methods. Results show that the hybrid method has an excellent performance by lowering point-to-point queuing delay, end-to-end packet delay, and packet variation and increasing throughput rate.

1. Introduction gateway as a result of the limited network bandwidth [5, 6]. IPTV is the future of TV broadcasting because it offers a real- )e demand for a higher bandwidth has been overwhelming time video service by transmitting varieties of video contents in recent years because of the deployment of a broadband over a converged network. converged network and delivering service paradigm. Con- )e Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a dominant network vergence is the capability of the Internet to act as a single infrastructure for delivering IPTV services in a converged foundation for various functions that traditionally had their network. DSL access line employs a twisted copper cable own platform [1]. )e service paradigm is rapidly evolving between the Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer and expanding to a true triple-play service represented by (DSLAM) in the last mile and the customer premise. voice, Internet, and video [2]. )e Internet Protocol Television Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a type of DSL (IPTV) is a key broadcasting service in a converged network that has a maximum bitrate of 8 Mb/s and can only support that has brought immense potential to give network providers one High Definition Television (HDTV) channel at a time the capacity to expand their market value and revenue gen- while ADSL2 and Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line erated by increasing the number of subscribers [3]. (VDSL), respectively, support up to 24 Mb/s and 50 Mb/s [7]. IPTV in a converged network is a technique that aggregates An IPTV stream requires about 2–4 Mb/s sustained band- data, voice, and digital television on a single-network in- width per Standard Definition (SD) stream, using the MPEG4 frastructure line to give subscribers a packed broadband service compression standard with high definition increasing the experience and helping with the utilization of broadband bandwidth demand to 7–8 Mb/s per stream [8, 9]. services [4]. IPTV is based on a multicast system for trans- )e Quality of Service (QoS), which is an important metric mitting video across the Internet Protocol (IP) infrastructure frequently used to measure network performance is required because not all channels can be sent to the subscriber home in order to guarantee end-to-end IPTV deployment over 2 Journal of Computer Networks and Communications a converged network and to provide Quality of Experience However, troubleshooting multicast service is complex, which (QoE) assurance to subscribers. QoS is essential for providing further heightens the incurred cost of implementation. a seamless IPTV service that aids QoE for subscribers. A In sharp contrast, Jackson et al. [20] explained that the satisfactory level of the service provided by a network provider substitution of multicast service with unicast service is not is determined by the QoE perceived by subscribers [10]. )e viable because as the number of subscribers increases, the lower the QoE, the higher the level of dissatisfaction and the required bandwidth increases. Consequently, it becomes chances of subscribers abandoning such a service. QoE is more expensive for the QoE required by the subscribers. composed of a variety of metrics frequently used to measure Nikoukar et al. [21] proposed a method that sends adjacent satisfaction by subscribers. )e metrics include network per- channel alongside the channel requested by a subscriber. )ey formance parameters such as the end-to-end delay and jitter as assumed that subscribers are likely to watch an adjacent well as the service quality parameters such as cost, reliability, channel to the requested channel. However, this method did availability, and usability [11]. not solve the zapping delay problem because if a subscriber However, when compared to the traditional cable and does not switch to the adjacent channel, it forfeits the purpose. terrestrial broadcasting services, zapping delay becomes the Lee et al. [22] improved on this method by adding channel deterrent to the widespread use of IPTV. Zapping delay popularity with adjacent-based prefetching. )is method is problem sets in when a change of channel takes 0.43 seconds used in prefetching the contents of adjacent channels before or more [8, 12, 13] that affects the QoE perceived