27 | Introduction to Animal Diversity 719 27 | INTRODUCTION to ANIMAL DIVERSITY
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Dirofilaria Repens Nematode Infection with Microfilaremia in Traveler Returning to Belgium from Senegal
RESEARCH LETTERS 6. Sohan K, Cyrus CA. Ultrasonographic observations of the fetal We report human infection with a Dirofilaria repens nema- brain in the first 100 pregnant women with Zika virus infection in tode likely acquired in Senegal. An adult worm was extract- Trinidad and Tobago. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2017;139:278–83. ed from the right conjunctiva of the case-patient, and blood http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12313 7. Parra-Saavedra M, Reefhuis J, Piraquive JP, Gilboa SM, microfilariae were detected, which led to an initial misdiag- Badell ML, Moore CA, et al. Serial head and brain imaging nosis of loiasis. We also observed the complete life cycle of of 17 fetuses with confirmed Zika virus infection in Colombia, a D. repens nematode in this patient. South America. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130:207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002105 8. Kleber de Oliveira W, Cortez-Escalante J, De Oliveira WT, n October 14, 2016, a 76-year-old man from Belgium do Carmo GM, Henriques CM, Coelho GE, et al. Increase in Owas referred to the travel clinic at the Institute of Trop- reported prevalence of microcephaly in infants born to women ical Medicine (Antwerp, Belgium) because of suspected living in areas with confirmed Zika virus transmission during the first trimester of pregnancy—Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb loiasis after a worm had been extracted from his right con- Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:242–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/ junctiva in another hospital. Apart from stable, treated arte- mmwr.mm6509e2 rial hypertension and non–insulin-dependent diabetes, he 9. -
Tropical Marine Invertebrates CAS BI 569 Phylum Echinodermata by J
Tropical Marine Invertebrates CAS BI 569 Phylum Echinodermata by J. R. Finnerty Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Onychophora Mollusca Echinodermata *Nematoda *Platyhelminthes Acoelomorpha Calcispongia Silicispongiae PROTOSTOMIA Phylum Phylum Phylum CHORDATA ECHINODERMATA HEMICHORDATA Blastopore -> anus Radial / equal cleavage Coelom forms by enterocoely ! Protostome = blastopore contributes to the mouth blastopore mouth anus ! Deuterostome = blastopore becomes anus blastopore anus mouth Halocynthia, a tunicate (Urochordata) Coelom Formation Protostomes: Schizocoely Deuterostomes: Enterocoely Enterocoely in a sea star Axocoel (protocoel) Gives rise to small portion of water vascular system. Hydrocoel (mesocoel) Gives rise to water vascular system. Somatocoel (metacoel) Gives rise to lining of adult body cavity. Echinoderm Metamorphosis ECHINODERM FEATURES Water vascular system and tube feet Pentaradial symmetry Coelom formation by enterocoely Water Vascular System Tube Foot Tube Foot Locomotion ECHINODERM DIVERSITY Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Holothuroidea Echinoidea “sea lilies” “sea stars” “brittle stars” “sea cucumbers” “urchins, sand dollars” Group Form & Habit Habitat Ossicles Feeding Special Characteristics Crinoids 5-200 arms, stalked epifaunal Internal skeleton suspension mouth upward; mucous & Of each arm feeders secreting glands on sessile podia Ophiuroids usually 5 thin arms, epifaunal ossicles in arms deposit feeders act and appear like vertebrae -
Tropical Marine Invertebrates CAS BI 569 Major Animal Characters Part 2 — Adult Bodyplan Features by J
Tropical Marine Invertebrates CAS BI 569 Major Animal Characters Part 2 — Adult Bodyplan Features by J. R. Finnerty Metazoan Characters Part II. Adult Body Plan Features CHARACTER states EPITHELIUM: present; absent; BODY LAYERS: diploblastic; triploblastic BODY CAVITIES: precoelomate; acoelomate; pseudocoelomate; eucoelomate; GUT: absent; blind sac; through-gut; SYMMETRY: asymmetrical; radial; bi-radial; bilateral; pentaradial SKELETON: “spicules;” “bones;” hydrostat; exoskeleton EPITHELIUM Sheet of cells that lines body cavities or covers outer body surfaces. E.g., skin, gut lining Creates extracellular compartments four key characteristics: 1.continuous — uninterrupted layer 2. intercellular junctions cell 3. polarity (apical vs. basal) 4. basal lamina (extracellular matrix on which basal cell surface rests; collagen secreted by cells) Ruppert et al., Figure 6.1 3 Body Layers (Germ Layers) Germ layers form during gastrulation ectoderm blastocoel blastocoel endoderm gut blastoderm BLASTULA blastopore 4 Diploblastic Condition Two germ layers, endoderm & ectoderm blastocoel blastocoel endoderm gut gut ectoderm ectoderm 5 Triploblastic Condition Three germ layers, endoderm, ectoderm, & mesoderm. blastocoel gut ectoderm Body Cavities I. Blastocoel the central cavity in the hollow blastula the 1st body cavity II. Archenteron “primitive gut” opens to the outside via the blastopore lined by endoderm III. Coelom cavity entirely lined by mesoderm A pseudocoelom is only partially lined by mesoderm. It may represent a persistent blastocoel. Character -
Facts About Wildlife Diseases: Raccoon-Borne Pathogens of Importance to Humans—Parasites1 Caitlin Jarvis and Mathieu Basille2
