Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 15, No 2 (2015) pp. 101-112 Copyright © 2015 MAA Open Access. Printed in Greece. All rights reserved.

10.5281/zenodo.16604

CHARACTERIZATION AND PROVENANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS FROM THE ROMAN PIER AT SAN CATALDO (, SOUTHERN , ): A LITHOSTRATIGRAPHICAL AND MICROPALEONTHOLOGICAL APPROACH

Mariangela Sammarcoa, Stefano Margiottab, Luca Maria Foresicd and Giuseppe Ceraudoa

a Department of Cultural Heritage, University of , Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy b Department of Biological and Environmental Technologies and Sciences, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy c Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Laterina, 8, 53100, Siena, Italy d Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, CNR Pisa Research Area, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.

Received: 11/11/2014 Accepted: 09/03/2015 Corresponding author: Mariangela Sammarco (mariange- [email protected])

ABSTRACT This study deals with the characterization of building materials used in a monumental pier of Roman age, located at San Cataldo, the main coastal harbour of the Roman town of Lupiae, modern Lecce (Southern Italy). In the manufacture of the outer curtains three different lithologies have been recog- nized, all comprised in Pietra Leccese Formation, which crops out in a broad geograph- ical area of Salento Peninsula. Microfossils recovered from limestone blocks are used to suggest a provenance for the source-rock. Microfossils include planktonic foraminifera characteristic of the upper Miocene (Tortonian-Messinian) foraminiferal MMi11 (Neoglo- boquadrina acostaensis Biozone) and MMi13 (Globorotalia miotumida Biozone) biozones. The analysed lithic materials show biostratigraphical characteristics very similar to some samples from Acaya-Strudà zone (some 10 km South-West from the ancient harbour): comparative analysis has been performed, supporting a clear identification of the geolog- ical origin of limestone blocks. In hydraulic concrete different lithic materials have been used and mixed with a strong mortar. Macroscopic field observation clearly define that limestone clasts, variable in size, derive from the Pliocene Formation, that widely crops out locally at San Cataldo; granular fractions of mortar probably derive from beaches and/or sandy dunes, available in the surrounding area, as well.

KEYWORDS: Roman pier, Lithostratigraphy, Foraminifera, Limestone blocks, Roman concrete, Southern Apulia.

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1. INTRODUCTION m. The reduction in size was the result of the systematic wrecking of the monument Microfossils are widely used by geolo- actuated in 1901 (Figure 3) in order to ob- gists in palaeoenvironmental and bio- tain material to be re-used in the construc- chronological reconstructions of sedimen- tion of the new breakwater, built behind tary rock successions. Recently the micro- the ancient structure and still partially pre- palaeontological method has also been ap- served. plied in archaeological research, contrib- uting to the characterization of ceramics and artifacts, including building materials (e.g., Wilkinson et al., 2008; Foresi, 2009; Wilkinson et al., 2010; Helama & Hood, 2011; Riquelme et al., 2012). Notwithstand- ing such potentialities (Quinn, 2008), mi- crofossil studies have rarely been applied in geoarchaeological research of Southern Italy. This contribution reports on a litho-, bio- (based mostly on planktonic forami- nifera) and chrono-stratigraphical study of building materials used in a monumental pier of Roman age, located at San Cataldo, the main coastal harbour of the Roman Figure 2 Detail of historical map (1881) showing the original bending shape of the ancient pier (from town of Lupiae, modern Lecce (Southern It- State Archive of Lecce). aly). (Figure 1).

Figure 3. Project plan (1901) of the new L-shaped breakwater (a) built behind the ancient structure Figure 1. General setting and geological sketch map (b) (from State Archive of Lecce). of the San Cataldo – Lecce area (after Bossio et al., The archaeological remains of the Ro- 2006 slightly modified). The black narrow indicates the location of the Roman pier. man pier (40°23’22” North 18°18’25” East) can be actually observed along the beach, The Roman building was already 110 m SE from the San Cataldo lighthouse. known since the XVI century as part of an The monument (Figure 4) shows a compact ancient harbour. Artistic and very interest- structure and consists of two outer walls ing drawings (Figure 2) have been realised ~15 m distant from each other. The two during the long phase of planning of a new curtains are made by large squared lime- breakwater (Figure 3) during the 1800s stone blocks and filled with hydraulic con- (Sammarco & Marchi, 2012). In addition, crete made with a strong mortar mixed archival documents provide detailed de- with a local stone aggregate; this aggregate scriptions of the ancient remnants, indicat- varies in size and composition and is une- ing its original overall length of ~150 m, venly distributed within the concrete. Cer- whereas the present surveyed length is ~60 tainly, the use of such large blocks was in-

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duced by the opportunity to quarry lithic size squared limestone blocks, and it is still building materials from the surrounding well visible in the aerial photographs (Fig- areas. Lithic blocks are used, as well, to re- ure 5). alize the mooring rings (Figure 4b) project- ing from the inside face of the breakwater.