by sub- they are requested. It differentiates the channels prefetched scribers. Zare et al. [14] explain zapping delay as a problem using up and down direction buttons on the Set-Top-Box that occurs when a subscriber desires to change a channel, but (STB) remote control based on channel popularity. However, has to wait several seconds for the desired channel to be made the disadvantage of this method is that the bandwidth load available. )e problem gets heightened when network delay becomes high, causing overload, and it ends up not reflecting and jitter occur such that the channel selected by a subscriber the desired channel a subscriber would likely watch. experiences more than 2 second delay when compared to the A new method that predicts the desired channel that same channel aired on the traditional broadcasting service. a subscriber might likely watch was proposed to address the In view of this, we propose the use of an adaptive hybrid downside of the channel popularity with adjacent-based delivery method that agglutinates multicast and unicast prefetching method [22]. )is method provides Intelligent methods to address the zapping delay problem in the IPTV Fast Channel Switching (IFCS) based on the behavior of over a converged network. In literature, many adaptive a subscriber. It predicts channel traffic in advance for the network methods have been proposed to address the zap- subscriber who wishes to watch the channel in the next few ping delay problem over a converged network. )e methods moments. Moreover, it analyzes the behaviors of subscribers include the Data-Centric Network Architecture (DCNA) and obtains their preferences of watching channels to reduce that supports both data-centric and host-centric applications the waiting time of the subscribers [23]. in order to address the Internet challenges. )e DCNA In spite of the number of literature studies addressing the approach is based on the inclusion of a shim layer between zapping delay problem in recent years, there seems to be no the application layer and the transport layer with appro- sufficient literature covering IPTV zapping delay in a con- priate interfaces to efficiently connect these layers [15]. verged network. )is gap intrinsically served a strong mo- Furthermore, a collaborative Internet architecture using the tivation for this study. In response to this gap, our proposed Smart Identifier NETworking (SINET) was proposed to method addresses the overall problem of zapping delay by completely eliminate resource location, data content, and using an adaptive hybrid delivery for fast channel navigation. user network restrictions. Consequently, the SINET method was designed to absorb all kinds of traffic dominance while 3. IPTV Architecture compliantly meeting the various future IPTV requirements such as the vehicular network that provides inordinate IPTV in a converged network is a service that uses the IP prospects to address many of the challenging issues facing protocol to deliver multicasting contents to subscribers via the current Internet architecture [16, 17]. a broadband connection. )e IPTV architecture spans across four zones as shown in Figure 1. )e customer premise 2. Related Work where we find devices such as TV, STB, PC, IP Phone, and ADSL router presents IPTV contents to a subscriber. )e )ere are various methods developed over the years for im- network provider zone allows a connection between the proving zapping delay in IPTV. Zapping delay is usually consumer premise and service provider zone. )e service caused by command processing time, network delay, buffer provider zone is responsible for providing services to sub- delay, multicast leave and join times, processing time in the scribers. )e content provider zone owns or is licensed to air display device, size of video buffer in encoder, and video contents and encoded video [24]. decoding delay [14, 18]. In this section, we discuss some of these methods such as the substituting multicast-based IPTV service with the unicast-based IPTV service. A multicast-based 3.1. Multicast. IP multicast is a one-to-many method for IPTV service comes with some intrinsic downfalls in that all simultaneously delivering content to a group of nodes in- network devices deployed within the network must support stead of one. IP multicast is required to provide IPTV the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) [19]. services by joining the multicast group through a channel Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 3

