The science of EChO Characterisation Observatory

Giovanna Tinetti & EChO consortium

UK, France, Italy, Spain, MPS Germany, Poland, Denmark, Ireland,Un. Liege, Portugal, Hungary, US ~850 !

Radial velocity, Transit Surveys Microlensing, Direct detec.

ESA- -> 104 new planets!

1 The science of EChO – ROPACS ~250 Exoplanets (+x000 candidates) Radius, Mass & Orbit

2 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 Exoplanets for which we have spectra: < 20

H2O, CO, CH 4, CO2, Na etc. identified, but data are sparse, degeneracy of interpretation

Swain et al., 2009 3 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 EPSC-DPS 2011

TESS PLATO E-ELT HUBBLE CoRoT VLT Finesse Early years The present The golden future 2000 2005 2010 2020 EChO Spitzer GAIA JWST Kepler Cheops SPICA

4 Big picture?

5 The science of EChO – ROPACS

EChO Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory

ESA M3 mission candidate – March 2011

ESA Science Team ESA EChO Study Team

ØG. Tinetti ØK. Isaak ØP. Drossart ØL.Puig ØO. Krause ØM. Linder ØC. Lovis ØG. Micela ØM. Ollivier ØI. Ribas ØI. Snellen ØB. Swinyard Gaseous planets formed elsewhere and migrated

Planet formation Energy budget C/O ratio Albedo/thermal emission

Planet-star interaction Photochemistry+ Weather Day/night variation Temporal variability/ T-P profile

Planet evolution + Escape/H3

8 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12

Terrestrial planets formed in situ? Or remnant of gaseous planets’ core?

Primary or secondary atmosphere? Does the planet have H2 retained or not an atmosphere? Energy budget Spectral observations Albedo/thermal emission

Habitable conditions? Main atmospheric component Temperature? H2O? Primary transit observations

Planet-star interaction Photochemistry

9 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12

Planets considered by EChO Jupiter Neptune Super Earth Radius

‘Hot’ (850-1500K)

‘War m’ (500-800K) Temperature Temperature

‘Temperate’ (250-350K)

F, G, K, M G, K, M M (G, K) EChO view from L2

EChO instantaneous field of view (L2)

11 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 EChO candidates: Number known transiting hot-Jupiters 118 109 100 91 82 73 64 55 46 37 28 19 10 Mag K 1 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5

12 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12

Method: Transit

This is a zoom in!

13 EChO Payload Consortium - Mid Term Review 16/11/12 Primary transit spectra

EChO Payload Consortium - Mid Term Review The science14 of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 Phase lightcurves

HAT-P7b observed by Kepler (Borucki et al, 2010)

15 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 16 16 The science of EChO – ROPACS The science

16/11/12 Key Observables: Molecules Energy budget

Stratopause

Emission Absorber

Tropopause Absorption 0 20 25 30 0 0 0 Need for both VIS and IR to understand the planetary energy budget.

17 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 Spectral coverage

Given the range of T considered, need to extend to the Mid-IR

18 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 Key Science requirements/goals

ESA- SciRD 19 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 EChO-SIM

ï4 x 10 2.5

2 0.017

0.0165

› 1.5 /F p

F 0.016 2 ) ›

1 /R p 0.0155 0.006 (R 0.015 0.5 0.005 0.0145 0 1 10 100.004 Wavelength (!m) 0.014 0 1 0.003 10 10 Wavelength (!m) Contrast ratio 0.002

0.001

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Wavelength (µm)

20 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 SNR for molecular detectability

Warm-Neptune GJ436b Warm-Neptune Tessenyi et al.,2012; The science of EChO – ROPACS 21 Tessenyi et al. submitted. 16/11/12 Spectral retrieval T-P profile/molecular abundances

Lee, Fletcher, Irwin, 2011 Barstow et al., submitted 22 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 Stellar activity

Temporal variability Temporal

Basri et al, 2010 23 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 Work done on stellar activity

Spectral variability Spectral

Ballerini, Micela et al, 2012 To be matched with observations at multiple wl (Ribas et al.) 24 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 Work done to remove stellar activity

Kepler photometry of an active star Use of statistical techniques statistical of Use Ballerini et al, 2012 Waldmann, 2012 25 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 Transit-RV surveys Expected to provide additional targets for EChO

— HARPS North — HAT-NET — Super-WASP — Carmenes — M-Earth — NGTS — APACHI — Spirou — MASCARA — CHEOPS

26 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 Science return for EChO

Photochemical models Photochemical

Moses et al., 2011; Venot, Selsis et al., 2012 EChO for return Science

27 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 Science return for EChO

Science return for EChO EChO for return Science Thermal stability and escape and Thermal stability Koskinen et al., 2008, 2010 28 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 Science return for EChO

Gaseous planets planets Gaseous Climate simulations Climate

Cho et al., 2003

29 The science of EChO – ROPACS 16/11/12 Science return for EChO

Climate simulations Climate Terrestrial planets: GJ581d GJ581d planets: Terrestrial

30 The science of EChO – ROPACS Wordsworth , Forget et al Join EChO!

Help us planning the best possible mission! http://www.echo2013.net/