Women As Shelihot Tzibur for Hallel on Rosh Hodesh

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Women As Shelihot Tzibur for Hallel on Rosh Hodesh MilinHavivinEng1 7/5/05 11:48 AM Page 84 William Friedman is a first-year student at YCT Rabbinical School. WOMEN AS SHELIHOT TZIBBUR FOR HALLEL ON ROSH HODESH* William Friedman I. INTRODUCTION Contemporary sifrei halakhah which address the issue of women’s obligation to recite hallel on Rosh Hodesh are unanimous—they are entirely exempt (peturot).1 The basis given by most2 of them is that hallel is a positive time-bound com- mandment (mitzvat aseh shehazman gramah), based on Sukkah 3:10 and Tosafot.3 That Mishnah states: “One for whom a slave, a woman, or a child read it (hallel)—he must answer after them what they said, and a curse will come to him.”4 Tosafot comment: “The inference (mashma) here is that a woman is exempt from the hallel of Sukkot, and likewise that of Shavuot, and the reason is that it is a positive time-bound commandment.” Rosh Hodesh, however, is not mentioned in the list of exemptions. * The scope of this article is limited to the technical halakhic issues involved in the spe- cific area of women’s obligation to recite hallel on Rosh Hodesh as it compares to that of men. Issues such as changing minhag, kol isha, areivut, and the proper role of women in Jewish life are beyond that scope. 1 R. Imanu’el ben Hayim Bashari, Bat Melekh (Bnei Brak, 1999), 28:1 (82); Eliyakim Getsel Ellinson, haIsha vehaMitzvot Sefer Rishon—Bein haIsha leYotzrah (Jerusalem, 1977), 113, 10:2 (116-117); R. David ben Avraham Dov Auerbakh, Halikhot Beitah (Jerusalem, 1982), 8:6-7 (58-59); R. Yitzchak Yaakov Fuchs, Halikhot Bat Yisrael (Jerusalem, 1983), 2:22 (50) and note 58 there, 16:6 (238); R. Yitzchak Yaakov Fuchs, Tefillah keHilkhatah (Jerusalem, 1989), 22:19 (388); R. Menachem Nissel, Rigshei Lev (Southfield, MI, 2001), 6:1 (162). 2 Rigshei Lev, op. cit., Halikhot Bat Yisrael, 50 note 57, and haIsha vehaMitzvot, op. cit., cite these sources explicitly. The other citations will be addressed below, pp. 3ff. 3 Sukkah 38a, s.v. mi shehaya. 4 This is the version of the Mishnah that appears in our printed editions. I will not address here the textual variants nor their implications, nor will I dispute the underlying assumption of the cited sifrei halakhah that the position of the Tosafot, namely, that reciting hallel on certain occasions is undisputably a mitzvah shehazman gramah from which women are exempt, is the correct explanation of the mishna. For more on this, see my forthcoming article “Women and Hallel: A Comprehensive Halakhic Analysis.” 84 MilinHavivinEng1 7/5/05 11:48 AM Page 85 William Friedman 85 II. THE STATUS OF HALLEL ON ROSH HODESH One can only be exempted from something which is obligatory. Tosefta (Sukkah 3:2) brings the list of obligatory recitations of hallel: “On eighteen days of the year and one evening one reads the hallel, and they are: the eight days of Sukkot, and eight days of Hanukah, and the first day of Pesah and its evening and the festival of Shavuot.” This list is brought in slightly modified form and augment- ed for the Diaspora in two places in the Gemara (Ta`anit 28b and Arakhin 10a): “Rebbi Yohanan said in the name of Rebbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak: Eighteen days that the individual completes on them the hallel: the eight days of Sukkot, and eight days of Hanukah, and the first day of Pesah, and [the first] day of Shavuot; and in the Diaspora twenty-one days: the nine days of Sukkot, and eight days of Hanukah, and two days of Pesah, and two days of Shavuot.” Notably absent is Rosh Hodesh. Arakhin 10a addresses the issue of days not listed in this beraita: What is the difference between on Sukkot that we say [hallel] every day and on Pesah that we don’t say it every day? Sukkot is differentiat- ed through its sacrifices (halukin be-korbanoteihen), [whereas] Pesah is not differentiated through its sacrifices. [On] Shabbat, which is dif- ferentiated through its sacrifices, one should say it! [One does not, because] it is not called an appointed time (mo’ed). [On] Rosh Hodesh, which is called an appointed time, one should say it! [One does not, because] it is not sanctified through [refraining from] doing work (asiyat melakhah), as it says (Is. 30:29), ‘For you, there shall be singing as on a night when a festival is hallowed’—a night which is hallowed for a festival requires singing, and one which is not hallowed for a festival does not require singing. The Talmud here clearly posits the possibility that Rosh Hodesh would require recitation of hallel, and rejects that possibility. So far, we have seen no indication that there exists any obligation to say hallel on Rosh Hodesh. Ta’anit 28b brings the first evidence of the recitation of hallel on Rosh Hodesh: The Mishnah should also have taught the first of Nissan [in addition to the first of Tevet] as a day on which there was no ma`amad because there is hallel, and musaf, and the wood offering. Rava said: ‘This says that the hallel of Rosh Hodesh is not Biblical’ (lav de’oraita hi) as Rebbi Yehoshua said in the name of Rebbe Shim`on ben Yehotzadak [our beraita from above is quoted] . Rav came to Bavel. He saw them reciting hallel on Rosh Hodesh and contemplated stopping them. When he saw that they were skipping he said: ‘Learn from this [that] the cus- tom of their ancestors is in their hands.’ A Tanna taught: ‘An individ- ual does not begin and if he began, he should finish.’” MilinHavivinEng1 7/5/05 11:48 AM Page 86 86 Milin Havivin Three important rulings regarding hallel on Rosh Hodesh are learned from this sugya: 1) Hallel on Rosh Hodesh is not a Biblical commandment such that it would override the ma`amad; 2) Rav was ready to stop a community from recit- ing hallel on Rosh Hodesh, and only desisted because of changes evidencing the existence of an ancient custom; and 3) An individual has no obligation to recite hallel on Rosh Hodesh. Rava’s conclusion regarding the status of hallel is uncertain. It is entirely pos- sible that he considers the hallel of Hanukah to be biblical in origin such that it pushes off the ma`amad, but would accept the idea that reciting hallel on Rosh Hodesh is a rabbinic enactment.5 Rashi6 rejects this possibility by linking Rava’s statement to Rav’s story, in which the hallel recited on Rosh Hodesh in Bavel is identified as minhag avoteihem beyadeihem and says that the hallel of Hanukah is similar to a Biblical commandment.7 The beraita brought at the end of the sugyah in Taanit is also open to multi- ple interpretations.8 Is it forbidden for an individual (as opposed to the commu- nity) to recite hallel on Rosh Hodesh,9 or merely optional? Is this referring to the blessing(s), or to the psalms of hallel themselves? Is it referring to the full hallel or the partial hallel? For the purposes of our investigation, we need to know whether the force of the minhag devolves upon the individual to recite hallel on Rosh Hodesh, or on the community as a whole. Tosafot10 provide an answer to this question: “And it appears that the individual is not obligated to read the hallel; nevertheless, if he wants to obligate himself, he may (hareshut beyado).” Similarly, Rashi11 says: “He does not need (eino tzarikh) to begin on Rosh Hodesh.” For the individual, reciting hallel on Rosh Hodesh is a completely non- obligatory act, although a permissible one. Tosafot, Arakhin 10a, s.v. y”h yamim 5 This could be the case if the criteria for reciting hallel on any given occasion were Biblically-determined, and if those conditions were met later in time by a new day, then the obligation to recite hallel on that day would be Biblical. (See, e.g., Pesahim 117a.) This would not contradict the Gemara in Arakhin if we assume that Gemara to be defin- ing Biblical criteria for the recitation of hallel. Tosafot, Arakhin 10a, s.v. y”h yamim explicitly reject this possibility. See also R. Yehudah Heshil Levenberg, Sefer Imrei Hen (Lakewood, NJ, 1992), 10 (64-65). 6 ad. loc., s.v. zot omeret. 7 There is a wide range of opinion as to whether hallel on the occasions listed in the tosefta and baraita is a Biblical or Rabbinic enactment. For an overview, see, e.g., Encyclopedia Talmudit, s.v. Hallel. 8 For a short summary of the ways this baraita has been interpreted, see Sinai Adler, Sefer haHodayah: Be’urim uBeirurim beInyanei Hodayah laHashem baHalakhah ubaTefillah (Jerusalem, 1997), 125-26. 9 Perhaps in violation of the injunction not to recite hallel every day, which, according to Rashi, means superfluously. See Shabbat 118b and Rashi there, s.v. harei zeh mehareif umegadeif. 10 ad. loc., s.v. amar. 11 ad. loc., s.v. lo yathil. MilinHavivinEng1 7/5/05 11:48 AM Page 87 William Friedman 87 conclude: “The inference [from this beraita] is that the community (tzibbur) is obligated from the general custom (meminhag be’alma).” Tur, Orah Hayim 422, and Beit Yosef, ad. loc., bring the various halakhic opinions and their sources in the Rishonim, respectively. III. WOMEN AND THE CUSTOM TO RECITE HALLEL ON ROSH HODESH Regarding the relationship of women to this custom, Magen Avraham12 says: Women are exempt from every hallel (mekol hallel) because it is a pos- itive time-bound commandment and therefore they cannot exempt others’ obligation unless he answers after them each word, and a curse will come to him because he did not learn, and if he did learn, he offends his creator by making agents such as these.