Customer premise Network provider Service provider Content provider

IGMP proxy TV server DSLAM STB Leave/ Gateway join Multicast

IPTV server (IPTV headend)

PC IP phone

Figure 1: IPTV architecture over a converged network. request initiated from the remote control of the subscriber’s because of the huge requests from subscribers coupled with set-up box. )is multicast service saves bandwidth at both the variation of the unicast packet rate of transmission and the core and access networks because there is a high ability to the recover lost packet. Chase [5] summarizes that probability that multiple subscribers would likely watch the IP multicast is used as a countermeasure because it provides same program at the same time [25, 26]. huge bandwidth efficiency over the unicast delivery. IPTV channels are distributed to subscribers through the network provider by multicast service rather than broadcast service in order to reduce bandwidth load [27]. )e IGMP is 3.3. Zapping Delay. In the traditional terrestrial TV broad- used for management purposes, allowing IPTV subscribers to casts, all channels are being broadcasted once to a viewer, report group memberships to any neighboring routers that making channel changes almost immediately. )is in- are multicast enabled to manage multicast video streams at stantaneous change of channel involves the TV receiver the service provider zone [28]. )e STB performs the process tuning to a specific carrier frequency, demodulating the of sending IGMP multicasting tree when an IPTV subscriber content, and displaying it on the TV screen [21, 34]. Ter- switches between channels using a remote control. )e restrial viewers through their experiences expect channel leaving group sends a leave message to the edge router at the requests to be instantaneous because zapping delay in this service provider zone on receiving the IGMP leave message. system is less than 0.20 s. However, zapping delay occurs in )e edge router will react by sending a specific multicast video IPTV when the channel change time is above 0.43 s because stream and terminate the specific multicast channel while the one requested channel is sent to a subscriber at a time due to join group message is used to obtain a new channel. After high bandwidth consumption that deters the widespread use waiting for the IPTV content of the requested channel to be of IPTV service [35]. In addition, the problem occurs when an delivered, the STB waits for a decodable frame, called an IPTV subscriber desires to change a channel but needs to wait Intra-coded frame (I-frame). )e requested channel is ready until the target channel is available [36]. Zapping delay is to be displayed on the TV set once the requested channel is considered one of the most important parameters of QoE that delivered to the STB of the subscriber [22, 29]. defines the acceptability of how subscribers would perceive IPTV contents and services. )is is intrinsically caused by command processing time (Tc), network delay (Tn), buffer 3.2. Unicast. )e unicast service is a one-to-one connection delay (Tb), and video decoding delay (Tv) [6] as shown in method that conventionally uses the Real-Time Streaming Figure 2. )e zapping delay factor (Tz) is expressed as follows: Protocol (RTSP) and Real-Time Protocol (RTP) to recover Tz � Tc + Tn + Tb + Tv. (1) lost packets. It accelerates a channel change by delivering IPTV contents at a higher rate than the streaming rate of )e first factor that causes zapping delay in IPTV is the video [30]. A unicast service requires a dedicated zapping command processing time, which is the time required to server to transmit a unicast burst when a subscriber initiates examine the header of a frame in order to determine where a channel change request. )is stream is sent at a higher to direct the frame [37]. )e command processing time bitrate than the usual bitrate that allows the playout buffer to causes a delay that ensues at the instance a subscriber ini- be quickly filled, making a channel readily available to tiates a channel change request. )at is, the time it takes the a subscriber [31]. It can significantly reduce the waiting and IGMP leave group message to leave the current channel the buffering time for I-frame, which is the first decodable while the IGMP joint group message is initiated through the video frame made available to a subscriber [32, 33]. multicast network service at the service provider zone to )e downside of a unicast stream is that there is a burst request for the desired channel. load on the bandwidth imposing significant input and )ereafter is the network delay, which is the time it takes output demands on the video servers. )is is heightened for the requested channel to arrive after the initiation of the 4 Journal of Computer Networks and Communications

4-Decoding delay

3-Buffering delay

2-Network delay IGMP proxy 1-Command processing time server DSLAM STB Leave/ Gateway join Multicast

Video server

Service provider

Channel change request

Remote control Figure 2: Factors of zapping delay in a converged network.

IGMP join group message. e bu ering delay arises from bu ering video frames after the arrival of the rst I-frame. Start It is the time it takes to repair and retransmit content in order to provide reliability when packets are lost. is bu ering is designed to help overcome the intrinsic problems caused by reordering and uctuations of packets Is system No by the unavailability of content resulting from packet loss on? ratio (PLR), end-to-end delay, network jitter, and throughput rate [38, 39]. Packet loss is bound to occur if the network parameter for receiving IPTV tra‡c is not Yes Stop appropriately coupled with the di erent transmission Channel request rate. Consequently, PLR is the corrupted, lost, or exces- sively delayed packets divided by the total number of packets expected at the STB of a subscriber as follows [38]: Join multicast group lostpacket PLR . lostpacket receivedpacket ( ) e end-to-end delay is the time taken for a packet to be2 −  Is zapping No Multicast service transmitted across a network from the IPTV headend to the delay > 0.43 s STB. It is computed as follows [39]: D Nd d d d , E E proc + queue + tran + prop ( ) Yes N − where is the network parameter between the IPTV3 Unicast service headend and subscribers, customer premise zone,dproc is the processing delay, dqueue is the queuing delay, dtran is the transmission delay, and dprop is the propagation delay. e network jitter in IPTV is dened as a variation in the DiffServ QoS end-to-end delay of receiving video stream. At the IPTV headend, video streams are sent in a continuous stream with the packets spaced evenly apart. It is numerically determined Channel displayed as follows [38]: D t t , Figure 3: e adaptive hybrid delivery of IPTV channels. jitter actual expected ( ) t B where actual is the actual time it takes− for the IPTV packet4 to e throughput ( w) is the ratio of network capacity be received by a subscriber and texpected is the expected time it (Nc), that is, the network bandwidth over the cumulated takes for the IPTV packet to get to the subscriber. load (W) of the average amount of IPTV tra‡c that passes Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 5

