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Evaluation of Sleep Quality and Duration in Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: a Prospective Follow-Up Study BioMedicine Volume 11 Issue 2 Article 5 2021 Evaluation of sleep quality and duration in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective follow-up study Follow this and additional works at: https://www.biomedicinej.com/biomedicine Part of the Life Sciences Commons, and the Medical Sciences Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Peivandi, Saloumeh; Habibi, Ali; Hosseini, Seyed Hamzeh; Khademloo, Mohammad; Raisian, Mohammad; and Pournorouz, Hedieh (2021) "Evaluation of sleep quality and duration in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective follow-up study," BioMedicine: Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 5. DOI: 10.37796/2211-8039.1139 This Original Articles is brought to you for free and open access by BioMedicine. It has been accepted for inclusion in BioMedicine by an authorized editor of BioMedicine. Evaluation of sleep quality and duration in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective follow-up study Cover Page Footnote Acknowledgments This study is the result of the dissertation of Dr. Hedieh Pournoruz Dahka, a resident in gynecology and obstetrics. Special thanks to the Vice-Chancellor for Research and Technology and Clinical Research Development Unit of Imam Khomeini Hospital of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran for supporting this project. This original articles is available in BioMedicine: https://www.biomedicinej.com/biomedicine/vol11/iss2/5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Evaluation of sleep quality and duration in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective follow-up study Saloumeh Peivandi a, Ali Habibi b, Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini c, Mohammad Khademloo d, Mohammad Raisian e, Hedieh Pournorouz a,* a Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran b Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran c Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran d Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran e Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Abstract Background and objectives: Sleep disorders during pregnancy may be linked an increase risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between sleep quality and duration in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Materials and methods: This prospective follow-up study was performed on 240 pregnant women with a gestational age between 20 to 24 weeks, who were referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Sari from 2018 to 2019 for prenatal care. The sleep quality of all eligible women were evaluated with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). During the 26 to 28 weeks of gestation, 1-hour and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done for all women. Results: The results showed that women with poor sleep quality had a significantly higher mean BMI and 1-hour and 2- hour OGTT results (P < 0.05). Compared to women with good sleep quality, women with poor sleep quality (PSQI >5) had a greater risk of developing GDM (OR ¼ 2.99, 95% CI 1.77 to 5.06). In women with sleep duration of less than 7 and more than 9 hours, the frequency of GDM was significantly higher than women with the 7e9 hour sleep duration (P < 0.05). Also, the frequency of GDM in women with three or more than three times of snoring in a week (63.44%) was significantly higher than women with once a week (30.61%) (P-value <0.001). Conclusion: It seems that sleep disorders and poor sleep quality can be a risk factor in developing GDM. Therefore, sleep characteristics should be considered in pregnancy care; especially in women with higher risk of GDM. Keyword: Sleep wake disorders, Pregnancy, Diabetes, Gestational, Snoring 1. Introduction (IUGR), preterm delivery, preeclampsia, pro- longed labor, and higher incidence of cesarean leep disorders, especially short sleep dura- section [5e7]. From about the 12th week of S tion (SSD) and poor sleep quality, are prev- pregnancy, difficulty in falling asleep, frequent alent during pregnancy; due to hormonal awakenings, reduced nighttime sleepiness, and changes, anxiety, and physical factors that are reduced sleep efficiency begin, and these issues associated with pregnancy [1e4]. It is believed usually continue until two months after delivery that the sleep disorders during pregnancy may be [8e10]. linked with increased risk of adverse pregnancy SSD has different definitions, often defined as outcomes, such as intrauterine growth restriction sleeping fewer than seven hours each night [11, 12]. Also, there is clear evidence that supports the Received 31 August 2020; revised 5 January 2021; accepted 25 January 2021. Available online 1 June 2021 * Corresponding author at: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran, Sari, Iran. