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An Attempt to Clarify the Term Croton-Pattern with Emphasis on Lasiosiphon Kraussianus (Meisn.) Burtt

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An Attempt to Clarify the Term Croton-Pattern with Emphasis on Lasiosiphon Kraussianus (Meisn.) Burtt ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 11(8), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i8/118940, February 2018 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 An Attempt to Clarify the Term Croton-Pattern with Emphasis on Lasiosiphon kraussianus (Meisn.) Burtt. Davy (Thymelaeaceae) Gamal E. B. El Ghazali Al Rass College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia; [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Objectives: distinctive croton-pattern in Lasiosiphon kraussianus. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Light (LM), scanning electron (SEM) and transmission The presentelectron study microscopic aims to (TEM) establish studies the onnature Lasiosiphon of the finekraussianus structures of the exine which account for the (Meisn.) Burtt. Davy pollen grainsFindings: were examined and illustratedL. kraussianus in an attempt to elucidate its exine pattern. Previous descriptive terms used for similar exine columellaepattern were (structure) reviewed arewith branched special emphasis and fused on together the terms forming croton-pattern, a reticulum retipilate some distance and reticulum beneath cristatum. the surface. Supra- The exine pattern in was interpreted as having mixed croton-patternApplication/Improvements: and micro-echinate sculpturing. The results The cristatum,tectal pila areand regularly provided arrangedan accurate in ring-likedescription patterns for Lasiosiphon with narrower kraussianus foveolae.. clarified the confusion and/or misuse encountered in previous works in the terms croton-pattern, retipilate and reticulum Keywords: Croton-Pattern, Lasiosiphon kraussianus, Retipilate, Reticulum Cristatum 1. Introduction The croton-pattern of the exine similar to those found in members of the family Thymelaeaceae occurs Lasiosiphon kraussianus (Meisn.) Burtt Davy (= in some genera of the families: Buxaceae, Callitrichaceae, Gnidia kraussiana Meisn.) which belongs to the fam- Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Liliaceae and ily Thymelaeaceae, is a perennial suffrutescent, erect to Scrophulariaceae (Table 1). semi-prostrate, with woody rootstock1. It is a poison- Though6 has recognized the existence of a unique ous plant2 with insecticidal3 and antileprotic activities4. exine ornamentation present in a number of families/ Thymelaeaceae is a cosmopolitan family (with the excep- genera, the term croton-pattern was not included in the tion of the Polar Regions), containing 45 genera and sculpturing types outlined in the subsequent work con- about 800 species5. ducted7-11. The exine of the pollen grains of the family The term croton-pattern has been interpreted differ- Thymelaeaceae was described as with a characteristic ently by various authors as retipilate or reticulum crista- croton-pattern5. The term croton-pattern was coined5 and tum. Tables (1-3), showed the families and genera/species was defined as “sexine consists of well-defined, regularly where croton-pattern, retipilate and reticulum crista- arranged excrescences (triangular or +/- circular in cross tum have been reported respectively. It was noticed that section), supported (always?) By a baculate, baculoidate, some of the genera that were reported to exhibit a cro- or spongy layer, and arranged regularly in circles around ton-pattern e.g. Erdmanipolis, Pachysandra (Buxaceae), foveoloid areas delimited by muroid ridges”. Thymelae, Phaleria (Thymelaeaeceae), were also described *Author for correspondence An Attempt to Clarify the Term Croton-Pattern with Emphasis on Lasiosiphon kraussianus (Meisn.) Burtt. Davy (Thymelaeaceae) Table 1. Families and genera/species where Croton- Table 2. Families and genera/species where retipilate pattern has been reported to exist1 has been reported to exist Family Genus/ species References Family Genus/ species References Sarcococcawallichii In28,29 Amaryllidaceae Galanthuselwesii In42 Buxaceae Pachysandra In28 Annonaceae Annonareticulatum In43 Callitriche In23 In44 Callitrichaceae Bignoniaceae C. antartica 21In Spathodeacampanulata In45 Parashoreatomentella Burseraceae Commiphoraleptophloeos In46 Shorea multiflora Callitriche In22 Dipterocarpaceae In30 Callitrichaceae S. leprosula C. obtusangula In19 S. xanthophylla Caprifoliaceae Viburnum lantana In47 Carcianutans 21In Helianthemum In48 Cistaceae Croton In31 Fumanaericoides In49 Monihot 32In Cuscutaceae Cuscutalupuliformis In19 Euphorbiaceae Brasiliocroton 33In Geraniaceae Geranium spp. In 50 Jatropha 34In Stachysyildirimlii In51 Lamiaceae Pausandramorisiana 35In Salvia leucantha In52 Lloydiatibetica Liliaceae Liliumspp. In53 Liliaceae In36 Liliumcanadense Asparagus In54 Bartsia In37 Pedicularisspp. In55 