Recommended publications
  • Rosh Hashanah Jewish New Year
    ROSH HASHANAH JEWISH NEW YEAR “The LORD spoke to Moses, saying: Speak to the Israelite people thus: In the seventh month, on the first day of the month, you shall observe complete rest, a sacred occasion commemorated with loud blasts. You shall not work at your occupations; and you shall bring an offering by fire to the LORD.” (Lev. 23:23-25) ROSH HASHANAH, the first day of the seventh month (the month of Tishri), is celebrated as “New Year’s Day”. On that day the Jewish people wish one another Shanah Tovah, Happy New Year. ש נ ָׁהָׁטוֹב ָׁה Rosh HaShanah, however, is more than a celebration of a new calendar year; it is a new year for Sabbatical years, a new year for Jubilee years, and a new year for tithing vegetables. Rosh HaShanah is the BIRTHDAY OF THE WORLD, the anniversary of creation—a fourfold event… DAY OF SHOFAR BLOWING NEW YEAR’S DAY One of the special features of the Rosh HaShanah prayer [ רֹאשָׁהַש נה] Rosh HaShanah THE DAY OF SHOFAR BLOWING services is the sounding of the shofar (the ram’s horn). The shofar, first heard at Sinai is [זִכְּ רוֹןָׁתְּ רּועה|יוֹםָׁתְּ רּועה] Zikaron Teruah|Yom Teruah THE DAY OF JUDGMENT heard again as a sign of the .coming redemption [יוֹםָׁהַדִ ין] Yom HaDin THE DAY OF REMEMBRANCE THE DAY OF JUDGMENT It is believed that on Rosh [יוֹםָׁהַזִכְּ רוֹן] Yom HaZikaron HaShanah that the destiny of 1 all humankind is recorded in ‘the Book of Life’… “…On Rosh HaShanah it is written, and on Yom Kippur it is sealed, how many will leave this world and how many will be born into it, who will live and who will die..
    [Show full text]
  • Psalms of Praise: “Pesukei Dezimra ”
    Dr. Yael Ziegler Pardes The Psalms 1 Psalms of Praise: “Pesukei DeZimra” 1) Shabbat 118b אמר רבי יוסי: יהא חלקי מגומרי הלל בכל יום. איני? והאמר מר: הקורא הלל בכל יום - הרי זה מחרף ומגדף! - כי קאמרינן - בפסוקי דזמרא R. Yosi said: May my portion be with those who complete the Hallel every day. Is that so? Did not the master teach: “Whoever recites the Hallel every day, he is blaspheming and scoffing?” [R. Yosi explained:] When I said it, it was regarding Pesukei DeZimra. Rashi Shabbat 118b הרי זה מחרף ומגדף - שנביאים הראשונים תיקנו לומר בפרקים לשבח והודיה, כדאמרינן בערבי פסחים, )קיז, א(, וזה הקוראה תמיד בלא עתה - אינו אלא כמזמר שיר ומתלוצץ. He is blaspheming and scoffing – Because the first prophets establish to say those chapters as praise and thanks… and he who recites it daily not in its proper time is like one who sings a melody playfully. פסוקי דזמרא - שני מזמורים של הילולים הללו את ה' מן השמים הללו אל בקדשו . Pesukei DeZimra – Two Psalms of Praise: “Praise God from the heavens” [Psalm 148]; “Praise God in His holiness” [Psalm 150.] Massechet Soferim 18:1 Dr. Yael Ziegler Pardes The Psalms 2 אבל צריכין לומר אחר יהי כבוד... וששת המזמורים של כל יום; ואמר ר' יוסי יהא חלקי עם המתפללים בכל יום ששת המזמורים הללו 3) Maharsha Shabbat 118b ה"ז מחרף כו'. משום דהלל נתקן בימים מיוחדים על הנס לפרסם כי הקדוש ברוך הוא הוא בעל היכולת לשנות טבע הבריאה ששינה בימים אלו ...ומשני בפסוקי דזמרה כפירש"י ב' מזמורים של הלולים כו' דאינן באים לפרסם נסיו אלא שהם דברי הלול ושבח דבעי בכל יום כדאמרי' לעולם יסדר אדם שבחו של מקום ואח"כ יתפלל וק"ל: He is blaspheming.
