Principles of Biblical Interpretation by Craig Wesley Rench

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Principles of Biblical Interpretation by Craig Wesley Rench Principles Of Biblical Interpretation by Craig Wesley Rench INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION SOME PERSONAL NOTES FROM THE PROFESSOR: I am incredibly excited about this class. I love teaching for the Anaheim District Ministerial Training Center. And I love teaching God’s Word. I am so blessed and so honored and so incredibly privileged to be teaching this particular class. Accurate Biblical Interpretation is so vital to preaching and pastoring the way the Lord wants us to … this is a foundational class that frames out everything we do as we handle God’s Word in our ministry for our Lord Jesus. This class is immeasurably important! Every sermon you will ever preach, every theology you will ever believe in, every Bible study you ever lead, and every Bible question you will ever attempt to answer will depend on your proper, accurate application of the principles of Bible Interpretation. What happens when a brain surgeon or a heart surgeon fails? … literally, people can die! And many do actually die. Those precious, incredibly gifted and unbelievably smart doctors better get it right. People’s lives literally depend on their accurate application of medical principles, knowledge and skills. Now, what happens when a pastor or Bible teacher fails? … people can die eternally the “second death.” (also known according to Revelation 20:14-15 as “the lake of fire.”) All false teaching … all heresies … all cults started with inaccurate, false Biblical interpretation! Many of these false teachers are truly sincere and they really are convinced that they interpreted the Bible correctly and that God Almighty is pleased with how they have handled God’s Word. But, they are sincerely … wrong! How many millions will spend eternity in the lake of fire © Craig Wesley Rench, 2018 Page !1 because they followed false teachers, heretics and cult leaders who thought that they knew what the Bible “really said?” I love teaching. I love teaching God’s Word. God has given me the gift of a tremendous passion for the Word of our Lord. I also know that whenever I teach a course like this that I am going to have the joy and blessing of learning a whole lot more than any student in the class! I have a lot to learn about interpreting God’s Word more accurately. I want to live out this verse: II Timothy 2:15 Study to show yourself approved unto God, a workman that doesn’t need to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth. I want to rightly “divide” God’s Word. I want to handle it right. I want to teach it well. I want the Lord to be pleased with how I reverently teach and preach His Word. Think about this, because we are teachers and preachers of God’s Word – you and I face a much stricter judgment on Judgment Day – (See James 3:1) When I stand before God I want to give a good account and I want to hear God say that I handled and interpreted and taught His eternal Word — right! I want Him to be proud of how I taught His Word to His precious people. To do that I need to have the Holy Spirit’s supernatural help! And I will also have to study just as II Timothy 2:15 says! I need the Spirit and I need to study! And I need to study right! This course will give you tools on how to “rightly divide the word of truth.” Following that great admonition from the Apostle Paul, in II Timothy 2:15 I want to: • Be “approved unto God” on Judgment Day – don’t you? • Be a faithful “workman” (that means that it will take “work” – doesn’t it?) • Never be ashamed of how I misinterpreted, mishandled, or misused God’s Word. • “Rightly divide the word of truth.” © Craig Wesley Rench, 2018 Page !2 More than any other class in the Ministerial Course of Study – this course will help you and give you the tools to correctly, properly, powerfully understand and declare the eternal truth of God’s Book. We all need this class … and many experienced preachers I know and love … need a refresher course that would remind them of these basic principles of Biblical Interpretation. I know that I need this class. I am looking forward to learning and re-learning these great principles. My love for God’s Word The Lord has blessed me with a great