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Acronis Cyber Foundation ACRONIS AND THE QUANTUM COMPUTER BY ALEXEY KAVOKIN MOSCOW 2020 CONTENTS 4 Chapter 1. The girls’ college 74 Chapter 16. A quantum computer 10 Chapter 2. Acronis on the phone 80 Chapter 17. The school hacker 14 Chapter 3. Adventures on Hyperbola road 86 Chapter 18. Doughnut 18 Chapter 4. Chatting under the bed 92 Chapter 19. A charity walk 22 Chapter 5. The mystery of “Enigma” 98 Chapter 20. The bulldozer 26 Chapter 6. Encryptions and codes 102 Chapter 21. Aruk Matan 32 Chapter 7. The duel 106 Chapter 22. Quantum measurement 36 Chapter 8. The liquid light 110 Chapter 23. In the tower 42 Chapter 9. Over a glass of Pimm’s 116 Chapter 24. The chase 46 Chapter 10. A music lesson 120 Chapter 25. The hospital 50 Chapter 11. The Turing Bombe 126 Chapter 26. A wave function 56 Chapter 12. The trap 134 Chapter 27. Visiting Shelly 60 Chapter 13. Sergeant Barrow 138 Chapter 28. Encrypted letters 64 Chapter 14. The telegraph code 142 Chapter 29. The School Ball 70 Chapter 15. Marie-Rose birthday party 3 CHAPTER 1 THE GIRLS’ COLLEGE A dark-blue Land Rover pulled up outside an ancient, ivy-covered building and parked awkwardly across the pavement. A skinny 12-year-old girl with two reddish plaits jumped out of its left front door. The girl’s dad, who was rather plump, also got out of the car from the driver’s side. Together, they opened the boot and pulled out a huge sports bag. The man dragged the bag onto the porch of the mansion and stopped to take a breath. His daughter, meanwhile, was already knocking on the oak door with a copper door knocker hanging on a chain. The door opened slightly and a friendly young lady appeared. The man took a deep breath to introduce himself, but his daughter was quicker: “Good afternoon! I’m Acronis. This is my dad.” “Oh, Acronis! We’ve been waiting for you!” the young lady exclaimed. “Come in, hurry up!” Then, addressing the girl’s dad, she said: “Good afternoon, Sir. My name is Amanda Parfitt. I’m Housemistress at Finley College, where Acronis will be staying. You must be tired. Would you like some tea?” Acronis’ dad happily agreed and the three of them went into the sitting-room. While Miss Parfitt was making tea, Dad whispered to Acronis: “You haven’t changed your mind, have you, my dear?” “Of course not, Dad,” the girl declared firmly. “What about you and Mum? Are you still going to divorce?” 5 “You see, Sweetheart,” Dad looked a bit embarrassed, “As you probably know, your mum is the one to make decisions in our family.” “And you are the one to blame!” pointed out Acronis. At this moment, Miss Parfitt stepped into the room. She was holding a round tray with a porcelain teapot, a bowl of sugar, a milk jug and three cups on it. A nice chat over tea turned out to be a real torture for Acronis’ dad. He seemed so uncomfortable talking about school issues that he confused lacrosse with netball and said that Acronis was able to solve quadratic equations. Pretending she was carefully studying a golden cup standing on the fireplace, the girl nudged her dad with her elbow. ICTIONARY Finally, Miss Parfitt suggested they should go upstairs and check out the room where Acronis was D going to stay. Dad lifted the heavy bag and followed Miss Parfitt and Acronis, who were discussing the school timetable for the next week in quite a business-like manner. On the way he stopped at the upstairs landing. His attention was drawn to a glass case with a half-open box made of dark wood. There was a metal device in the box. It looked like an old typewriter with some switches above the keyboard, a set of rotating disks and a row of round lights. Written on it was: “The Enigma-M3­­ encryption device, seized on May 9, 1941 onboard of the U-110 submarine. Property of the National Computer Museum, Bletchley Park.” Meanwhile Acronis had already chosen a bed in the spacious, but quite basic room where she was going to live. “You can go now, Dad,” said Acronis, as soon as her father dragged her bag into the room. “I’ll sort it out.” “When are your roommates going to be back?” Dad asked, looking at the seven other identical beds in the room. The Enigma machine “I have no idea! I know that everybody has to be at church by 7.30 p. m.,” Acronis explained. Is an electro-mechanical cryptographic device used by the Germans in the Second “What about dinner?” Dad looked worried. World War. It worked as a typewriter. The cryptographer typed the text using “At 6.30. And, please, don’t forget