    [Show full text]
  • The Psalms As Hymns in the Temple of Jerusalem Gary A
    4 The Psalms as Hymns in the Temple of Jerusalem Gary A. Rendsburg From as far back as our sources allow, hymns were part of Near Eastern temple ritual, with their performers an essential component of the temple functionaries. 1 These sources include Sumerian, Akkadian, and Egyptian texts 2 from as early as the third millennium BCE. From the second millennium BCE, we gain further examples of hymns from the Hittite realm, even if most (if not all) of the poems are based on Mesopotamian precursors.3 Ugarit, our main source of information on ancient Canaan, has not yielded songs of this sort in 1. For the performers, see Richard Henshaw, Female and Male: The Cu/tic Personnel: The Bible and Rest ~(the Ancient Near East (Allison Park, PA: Pickwick, 1994) esp. ch. 2, "Singers, Musicians, and Dancers," 84-134. Note, however, that this volume does not treat the Egyptian cultic personnel. 2. As the reader can imagine, the literature is ~xtensive, and hence I offer here but a sampling of bibliographic items. For Sumerian hymns, which include compositions directed both to specific deities and to the temples themselves, see Thorkild Jacobsen, The Harps that Once ... : Sumerian Poetry in Translation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), esp. 99-142, 375--444. Notwithstanding the much larger corpus of Akkadian literarure, hymn~ are less well represented; see the discussion in Alan Lenzi, ed., Reading Akkadian Prayers and Hymns: An Introduction, Ancient Near East Monographs (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2011), 56-60, with the most important texts included in said volume. For Egyptian hymns, see Jan A%mann, Agyptische Hymnen und Gebete, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999); Andre Barucq and Frarn;:ois Daumas, Hymnes et prieres de /'Egypte ancienne, Litteratures anciennes du Proche-Orient (Paris: Cerf, 1980); and John L.
    [Show full text]
  • Purim-Shofar-2019.Pdf
    1 2 Table of Contents Purim Insights…………..………………..……………………..page 3 Special Purim Mitzvahs……………....………………………...page 4 Bnai Torah Purim Schedule……………..…...………………....page 5 Bnai Torah Purim Seudah……………………………………....page 6 March & April Service Schedules……………..………….....Pages 7-8 We wish all our readers a joyous and inspiring Purim! 3 Mishloach Manos There are several reasons given for the mitzvah of Mishloach Manos (sending food gifts) on Purim. Firstly, the mitzvah of Mishloach Manos is designed to enable Jews to enjoy fulfilling the Mitzvah of having a Purim meal. Gifts of prepared food are sent on the day of Purim in order to ensure that all people have the means to enjoy a lavish feast. According to this reason it is necessary for the recipient to accept the Mishloach Manos and not merely for the donor to extend the gift. Another reason for Mishloach Manos is based upon the fact that the Jews of Shushan transgressed the laws of Kashrus by partaking in non-kosher food served at King Achashverosh’s banquet. To demonstrate that they had truly repented from this sin, the mitzvah of Mishloach Manos was inaugurated. By sending food gifts one to another, Jews demonstrated their mutual trust in matters of Kashrus. As in the case of the first reason it is therefore imperative that the recipient accept and not merely that the donor extend the gift. Finally, the sending of Mishloach Manos is to dispel the image of the Jewish People as a “scattered and dis-unified people” depicted by the wicked Haman. By exchanging gifts on the holiday of Purim the Jews demonstrate the strong bonds of friendship and love which truly exist among themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 a Public Torah Reading Without a Minyan?
