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The Sodar As a Screening Instrument

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The Sodar As a Screening Instrument UPTEC W10 012 Examensarbete 30 hp Maj 2010 The sodar as a screening instrument Comparison with cup anemometer measurements and long-term correction studies Anders Nilsson ABSTRACT The sodar as a screening instrument - Comparison with cup anemometer measure- ments and long-term correction studies Anders Nilsson A site assessment including wind measurements is of major importance when planning a wind farm. Small differences in wind speed can determine if a project will be eco- nomically viable since the power in the wind is proportional to the cube of the wind speed. It is also important to have knowledge about the long-term wind climate since the technical lifetime of a wind turbine is about 20 - 25 years. Traditionally, masts mounted with cup anemometers and wind wanes have been used for wind measurements during site assessments. However, an instrument called sodar which measures the wind based on sound waves has entered the market some years ago and offers some advantages in terms of e.g. mobility compared to the mast equipped with cup anemometers and wind vanes. Since the sodar is a relatively new instrument in the wind energy business, it is important to gain knowledge on how the instrument operates and its performance. To do that, sodar measurements have been compared to wind measurements performed by a cup anemometer and a wind vane. In order to estimate the long-term wind climate at a site, a long-term calculation is performed based on short-term measurements from the site and a long-term reference wind data. At least one year of wind measurements at the site are needed in order to obtain a valid result from the calculation. However, for an early evaluation of a site it is desirable to measure the wind for a shorter period of time. Therefore, it has been studied in this thesis how the result of the long-term correction depends on the length of the site measurement period. The seasonal impact on the results has also been studied to distinguish what season is the most suitable for short measurements. According to the results, the measurements performed by the sodar used in this study are as valid as those performed by the cup anemometer and the wind vane. Considering the advantages with the sodar compared to the mast equipped with cup anemometers and wind vanes, the sodar is the preferable choice. The results from the long-term correction calculations improve most rapidly during the first four months of measurements. It is therefore important to measure the wind for at least four months. Best results are obtained when the measurements are performed during the spring and the autumn compared to the summer and the winter. Keywords: Sodar, long-term correction, wind measurement, wind power Department of Earth Sciences, Program for Air, Water and Landscape Science. Uppsala University. Geocentrum, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 UPPSALA ISSN 1401-5765 i REFERAT Sodar som ett screeninginstrument - Jämförelse mot mätningar med skålkorsane- mometer och studier av långtidskorrigeringar. Anders Nilsson En platsbedömning innehållande vindmätningar är en mycket viktig del i projekteringen av en vindkraftspark. Eftersom effekten i vinden är proportionell mot vindhastigheten i kubik kan små variationer i vindhastighet avgöra om ett projekt blir ekonomiskt håll- bart. Det är också viktigt att ha kunskap om det långsiktiga vindklimatet då ett vind- kraftverks tekniska livslängd är 20 - 25 år. Traditionellt sett har mätmaster utrustade med skålkorsanemometrar och vindfanor använts för att mäta vinden vid platsbedömningar. För några år sedan har dock ett mätinstrument som kallas sodar slagit sig in på marknaden. Detta instrument använder en teknik som bygger på ljudvågor och erbjuder fördelar i t.ex. mobilitet jämfört med mätmasten utrustad med skålkorsanemometrar och vindfanor. Då sodar är ett relativt nytt instrument i vindkraftsbranschen är det viktigt att skaffa sig kunskap om hur instrumentet fungerar och vilken prestanda det har. Av denna anledning har vindmät- ningar med sodar jämförts med vindmätningar gjorda med skålkorsanemometer och vindfana. För att uppskatta det långsiktiga vindklimatet på en plats utförs en långtidskorrigering baserad på kortidsmätningar från den aktuella platsen och vinddata från en längre tids- period. Det krävs minst ett års vindmätningar från platsen för att erhålla säkra resultat från långtidskorrigeringen, men för en tidig utvärdering är det önskvärt att mäta vinden under en kortare period. Därmed har det i denna rapport studerats hur resultatet av en långtidskorrektion beror av längden på mätperioden. Det har också studerats om det finns ett årstidsberoende i resultatet som kan visa på vilken årstid som är mest lämpad för korta mätningar. Enligt resultaten håller vindmätningar utförda med den sodar som användes i denna rapport lika hög prestanda som vindmätningar utförda med skålkorsanemometer och vindfana. En sodar är då att föredra framför en mast utrustad med skålkorsanemometer och vindfana med tanke på sodarinstrumentets praktiska fördelar. Resultaten