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Pournorouz). https://doi.org/10.37796/2211-8039.1139 2211-8039/Published by China Medical University 2021. © the Author(s). This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). BioMedicine S. PEIVANDI ET AL 25 2021;11(2):24e29 SLEEP QUALITY AND RISK OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS relationship between the risk of developing type 2 2.3. Data collection diabetes and short-term sleep disorders [13e16]. Additionally, many previous epidemiological After being eligible, individuals underwent studies revealed that SSD increases the risk of mental health surveys based on the Goldberg developing type 2 diabetes, but there are some General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). This self- ORIGINAL ARTICLE studies, with conflicting results, about the relation- reporting questionnaire examines a person's mental ship between sleep disorders and increased risk of state in the last four weeks [22]. GHQ-12, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) [6, 17, 18]. In a 12 questions that have six positive and negative meta-analysis, the results showed that patients with items and the scores of negative items that include sleep apnea have a higher risk of GDM. However, “not at all”, “as usual”, “a little more than usual”, the link between GDM and poor sleep quality is “much more than usual” are 0, 1, 2 and 3, respec- unclear [19]. Another meta-analysis revealed that tively. For positive items that contain “much less long-term sleep duration is a risk factor for GDM than usual”, “less than usual”, “as usual” and “more [20]. than usual”, scores 3, 2, 1 and 0 are considered, Considering the high prevalence of sleep prob- respectively. In this case, the minimum score of the lems among pregnant women and the possible GHQ-12 will be equal to 12. The lower a person's relationship between GDM and sleep disorders and score, the more mental health patient has, and the the lack of strong available supportive evidence in higher the score than 12, the more likely it is to be this area in our population and also according to the considered a mental health disorder [23]. In our racial differences and their impact on the prevalence study, women with a score of more than 12 were of disorders associated with pregnancy, this is one excluded from the study. At the first visit, womens' of the priorities of public health and there is a need demographic and clinical characteristics such as to further studies [21]. Therefore, this study aimed height, weight, BMI and blood pressure (BP) were to evaluate the relationship between sleep quality recorded. The sleep quality of all eligible women and duration in pregnancy and risk of GDM. was assessed after the 20th week of pregnancy using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) ques- 2. Materials and methods tionnaire. PSQI is a standard tool for evaluating quality of sleep over the past four weeks. The 2.1. Study design questionnaire involves seven subscales. The sum of the scores of the seven subscales makes up the This prospective follow-up study was performed overall score of a person's sleep quality. The validity on pregnant women who were referred to Imam and reliability of this questionnaire have been pre- Khomeini Hospital in Sari from 2018 to 2019 for viously assessed and confirmed (Cronbach's alpha prenatal care. This study was carried out after 0.83) [24]. This questionnaire has also been used in approval by the institutional Ethics Committee the Iranian pregnant women's population [25]. (code: Based on this, participants were divided into two IR.MAZUMS.IMAMHOSPITAL.REC.1398.2993). groups with and without sleep disorders. Also, the frequency of snoring in women was examined. 2.2. Participants Then, a 1-hour and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done at 26 to 28 weeks' gestation. Singleton pregnant women aged 18-35 years, with For OGTT, 75 g of oral glucose in the morning a gestational age of fewer than 28 weeks, based on (minimum of 8 hours and a maximum of 14 fasting sonography, were included in the study. Mothers hours), following a 3-day diet without glucose re- with risk factors for GDM including macrosomia, striction and unrestricted activity was done. Three history of GDM in previous pregnancies, persistent blood samples were taken first in the fasting state glucosuria, obesity with body mass index (BMI) fi and then one and two hours after eating 75 g of above 30 in the rst trimester, history of smoking glucose. For each sample, two cc of blood was taken and alcohol use, intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), from the patient. The serum was immediately miscarriage, diabetes in first-degree relatives, ' ' removed from the patient s blood sample by endocrinopathies such as Cushing s syndrome, centrifugation. Diagnosis of GDM was confirmed if pheochromocytoma, and history of glucocorticoid the fasting blood sugar (FBS) and the results of use, beta-adrenergic agonists and thiazides, risk blood glucose level after at one and two hours of factors for obstructive sleep apnea, such as acro- glucose intake were greater than 92, 180, and 153 megaly, hypothyroidism, achondroplasia, and (mg/dL), respectively [26e28].
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