SOLVING CIPHER SECRETS Edited by M
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CS 241 Data Organization Ciphers
CS 241 Data Organization Ciphers March 22, 2018 Cipher • In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption. • When using a cipher, the original information is known as plaintext, and the encrypted form as ciphertext. • The encrypting procedure of the cipher usually depends on a piece of auxiliary information, called a key. • A key must be selected before using a cipher to encrypt a message. • Without knowledge of the key, it should be difficult, if not nearly impossible, to decrypt the resulting ciphertext into readable plaintext. Substitution Cipher • In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encryption by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext according to a regular system. • Example: case insensitive substitution cipher using a shifted alphabet with keyword "zebras": • Plaintext alphabet: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ • Ciphertext alphabet: ZEBRASCDFGHIJKLMNOPQTUVWXY flee at once. we are discovered! Enciphers to SIAA ZQ LKBA. VA ZOA RFPBLUAOAR! Other substitution ciphers Caesar cipher Shift alphabet by fixed amount. (Caesar apparently used 3.) ROT13 Replace letters with those 13 away. Used to hide spoilers on newsgroups. pigpen cipher Replace letters with symbols. Substitution Cipher: Encipher Example OENp(ENTE#X@EN#zNp(ENCL]pEnN7p-pE;8N]LN} dnEdNp#Nz#duN-Nu#dENXEdzE9pNCL]#L8NE;p-b @];(N0G;p]9E8N]L;GdENn#uE;p]9Nld-L/G]@]p _8NXd#|]nENz#dNp(EN9#uu#LNnEzEL;E8NXd#u# pENp(ENQELEd-@NOE@z-dE8N-LnN;E9GdENp(EN^ @E;;]LQ;N#zN<]bEdp_Np#N#Gd;E@|E;N-LnN#Gd NT#;pEd]p_8Nn#N#dn-]LN-LnNE;p-b@];(Np(]; N5#L;p]pGp]#LNz#dNp(ENCL]pEnN7p-pE;N#zN) uEd]9-D Breaking a Substitution Cipher In English, • The most common character is the space: \ ". -
Cryptography
Cryptography Well, a gentle intro to cryptography. Actually, a fairly “hand-wavy” intro to crypto (we’ll discuss why) Fall 2018 CS 334: Computer Security 1 Special Thanks: to our friends at the Australian Defense Force Academy for providing the basis for these slides Fall 2018 CS 334: Computer Security 2 Definition • Cryptology is the study of secret writing • Concerned with developing algorithms which may be used: – To conceal the content of some message from all except the sender and recipient (privacy or secrecy), and/or – Verify the correctness of a message to the recipient (authentication or integrity) • The basis of many technological solutions to computer and communication security problems Fall 2018 CS 334: Computer Security 3 Terminology • Cryptography: The art or science encompassing the principles and methods of transforming an intelligible message into one that is unintelligible, and then retransforming that message back to its original form • Plaintext: The original intelligible message • Ciphertext: The transformed message • Cipher: An algorithm for transforming an intelligible message into one that is unintelligible Fall 2018 CS 334: Computer Security 4 Terminology (cont). • Key: Some critical information used by the cipher, known only to the sender & receiver – Or perhaps only known to one or the other • Encrypt: The process of converting plaintext to ciphertext using a cipher and a key • Decrypt: The process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext using a cipher and a key • Cryptanalysis: The study of principles -
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Cryptologia