WEC434 Facts about Wildlife Diseases: Raccoon-Borne Pathogens of Importance to Humans—Parasites1 Caitlin Jarvis and Mathieu Basille2 Northern raccoons (Procyon lotor, Figure 1) can carry many diseases that present significant health hazards to both people and pets. Some of these diseases are asymp- tomatic, showing no signs of infection, and often do not affect raccoons, but can still be passed on and deadly to other animals, including humans. Because it is not possible to be certain if a wild animal is sick, it is safer to consider the animal a hazard and avoid it. Contact animal control or a wildlife rehabilitator if you suspect an animal is sick or behaving abnormally (contact details for Florida wildlife rehabilitators can be found on the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission website). Sick wild animals can act tame and confused but should never be approached as if they are domesticated. They are still wild animals that Figure 1. A juvenile raccoon in a tree in Broward County, south Florida. will likely see you as a threat, and can act aggressively. Credits: Mathieu Basille, UF/IFAS Due to their successful adaptation to urban environments, it is common for raccoons to come into contact with Internal Parasites humans. This document is part of a series addressing health Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon hazards associated with raccoons and specifically describes important internal and external parasites. Information on roundworm) raccoon-borne viruses and bacteria, as well as more details Baylisascaris procyonis, known as the raccoon roundworm about the raccoon roundworm Baylisascaris procyonis, can (Figure 2), is a nematode in the family Ascarididae that be found in other documents of this series. -
Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Infection in Cats
Current Feline Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) Infection in Cats Thank You to Our Generous Sponsors: Printed with an Education Grant from IDEXX Laboratories. Photomicrographs courtesy of Bayer HealthCare. © 2014 American Heartworm Society | PO Box 8266 | Wilmington, DE 19803-8266 | E-mail: [email protected] Current Feline Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) Infection in Cats (revised October 2014) CONTENTS Click on the links below to navigate to each section. Preamble .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 EPIDEMIOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 1. Urban heat island profile. BIOLOGY OF FELINE HEARTWORM INFECTION .................................................................................................. 3 Figure 2. The heartworm life cycle. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF FELINE HEARTWORM DISEASE ................................................................................... 5 Figure 3. Microscopic lesions of HARD in the small pulmonary arterioles. Figure 4. Microscopic lesions of HARD in the alveoli. PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Clinical -
Late Precambrian Bilaterians: Grades and Clades JAMES W
Proc. Natd. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91, pp. 6751-6757, July 1994 Colloquium Paper Ths par was presented at a colloquium eniled "Tempo and Mode in Evolution" organized by Walter M. Fitch and Francisco J. Ayala, held January 27-29, 1994, by the National Academy of Sciences, in Irvine, CA. Late Precambrian bilaterians: Grades and clades JAMES W. VALENTINE Museum of Paleontology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 ABSTRACT A broad variety of body plans and subplans decades have witnessed intense work on the early faunas, appear during a period of perhaps 8 million years (my) within and during most of that time the base of the Tommotian has the Early Cambrian, an unequaled explosion of morphological been taken as the base ofthe Cambrian. However, within the novelty, the ancestral l es represented chiefly or entirely by last few years new criteria have been developed and now the trace fossils. Evidence from the fossil record can be combined lowest Cambrian boundary is commonly based on the earliest with that from molecular phylogenetic trees to suggest that the appearance of the trace fossil Phycodes pedum (see ref. 9). lastcommon ancestor of(i) protostomes and deuterostomes was Choosing this boundary has lowered the base of the Cam- a roundish worm with a blood vascular system and (ii) of brian, enlarging that Period by about one half(Fig. 2). Despite arthropods and annelids was similar, with a hydrostatic hemo- this expansion of the Cambrian, new absolute age estimates coed; these forms are probably among trace makers of the late have caused the length of time believed to be available for the Precambrian. -
FISH310: Biology of Shellfishes