IP_cloud

FHR LHR

Switch_1 Switch_2

IPTV VoIP Data headend server server

Subscriber Subscriber 1 Figure 4: e OPNET simulation model of a converged network. through to the STB. It is determined numerically as follows Table 1: Parameters for simulating converged network. [39]: Network Converged network N B c . IP backbone IP cloud w W ( ) Link model PPP DS3 Server model Ethernet server Finally, a video decoding delay is the time it takes for5  No of servers 3 a compressed video to be decoded, which is achieved by No of subscribers 20 using I-frames. It is related to the encoding structure, and Link bandwidth (core) 44.736 Mbps the maximum video decoding delay is the length of a group Link bandwidth (access) 100 Mbps of pictures [40]. IPTV contents are compressed by encoding IPTV–(streaming video) VoIP, Tra‡c type of service multicast video stream over IP network where the video HTTP, FTP, Database streams are divided into groups of pictures [41]. zapping delay time. In addition, it reduces bandwidth 4. Methodology consumption by policing IPTV tra‡c to ensure that it conforms to the service level agreement [43]. e essential steps of our adaptive hybrid delivery method As shown in Figure 3, a decision is needed as to when to that agglutinates multicast and unicast to minimize zapping provide a hybrid stream and a multicast stream for a channel delay in a converged network are shown in Figure 3. Once request. is is accomplished when the channel request is zapping delay occurs, a unicast method with Di erentiated received and zapping delay is greater than 0.43 s. e hybrid Service (Di Serv) QoS will be used to deliver IPTV contents stream is used for content delivery while a dedicated from a multicast group to subscribers. is method ad- bandwidth is allocated using the Di Serv for an IPTV dresses the requirements of delay, jitter, and real-time content in order to avoid delay and jitter. However, if sensitive tra‡c during short periods of congestion. e zapping delay is less than 0.43 s, the channel content stream overprovisioning of bandwidth will help to minimize the will be delivered with a multicast stream. e adaptive long-term average level of congestion within the converged hybrid delivery method for channel navigation can reduce network [42]. It is imperative to use Di Serv QoS to fairly the problem of zapping delay during IPTV content delivery. prioritize bandwidth from the unicast stream when zapping Moreover, it can optimize the usage of network bandwidth delay set in because di erent services run on a converged while providing a resilient quality of service to subscribers. network. Di Serv admission control solves the scalability In addition, it can aid bandwidth saving and reduce zapping issues and provides IPTV subscribers with a consistently delay as channel request over the converged network must high-quality video with a responsively reduced channel provide a real-time service. 6 Journal of Computer Networks and Communications

8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Hybrid Multicast Unicast

(a) 8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Hybrid Multicast Unicast

(b)

Figure 5: (a) IPTV traffic received. (b) IPTV traffic sent.

