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Augustinian Recollect Legacies to Arts and Culture in the Philippines

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Augustinian Recollect Legacies to Arts and Culture in the Philippines Augustinian Recollect Legacy to Arts and Culture PROLOGUE: The Augustinian Recollect priest of yore1 An Augustinian Recollect priest assigned to remote parishes and mission stations in the Philippines of the past centuries, even late into the tumultuous 19th century, was fully cognizant that his pastoral work was no easy job. Proficient in the native language of his parish, he was not merely at the forefront of the evangelization task. He was not just a minister of God, who took care of the spiritual and sacramental needs of his flock. He was, first and foremost, a community builder. In many cases, the priest was tasked to set up towns, build roads and bridges, supervise the construction of churches, rectories and parochial schools in those sparsely populated territories, isolated islands or poverty-stricken mission stations. He even constructed markets, cemeteries and stone stairways leading to church edifices on elevated land. In the early decades of colonization, oftentimes the Recollect priest constructed stone forts, watchtowers, palisades and fortress-like temples to defend his parishioners from Moro surprise raids. Such mission territories were precisely the lot of the Order of Augustinian Recollects in the colonial Philippines. From the Iberian Peninsula through Mexico they came in 1606, the last of the religious orders to evangelize the Spanish colony. On the whole, Augustinian Recollect missionaries—Italian, Mexican, Portuguese, Spanish peninsular, insular or creole—were dispatched to far- flung territories in Mindanao, Camiguin, Dinagat, Sorsogon, Siargao, Zambales, Bataan, Calamianes, Palawan, Cuyo, Sibuyan, Tarlac, Siquijor, Negros and Bohol. They further received missions and parishes in islands of Masbate, Romblon, Marinduque, Tablas, Aurora and Mindoro. A big number of them were likewise sent to the Marianas Islands, part of colonial Philippines, or to Japan where four priests and their convert Magdalena of Nagasaki, now patroness of Secular Augustinian Recollect Fraternity, received the palm of martyrdom. The five heroes of the Faith were raised to the altars of the universal Church for emulation and veneration by the faithful. Amid arduous and unselfish undertakings, the missionaries “suffered from hunger, thirst, heat, nakedness, privations of all kinds, solitude, illness which had put [them] at death’s door.” An Augustinian Recollect priest— 1 Emmanuel Luis A. ROMANILLOS, The Augustinian Recollect parish priest of yore, in The Recoletos Observer, vol. 5, no. 1 (January-March 2004) 31-32. Blessed Vicente Soler (1867-1936)—once wrote a confrere, picturing for us what it meant to be a missionary and parish priest in colonial Philippines: To be a missionary in those places does not solely mean to be a father and pastor of that portion of the flock of Christ Jesus entrusted to him, to dispense the sacraments and to perform in a peaceful way the other religious duties. Most of all, it also means to seek the flock he has to civilize and Christianize in hardly accessible forest trails, in steep mountains, in the rugged rocky terrain; to be a missionary means to penetrate those lairs where human beings dwell in most abject degradation and misery, drawing them out of such pitiful predicament and bringing them to the settlement in order to teach them to live lives as rational beings; it means to set up towns, construct edifices, constitute authorities and teach those half-savage people how to duly perform the sacred duty. To be a missionary in those places is to live in total isolation from civilized world, cast away in an unknown island, surrounded by all kinds of privations and compelled to live among those poor natives for the sole aim of winning them for God.2 The missionary priest was an architect, an engineer, a financier and a work supervisor, all professions rolled into one. He supervised the construction of such infrastructure projects as bridges, roads and trails. Of recent memory were the hydraulic projects of Fernando Cuenca (1824-1902) for the development of the sugar industry in Negros and the lucrative business of tanning hides of carabaos, horses, cows, big bats introduced by Mariano Gutiérrez (†1855) in Bohol. How true then was Wenceslao Retana’s observation: “In a town where the friar was guardian of the faithful, it frequently happened that in his sermon he would mix lessons on agriculture, industry and trade.” We now quote Augustinian Recollect historian José Luis Sáenz-Olalde who bears out the cultural endeavors of his confreres in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. The erstwhile archivist of the Provincial Historical Archives of Marcilla, Navarra, Spain, further states that besides learning the different native languages of the Philippine archipelago […] the Augustinian Recollect missionaries […] have contributed with their scientific works to the development of philology, ethnology and historiography of the Islands. Grammars, dictionaries, sermon collections, catechisms, devotionaries, novenas, historical accounts, chronicles and 2 CONGREGATIO PRO CAUSIS SANCTORUM, Beatificationis seu declarationis martyrii Servorum Dei Vicentii Soler et VII Sociorum ex Ordine Augustinianorum Recollectorum Positio super Martyrio (Rome 1990) 25, footnote 49. 