    A Public Torah Reading Without a Minyan? By Rabbi David Silverberg In the Hilkhot Tefila section of his Mishneh Torah (13:6), Maimonides issues a perplexing ruling relevant to the public reading of Parashat Vezot Haberakha, the final portion in the Torah. Namely, Maimonides rules that the final eight verses of the Torah may be formally read in the synagogue without the presence of a minyan. Normally, of course, the public Torah reading (with the accompanying berakhot) requires a minyan, but this requirement is waived when it comes to the final eight verses of the Torah. The basis of Maimonides’ ruling is the Gemara’s discussion in Masekhet Bava Batra (15a), where a debate is recorded as to whether or not Moshe wrote these final eight verses. The Torah in these verses relates the death of Moshe and the ensuing period of mourning observed by Benei Yisrael, giving rise to the question of whether or not Moshe wrote this material before his death. After recording the differing opinions on the matter, the Gemara cites the ambiguous comment of Rav that these verses are read “by a yachid.” The straightforward meaning of this comment, as Maimonides rules, is that with regard to these verses we suspend the general rule requiring the presence of a minyan. Most other authorities, however, offered different readings of this passage, as they found it difficult to explain why these eight verses should be treated differently from the rest of the Torah in this regard. The presence of a minyan is one of the fundamental requirements of the public Torah reading.
    [Show full text]
  • Sim Shalom: the Perfect Prayer
    Rabbi Menachem Penner Focusing on Max and Marion Grill Dean, RIETS Tefilla SIM SHALOM: THE PERFECT PRAYER e end the Amidah — makes peace in His heights.” G-d, the Torah of life, love of kindness, both on weekdays and Masekhet Derekh Eretz, Perek righteousness, blessing, mercy, life and holy days — with a Shalom no. 19 peace. tefillahW for peace. This is in keeping There are, however, multiple reasons Moreover, the closing (and opening) with the tradition of concluding our to question whether Sim Shalom is a berakhot of Shemoneh Esreh — prayers with the hope for shalom: mere request for peace. Retzei, Modim, and Sim Shalom — אמר ר' יהושע דסכנין בשם ר' לוי גדול השלום Indeed, the first half of the berakhah are not supposed to be requests at all! - שכל הברכות והתפלות חותמין בשלום: אמר רב יהודה לעולם אל ישאל אדם צרכיו :asks for more than peace קרית שמע - חותמה בשלום - "ופרוס סוכת לא בג' ראשונות ולא בג' אחרונות - אלא ָ לֹוםשִ ים ׁשטֹוָבה ּובְ ָרָכֵה חָן ו ֶֽחֶסד וְ ַרֲחמִ ים באמצעיות: שלומך". ברכת כהנים - חותמה בשלום ָע ֵֽלינּו וְ ַעָל כל יִשְ ָרֵאַל ע ָברְ ֶֽמָך׃ ֵֽכנּוָ, אבִֽ ינּוֻ, כ ָֽלנּו - שנאמר "וישם לך שלום". וכל הברכות - R’ Yehudah said: A person should not כְ ֶאָחד בְ ָאֹור כִי בְ פֶֽניָך ָאֹור נ פֶֽנָיָךַֽתָת ָֽ לנּו ה' חותמין בשלום - "עושה שלום במרומיו." ask for his needs — not during the first ֱאֹלקינּו ת ַֹורַת חיִים וְ ַֽאֲהַב ֶֽת חֶסד ּוצְ ָדָקה ּובְ ָרָכה Said R’ Yehoshua of Sachnin in the of the Amidah] and not] וְ three blessingַרֲחמִ ים וְ ַחיִים וְ ָ ׁשלֹום׃ name of R’ Levi: All the blessings and during the last three blessings.