5. Simulation Experiment and Results order to obtain desirable results. For the simulation ex- periment, we created a converged network with two routers, To simulate a realistic hybrid delivery method that will which are first hop router and last hop router connected to produce an accurate result within an acceptable timeframe, the cloud with a digital signal level 3 T-carrier link of we have used the Optimized Network Engineering Tool 44.736 Mbit/s data circuit. )e first hop router is connected (OPNET) Modeler 14.5. )e OPNET is an application to the converged network service with the IPTV headend, software that provides a comprehensive Integrated Devel- VoIP server, and data server. opment Environment (IDE) for the specification, simula- Table 1 shows the network parameters used to configure tion, analysis, and evaluation of the performance of the converged network topology in Figure 4. )is topology has communication networks [44]. )e performance of the servers equipped for transmitting video, voice, and data ser- adaptive hybrid delivery method has been compared with vices to subscribers. )e Protocol Independent Multicast Dense the performances of the state-of-the-art multicast and Mode (PIM_DM) was added to the network node model for unicast methods within the OPNET IDE. the simulation of the multicast stream. )is has helped to Qing and Cong [45] explain that the OPNET modeler efficiently generate, process, and deliver multicast packet within provides different levels of modeling, depending on the the converged network [46]. Furthermore, multicast services requirements of the simulation. )e graphic user interface of were enabled on all nodes in order to support efficient multicast OPNET modeler establishes an overall environment called stream delivery. )e application model of the OPNET was a project. )e operator can develop several network sce- configured to generate and process unicast stream for the narios from a project in order to evaluate and analyze the simulation of the unicast steam. )e OPNET configuration for performance of that network in different “what-if” scenarios. the simulation of a converged network runs for the duration of )e modeler has to be configured as shown in Figure 4 in 15 min in order to improve the processing speed. Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 7

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Load Troughput (a) 3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Load Troughput (b) 3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Load Troughput (c)

Figure 6: (a) Unicast (load versus throughput). (b) Multicast (load versus throughput). (c) Hybrid (load versus throughput).

Figure 5 shows the IPTV tra‡c received from the headend for all methods. is provides a fair comparison of the sim- and tra‡c sent to 12 subscribers. Specically, Figure 5(a) shows ulated methods. the IPTV tra‡c received by the headend from the subscribers Figures 6(a) and 6(b) depict the IPTV tra‡c load from the for multicast, unicast, and our hybrid methods. All these headend versus the throughput rate for the tra‡c delivered to methods received the same amount of tra‡c over a period of subscribers for the unicast and multicast methods, re- time. At the same time, the tra‡c sent by the IPTV headend to spectively. Although the throughput of the unicast method subscribers as shown in Figure 5(b) has the same tra‡c value was higher than that of multicast, the downside e ect is that it 8 Journal of Computer Networks and Communications

0.035

0.030

0.025

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.005

0.000 0 51015202530 Hybrid Multicast Unicast (a) 0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Hybrid Multicast Unicast (b)

Figure 7: (a) Processing time. (b) Tra‡c request.

0.00035

0.00030

0.00025

0.00020

0.00015

0.00010

0.00005

0.00000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Hybrid Multicast Unicast Figure 8: End-to-end delay. Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 9

0.00012

0.00010

0.00008

0.00006

0.00004

0.00002

0.00000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Hybrid Multicast Unicast Figure 9: Jitter.

0.00014

0.00012

0.00010

0.00008

0.00006

0.00004

0.00002

0.00000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Hybrid Multicast Unicast Figure 10: Queuing delay.