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Cryptologia Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 04 September 2021 Version 3.64 Title word cross-reference 10016-8810 [?, ?]. 1221 [?]. 125 [?]. 15.00/$23.60.0 [?]. 15th [?, ?]. 16th [?]. 17-18 [?]. 18 [?]. 180-4 [?]. 1812 [?]. 18th (t; m)[?]. (t; n)[?, ?]. $10.00 [?]. $12.00 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. 18th-Century [?]. 1930s [?]. [?]. 128 [?]. $139.99 [?]. $15.00 [?]. $16.95 1939 [?]. 1940 [?, ?]. 1940s [?]. 1941 [?]. [?]. $16.96 [?]. $18.95 [?]. $24.00 [?]. 1942 [?]. 1943 [?]. 1945 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. $24.00/$34 [?]. $24.95 [?, ?]. $26.95 [?]. 1946 [?, ?]. 1950s [?]. 1970s [?]. 1980s [?]. $29.95 [?]. $30.95 [?]. $39 [?]. $43.39 [?]. 1989 [?]. 19th [?, ?]. $45.00 [?]. $5.95 [?]. $54.00 [?]. $54.95 [?]. $54.99 [?]. $6.50 [?]. $6.95 [?]. $69.00 2 [?, ?]. 200/220 [?]. 2000 [?]. 2004 [?, ?]. [?]. $69.95 [?]. $75.00 [?]. $89.95 [?]. th 2008 [?]. 2009 [?]. 2011 [?]. 2013 [?, ?]. [?]. A [?]. A3 [?, ?]. χ [?]. H [?]. k [?, ?]. M 2014 [?]. 2017 [?]. 2019 [?]. 20755-6886 [?, ?]. M 3 [?]. n [?, ?, ?]. [?]. 209 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. 20th [?]. 21 [?]. 22 [?]. 220 [?]. 24-Hour [?, ?, ?]. 25 [?, ?]. -Bit [?]. -out-of- [?, ?]. -tests [?]. 25.00/$39.30 [?]. 25.00/839.30 [?]. 25A1 [?]. 25B [?]. 26 [?, ?]. 28147 [?]. 28147-89 000 [?]. 01Q [?, ?]. [?]. 285 [?]. 294 [?]. 2in [?, ?]. 2nd [?, ?, ?, ?]. 1 [?, ?, ?, ?]. 1-4398-1763-4 [?]. 1/2in [?, ?]. 10 [?]. 100 [?]. 10011-4211 [?]. 3 [?, ?, ?, ?]. 3/4in [?, ?]. 30 [?]. 310 1 2 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. 312 [?]. 325 [?]. 3336 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. affine [?]. [?]. 35 [?]. 36 [?]. 3rd [?]. Afluisterstation [?, ?]. After [?]. Aftermath [?]. Again [?, ?]. Against 4 [?]. 40 [?]. 44 [?]. 45 [?]. 45th [?]. 47 [?]. [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. Age 4in [?, ?]. [?, ?]. Agencies [?]. Agency [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. -
SOLVING CIPHER SECRETS Edited by M
SOLVING CIPHER SECRETS Edited by M. E. Oliaver PROBABLY FOR THE FIRST TIME IN MAGAZINE HISTORY, THERE IS OFFERED HERE A BOOK CIPHER WITHOUT NAMING THE KEY WELL-SEASONED cipher, One of the first to mention it is Giovanni if centuries of service count Battista della Porta, whose " De Furtivis for anything, and yet one Literarum Notis " was published at Naples that, though cumbersome in 1563. to use, is still worthy of And Blaise de Vigenere, the French writ• consideration by virtue of er, comments at some length on it in his its relative security, is the book cipher. " Traicte des Chiffres "—Paris, 1586. That Book cipher is of the substitution class, he was well aware of its inconveniences is the substitutes usually being numbers that evidenced by the following quotation from indicate certain letters or words in certain his work. lines, paragraphs, columns, or pages of the " Now," says Vigenere, " this plan is too article, pamphlet, book, or other publication laborious, and slow in operation for business used as a key. requiring to be described in detail; it will The ways of using this cipher are too not always provide the words sought for, at numerous to mention, this being merely up least, without an immense deal of pains, to the ingenuity of those contemplating perhaps after examining through some hun• the secret correspondence. A common dred pages; and unless a dictionary be used, method is to represent each word of the the names of persons, places, or professions, message by a group of three numbers. For can be found in no book whatever. -
Caesar Cipher Yjggngt Kuncpf
Caesar Cipher Yjggngt Kuncpf The Caesar cipher was one of the earliest ciphers ever invented. 25 for uppercase characters; it performs modular addition of the value, using the size of the alphabet as the modulus;. Instalação: $ npm install caesar-cipher-lib. A different version than the online version below, it is exactly like the Caesar Cipher program that comes on the diskette included with "Secret Code Breaker - A Cryptanalyst's Handbook". Brit explains the Caesar cipher, the first popular substitution cipher, and shows how it was broken with "frequency analysis" Watch the next lesson In this video, i have explained the concept of Caesar Cipher in Cryptography and Network Security. 