222 descriptions contribute for our researchers of today precious and indispensable materials.3 Sáenz then goes on to enumerate the myriad achievements and contributions to the sciences and culture in the Philippines, but not without first narrating the pastoral and social activities of the Augustinian Recollect Order in our country, like preaching the Gospel, foundation of towns, defensive actions against the Moro piratical raids, defense of the rights of Filipino natives, the construction and maintenance of over 200 churches, belfries, convents, forts, roads, bridges, and others. Schools The Augustinian Recollects, not unlike other religious orders in colonial Philippines, valued the Christian education of the youth and thus in the past they founded parochial schools. If they could not do the job themselves, they hired catechists to impart to the young minds the fundamental prayers and rudiments of the Christian faith. Catechumens, young and old, were prepared to receive the sacrament of baptism. Parochial schools were later set up for the teaching of reading, writing and arithmetic. The first formal experience of the Augustinian Recollects in the systematic education of young Filipinos was their administration of the diocesan seminary in Vigan, Ilocos Sur in 1882-1895. The opportunity came when Msgr. Mariano Cuartero (1830-1887), Bishop of Nueva Segovia (1874- 1887), invited them to Vigan. The prior provincial Father Juan Cruz Gómez (1835-1912) accepted the administration of the seminary. Toribio Moreno (1857-1896) and Luis Cabello (1858-1926) took charge of the Vigan seminary.4 In 1883 Celedonio Mateo (1857-1941) was the seminary rector and stayed in his post until 1895 with a total of eleven friars in the faculty. New subjects were added to the curricular requirements of Philosophy, Dogmatic Theology and Moral Theology, to wit: Catechism, Geography, Sacred History, Grammar, World History, Philippine History and History of Spain.5 The rector set up an elementary and high school within the seminary with government approval and official affiliation with the University of Manila. In 3 José Luis SÁENZ, Actividad pastoral, social y cultural de los agustinos recoletos en Filipinas, in Los agustinos recoletos ante la nueva evangelización (Madrid 1995) 246-306. Our quote is in page 295. The article was earlier published in Boletín de la Provincia de San Nicolás de Tolentino [BPSN] 82 (1992) 21-84 and in Recollectio 16 (1993) 249-306. 4 Manuel CARCELLER, Historia general de la Orden de Agustinos Recoletos XII (Madrid 1974) 440-442. 5 J. L. SÁENZ, 299-300. 223 1890, the rector in a letter to the provincial expressed the advantages of training Recollects specifically for the teaching profession. He saw in not a few parish priests the enthusiasm, talent and qualifications to become true scientists and research specialists. The student population in the Vigan school was over five hundred in that year. Despite the fine evaluation of the Recollect seminary teachers made by the new Dominican bishop José Hevía de Campomanes, the decision to pull out the Recollects from Vigan was firmed up in 1895 by the prior provincial Andrés Ferrero in order to set up their own school. Soon enough the government recognition was done in February 1896, and permit was issued to put up a school “under the protection of Saint Joseph, subject to the Royal and Pontifical University of Santo Tomas of this capital.” The prior provincial and his council favored Bacolod as the site of the new high school. Pedro Corro (1864-1934), the first rector, was joined by Francisco Sádaba (1871-1925) and Benito Gabasa (1870-?), former faculty members in Vigan. In June 1896 the school was inaugurated. About a hundred students were enrolled in the first months of the pioneering school. But the first Recollect-owned school did not last long: two years later, it closed its portals owing to the Philippine Revolution and the Spanish-American War.6 Today, the Province of Saint Ezekiel Moreno of the Order o Augustinian Recollects continues with this avowed task and commitment to the education of the youth. They now have eight schools in the Philippines, two of which are universities: Colegio de Santo Tomas-Recoletos in San Carlos City; Negros Occidental (founded in 1941); San Sebastian College-Recoletos,
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