FISH310: Biology of Shellfishes Lecture Slides #3 Phylogeny and Taxonomy sorting organisms How do we classify animals? Taxonomy: naming Systematics: working out relationships among organisms Classification • All classification schemes are, in part, artificial to impose order (need to start some where using some information) – Cell number: • Acellular, One cell (_________), or More than one cell (metazoa) – Metazoa: multicellular, usu 2N, develop from blastula – Body Symmetry – Developmental Pattern (Embryology) – Evolutionary Relationship Animal Kingdom Eumetazoa: true animals Corals Anemones Parazoa: no tissues Body Symmetry • Radial symmetry • Phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora • Known as Radiata • Any cut through center ! 2 ~ “mirror” pieces • Bilateral symmetry • Other phyla • Bilateria • Cut longitudinally to achieve mirror halves • Dorsal and ventral sides • Anterior and posterior ends • Cephalization and central nervous system • Left and right sides • Asymmetry uncommon (Porifera) Form and Life Style • The symmetry of an animal generally fits its lifestyle • Sessile or planktonic organisms often have radial symmetry • Highest survival when meet the environment equally well from all sides • Actively moving animals have bilateral symmetry • Head end is usually first to encounter food, danger, and other stimuli Developmental Pattern • Metazoa divided into two groups based on number of germ layers formed during embryogenesis – differs between radiata and bilateria • Diploblastic • Triploblastic Developmental Pattern.. • Radiata are diploblastic: two germ layers • Ectoderm, becomes the outer covering and, in some phyla, the central nervous system • Endoderm lines the developing digestive tube, or archenteron, becomes the lining of the digestive tract and organs derived from it, such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates Diploblastic http://faculty.mccfl.edu/rizkf/OCE1001/Images/cnidaria1.jpg Developmental Pattern…. -
Cellular and Molecular Processes Leading to Embryo Formation In
Cellular and molecular processes leading to embryo formation in sponges: evidences for high conservation of processes throughout animal evolution Alexander Ereskovsky, Emmanuelle Renard, Carole Borchiellini To cite this version: Alexander Ereskovsky, Emmanuelle Renard, Carole Borchiellini. Cellular and molecular processes leading to embryo formation in sponges: evidences for high conservation of processes through- out animal evolution. Development Genes and Evolution, Springer Verlag, 2013, 223, pp.5 - 22. 10.1007/s00427-012-0399-3. hal-01456624 HAL Id: hal-01456624 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01456624 Submitted on 5 Feb 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Author's personal copy Dev Genes Evol (2013) 223:5–22 DOI 10.1007/s00427-012-0399-3 REVIEW Cellular and molecular processes leading to embryo formation in sponges: evidences for high conservation of processes throughout animal evolution Alexander V. Ereskovsky & Emmanuelle Renard & Carole Borchiellini Received: 20 December 2011 /Accepted: 26 March 2012 /Published online: 29 April 2012 # Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract The emergence of multicellularity is regarded as metamorphosis. Thus, sponges can provide information en- one of the major evolutionary events of life. This transition abling us to better understand early animal evolution at the unicellularity/pluricellularity was acquired independently molecular level but also at the cell/cell layer level. -
Zoonotic Nematodes of Wild Carnivores
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2019 Zoonotic nematodes of wild carnivores Otranto, Domenico ; Deplazes, Peter Abstract: For a long time, wildlife carnivores have been disregarded for their potential in transmitting zoonotic nematodes. However, human activities and politics (e.g., fragmentation of the environment, land use, recycling in urban settings) have consistently favoured the encroachment of urban areas upon wild environments, ultimately causing alteration of many ecosystems with changes in the composition of the wild fauna and destruction of boundaries between domestic and wild environments. Therefore, the exchange of parasites from wild to domestic carnivores and vice versa have enhanced the public health relevance of wild carnivores and their potential impact in the epidemiology of many zoonotic parasitic diseases. The risk of transmission of zoonotic nematodes from wild carnivores to humans via food, water and soil (e.g., genera Ancylostoma, Baylisascaris, Capillaria, Uncinaria, Strongyloides, Toxocara, Trichinella) or arthropod vectors (e.g., genera Dirofilaria spp., Onchocerca spp., Thelazia spp.) and the emergence, re-emergence or the decreasing trend of selected infections is herein discussed. In addition, the reasons for limited scientific information about some parasites of zoonotic concern have been examined. A correct compromise between conservation of wild carnivores and risk of introduction and spreading of parasites of public health concern is discussed in order to adequately manage the risk of zoonotic nematodes of wild carnivores in line with the ’One Health’ approach. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.12.011 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-175913 Journal Article Published Version The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. -
Chaetognatha: a Phylum of Uncertain Affinity Allison Katter, Elizabeth Moshier, Leslie Schwartz