1 CAESAR METHOD: There are number of methods to encrypt a plain text, the ancient one is Caesar Cipher, It is a process of. Fountas And Pinnell Sight Word List 200 Humane killing on farm is often carried out using a rifle and, depending on the species, will be done using one of the following positions: Frontal method – the firearm is directed at a point midway across the forehead where two lines from the topside of the base of the ears and top of the eyes intersect (pigs – from the bottom side of the. Download Caesar Cipher Encrypter-Decrypter for free. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it in his private correspondence. In this video, i have explained the concept of Caesar Cipher in Cryptography and Network. It is named for Julius Caesar, who used it to encrypt messages of military importance that he did not wish to fall into enemy hands. -
Substitution Cipher in Cryptography, a Substitution Cipher Is a Method Of
Substitution cipher In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encryption by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext according to a regular system; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by performing an inverse substitution. Substitution ciphers can be compared with transposition ciphers. In a transposition cipher, the units of the plaintext are rearranged in a different and usually quite complex order, but the units themselves are left unchanged. By contrast, in a substitution cipher, the units of the plaintext are retained in the same sequence in the ciphertext, but the units themselves are altered. There are a number of different types of substitution cipher. If the cipher operates on single letters, it is termed a simple substitution cipher; a cipher that operates on larger groups of letters is termed polygraphic. A monoalphabetic cipher uses fixed substitution over the entire message, whereas a polyalphabetic cipher uses a number of substitutions at different times in the message, where a unit from the plaintext is mapped to one of several possibilities in the ciphertext and vice-versa. Contents • 1 Simple substitution o 1.1 Examples o 1.2 Security for simple substitution ciphers • 2 Homophonic substitution • 3 Polyalphabetic substitution • 4 Polygraphic substitution • 5 Mechanical substitution ciphers • 6 The one-time pad • 7 Substitution in modern cryptography • 8 Substitution ciphers in popular culture Simple substitution 1 ROT13 is a Caesar cipher, a type of substitution cipher. In ROT13, the alphabet is rotated 13 steps. -
Codebreakers
1 Some of the things you will learn in THE CODEBREAKERS • How secret Japanese messages were decoded in Washington hours before Pearl Harbor. • How German codebreakers helped usher in the Russian Revolution. • How John F. Kennedy escaped capture in the Pacific because the Japanese failed to solve a simple cipher. • How codebreaking determined a presidential election, convicted an underworld syndicate head, won the battle of Midway, led to cruel Allied defeats in North Africa, and broke up a vast Nazi spy ring. • How one American became the world's most famous codebreaker, and another became the world's greatest. • How codes and codebreakers operate today within the secret agencies of the U.S. and Russia. • And incredibly much more. "For many evenings of gripping reading, no better choice can be made than this book." —Christian Science Monitor THE Codebreakers The Story of Secret Writing By DAVID KAHN (abridged by the author) A SIGNET BOOK from NEW AMERICAN LIBRARV TIMES MIRROR Copyright © 1967, 1973 by David Kahn All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information address The Macmillan Company, 866 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-16109 Crown copyright is acknowledged for the following illustrations from Great Britain's Public Record Office: S.P. 53/18, no. 55, the Phelippes forgery, and P.R.O. 31/11/11, the Bergenroth reconstruction. -
Acronis Cyber Foundation