Figure 4 Some ımages of the ancient monument showing: a - the inner concrete, b - the southern Figure 5 Oblique aerial photograph of the roman curtain made by Pietra Leccese blocks and the pier (arrow) and the modern breakwater (photo: M. mooring ring projecting from the inside face of the Sammarco, 2009). pier; c- the northern curtain. In order to identify lithological and mi- Information on the age of the structure cropalaeontological features of the litho- substantially derived by historical sources types used in the roman monument, small (Pausania 6.19.9, s. Maddoli et al., 1999), samples from limestone blocks and from which refer to the construction of the pier inner concrete have been examined. In par- nd to the Hadrian’s Age (first half of the 2 c. ticular, microfossil assemblages provide a A.D.). The building technique of the San valid proof for determining the geological Cataldo pier can be observed in several provenance of lithic materials. other structures of the Mediterranean Basin (Stewart, 1999; Marriner & Morhange, 2007; 2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING Brandon et al., 2010), referred to a long The studied roman pier lies along the stretch of time included between the end of beach of the village of San Cataldo, located the Hellenistic period and the beginning of 10 km East of the town of Lecce, along the Roman Age. Adriatic coast. Lithic formations outcrop- The Roman pier and the harbour of San ping in the sector east of Lecce, including Cataldo were used until the Middle Age, San Cataldo area, forme a gently folded when San Cataldo was a very active com- slight monocline dipping towards East. mercial port on the Adriatic coast. A signif- They are shown in Figure 1 and are listed icant trade activity is documented below in stratigraphic order. throughout the XVI and the XVII century, a) Altamura Limestone - compact mostly to embark the olive oil. When this limestones and dolomitic limestones Creta- activity decreased during the XVIII centu- ceous in age that widely crop out in the ry, the harbour was progressively aban- north of Lecce. doned. b) Pietra Leccese - a Miocene (Burdi- A new breakwater was built behind the galian-Messinian) planktonic foraminiferal old pier during the first years of the XX homogeneous-compact biomicrite cropping century. This new structure is L-shaped, out along both the Ionian (Bossio et al., begins at the root of the ancient pier and 1992) and Adriatic side of the Southern extends 190 m seaward. It laid on a wide Apulia (Bossio et al., 1986, 1989a, b, 1991, submerged foundation consisting of large- 1994; Margiotta & Negri, 2005) including