Chaetognatha: A Phylum of Uncertain Affinity Allison Katter, Elizabeth Moshier, Leslie Schwartz What are Chaetognaths? Chaetognaths are in a separate Phylum by themselves (~100 species). They are carnivorous marine invertebrates ranging in size from 2-120 mm. There are also known as “Arrow worms,” “Glass worms,” and “Tigers of the zooplankton.” Characterized by a slender transparent body, relatively large caudal fins, and anterior spines on either side of the mouth, these voracious meat-eaters catch large numbers of copepods, swallowing them whole. Their torpedo-like body shape allows them to move quickly through the water, and the large spines around their mouth helps them grab and restrain their prey. Chaetognaths alternate between swimming and floating. The fins along their body are not used to swim, but rather to help them float. A Phylogenetic mystery: The affinities of the chaetognaths have long been debated, and present day workers are far from reaching any consensus of opinion. Problems arise because of the lack of morphological and physiological diversity within the group. In addition, no unambiguous chaetognaths are preserved as fossils, so nothing about this groups evolutionary origins can be learned from the fossil record. During the past 100 years, many attempts have been made to ally the arrow worms to a bewildering variety of taxa. Proposed relatives have included nematodes, mollusks, various arthropods, rotifers, and chordates. Our objective is to analyze the current views regarding “arrow worm” phylogeny and best place them in the invertebrate cladogram of life. Phylogeny Based on Embryology and Ultrastructure Casanova (1987) discusses the possibility that the Hyman, Ducret, and Ghirardelli have concluded chaetognaths are derived from within the mollusks. -
The Invasion and Encapsulation of the Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema Abbasi, in Aedes Albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae
insects Article The Invasion and Encapsulation of the Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema abbasi, in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae 1, , 1, 1 2 1, Wei-Ting Liu y z , Tien-Lai Chen y, Roger F. Hou , Cheng-Chen Chen and Wu-Chun Tu * 1 Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; [email protected] (W.-T.L.); [email protected] (T.-L.C.); [email protected] (R.F.H.) 2 Department of Tropical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Contributed equally to this paper. y Present address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, z Taipei 112, Taiwan. Received: 25 October 2020; Accepted: 24 November 2020; Published: 26 November 2020 Simple Summary: The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is widely considered to be one of the most dangerous vectors transmitting human diseases. Meanwhile, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been applied for controlling insect pests of agricultural and public health importance for years. However, infection of mosquitoes with the infective juveniles (IJs) of terrestrial-living EPNs when released to aquatic habitats needs further investigated. In this study, we observed that a Taiwanese isolate of EPN, Steinernema abbasi, could invade through oral route and then puncture the wall of gastric caecum to enter the body cavity of Ae. albopictus larvae. The nematode could complete infection of mosquitoes by inserting directly into trumpet, the intersegmental membrane of the cuticle, and the basement of the paddle of pupae. After inoculation of mosquito larvae with nematode suspensions, the invading IJs in the hemocoel were melanized and encapsulated and only a few larvae were able to survive to adult emergence. -
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Dirofilaria Immitis Infection in Dogs in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria Christopher Igoche Ogbaje and Abel-Danjuma
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research ISSN 2311-7710 (Electronic) http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c170 December 2016 A periodical of the Network for the Veterinarians of Bangladesh (BDvetNET) Vol 3 No 4, Pages 338-344. Original Article Prevalence and risk factors associated with Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria Christopher Igoche Ogbaje and Abel-Danjuma • Received: July 20, 2016 • Revised: Sep 5, 2016 • Accepted: Sep 27, 2016 • Published Online: Oct 3, 2016 AFFILIATIONS ABSTRACT Christopher Igoche Ogbaje Objective: This study was designed to assess the prevalence and the associated Abel-Danjuma risk factors (e.g., sex, age, breed, management system and climate) of Dirofilaria Department of Veterinary Parasitology and immitis in dogs in Makurdi metropolis in Nigeria. Entomology, College of Veterinary Materials and methods: Prevalence study of canine heartworm disease in dogs Medicine, Federal University of was conducted over a period of six months covering five localities of Makurdi Agriculture, Makurdi. Benue State, metropolis in Benue State, Nigeria. A total of 186 blood samples were collected Nigeria. from apparently healthy and sick dogs, and the samples were examined for the presence of microfilaria between September 2015 and February 2016. Three methods (wet mount, Buffy coat and modified Knott’s techniques) were used for the examination of the samples. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and complete blood count for each sample were also determined. Results: Out of the 186 dogs, 4 (2.15%) were found to be positive for the presence of microfilaria. Out of the 4 positive cases, 3 (1.61%) were microfilaria and 1 (0.54%) was unidentified motile parasite.