ACRONIS AND THE QUANTUM COMPUTER BY ALEXEY KAVOKIN MOSCOW 2020 CONTENTS 4 Chapter 1. The girls’ college 74 Chapter 16. A quantum computer 10 Chapter 2. Acronis on the phone 80 Chapter 17. The school hacker 14 Chapter 3. Adventures on Hyperbola road 86 Chapter 18. Doughnut 18 Chapter 4. Chatting under the bed 92 Chapter 19. A charity walk 22 Chapter 5. The mystery of “Enigma” 98 Chapter 20. The bulldozer 26 Chapter 6. Encryptions and codes 102 Chapter 21. Aruk Matan 32 Chapter 7. The duel 106 Chapter 22. Quantum measurement 36 Chapter 8. The liquid light 110 Chapter 23. In the tower 42 Chapter 9. Over a glass of Pimm’s 116 Chapter 24. The chase 46 Chapter 10. A music lesson 120 Chapter 25. The hospital 50 Chapter 11. The Turing Bombe 126 Chapter 26. A wave function 56 Chapter 12. The trap 134 Chapter 27. Visiting Shelly 60 Chapter 13. Sergeant Barrow 138 Chapter 28. Encrypted letters 64 Chapter 14. The telegraph code 142 Chapter 29. The School Ball 70 Chapter 15. Marie-Rose birthday party 3 CHAPTER 1 THE GIRLS’ COLLEGE A dark-blue Land Rover pulled up outside an ancient, ivy-covered building and parked awkwardly across the pavement. A skinny 12-year-old girl with two reddish plaits jumped out of its left front door. The girl’s dad, who was rather plump, also got out of the car from the driver’s side. Together, they opened the boot and pulled out a huge sports bag. The man dragged the bag onto the porch of the mansion and stopped to take a breath. -
2. Classic Cryptography Methods 2.1. Spartan Scytale. One of the Oldest Known Examples Is the Spartan Scytale (Scytale /Skɪtəl
2. Classic Cryptography Methods 2.1. Spartan scytale. One of the oldest known examples is the Spartan scytale (scytale /skɪtəli/, rhymes with Italy, a baton). From indirect evidence, the scytale was first mentioned by the Greek poet Archilochus who lived in the 7th century B.C. (over 2500 years ago). The ancient Greeks, and the Spartans in particular, are said to have used this cipher to communicate during military campaigns.Sender and recipient each had a cylinder (called a scytale) of exactly the same radius. The sender wound a narrow ribbon of parchment around his cylinder, then wrote on it lengthwise. After the ribbon is unwound, the writing could be read only by a person who had a cylinder of exactly the same circumference. The following table illustrate the idea. Imagine that each column wraps around the dowel one time, that is that the bottom of one column is followed by the top of the next column. Original message: Kill king tomorrow midnight Wrapped message: k i l l k i n g t o m o r r o w m i d n i g h t Encoded message: ktm ioi lmd lon kri irg noh gwt The key parameter in using the scytale encryption is the number of letters that can be recorded on one wrap ribbon around the dowel. Above the maximum was 3, since there are 3 rows in the wrapped meassage. The last row was padded with blank spaces before the message was encoded. We'll call this the wrap parameter. If you don't know the wrap parameter you cannot decode a message. -
Cryptography Cipher Schemes
10.4 Cryptography P. Danziger Cryptography Cipher Schemes A cryptographic scheme is an example of a code. The special requirement is that the encoded mes- sage be difficult to retrieve without some special piece of information, usually referred to as a key. The key used for encoding may or may not be the same as the key used for decoding. We presume that we are sending a secret message from Alice to Carol. An adversary, Bob, has access to the message stream, but not to the original messages. A fundamental tenet of cryptography is that Bob knows the algorithm that is being used for encryp- tion/decryption, but not the keys. Thus the security of a cryptographic scheme relies on the difficulty of determining a decryption key given an encrypted message. Not on a lack of knowledge about the method of encryption. 1 10.4 Cryptography P. Danziger Alice starts with a plaintext message x. This is then encoded by some encoding function, using an encoding key ke, to an encrypted form c, called a ciphertext. Alice then sends the ciphertext over the channel, where it can be seen by Bob and re- ceived by Carol. Carol then uses the decoding key kd and a decoding function to obtain the plaintext sent by Alice. The original plaintext message x is over some al- phabet ΣP and the ciphertext message c is over another alphabet ΣC. In practice we often use the same alphabet for both, so ΣP = ΣC. In addition we have the key alphabet ΣK, from which the keys may be chosen. -