gift. And He will give you the same gift if you want it. It is yours for the asking. God has given me a powerful, overwhelming passion for His Word and a fervent desire to know it, understand it, love it, delight in it, teach it, preach it, follow it and obey it. Everything we can know about Jesus and His great gift of salvation comes to us through His Book – the Bible! I truly want to live out these verses spoken by our Lord Jesus: John 8:31 If you abide in My word, then you are truly disciples of Mine; John 15:7 If you abide in Me, and My words abide in you, ask whatever you wish, and it shall be done for you. I really want to abide in His Word and in Him and I want His Words to abide in me. Ask the Lord to give you a holy passion and a fervent desire and delight in His Word. Keep asking for this. Ask for this every day. Every time you pick up God’s Word tell the Lord that you delight in His Word and ask Him to help you delight in it more today than you ever have! God will answer this prayer! © Craig Wesley Rench, 2018 Page !3 Ask Him to give you an unquenchable thirst for His Word! Ask Him to help you with the Holy Spirit’s supernatural enabling to understand His Word and to be a “DO-ER” of His Word. (James 1:22-25) Ask Him to help you understand, apply and meditate on His Word. Ask Him to give you the daily blessings of prosperity (according to His terms) and success that He promises to all who will meditate on His Word day and night. (See: Psalm 1:1-3; Joshua 1:8; James 1:25) Determine to obey His Word as He breaks it open for you. Feed yourself daily on His Word. Soak in His Word. Marinate in His Word. Love His Word. Ask God if there is anything He wants to say to you today from His Word. Beg Him to help you to accurately, rightly and spiritually understand and interpret His Words found in His Book. God delights to answer this heart-felt, humble prayer. My bias regarding God’s Word Everybody has bias. Nobody is completely neutral and bias-free. The wise person recognizes and admits their biases. I want you to know my bias about God’s Word right up front. Here it is: I believe that God’s Word is totally true, accurate and complete. It is all true. It is truly God’s Word. It doesn’t just “contain God’s Word” … it is totally God’s Word. We don’t have to slice and dice God’s Word to try and figure out what part of it is true and what isn’t … it is all true! God supernaturally breathed His Word into the hearts of the writers of Scripture and then He superintended every word that they wrote down. His Spirit literally was concerned about every letter they wrote on their scrolls and parchments. Then, miraculously, the Lord protected His Word down through the centuries – until you and I could hold His Word in our hands. I believe that the most precious inanimate object (and yet it is “living”) that I can ever hold is a Bible! What an inestimable privilege it is to have our own personal copy of the eternal, living Word of God! Countless millions of God’s people never got to hold a copy of God’s Word in their own hands! Countless billions more … could not have read God’s Book even if they had been able to hold it in their hands – for they lived and died illiterate! What a blessing, what a gift, what a © Craig Wesley Rench, 2018 Page !4 joy, what a privilege it is to be able to read and own on our personal copy of God’s eternal Word! I love God’s Word. I know that I could spend the rest of my life studying God’s Word every waking moment – and I still would never fully understand it. I know that the wisest, smartest people who have ever lived have not been able to plumb it’s depths. There are things in God’s Word that I know that I will never understand until the Lord personally teaches those truths to us in His eternal Heaven. There are things that I don’t like in God’s Word. There are things that I wish God hadn’t taken credit for. (for example: Exodus 4:11; Isaiah 45:7; Amos 3:6) There are things in God’s Word that His greatest lovers wish He had never said … and because of our limited understanding … we will never “get it” at least on this side of glory! But, my bias still stands: Even though I don’t understand it all, even though I don’t like everything that is in this Book – I believe and I know that it is all true! No one will ever be able to convince me that God’s Word is not true.