    [Show full text]
  • NISSAN Rosh Chodesh Is on Sunday
    84 NISSAN The Molad: Friday afternoon, 4:36. The moon may be sanctified until Shabbos, the 15th, 10:58 a.m.1 The spring equinox: Friday, the 7th, 12:00 a.m. Rosh Chodesh is on Shabbos Parshas Tazria, Parshas HaChodesh. The laws regarding Shabbos Rosh Chodesh are explained in the section on Shabbos Parshas Mikeitz. In the Morning Service, we recite half-Hallel, then a full Kaddish, the Song of the Day, Barchi nafshi, and then the Mourner’s Kaddish. Three Torah scrolls are taken out. Six men are given aliyos for the weekly reading from the first scroll. A seventh aliyah is read from the second scroll, from which we read the passages describing the Shabbos and Rosh Chodesh Mussaf offerings (Bamidbar 28:9-15), and a half-Kaddish is recited. The Maftir, a passage from Parshas Bo (Sh’mos 12:1-20) which describes the command to bring the Paschal sacrifice, is read from the third scroll. The Haftorah is Koh amar... olas tamid (Y’chezkel 45:18-46:15), and we then add the first and last verses of the Haftorah Koh amar Hashem hashomayim kis’ee (Y’shayahu 66:1, 23- 24, and 23 again). Throughout the entire month of Nissan, we do not recite Tachanun, Av harachamim, or Tzidkas’cha. The only persons who may fast during this month are ones who had a disturbing dream, a groom and bride on the day of their wedding, and the firstborn on the day preceding Pesach. For the first twelve days of the month, we follow the custom of reciting the Torah passages describing the sacrifices which the Nesi’im (tribal leaders) offered on these dates at the time the Sanctuary was dedicated in the desert.
    [Show full text]
  • Synagogue – Service on Shabbat
    Synagogue – service on Shabbat Communal prayers – time to come together with God. Shabbat based on Commandment: ‘remember the Sabbath’ Friday night Saturday morning/afternoon Shema Prayers – include Shema, Amidah, reading from the Torah, sermon from Rabbi, use SIDDUR Amidah (order of service) ‘Keep Sabbath holy..’ Commandment Siddur Orthodox – Reform – Service in Hebrew Use own language + Hebrew Unaccompanied songs No reference to Messiah/resurrection Men and women apart Use instruments/recorded music Men and women together AMIDAH .. Core prayer of every Jewish service, it means STANDING 18 blessings Prayer is thePraise bridge God between man and God Prayer daily part of life – Shema Praise/thanksgiving/requestsRequests from God Thanksgiving Recited silently + read by rabbi At the end take 3 steps back /forward (Reform don’t do). Symbolise Whole volume in TALMUD aboutwithdrawing prayer: from God’s presence... BERAKHOT 39 categories of not working – include no SHABBAT: Importantcooking = What happens? ONLY PIKUACH NEFESH = save a 1. Celebrates God’s Prepare home – clean/cook life work can be doneBegins 18 mins before creation (Gen OrthodoxIn don't drive, sunset (Fri) the beginning ..)live near synagogue – Mother lights two candles – Reform do drive have 2. Time of spiritual Shekinah car parks renewal – family Blessing over a loaf Best food served, time Kiddush prayer over wine best crockery, food (‘Blessed are you our God..’ pre-prepared. 3. It is one of the Attend synagogue (Sat) Ten Orthodox follow rules literally – electric Havdalah candle lit – ends CommandmentslightsIs this on timers out of date?Shabbat, holy and world are (keep it holy) Non-orthodox it’s not mixed.
    [Show full text]
  • Is There an Authentic Triennial Cycle of Torah Readings? RABBI LIONEL E
    Is there an Authentic Triennial Cycle of Torah Readings? RABBI LIONEL E. MOSES This paper is an appendix to the paper "Annual and Triennial Systems For Reading The Torah" by Rabbi Elliot Dorff, and was approved together with it on April 29, 1987 by a vote of seven in favor, four opposed, and two abstaining. Members voting in favor: Rabbis Isidoro Aizenberg, Ben Zion Bergman, Elliot N. Dorff, Richard L. Eisenberg, Mayer E. Rabinowitz, Seymour Siegel and Gordon Tucker. Members voting in opposition: Rabbis David H. Lincoln, Lionel E. Moses, Joel Roth and Steven Saltzman. Members abstaining: Rabbis David M. Feldman and George Pollak. Abstract In light of questions addressed to the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards from as early as 1961 and the preliminary answers given to these queries by the committee (Section I), this paper endeavors to review the sources (Section II), both talmudic and post-talmudic (Section Ila) and manuscript lists of sedarim (Section lib) to set the triennial cycle in its historical perspective. Section III of the paper establishes a list of seven halakhic parameters, based on Mishnah and Tosefta,for the reading of the Torah. The parameters are limited to these two authentically Palestinian sources because all data for a triennial cycle is Palestinian in origin and predates even the earliest post-Geonic law codices. It would thus be unfair, to say nothing of impossible, to try to fit a Palestinian triennial reading cycle to halakhic parameters which were both later in origin and developed outside its geographical sphere of influence. Finally in Section IV, six questions are asked regarding the institution of a triennial cycle in our day and in a short postscript, several desiderata are listed in order to put such a cycle into practice today.