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the type area of Lecce, where the unit de- crop out in the coastal area, both South and velops its maximum thickness (Bossio et West of San Cataldo. al., 2006; Giudici et al., 2012; Margiotta & 3. METHODS AND MATERIALS Negri, 2004; Mazzei et al., 2009) and - (Foresi et al., 2002; Mazzei, Limestone blocks and mortar employed 1994). This formation is typically yellowish in the Roman pier of San Cataldo were ob- in colour, but it changes depending on the served in detail in situ and subjected to la- mineralogical content: it shows a tobacco boratory analyses. A detailed macroscopic brown colour at the base, due to presence observation was sufficient for a lithostrati- of small brown phosphatic nodules, graphic attribution of limestone, but an an- whereas it becomes greenish-yellow up- alytical approach, particularly micropalae- wards, up to intensely green at the top due ontological, has been necessary to charac- to its glauconite content. This topmost terize mortars and to define the biostratig- green part is locally known as “Piromafo”. raphy of limestones. c) Calcareniti di – a Messini- During the field work one hundred and an formation very widespread in the Lecce nineteen limestone blocks have been area that represents the regression and the mapped. Six representative samples from closure of the Miocene deposition in the en- limestone blocks, three mortar samples tire Salento. This unit is composed of marly from the inner concrete and two mortar limestone and limestone, grey in colour samples from the outer curtains have been and rich in fossil shells. The limestone is collected. The samples have been treated to generally fine-grained and compact; locally obtain washing residues and thin sections, it can be medium-grained, porous and fria- aimed to realise micropalaeontological ble. (particularly planktonic foraminifers) and d) Lèuca Formation – the basal Plio- facies-mineralogical analyses, respectively. cene unit that disconformably covers the Thin sections of limestone have been pre- Miocene units. It is about ten meters thick pared with classic method; mortar samples and composed of breccia, conglomerate were made cohesive before processing, (corresponding to the Miocene Leuca brec- through inclusion in resin. Samples for mi- cia of Bosellini et al., 1999 and Andrano cropalaeontological analyses have been Calcarenite of Ricchetti, 2009) and, subor- disaggregated gently boiling the dried sed- dinately, glauconitic biomicrite (Trubi unit iments in aqueous solution of hydrogen of Bosellini et al., 1999). Breccias and con- peroxide and after washed through a 63 glomerates are formed by carbonatic heter- μm sieve. Dried washing residues have ometric pebbles included in a mainly sandy been analysed through a stereomicroscope or marly sandy matrix. at maximum magnification of 100X. A e) Uggiano la Chiesa Formation – a number of 100-200 specimens of planktonic Lower Pliocene unit composed of a basal foraminifera were randomly picked up and conglomerate with phosphatic pebbles, a semi-quantitative evaluation of the abun- covered by a stratified and fossiliferous dance of the taxa was carried out in order bio-detritical limestones, with interalyered to perform biostratigraphic attributions yellowish calcareous sands. based on the Iaccarino et al. (2007) zonal f) Gravina Calcarenite [according to scheme. Macroscopic visual observation of Ricchetti (2009) and corresponding to lithological characters of inner concrete Calcareniti del Salento of Bossio et al. was sufficient to certainly attribute the (2006)] – bio-detriti climestones and sands stone aggregate to a specific lithostrati- locally with abundant fossil shells of the graphic unit, making redundant further Early Pleistocene. analyses. The sedimentary succession ends with Finally, the comparison of our results recent deposits sometime terraced, that with the dataset presented in several pub-

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lished studies has been essential to suggest the geological provenance of the materials.

Figure 6 Distribution of the three varieties of miocenic Pietra Leccese Fm. recognised in the roman pier: a) greenish limestone (Piromafo variety); b) straw yellow compact limestone, containing rare granules of glauconite; c) slightly glauconitic whitish-greenish limestone. In red, locations of collected samples.

4. FIELD AND LABORATORY DATA common fossils (mainly pectinids). The upper part of the structure generally pre- 4.1 Macroscopic characters sent greenish limestone and the glauconitic Lithic blocks employed in the outer walls granules are locally concentrated in dark are made of a homogeneous and compact green lenses. These last blocks (Figure 6c) limestone, generally yellowish in colour, are marked by concentrations in fossil bi- but sometimes tobacco brown or greenish. valve shells (mainly Neopycnodonte, Flabel- In addition, limestone shows abundant mi- lipecten, and Amusium), with subordinate crofossil content, when observed through a phosphatic moulds, pteropods, and brachi- hand lens. These characteristics surely in- opods, mixed with small apatitic nodules dicate that the limestone squared blocks (a few millimetres to 2-3 cm in size). Wide- were quarried from the Pietra Leccese spread bioturbation (abundant horizontal Formation. Moreover, based on the colour burrow trace fossils) can be observed. All of the limestone, the different lithofacies of these characteristics indicate that this last this formation have been recognized, also lithology corresponds to the “Piromafo” reconstructing a specific organization the variety (50% out of the total) of the Pietra blocks, which are stacked by following the Leccese Fm. original stratigraphy of the formation (Fig- The clasts used in the concrete (Figure ure 6). The blocks employed in the lower 7d) show different size, varying in the in- parts of the walls are commonly represent- terval from some centimetres to 15-20 cm ed (Figure 7a) by a straw yellow compact and are made mainly of whitish bio- limestone, containing rare granules of detritical limestone with fossil shells and glauconite, skeletal fossils and diffuse trace subordinately by violet compact micritic fossils (37% out of the total). These blocks limestone. These lithological features per- are covered by others (13% out of the total) mit indubitably to refer the clasts of the in- composed of slightly glauconitic whitish- ner concrete to the Pliocene Uggiano la greenish limestone (Figure 7b) with sparse Chiesa Formation. The clasts are mixed