consumes excessive network resources while multicast has In Figure 9, the packet delay variation (jitter) of our resource allocation challenge [25, 26]. However, Figure 6(c) hybrid method is signicantly less when compared to the illustrates the throughput rate of our hybrid method for the unicast and multicast methods. is would help to reduce tra‡c delivered to subscribers, which is higher than the load. the zapping delay problem in IPTV. is result indicates that the hybrid method outclassed the e queuing delay in Figure 10 is the time it takes the state-of-the-art methods, which is possible by concomitantly IPTV packet to wait in a queue until it is forwarded to the taking the advantages of both unicast and multicast methods. IPTV subscriber. e hybrid method has the least waiting Figure 7(a) shows the performance result of the IPTV time when it comes to delivering packets. is can reduce the headend processing time in responding to requests from network delay time and zapping delay in order to increase subscribers. e comparative result shows that our proposed the perceived quality of experience by a subscriber. hybrid method, when compared with the unicast and mul- ticast methods, has the lowest processing time despite having 6. Conclusion a higher tra‡c request per second as shown in Figure 7(b). Consequently, our hybrid method e‡ciently shares network In this paper, we have developed and evaluated an adaptive resources evenly without a ecting the network performance. hybrid delivery method that agglutinates the state-of-the-art Figure 8 illustrates the end-to-end delay of all packets multicast and unicast methods for fast channel navigation in received at the IPTV headend. e result shows that al- Internet protocol Television over a converged network. e though our hybrid method has the highest tra‡c request, the simulation results show that the hybrid delivery method has end-to-end delay is low when compared with the results of a better performance by lowering point-to-point queuing the unicast and multicast state-of-the-art methods. delay, end-to-end packet delay, jitter, and network 10 Journal of Computer Networks and Communications throughput. )e use of the hybrid delivery method reported for efficient channel navigation in internet protocol televi- in this paper can provide efficient, resilient, and reliable sion,” Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol. 75, no. 2, IPTV video distribution to subscribers. Moreover, it pro- pp. 887–902, 2016. vides a mechanism for reducing the zapping delay often [13] Y. Shin, S. Seol, and K. Lee, “A study on quality of experience experienced by IPTV subscribers during channel navigation. of controlling a device remotely in an IoT environment,” in Proceedings of Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN), pp. 699–702, Milan, Italy, July 2016. Data Availability [14] S. Zare, S. Mohammad Hosseini Verki, and A. Ghaffarpour Rahbar, “Channel-zapping time in IPTV: challenges and )e data used to support the findings of this study are solutions,” in IPTV Delivery Networks: Next Generation Ar- available from the corresponding author upon request. chitectures for Live and Video-on-Demand Services, pp. 151– 183, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2018. Conflicts of Interest [15] H. Luo, H. Zhang, M. Zukerman, and C. Qiao, “An in- crementally deployable network architecture to support both )e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. data-centric and host-centric services,” IEEE Network, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 58–65, 2014. [16] W. Quan, Y. Liu, H. Zhang, and S. Yu, “Enhancing crowd References collaborations for software defined vehicular networks,” IEEE [1] M. Jo, T. Maksymyuk, R. L. Batista, T. F. Maciel, Communications Magazine, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 80–86, 2017. A. L. De Almeida, and M. Klymash, “A survey of converging [17] H. Zhang, W. Quan, H. C. Chao, and C. Qiao, “Smart solutions for heterogeneous mobile networks,” IEEE Wireless identifier network: a collaborative architecture for the future Communications, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 54–62, 2014. Internet,” IEEE Network, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 46–51, 2016. [2] J. Choi, A. S. Reaz, and B. Mukherjee, “A survey of user [18] A. A. Khosroshahi, S. Yousefi, and A. G. Rahbar, “IPTV behavior in VoD service and bandwidth-saving multicast channel switching delay reduction through predicting sub- streaming schemes,” IEEE Communications Surveys and scribers’ behaviors and preferences,” Multimedia Tools and Tutorials, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 156–169, 2012. Applications, vol. 75, no. 11, pp. 6283–6302, 2016. ˇ ˇ [3] H. Joo, C. Yoon, T.