    [Show full text]
  • This Week at YICC Shemini Atzeret & Simchat Torah
    October 9th-16th, 2020 • Tishrei 21-28, 5781 This Week At YICC Shemini Atzeret & Simchat Torah CHAG SAMEACH! Note: All Minyanim listed below will take place in our Shul’s backyard HALAKHIC CORNER - Shemini Azeret HOSHANA RABBA, Friday, October 9 Shacharit ..................................... 5:45/7:30/9:15 am • On Shemini Atzeret, the Halakha requires that one eat Candles ................................................. 5:14- 6:08 pm both dinner and lunch in the Sukkah. One, however, does Mincha ........................................................... 6:15pm not recite the blessing of “Leshev B’Sukkah” on Shemini Atzeret. SHEMINI ATZERET, Shabbat, October 10 • One recites the blessing of “Shehecheyanu” at Kiddush on Shacharit ................................................... 6:45/8:45 am Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah nights because they Yizkor & Tefilat Geshem are considered separate festivals, unlike the last days of Mincha ................................................................ 6:05 pm Pesach, which are the conclusion of the same holiday. Shiur by Jeff Astrof Maariv ................................................................ 7:10 pm Candles ................................................ after 7:10 pm SIMCHAT TORAH, Sunday, October 11 Shacharit & Hakafot ............................. 7:00/8:45 am TIME TO PLEASE RETURN Mincha .......................................................... 6:10 pm YICC’S HIGH HOLIDAY MAHZORIM Shiur by: Rabbi James Proops Maariv ..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • What Sugyot Should an Educated Jew Know?
    What Sugyot Should An Educated Jew Know? Jon A. Levisohn Updated: May, 2009 What are the Talmudic sugyot (topics or discussions) that every educated Jew ought to know, the most famous or significant Talmudic discussions? Beginning in the fall of 2008, about 25 responses to this question were collected: some formal Top Ten lists, many informal nominations, and some recommendations for further reading. Setting aside the recommendations for further reading, 82 sugyot were mentioned, with (only!) 16 of them duplicates, leaving 66 distinct nominated sugyot. This is hardly a Top Ten list; while twelve sugyot received multiple nominations, the methodology does not generate any confidence in a differentiation between these and the others. And the criteria clearly range widely, with the result that the nominees include both aggadic and halakhic sugyot, and sugyot chosen for their theological and ideological significance, their contemporary practical significance, or their centrality in discussions among commentators. Or in some cases, perhaps simply their idiosyncrasy. Presumably because of the way the question was framed, they are all sugyot in the Babylonian Talmud (although one response did point to texts in Sefer ha-Aggadah). Furthermore, the framing of the question tended to generate sugyot in the sense of specific texts, rather than sugyot in the sense of centrally important rabbinic concepts; in cases of the latter, the cited text is sometimes the locus classicus but sometimes just one of many. Consider, for example, mitzvot aseh she-ha-zeman gerama (time-bound positive mitzvoth, no. 38). The resulting list is quite obviously the product of a committee, via a process of addition without subtraction or prioritization.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Observance of Mourning
    A GUIDE TO THE OBSERVANCE OF MOURNING (This is a general guide only. For details, consult your rabbi.) Who is a mourner? We are obliged to mourn for a father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister (including half- brother and half-sister), husband or wife. Males from the age of thirteen years and females the age of twelve years should observe the laws of mourning. While one is permitted to observe mourning rites for others, those who wish to do so should consult their rabbi. Between death and burial During the period between death and burial the mourn known as an omen . The onen is obligated to arrange for the funeral and burial of the dead. In recognition of this obligation and of the mourner's fragile state of mind at this time, the onen is exempt from fulfilling certain other religious duties such as reciting prayers or putting on tefillin, and is not called to the Torah. On Shabbat or a Festival, however, an onen may attend services. Mourner's Kaddish The Kaddish is generally thought of as a prayer for the dead, but it does not mention death or the dead. Reciting Mourner's Kaddish is an act of faith, expressing hope in presence of grief. We praise God with the words of Kaddish, accepting God's sovereignty and affirming life in world. In Jewish tradition, this takes place in public assembly. Thus the Kaddish is recited only in the presence of a minyan. The Mourner's Kaddish is recited for one's parents for eleven months (in some communities for twelve months), counting First and Second Adar, in a leap year, as two separate months.
    [Show full text]