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with a strong mortar characterised by a topic can be obtained only through further reddish colour with whitish and yellowish specific analysis. All clasts, including fossil shades. fragments, are well polished and rounded and show dull surfaces. Two mortar samples , collected from the outer walls and from the inner concrete, have been examined also in thin section, and they confirm the results obtained by the analysis on the washing residues. In particular, both samples have a mud- supported texture, with large portions in- volved in evident oxidation processes, highlighted by the brownish colour (Figure 8a). The clasts of medium-coarse grain size are strongly fractured and this is particu- Figure 7 Detailed view of the blocks employed in larly evident in the quartz crystals of the the roman pier: a) compact whitish-yellowish bio- mortar of the hydraulic concrete (Figure micrite (southern curtain); b) slightly glauconitic 8b). This fracturing is due to mechanical whitish-greenish biomicrite with sparse pectinids (southern curtain); c) greenish biomicrite with fos- stress occurred during the preparation of sils and horizontal tubular bioturbations (inner mortar or after its emplacement. In fact, all concrete); d) biodetritic limestone rich in gastro- the larger crystals, regardless their type, pods and bivalves (inner concrete). display this feature, and this excludes it 4.2 Microscopic characters was an original character of the material. All samples of collected mortars show very similar characteristics (Table I). The washing residues are composed mainly of a sandy clastic fraction and a low content of microfossils, a portion of not disaggre- gated original mortar is also present. Rare benthic foraminifera (Ammonia bec- carii and Elphidium crispum), as well as rare remains of bryozoans, barnacles, echinoids, molluscs, ostracods and serpulids consti- tute the microfossil association. In particu- lar, the remains of echinoids are represent- ed by large spine fragments, with original Figure 8 Pictures from thin section - plane polar- pigment still well preserved, and it can be ized light: a – sample M3, mortar, the brownish ar- eas indicate the presence of oxidation processes; b – assumed that they belong to the species Pa- sample M3, mortar of inner concrete. The quartz racentrotus lividus. grains are well-rounded and strongly fractured; c – As regards inorganic fraction, some crys- sample MA 17, Pietra Leccese from the outer walls, tals are dark green / blackish in colour and biomicrite characterised by abundant foraminiferal test, especially of planktonic species; d - sample they stand out with respect to the remain- MA 12 Pietra Leccese from the outer walls, intense- ing part of the residue, which is clear in ly glauconitic biomicrite. The granules green and colour. These are crystals of olivine and py- brown in colour are glauconite and phosphatic roxene, which have a certain volcanic nodules, respectively. origin probably correlated to the recent Si- cilian volcanic activity or to Monte Vulture Six samples of limestone blocks have (South Appennine) volcanic complex been collected: two samples from the com- (Margiotta et al., 1983; Zezza, 1969). How- pact yellow limestone (MA17, MA28), two ever, more precise information about this from the intensely green (MA4, MA12) and

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two from the whitish-greenish limestone biostratigraphic analysis, performed with a (MA55, MA71). All samples have shown to good confidence, and the relative biozone be particularly resistant to washing opera- determinations. Two samples have been al- tions and the residues were characterized so observed in thin section. Both are classi- by abundant not disaggregated fraction. As fied as a biomicrite rich in foraminifera regards micropalaeontological fraction, few (Figure 8c). Among the crystalline clasts, remnants of fish, echinoids and rare ostra- granules green and brown in colour are cods have been observed, but the character- common, respectively corresponding to izing component is provided by foramini- glauconite and phosphatic nodules (Figure fers, which are of planktonic and benthic 8d). type; both groups are represented by a From a biostratigraphic point of view, large number of species and individuals. the presence of some diagnostic taxa, such Generally, the specimens show a medi- as Neogloboquadrina atlantica praeatlantica, um-poor preservation, and their classifica- N. acostaensis (changes in coiling direction tion is often hampered by carbonate en- of the test are also relevant in neoglo- crustations, which mask the distinctive boquadrinids), Globigerinoides obliquus ex- characteristics of the species. When the tremus and Globorotalia conomiozea, allowed presence of carbonate encrustations is very us to refer all samples to the zonal interval marked, semi-quantitative abundance es- MMi11-MMi13 of the adopted zonal timation is inhibited, and it is just possible scheme, all biozones referred to the Torto- to indicate the presence/absence of each nian-Messinian chronostratigraphic inter- species (Tab. 1). However, for the case in val (Figure 9). question, this aspect did not prevent the

Figure 9 Bio-chronostratigraphic reference of the samples collected in the Pietra Leccese blocks of the Ro- man Pier. The position of the samples within the biozone is just as an indication (modified from Iaccarino et al., 2007).