Recommended publications
  • Soul in the Bible from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Soul in the Bible From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The traditional Christian concept of an immaterial and immortal soul separate from the body is not found in pre-exilic Judaism, but evolved as a result of interaction with Persian and Hellenistic philosophy.[1] Accordingly, the Old Testament Hebrew word nephesh, although translated as "soul" in some older Bibles, actually has a meaning closer to "living being". Nephesh was rendered in the Greek Septuagint (a translation of the Old Testament dating from the centuries immediately prior to the modern era) as psyche (ψυχή), the Greek word for soul. The New Testament also uses the word psyche, but with the Hebrew meaning and not the Greek.[2] Contents ■ 1 Etymology ■ 1.1 Man as Nephesh ■ 1.2 Animals as Nephesh ■ 2 Biblical definition ■ 3 Immortality ■ 3.1 Historical Christianity ■ 3.2 Modern scholarship ■ 3.3 Modern Christian groups ■ 4Notes ■ 5 External links Etymology The only Hebrew word traditionally translated "soul" (nephesh) in English language Bibles refers to a living, breathing conscious body, rather than to an immortal soul.[3] John Goldingay writes, "The life of a human being came more directly from God, and it is also evident that when someone dies, the breath (rûaḥ, e.g., Ps 104:29) or the life (nepeš, e.g., Gen 35:18) disappears and returns to the God who is rûaḥ."[4] In the New Testament, the Greek word traditionally translated "soul" (psyche) has substantially the same meaning as the Hebrew, without reference to an immortal soul.[5] Man as Nephesh The LORD God formed the man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath [neshemah] of life, and the man became a living being/soul [nephesh] —Genesis 2:7 Animals as Nephesh Now the LORD God had formed out of the ground all the beasts of the field and all the birds of the air.
    [Show full text]
  • Immortality Or Resurrection?
    Immortality or Resurrection? Samuele Bacchiocchi, Ph. D. CHAPTER I THE DEBATE OVER HUMAN NATURE AND DESTINY What Christians believe about the make-up of their human nature largely determines what they believe about their ultimate destiny. Those who believe their nature is dualistic, that is, consisting of a material, mortal body and a spiritual, immortal soul, generally envision a destiny where their immortal souls will survive the death of their body and will spend eternity either in the bliss of paradise or in the torment of hell. For some, like Catholics and others, the possibility also exists that pardonable souls can be purified in purgatory before ascending to Paradise. On the other hand, those who believe their nature is wholistic, consisting of an indivisible whole where body, soul, and spirit are only characteristics of the same person, generally envision a destiny where their total mortal person will be resurrected either to eternal life or eternal death. The two different destinies envisioned by a dualistic or wholistic view of human nature could be characterized, as suggested by the title of the book, immortality of the soul or resurrection of the dead. The Biblical view of human nature and destiny has attracted considerable scholarly attention in recent years. Leading scholars of different religious persuasions have addressed this question in articles and books. A survey of the studies produced during the last fifty years or so, reveals that the traditional dualistic view of human nature has come under massive attack. Scholars seem to outdo one another in challenging traditional dualism and in affirming Biblical wholism.
    [Show full text]
  • Biblical Sources in the Development of the Concept of the Soul in the Writings of the Fathers of the Early Christian Church, 100-325 C.E
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2011 Biblical Sources in the Development of the Concept of the Soul in the Writings of the Fathers of the Early Christian church, 100-325 C.E. Thomas W. Toews Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, History of Christianity Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Toews, Thomas W., "Biblical Sources in the Development of the Concept of the Soul in the Writings of the Fathers of the Early Christian church, 100-325 C.E." (2011). Dissertations. 156. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/156 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. ABSTRACT BIBLICAL SOURCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF THE SOUL IN THE WRITINGS OF THE FATHERS OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH, 100-325 C.E. by Thomas W. Toews Adviser: Denis Fortin ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: BIBLICAL SOURCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF THE SOUL IN THE WRITINGS OF THE FATHERS OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH, 100-325 C.E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bible Doctrine of the Soul
    The Bible Doctrine Of The Soul www.CreationismOnline.com By Charles L. Ives Holding Forth the Word of Life. Published In London: Kellaway And Company. 1874. Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1 — Souls of Animals 2 — Man a like Mortal Soul 3 — Souls of Men and Beasts differ in the possibilities of the Future 4 — Examples of the Biblical usage of the term Soul 5 — Correction of Erroneous Inferences 6 — Immortality an Attribute of God; a Gift to His Redeemed 7 — Immortality for the Righteous revealed in Old Testament 8 — Immortality not bestowed upon the Finally Impenitent 9 — Summary of this Biblical Doctrine, and Reasons for its Prevalent Rejection 10 — Beneficial Results of this Doctrine 11 — Objections Answered Appeal to Christians Appeal to the Impenitent APPENDIX A — Animals as Souls B — Of the Material Nature of the Soul C— Of the Mortal Nature of the Soul D — Dead Souls Visible and Tangible E — The Soul and its Parts F — Sheol, Hades, Gehenna G — New Testament on Intermediate State H — The Resurrection of the Wicked PREFACE THE origin of this little sketch of the Biblical conception of the soul, as first published by the author in America, was on this wise: — One Sabbath, the writer stated to his adult Bible class that immortality, as an essential attribute of the soul is not only nowhere affirmed in the Bible, as theologians confess, but that it is in fact positively denied. Great surprise was manifested, one present even insisting that the Bible declared the soul should never die, though he could not name chapter and verse.