that I’m only allowed to use my phone from 8.00 to 8.30 the keyboard. When a key was pressed, the rotating disks of the Enigma machine transformed the text in a special way, changing it into a code. Although the device every evening.” was considered to be absolutely secure, British experts from the secret laboratory “That’s great! I’ll call you at 8.00 sharp.” of Bletchley Park managed to create a machine capable of decoding its messages. “No, you won’t!” Acronis cut him off. “I’ll call you myself after I’ve talked to Mum.” It was called the Turing Bombe. Dad sighed and headed to the exit. When saying goodbye to Miss Parfitt, he couldn’t help asking: “How come you have the Enigma encryption device in your school?” 6 “We need it for one of the projects,” Miss Parfitt explained. “Our Physics teacher, Miss Holly, borrowed it from the Computer Museum for the spring term. One of the girls is going to do a project on cryptography.” “How interesting!” He was impressed. “Yes, it is! See you next time,” said Miss Parfitt. Dad went down the stairs, got in the car and cast a sad look at the school door closing behind him. He didn’t like the idea of leaving Acronis in the boarding school for girls. But there was no going back. The choice had been made already. ICTIONARY ψ D Lacrosse and netball Are group games included in the physical education curriculum for girls in many English schools. Lacrosse is played with the help of lacrosse sticks with net heads which are used for catching a rubber ball, passing it to each other and shooting the ball into the goal. Netball is similar to basketball. Players throw the ball between three zones of a rectangular court and try to throw it into the hoop of the opponent’s team. CHAPTER 2 ACRONIS ON THE PHONE At 8.00 in the evening Acronis called her brother Aeneas. “Is that you, little pig?” asked Aeneas. “Yes, it’s me. Listen, I need to decide on a project for this term. These are the options: ‘The life cycle of a giant peacock moth’ in Biology, ‘Nucleic acids synthesis’ in Chemistry, and ‘Electro­­ mechanical cryptographic machines’ in Physics. Which one should I choose?” “Well, let me think. Chemistry isn’t really your favorite subject, and you don’t know Physics at all. Biology is just boring. Quite difficult to pick one.” “Yeah, but I can ask Dad for help,” Acronis said. “Then let’s try to work out what Dad would prefer. He seems quite indifferent to giant peacock moths. Nucleic acids? Why not? They have something in common with food. Dad might like it. Cryptography… That’s what would get him interested! It deals with the history of cryptography, famous spies, ‘the dancing men’…” “Yes,” Acronis agreed. “There is a German cryptographic machine in the our school — ‘Enigma’! It’s been brought from the museum. I think Dad has found it interesting.” “So, there’s nothing to think about — take the Physics project! You may become another Marie Curie one day.” “Don’t be silly. Ok, I’ll speak to Mum about this. By the way, are they really getting divorced?” 11 “One day they are, the next they aren’t,” Aeneas explained. “It’s complicated. They have to divide nineteen variants to decode it and that would take decades. And yet the code was broken. Thanks possessions, their children…” to this, our pilots won the Battle of Britain.” “I wonder how they are going to divide me?” Acronis asked. “Ok, Dad,” Acronis said. “I’ll have some time at the end of this week, and you’ll tell me more “I think Mum will get your head, and Dad is getting your legs,” Aeneas suggested. about the Enigma machine, how it was broken and how to design a cryptographic device which is “Stop it! Anyway, I’ve got to go. Send my greetings to Johnny.” impossible to break.” “I will! Call me tomorrow.” “With pleasure!” Dad was happy. “Call me when you have time.” Acronis dialed her mum’ s number. “I’ll try,” Acronis promised. “Bye for now. Mum said she hadn’t decided yet whether she wanted “Mum, you gave me the wrong sweater for lacrosse,” she said first. to divorce or not.” “Don’t talk nonsense,” Mum said. “Of course I gave you the right one!” “Very nice,” Dad replied. “Sleep well!” “I need a purple sweater with white letters on it, but the one you gave me is beige.” “Good night!” “Turn it inside out!” Acronis ended the conversation, put the phone into her cupboard and took out a box of jelly “Ah… you’re right,” Acronis got a bit embarrassed and immediately moved on to her second babies to treat her roommates.
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