-W. Um, and H. Song, “A novel fountain [19] M. Skrbic, N. Secic, and M. Varatanovic, “A unicast-based code-based mobile IPTV multicast system architecture over IPTV service control,” in Proceedings of Systems and Networks WiMAX network,” Journal of Visual Communication and Communications (ICSNC), pp. 278–282, Nice, France, August Image Representation, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 161–172, 2012. 2010. [4] B. Saranya, C. Balasubramaniam, and S. S. L. DuraiArumugam, [20] D. L. Jackson, R. A. Hansen, and A. H. Smith, “Multicast “Survey on massive multimedia content delivery in push-based delivery of IPTV over the Internet,” GSTF Journal on Com- wireless converged network,” International Journal of In- puting (JoC), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 164–169, 2014. novative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE), vol. 2, [21] A. Nikoukar, I. S. Hwang, A. T. Liem, and J. Y. Lee, “Miti- no. 1, pp. 139–143, 2015. gating the IPTV Zap time in enhanced EPON systems,” [5] C. J. Chase, “Broadcast interactive television system,” Google Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, vol. 8, Patents, 2016. no. 6, pp. 451–461, 2016. [6] B. Dekeris and L. Narbutaite, “IPTV channel zap time [22] S. Lee, H. Moon, H. Bahn, T. Kim, and I. S. Kim, “Popularity analysis,” Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika, vol. 106, no. 10, and adjacency based prefetching for efficient IPTV channel pp. 117–120, 2015. navigation,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, [7] A. Chatterjee, U. K. Roy, and N. Pahari, “Advancement of vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 1135–1140, 2011. fixed net tele communication and different services,” Com- [23] A. A. Beyragh and A. G. Rahbar, “IFCS: an intelligent fast munications on Applied Electronics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 14–22, channel switching in IPTV over PON based on human be- 2016. havior prediction,” Multimedia Tools and Applications, [8] R. Ferro, C. Hernandez,´ and G. Puerta, “Rating prediction in vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 1049–1071, 2014. a platform IPTV through an ARIMA model,” International [24] S. Zeadally, H. Moustafa, and F. Siddiqui, “Internet protocol Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, no. 6, television (IPTV): architecture, trends, and challenges,” IEEE pp. 2018–2029, 2016. Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 518–527, 2011. [9] J. G. Oh, Y. J. Won, J. S. S. Lee, and J. T. Kim, “A convergence [25] S. Almowuena, M. M. Rahman, C. H. Hsu, A. A. Hassan, and broadcasting transmission of fixed 4K UHD and mobile HD M. Hefeeda, “Energy-aware and bandwidth-efficient hybrid services through a single terrestrial channel by employing FEF video streaming over mobile networks,” IEEE Transactions on multiplexing technique in DVB-T2,” Electrical Engineering, Multimedia, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 102–115, 2016. vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 1021–1042, 2017. [26] M. Condoluci, G. Araniti, A. Molinaro, and A. Iera, “Multicast [10] J. Lai and B. E. Wolfinger, “A method to improve the channel resource allocation enhanced by channel state feedbacks for availability of IPTV systems with users zapping channels multiple scalable video coding streams in LTE networks,” sequentially,” in Proceedings of International Conference on IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 65, no. 5, Wired/Wireless Internet Communications, pp. 76–89, San- pp. 2907–2921, 2016. torini, Greece, June 2012. [27] L. C. Yeh, C. S. Wang, C. Y. Lin, and J. S. Chen, “An in- [11] H. J. Kim and S. G. Choi, “A study on a QoS/QoE correlation novative application over communications-asa-service: model for QoE evaluation on IPTV service,” Advanced network-based multicast IPTV audience measurement,” in Communication Technology (ICACT), vol. 2, pp. 1377–1382, Proceedings of Network Operations and Management Sym- 2010. posium (APNOMS), pp. 1–7, Busan, Korea, September 2011. [12] M. S. K. Manikandan, P. Saurigresan, and R. Ramkumar, [28] J.-L. Collet, F.-X. Drouet, S. C. M. M. Lebrun, and “Grouped frequency interleaved ordering with pre-fetching G. Marmigere, “Method and apparatus for workload Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 11