    [Show full text]
  • An Interpretation of the English Bible
    AN INTERPRETATION OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE BY B. H. CARROLL Late President of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Texas Edited by J. B. Cranfill BAKER BOOK HOUSE Grand Rapids, Michigan New and complete edition Copyright 1948, Broadman Press Reprinted by Baker Book House with permission of Broadman Press ISBN: 0-8010-2344-0 VOLUME 12 ACTS CONTENTS I Historical Introduction and Analysis II The Dedication, the Introduction, and the Waiting Church (1:1-26) III An Introduction to the Second Chapter of Acts, and the Baptism in the Holy Spirit (2:1-36) IV Pentecost and the Baptism in the Holy Spirit (2:1-47) V Pentecost and the Baptism in the Holy Spirit (Cont.) (2:1-47) VI Pentecost and the Kingdom (2:1-47) VII The Theory of Baptismal Regeneration (2:38) VIII The Theory of Baptismal Regeneration (2:38) IX The Gift of the Holy Spirit – The Habit of the Early Church (2:39-3:1) X The Sadducean Persecution (3:1-5:42) XI The Office of Deacon, the Pharisaic Persecution, Stephen and Saul to the Front, a New Issue, and the Rejection of the Holy Spirit and the Anointed Church by Jerusalem (6:1-8:3) XII Philip to the Front (8:4-40; 21:8-9) XIII The General Superintendence of the Apostles Over the Work Outside Jerusalem, The Samaritans Welcomed into the Kingdom (8:14-26; 9:1-12:25; Gal. 1:18-20) XIV An Introduction to a Study of Paul XV Paul's Early Life Before He Enters the New Testament Story (21:39; 22:3; 23:6, 34; 26:4-5) XVI Saul, the Persecutor (7:57-68; 8:1-4; 22:4-5, 19-20; 26:9-11) XVII Saul's Conversion, His Call to the Apostleship
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION 1.1.Thesis Topic a Study on the Concept of Soul with a Special Reference to Maram Baptist Churches
    CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1.Thesis topic A study on the concept of soul with a special reference to Maram Baptist Churches 1.2.Reason for selecting the topic People who talk about the soul themselves are not sure about the concept. The animistic believe has so much impacted on the People today and therefore the Biblical concept of Soul is little known. They just speaks with the traditional definition or concept of soul and spirit as “ra’ngii” or “rakot” (Spirit/Soul) as two separate unseen immortal part of human but synonymous usage makes a hard to clear distinction. Teaching in the churches about soul is just the ancestral developed concept which is different from the Bible. The irrelevant usage of the common term for Soul and Spirit can’t be just an excuse of ignorance and it is too untheological now for the intellectual trend. And we can’t let it be an issue for churches today when the Bible speaks so much about the soul and spirit vividly, it will be so pathetic talking out of the contextual fact. Contradicting to the scripture urged me to evaluate the false conception to provide clear understanding from the Bible for the contemporary churches. The reason of this planned undertaking is not only to understand the theory but practical recommendation is intended in the present churches of Maram. The real confusions are being notice and registered significant from the researcher’s point of view and which are real to the church today. And therefore, engaging in this contemporary audience with this confused and unbiblical explanations is unwholesome diet for growing Christian.