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Table I Distribution of the fossil rests in the micropalaeontological samples from the Roman pier and ca- ja section. RR: very rare, R: rare, RC: rare to common, C: common, CA: common to abundant, A: abudant, X: not estimated abundance, d: dextral coiling, s: sinistral coiling.

5. GEOLOGICAL PROVENANCE OF ical area in the backlands of San Cataldo BUILDING MATERIALS (Bossio et al., 2006; Margiotta, 2006), from the modern city of Lecce to the surround- In mortar samples, morphological char- ing area of the small town of Strudà. acteristics of many clasts, especially their Biostratigraphical and chronostrati- rounded shape, suggest that they have graphical data pointed out that intensely been greatly involved in aeolian process. glauconitic biomicrite (lithotype nr 3) be- Using this information it’s possible to sug- longs to the biozonal interval from MMi11 gest a provenance of sands used to prepare to MMi12. These data suggest the exclusion mortar from deposits of aeolian accumula- of the area nearest Lecce as geological tion, such as local dunes or beach. This source of the stone blocks, referred (Mazzei suggestion is also supported by microfossil et al., 2009) to the Paragloborotalia siakensis analysis which reveals the presence of Zone (MMi9 in the adopted zonal scheme) some foraminiferal tests and other car- that is lower Tortonian in age. Otherwise, bonate shells, all eroded and rounded as intensely glauconitic biomicrite referred to well. These organic rests first have been Tortonian/Messinian Neogloboquadrina deposited on the beaches by waves, then acostaensis Zone (MMi11 Zone of the pre- moved to the backshore by wind, together sent paper) (Margiotta, 2006) crops out in with other clastic grains, forming dunal the Acaja district along a narrow area ex- deposits. tending north toward the Fossa and the The analysis performed on limestone Carrozzini farms. Some samples from a samples, allowed us to refer limestone used two meters thick section located in corre- in the roman monument to the Miocene spondence of the Acaja Castle have been Pietra Leccese formation. Three different collected (Figure 10). Here, Pietra Leccese lithic varieties have been recognized (Fig- formation is characterized by greenish ure 6): 1) straw yellow compact biomicrite, limestone with glauconitic granules locally 2) whitish-greenish slightly glauconitic bi- concentrated in dark green lenses. The sed- omicrite and 3) greenish biomicrite very iment is bioturbated and marked by con- rich in fossil shells (Piromafo). All varieties centrations in fossil bivalve shells (mainly extensively outcrop in a broad geograph-

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Neopycnodonte, Flabellipecten, and Amusi- ocene period and clearly attest the stone um), with subordinate phosphatic moulds, source as the upper part of the Pietra Lec- pteropods, brachiopods, mixed with small cese Fm., referred to the MMi11-MMi13 in- apatitic nodules. Biostratigraphic analysis terval of the Tortonian-lower Messinian of planktonic foraminifera revealed the planktonic foraminiferal zonal scheme. presence of diagnostic taxa as Globorotalia More particularly, results of compara- conomiozea and sinistral Neogloboquadrina tive analyses on greenish lithological type acostaenis. The foraminifera assemblage re- (locally known as “Piromafo”) reveal a fers to Messinian biozone MMi13 and it is provenience from the Strudà-Acaja area, in full agreement with samples taken from where the upper part of Pietra Leccese Fm. blocks of the Roman pier. shows the same geological age and identi- cal features of lithic samples from San Cataldo. At Acaja, located some 10 kilome- tres from the archaeological coastal site, there is no evidence for ancient quarries, however the Roman route system allowed to cover that not considerable distance and easily transport big blocks, more than 2 meters length, for their employment in the monumental coastal building. Regarding the concrete, it was quite evi- dent right after macroscopic visual obser- vation that limestone clasts derived from Pliocene Uggiano la Chiesa Fm., that crops out very close to the ancient harbour. Pos- sibly limestone was dug up from the sur- face in a not defined area, nearby the pier. Mortar used both in the filler layers of the outer walls and in the inner concrete shows the same characteristics. The granu- lar component of mortar consists of quite mature sands which origin is due to aeoli- an accumulation, as possibly local dunes or beach. Both these subaerial depositional environment are present close to the an- cient pier. This aspect, in addition to the Figure 10 Panoramic view of the Acaja section (a) and detail of the Pietra Leccese outcrops showing a lack of pumice scoria observed in the first glauconitic and fossilifer level (b). macroscopic visual approach, clearly attest that pozzolanic volcanic fine sand from the