management of a content on demand service,” Google Pat- International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communi- ents, 2011. cations (ICWMC), pp. 23–27, Barcelona, Spain, November [29] C. Y. Lee, C. K. Hong, and K. Y. Lee, “Reducing channel 2016. zapping time in IPTV based on user’s channel selection be- [45] L. Qing and L. Cong, “Efficient cluster routing design under haviors,” IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 56, no. 3, the environment of internet of things based on location,” in pp. 321–330, 2010. Proceedings of Intelligent Transportation, Big Data & Smart [30] R. Jana, V. Aggarwal, X. Chen, V. Gopalakrishnan, City (ICITBS), pp. 318–323, Fujian, China, December 2016. K. Ramakrishnan, and V. Vaishampayan, “System for con- [46] A. Golechha, S. Karanje, and J. Abraham, “Comparative study solidating heterogeneous data centers through virtualization of multicasting protocols based on average end-to-end delay,” of services,” Google Patents, 2016. in Proceedings of International Conference on Computing, [31] V. Sgardoni and A. R. Nix, “Raptor code-aware link adap- Analytics and Security Trends (CAST), pp. 58–61, Pune, India, tation for spectrally efficient unicast video streaming over December 2016. mobile broadband networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 401–415, 2015. [32] J. Lai, J. C. Li, A. Abdollahpouri, J. Zhang, and M. Lei, “A fairness-based access control scheme to optimize IPTV fast channel changing,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2014, Article ID 207402, 12 pages, 2014. [33] F. M. Ramos, J. Crowcroft, R. J. Gibbens, P. Rodriguez, and I. H. White, “Reducing channel change delay in IPTV by predictive pre-joining of TV channels,” Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 400–412, 2011. [34] H. S. Kim, I. Kim, K. Han, D. Kim, J. S. Seo, and M. Kang, “An adaptive buffering method for practical HTTP live streaming on smart OTT STBs,” KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS), vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1416–1428, 2016. [35] F. M. Ramos, “Mitigating IPTV zapping delay,” IEEE Com- munications Magazine, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 128–133, 2013. [36] J. Ryu, B. Lee, K. T. Kim, and H. Y. Youn, “Reduction of IPTV channel zapping time by utilizing the key input latency,” in Proceedings of 11th Consumer Communications and Net- working Conference (CCNC), pp. 263–268, Las Vegas, NV, USA, January 2014. [37] R. Li, M. Li, H. Liao, and N. Huang, “An efficient method for evaluating the end-to-end transmission time reliability of a switched Ethernet,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 88, pp. 124–133, 2017. [38] D. H. Kim, J. H. Huh, and J. D. Kim, “Analysis of broadcast packet loss for unequal loss protection in Wi-Fi broadcasting system,” in Proceedings of 5th International Conference on IT Convergence and Security, pp. 1–4, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 2015. [39] D. A. Manzato and N. L. da Fonseca, “A survey of channel switching schemes for IPTV,” IEEE Communications Mag- azine, vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 120–127, 2013. [40] H. Joo, H. Song, D.-B. Lee, and I. Lee, “An effective IPTV channel control algorithm considering channel zapping time and network utilization,” IEEE Transactions on broadcasting, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 208–216, 2008. [41] X. Tian, Y. Cheng, and X. Shen, “Fast channel zapping with destination-oriented multicast for IP video delivery,” IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 327–341, 2013. [42] A. Maraj and A. Shehu, “Analysis of different parameters that affect QoS/QoE for offering multi-IPTV video simultaneously in TK,” Journal of Communication and Computer, vol. 9, pp. 1412–1423, 2012. [43] A. Bahnasse, F. E. Louhab, H. A. Oulahyane, M. Talea, and A. Bakali, “Novel SDN architecture for smart MPLS Traffic Engineering-DiffServ Aware management,” Future Genera- tion Computer Systems, vol. 87, pp. 115–126, 2018. [44] J. Qaddour and Y. Polishetty, “Modeling and performance analysis of a converged network,” in Proceedings of International Journal of Rotating Advances in Machinery Multimedia

Journal of The Scientifc Journal of Engineering World Journal Sensors Hindawi Hindawi Publishing Corporation Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 http://www.hindawi.comwww.hindawi.com Volume 20182013 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018

Journal of Control Science and Engineering

Advances in Civil Engineering Hindawi Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018

Submit your manuscripts at www.hindawi.com

Journal of Journal of Electrical and Computer Robotics Engineering Hindawi Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018

VLSI Design Advances in OptoElectronics International Journal of Modelling & International Journal of Simulation Aerospace Navigation and in Engineering Observation Engineering

Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 Volume 2018 Hindawi www.hindawi.com www.hindawi.com www.hindawi.com Volume 2018

International Journal of International Journal of Antennas and Active and Passive Advances in Chemical Engineering Propagation Electronic Components Shock and Vibration Acoustics and Vibration

Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi Hindawi www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018 www.hindawi.com Volume 2018