    [Show full text]
  • EVEN So, COME, 1.1.01:03 JESUS
    t filatthetzt 4: 4. , ERE a banquet is spread, of that life-giving bread, 49 Proffered graciously to all mankind; It is given in love—for TRUTH comes from above, From the source of all goodness combined. Ephesians 6:10. If you'll come to this feast, we feel sure that your taste Will find something to please and delight; If in love you obey, you'll grow strong day by day In the Lord, in the power of his might. Athos 8 : 11, 12. There's a day corning fast, when this blessed repast Will no longer be spread on the board; Then a famine most dread, NOT for WATER or BREAD, But for HEARING the WORD OF THE LORD. John 17:24. But before that dreairkrlay, let us love and obey God's truth; then like Jesus we'll be. If we make him our choice, in his love NOW rejoice, THEN his glory above we shall see. John 14:1-3. Christ has gone to prepare a bright horrie over there, Where there'll be no death, sorrow, nor pain, Then, descending the skies, he will bid saints arise, And with him, eternally reign, H. A. S. San Francisco, Cal, May, 1894, CONTENTS. PAGES CHAPTER I. Christ's Two Witnesses 11-18 CHAPTER II. First Advent and Law of God 19-28 CHAPTER M. Second Advent of Christ 29-65 CHAPTER IV, Objects of the Two Advents 67-81 CHAPTER V. The Transfiguration 83-90 CHAPTER VI. The Way of Life 91-97 CHAPTER VII. The Two Laws Contrasted 99-110 CHAPTER VIII.
    [Show full text]
  • Immortality Or Resurrection? a Biblical Study on Human Nature and Destiny Samuele Bacchiocchi Foreword by Clark Pinnock
    iblical 13 erspectives Immortality or Resurrection? A Biblical Study on Human Nature and Destiny Samuele Bacchiocchi Foreword by Clark Pinnock iblical erspectives 4990 Appian Way Berrien Springs Michigan 49103, USA BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR THE CHRISTIAN AND ROCK MUSIC is a timely symposium that defines the biblical principles to make good musical choices. THE SABBATH UNDER CROSSFIRE refutes the common arguments used to negate the continuity and validity of the Sabbath. IMMORTALITY OR RESURRECTION? unmasks with compelling Biblical reason- ing the oldest and the greatest deception of all time, that human beings possess immortal souls that live on forever. THE MARRIAGE COVENANT is designed to strengthen your Christian home through a recovery of those biblical principles established by God to ensure happy, lasting, marital relationships. THE ADVENT HOPE FOR HUMAN HOPELESSNESS offers a scholarly, and comprehensive analysis of the biblical teachings regarding the certainty and imminence of Christ’s Return. FROM SABBATH TO SUNDAY presents the results of a painstaking research done at a Vatican University in Rome on how the change came about from Saturday to Sunday in early Christianity. THE SABBATH IN THE NEW TESTAMENT summarizes Bacchiocchi’s exten- sive research on the history and theology of the Lord’s Day and answers the most frequently asked questions on this subject. WINE IN THE BIBLE shows convincingly that the Bible condemns the use of alcoholic beverages, irrespective of the quantity used. CHRISTIAN DRESS AND ADORNMENT examines the Biblical teachings regarding dress, cosmetics, and jewelry. An important book designed to help Christians dress modestly, decently, and reverently. DIVINE REST FOR HUMAN RESTLESSNESS offers a rich and stirring theo- logical interpretation of the relevance of Sabbathkeeping for our tension-filled and restless society.