Polybius Square in Cryptography: a Brief Review of Literature
ISSN 2278-3091 Jan Carlo T. Arroyo et al., International Journal ofVolume Advanced 9, Trends No.3, in May Computer - June Science 2020 and Engineering, 9(3), May – June 2020, 3798 – 3808 International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering Available Online at http://www.warse.org/IJATCSE/static/pdf/file/ijatcse198932020.pdf https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/198932020 Polybius Square in Cryptography: A Brief Review of Literature Jan Carlo T. Arroyo1, Cristina E. Dumdumaya2, Allemar Jhone P. Delima3 1,3College of Computing Education, University of Mindanao, Davao City, Davao del Sur, Philippines 1,2College of Information and Computing, University of Southeastern Philippines, Davao City, Davao del Sur, Philippines 3College of Engineering, Technology and Management, Cebu Technological University-Barili Campus, Cebu, Philippines [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] concerns data integrity, confidentiality, authentication to a ABSTRACT wireless communication system, and several other security services where information transfer between different users Cryptography is a method to secure sensitive data for storage takes place [10]–[12]. To protect the information, data are and communication in the presence of third parties called transformed into an unintelligible format using varied cipher adversaries. One of the first recorded incidents of technologies [15]. Maintaining data integrity and security is cryptography occurred in Ancient Rome, where the Polybius done through cipher whose bottleneck for an optimal cipher, also known as Polybius square, was developed. The implementation relies on the cipher used. A cipher is an Polybius cipher has been used as an advantage in winning algorithm responsible for both the encryption and decryption wars over enemies according to history and is also utilized as processes of a file being protected. -
Basic Cryptologic Glossary
REF ID:A64719 CONFIDEN't'IAL i\lodi6ed Ila11dli1rg /1atl101i2.ed 0 0 DO DO ODO DOD BASIC CRYPTOLOGIC GLOSSARY t I BBB NATIONAL SECU-RITY AGENCY Washington 25, D. C. 000-----------------------000 DOD ODO CONFIDENTIAL tleftifiefl Iland:ling ltttthot izcd Declassified and approved for release by NSA on 01-09-2014 pursuant to E. 0. 1352B '\ .,. ... I .,.,L.r <JONCUnJ:i:bN~ ·'·'· ,_Jj.,_ )1 o;ff. iH I 'I I -- ---·---· ------ I NAME OR TITLE INITIALS CIRCULATE ~. ...,_ F. r......:...1. ORGANIZATION AND LOCATION DATE COORDINATION 2 FILE INFORMATION 3 NECESSARY ACTION NOTE AND RETURN 4 SEE ME SIGNATURE REMARKS "-- _..,• ~ 41e ..... ~ .._....- -........ ~ ¥· ...... JlllCc. • .- ~ ..!., &. • ,,... e;r{..... ,,J.. .. • ~ ~(I- ~·• ·~:) I ... ""nlll .. s cc...: -a--- ~"" ~ ~.... """::>" .... ~ 9L ~ .. I; ..4:) A. ,,. -~ -:> ~ •- :x-: a,. .::l ..... - """$• c.. ..... .. c.ks -I .......l.•• ~ •-<,_a..,.,.. '"""" ..:_ ~ .. £.:.1 J- ::ail. • etr..-- f-!-A. ..:z:: ~. FROM NAllE OR TITLE .. DATE {/4?:.• .L- 2.,. ~ ~1 ORGANIZATION AND LOCATION TELEPHONE "'"l FORM 95 Replaoes ElA AGO Ferm 39!i, 1Apr4Q, and AFHQ 16-48467·4 GPO "k DD 1 FEB 511 Form 12, 10 Nov 47, which meiy be used. REF ID:A64719 - ------------ e6NFIBEN'fIAL Hedified Handling Aathodzed NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY Washington 25, D. C. Basic Cryptologic Glossary Office of Training i 7 October 1955 REF ID:A64719 Cf>NFIBEN'f IAL 27 June 1955 LEITER OF PROMULGATION The wide field of activity of modern cryptology, together with the unusual nature of its highly technical operations, has given rise to a diverse and uncoordinated terminology. Certain terms, through long usage, have become more or less standard and generally acceptable while other terms hold different meanings in different areas.