av långtidskorrektionerna förbättras markant under de fyra första månaderna av mätningar vilket innebär att det är viktigt att mäta vinden i minst fyra månader. Bäst resultat erhålls då mätningarna utförs under vår och höst jämfört med under sommar och vinter. Nyckelord: Sodar, långtidskorrektion, vindmätning, vindkraft Institutionen för geovetenskaper, Luft- vatten- och landskapslära. Uppsala universitet Geocentrum, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 UPPSALA ISSN 1401-5765 ii PREFACE This Master Thesis was performed at Nordex Sverige AB as a completion of the Aquatic and Environmental Engineering program at Uppsala University. The thesis comprises 30 ECTS. Supervisor was Kristian Baurne, Project Engineer at Nordex Sverige AB and subject reviewer was Hans Bergström, PhD in meteorology at the Department of Earth Science, Air, Water and Landscape Science, Uppsala University. I would like to thank the team at Nordex Sverige AB for the good time at their office and Michael Henriksson for providing me with this opportunity. Special thanks to Kristian Baurne for excellent supervision and all the effort he has put in to my work. I would also like to thank Hans Bergström, Mats Hurtig at AQSystem, Niklas Sondell at Storm Weather Center, Frank Gross at Nordex Energy GmBH and Barry Neal at Atmospheric Research & Technology, LLC, Hawaii for providing me with information and valuable input. Finally, I would like to thank Beau Boekhout for many laughs at the office and for proofreading of this report. Uppsala 2010 Anders Nilsson Copyright © Anders Nilsson and Department of Earth Sciences, Air, Water and Landscape Science, Uppsala University UPTEC W10 012, ISSN 1401‐5765 Printed at the Department of Earth Sciences, Geotryckeriet, Uppsala University, Uppsala 2010 iii POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING Sodar som ett screeninginstrument - Jämförelse mot mätningar med skålkorsane- mometer och studier av långtidskorrigeringar. Anders Nilsson Vindkraft är en förnyelsebar energikälla där den kinetiska energin i vinden omvandlas till elektricitet. 2008 var Sveriges årliga produktion av elektricitet från vindkraft är 1,6 TWh men regeringen har som mål med vindkraft att årligen producera 30 TWh år 2020. Detta innebär att det planeras för en omfattande utbyggnad av vindkraften i Sverige. När en vindkraftspark skall byggas är det viktigt att en utförlig platsbedömning genom- förs. Denna platsbedömning består av allt från att beräkna ljudutbredning från verken till att inventera fåglar och fladdermöss, men framförallt utförs vindmätningar för att kunna beräkna hur mycket energi det går att få ut från den aktuella platsen. Om det inte blåser tillräckligt mycket på den tänkta platsen är det ingen idé att bygga några vindkraftverk då det inte kommer att vara ekonomiskt lönsamt. Eftersom vindkraftverk har en livstid på 20 – 25 år är det viktigt att ha kännedom om det långsiktiga vindklimatet då detta kan ändras mycket från år till år. Vindmätningar har traditionellt sett utförts med mätmaster utrustade med skålkorsane- mometrar och vindfanor på olika höjder. Nackdelen med denna metod är att den prak- tiskt sett inte är mobil för att flyttas till en annan plats samt att den enbart ger uppgifter om vindhastighet och vindriktning på de höjder som det finns mätutrustning på. Ett nytt sätt att utvärdera vindklimatet på en plats är att använda en sodar. Sodar står för Sound Detecting and Ranging och mäter vindhastighet och vindriktning genom att skicka ut ljudpulser och analysera de mottagna ekona. Denna metod erbjuder en del fördelar jämfört med det traditionella sättet att mäta vind på, bl.a. en vindprofil upp till 200 m med ett värde för hastighet och riktning var femte meter. Eftersom en sodar ryms på en släpvagn är den även mobil och kan lätt flyttas mellan olika platser. Då det är otänkbart att mäta vinden under 20 – 25 år för att få kunskap om det lång- siktiga vindklimatet på en plats utförs en så kallad långtidskorrigering av vinddata. I en långtidskorrigering kombineras vindmätningen från den tänkta platsen med en vind- referens som t.ex. kan vara en närliggande vindmätning som pågått under längre tid. På så sätt kan man uppskatta det långsiktiga vindklimatet för en viss plats utan att mäta vinden för hela den tiden. Fördelarna med sodar gör instrumentet till ett intressant alternativ, men eftersom tekniken är relativt ny i vindkraftssammanhang är det viktigt att lära sig hur instru- mentet fungerar och att undersöka dess prestanda. I den här rapporten har detta gjorts genom att studera litteratur om sodarteknik och genom att jämföra vindmätningar utförda med sodar och med skålkorsanemometer samt vindfana monterade på en mät- mast. Jämförelsen har skett på tre platser och de faktorer som har jämförts är vind- hastighet, vindriktning, samt i viss mån turbulens. iv För att erhålla säkra resultat av en långtidskorrektion måste mätperioden på platsen vara minst ett år lång. Det är däremot önskvärt att få en tidigare uppfattning om vindklimatet på platsen utan ett behöva vänta på mätningar i ett år. Med hjälp av en tidig uppskatt- ning av vindklimatet kan en bedömning göras om det är lönt att fortsätta med projekt.
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