Campi Flegrei area, extensively used by Small stone blocks used in the inner con- Roman engineers in seawater concretes crete are referred to Uggiano La Chiesa (Oleson et al., 2004), was not used in San Fm., a Pliocene calcareous rock which Cataldo structure. largely outcrops in the surrounding of San This cement system remained stable for Cataldo; this material was probably taken 2000 years, during partial to full immersion from the lands adjoining the pier, quarried in seawater, as well. Further analytical in- from the rock surface. vestigations could possibly determine the CONCLUSIONS diverse chemical processes that produced Planktonic foraminifera assemblages the cement microstructures, and why the provide a precise age determination to Mi- harbour constructions have endured for two millennia. Vitruvius’s treatise De Ar-

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chitectura (1st c. B.P.) and other ancient texts The micropaleonthological technique describe the raw materials of the concretes, discussed here, applied to the provenance in particular pozzolanic sand, preparation of building materials from a pier of Roman of lime, and construction of submerged age, may have wide utility in recognising wooden forms. In San Cataldo pier, the use the source of lithics used in roman build- of weathered sea sand in mortar seems to ings. Nevertheless, very few litho- and bio- be an efficient local alternative. stratigraphical analyses applied to ancient The results obtained gave the possibility limestone structures in Apulia have been of focusing on the potential of microfossils carried out so far. So, it is to be hoped that data integrated with archaeological infor- such an approach will be followed in other mation, including structural aspects of the studies aimed at the reconstruction of both manufacture and evidences from the sur- ancient human activities and landscapes. rounding territory.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to Dr. Giovanni Vinci e Dr. Laura Masiello (Soprintendenza Archeologica della Puglia) for authorization to collect samples and to Prof. Gianfranco Salvatorini (University of Siena) for his helpful suggestions. Special thanks to Dr. Mario Parise for its advices during the preparation of this paper. REFERENCES Bosellini, A., Bosellini F.R., Colalongo M.L., Parente M., Russo A., Vescogni A. (1999). Stratigraphic architecture of the Salento coast from Capo d’ to S. Maria di Leuca (Apulia, Southern Italy). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, vol. 105, 397-416. Bossio, A., Foresi, L.M., Margiotta, S., Mazzei, R., Salvatorini, G., Donia, F. (2006). Stratigrafia neogenico-quaternaria del settore nord-orientale della Provincia di Lecce (con rilevamento geologico in scala 1:25.000). Geologica Romana, vol. 39, 16- 29. Bossio, A., Guelfi, F., Mazzei, R., Monteforti, B., Salvatorini, G. (1989a). Studi sul Neogene e Quaternario della Penisola Salentina. III - Stratigrafia del Pozzo (N. 54, PS 1490/3). In Atti Convegno sulle Conoscenze Geologiche del territorio Salentino, Lecce. Quaderni Centro Studi di Geotecnologie d’Ingegneria, vol. 11, 55-88. Bossio, A., Guelfi, F., Mazzei, R., Monteforti, B., Salvatorini, G. (1991). Note geologiche e stratigrafiche sull’area di (Lecce, Puglia). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, vol. 97 (2), 175-234. Bossio, A., Guelfi, F., Mazzei, R., Monteforti, B. & Salvatorini, G. (1994). La successione miocenica dell’area tipo delle Calcareniti di Andrano (Puglia, Italia Meridionale). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 33 (2), pp. 249-255. Bossio, A., Mazzei, R., Monteforti, B., Salvatorini, G. (1986). Carta geologica dell’estremità meridionale del Salento. Firenze: S.E.L.C.A. Bossio, A., Mazzei, R., Monteforti, B., Salvatorini, G. (1989b). Studi sul Neogene e Quaternario della Penisola Salentina. II. Evoluzione paleogeografica dell’area di Lèuca nel contesto della dinamica mediterranea. In Atti Convegno sulle Conoscenze Geologiche del territorio Salentino Lecce 1987. Quaderni Centro Studi di Geotecnologie d’Ingegneria, 11, 31-54. Bossio, A., Mazzei, R., Monteforti, B., Salvatorini, G. (1992). Notizie preliminari sul Miocene di S. Maria al Bagno-S. Caterina, presso Nardò (Lecce). Paleopelagos, vol. 2, 99-107.

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