    [Show full text]
  • For the Fame of God's Name
    “This book is a tribute to one of the extraordinary pastors of our gen- eration, who in many ways broke the mold. He has big thoughts about God in a time when God and his glory have been much diminished in the church. His has been a God-centered ministry. In this he has sometimes been unconventional, but the explanation is always that he has insisted on seeking to be true to the truth of God’s Word. Though highly imaginative and endowed with a poetic sensibility, he has never let his ideas run away with him but has worked hard to make every thought, and himself, captive to Christ. The result has been a full, rich, and extraordinary ministry that has been owned of God. Pastors like this do not come along very often, and when they do, we need to take note.” David F. Wells, Distinguished Research Professor, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary “It would be strange if a book that honors a dynamic, intelligent, pious, God-centered, learned, kind, devoted, influential, far-traveled, widely published, and hyper-conscientious pastor like John Piper did not occasion- ally slip into hagiography. And this book does, but only occasionally. Far more, its authors offer the best sort of tribute by seriously engaging the Scriptures to which Piper is committed, earnestly expounding the classic Calvinistic doctrines into which Piper has breathed such life, and zealously promoting the glory of God to which Piper has devoted his ministry. Here is a volume full of thoughtful reflections on central scriptural themes, Jonathan Edwards, the life of prayer, Christ-honoring preaching, pastoral disciplines, pastoral privileges, Christian hedonism, and more.
    [Show full text]
  • A Declaration of the Truth Revealed in the Bible As Distinguishable
    Abilene Christian University Digital Commons @ ACU Stone-Campbell Books Stone-Campbell Resources 1961 A Declaration Of The Truth Revealed in the Bible As Distinguishable From The Theology of Christendom Set Fort In A Series of Propositions, Arranged For The Purpose Of Exhibiting The Faith Promulgated By The Apostles In The First Century The Christadelphian Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/crs_books Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, New Religious Movements Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation The Christadelphian, "A Declaration Of The Truth Revealed in the Bible As Distinguishable From The Theology of Christendom Set Fort In A Series of Propositions, Arranged For The Purpose Of Exhibiting The Faith Promulgated By The Apostles In The First Century" (1961). Stone-Campbell Books. 378. https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/crs_books/378 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Stone-Campbell Resources at Digital Commons @ ACU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Stone-Campbell Books by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ ACU. A DECLARATION OF THE Truth Revealed in the Bible AS DISTINGUISHABLE FROM THE Theology of Christendom SET FORTH IN A SERIES OF PROPOSmON S, ARRANGED FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXHIBITING THE FAITH PRO­ MULGATED BY THE APOSTI.llS IN THE FIRST CENTURY Revised F.dition BIRMINGHAM 11 "THE CHRISTADELPIDAN," 21 HENDON ROAD, SPARKIIlLL 1961 CONTENTS 1 THE BIBLE : GoD'S REVELATION . l 2 GOD AS REVEALED IN THE BIBLE . l 3 TH E SPIRIT OF GOD 1 4 THE HOLY SPIRIT .
    [Show full text]
  • Is Your Soul Immortal?
    IS YOUR SOUL IMMORTAL? by Robert L. Odom PREFACE In the spring of 1989 the 85-year-old Kremlinologist George F. Kenan was speaking before the members of a United States Congressional Committee. After testifying about the political and economic shortcomings of the Soviet system, he veered off onto another topic, and to the surprise of the members of the committee, it was a religious one. A society should provide its members with a significant statement about death, he held. The Russian system has not done that. By way of contrast he pointed out that from their biblical heritage Western European countries do have something significant to tell their citizens about death. But the question for examination here is, just what do those Holy Scriptures have to say on that subject? Some time ago a noted Swiss theologian highlighted the contrasting views on this subject by publishing a book in which the title set the stage for the contrast between Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Body. His work has not settled that question so Professor Odom has returned to it once more. As Eastern mysticism has brought to the western world emphasis upon yet another aspect of this question, it is imperative that the major source which provides a knowledge about the truth of this subject--the Bible-- be examined carefully to answer these important questions: Is man naturally immortal? Does everyone possess immortality at present? Or will it be given to us at some future time? If so, then when? These significant questions have puzzled and troubled mankind since the dawn of civilization.
    [Show full text]