Agalinis Euphrasiaspp. In56 Scrophulariaceae Esterhazya Orthocarpus+ 12 other In25 In57 genera Melasma Orobanchaceae Physocalyx Orobanche In58 Aeginetiaindica+ 5 other Gnidia In26 genera Lachnaea In38 Rhinanthus+ 17 other Struthiola In59 genera Pimeleaarenaria In22,24 Odontites spp. In60 Daphne cneorum Esterhazyasplendida 21 D. laureola In Bartsiainequalis Scrophulariaceae In26 Thymelaeaceae Thymelaeapasserina Agalinismaritima Passerina In39,5 A. indica 61 Daphnopsisracemosa In40 Parentucellia In 62 Thymelaeahirsuta In41 Viticoideae Vitex In Thymelaeaspp., Phaleriaspp. + 33 other In20 genera and 2). The exine sculptures in the genera Callitriche (Callitrichaceae), Lilium (Liliaceae) were described by other authors to exhibit a reticulum cristatum orna- with croton-pattern retipilate and reticulum cristatum mentation (Tables 1,3), whereas others e.g. Callitriche (Tables 1-3). Such confusion and/or misuse of the terms (Callitrichaceae), Lilium (Liliaceae) and Bartsia, Agalinis croton- pattern, retipilate and reticulum cristatum neces- and Esterhazy (Scrophylariacae), were recognized to show sitate the need to clarify the nature of these exine orna- croton-pattern and retipilate ornamentation (Tables 1 mentations and provide an accurate description of L. 2 Vol 11 (8) | February 2018 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology Gamal E. B. El Ghazali Table 3. Families and genera/species where reticulum tion, eyepiece X 10 magnification and phase condenser cristatum has been reported to exis lens (Na = 1.4). LM photography was taken with a Zeiss Family Genus/ species References axiomat. SEM examination was done with Jeol JSM- T200 microscope with 25 kv accelerating voltage and 8mm Amaryllidaceae Hymenocallisspp. In63 working distance. SEM micrographs were made with a Aponogetonaceae Aponogetonmasoalaensis In21 (6X7) Mamiya camera. Material for TEM was fixed in Bombacaceae Pachiraaquatica In64,21 2.5 % glutaraldehyde, treated with veronal acetate-buff- Erdtmanipollis Buxaceae In21 ered osmium tetroxide (1%) for 2 hours, post-stained Pachsandra terminalis with freshly prepared aqueous uranyl acetate, and then Callitrichaceae Callitriche polymorpha In21 embedded in Araldite-Epon resin. After embedding and Cistaceae Fumanaprocumbers 21In polymerization of the resin, sections were cut with glass Cuscutaceae Cuscuta lupuliformis In21 knives on Reichert-utramicrotomes, collected on 200 Euphorbiaceae Mercurialisperennis In21 mesh uncoated copper grids, stained with lead citrate for Pedaliaceae Sesamum indicum In65 5 minutes, washed, dried and examined with Zeiss TEM microscope. Geraniaceae Geranium canariense In21 Lilium martagon Liliaceae In21 L. candidum 3. Results Oleaceae Olea europea In66 3.1 General Characters Thymelaeaceae Phaleriacapitata In21 Thymelaea passerine The pollen grains ofL. kraussianus (Figure 1) are sphe- roidal and periporate. The pores (p) are open, circular, at the bottom of deep lumina, slightly larger than the adja- cent lumina, surrounded by columellae; annuli absent or kraussianus. The aim of the present study is to establish the indistinct. The exine is semi-tectate with the ektexine very nature of the fine structures of the exine which account for much thicker than the undulating endexine (Figure 1 A). the distinctive croton-pattern in L. kraussianus using light microscope (LM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), 3.2 Exine Pattern transmission electron microscope (TEM), and conse- quently to elucidate a type of exine pattern that has been 3.2.1 Structure interpreted differently by various authors. Columellae distinct Figure B,C branched and fused together (Figure 1 D), forming a reticulum some distance 2. Material and Methods beneath the surface (Figure 1 E). reticulum continuous all over the surface, hetero-brochate; muri simpli-columel- Herbarium samples of L. kraussianus (Wickens 2664, late; lumina +/-circular, diameter larger than the width of Jebel Marra, Sudan, KHU) were treated according to the the separating muri. standard acetolysis method for recent pollen grains8,12. The bulk of the sample after chemical treatment and 3.1.2 Sculpturing staining with basic fuchsin was stored in distilled water Mixed-sculpturing; croton-pattern and micro-echinate in small vials. This stock pollen sample was then used (Figure 1 .F, G) Supra-tectal elements (or subunits) exist partly to make voucher slides for LM examination, partly on top of the columellae. These elements (or subunits) are for the preparation of aluminum stubs for SEM examina- Pilate. Pila (clavae) (pi) free from each other (detached tion, and partly for the preparation of capsules for TEM pila), triangular at the distal face of the caput (t), with psi- examination. Voucher slides for LM examination were late or finely granular-striate surface, regularly arranged mounted in 85% glycerol and sealed with paraffin wax. in groups of 5-8 given the appearance of ring-like pat- LM examination
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