April-June 2017

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1. Editorial : Wardha Scheme— 05 Gandhian Approach to Education

2. Champaran : Report sent by Mahatma Gandhi 09 from Bettiah to Chief Secretary Bihar and Orisea on 13 May 1917

3. Nirmal Chandra Sinha : Asian Relations and Gandhi 16

4. Tapan Kumar : Swaraj— Utopian or Realistic Goal 31 Chattopadhyay

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8. Director-Secretary’s : Director-Secretary’s Report on 47 Report the Programme and Activities at Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, Barrackpore, from 1st March, 2017 to 16th May, 2017

Editorial

WARDHA SCHEME Gandhian Approach to Education

he Gandhian approach to education can be best set out in terms of the Tresolutions passed at Wardha National Education Conference in October 1937. The conference passed resolutions on the following issues. 1. Free and compulsory education should be provided for seven years on a nation-wide scale. 2. The medium of instruction should be the mother-tongue. The conference endorsed the proposal of Mahatma Gandhi that the process of education throughout this period should centre round some form of manual and productive work and that ‘‘all other abilities to be developed or training to be given, should as far as possible be integrally related to the central handicraft, chosen, with due regard to the environment of the child.’’ The conference expected that this system of education would gradually be able to cover the remuneration of the teachers. The Indian National Congress endorsed at its Haripura Session the first three resolutions. The Zakir Husain Committee (Wardha Scheme) prepared the main outlines of the seven years’ course in the following order : (1) Spinning and weaving, (2) Carpentry, (3) Agriculture, (4) Fruit and vegetable gardening, (5) Leather work, (6) Any other craft, suited to local conditions. Besides the basic craft, they are to study (a) the mother tongue, (b) Mathematics— coordinated to the basic craft, (c) Social studies— which will cover 5 05 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

history, geography and civics, (d) General science— which is to cover Nature Study, Botany, Zoology, Physiology, Hygiene, Physical Culture, Chemistry, Knowledge of the stars and stories of great scientists, (e) Drawing, (f) Music, (g) Hindustani. The general outline of the syllabus would be the same for boys and girls up to the 5th grade of the school. In grades 4 and 5 the syllabus in general science should be so modified as to include Domestic Science for girls. In grades 6 and 7, the girls would be allowed to take an advanced course in domestic science in place of the basic craft. The committee suggested the following distribution of work : The basic craft 3 hours 20 minutes Music, drawing and arithmetic 40 ,, The mother tongue 40 ,, Social studies and general science 30 ,, Physical Training 10 ,, Recess 10 ,, 5 hours and 30 minutes The committee further reported, ‘‘In making this estimate we have kept spinning and weaving as the basic craft ... The school is expected 288 days in a year, average of 24 days in a month ... with regard to teachers salaries we endorse Gandhiji’s suggestion that it Every handicraft has to be should if possible be taught not merely mechanically Rs. 26 and never less as it is done today, but than Rs. 20 ... The scientifically. That is the child average number of students in any class should learn the why and where should not exceed for of every process. thirty.’’ Among the basic crafts spinning and weaving had a place of honour. The committee members had a long 6 06 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

experience of this type of work. The importance attached to spinning and weaving by Mahatma Gandhi was an additional factor considered by the Committee. It was reported in a conference held at Poona in 1939 that practically all the schools adopted spinning and weaving as the basic craft. The special officer for basic education Bombay Presidency stated at the conference that spinning and weaving had been introduced in the schools as the basic craft. Wardha Committee’s approach to national education is similar to that of John Dewey the great American educationist who propagated that education should be linked to the social and economic environment of the child. Most of the participants in the Poona Conference agreed that the ‘‘most suitable and educative’’ vehicle of education is certainly agriculture. But this craft was not selected, as it ‘‘requires hard manual work beyond the strength of the children’’. The Wardha Scheme ‘‘envisages the idea of a cooperative community, in which the motive of social service will dominate all the activities of the children during the plastic years of childhood and youth.’’ Mahatma Gandhi said, ‘Every handicraft has to be taught not merely mechanically as it is done today, but scientifically. That is the child should learn the why and

Zakir Husain where for of every process.’’ The committee endorsed this statement. The report of the Wardha Conference on Basic National Education stated: ‘‘This good education will also incidentally cover the major portion of running expenses.’’ Gandhiji reminded, ‘‘Self-support is the acid-test of all reality.’’ Immediately after the Wardha Conference, Professor K. P. Chattopadhyay, Professor of Anthropology, Calcutta University, had a significant discussion with Mahatma Gandhi on the scheme sponsored by Wardha Conference. Gandhiji expressed his opinion that even if education did not become self- supporting he would be satisfied, if the boys earned something by their work. Shri Kripalani informs that this view was finally accepted by the educationists who stood in favour of Basic Education. 7 07 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

In Champaran District, Bihar 27 basic schools were established. The first five grades in all of them had spinning and weaving as the basic craft and gardening, cardboard, wood and metal work as subsidiary crafts. The total number of pupils on the roll in April 1944 was 3639. The staff consisted of 150 teachers, with two supervisors and one organiser the income from these 27 schools in 1940 and 1941 is given here. In 1940 the total realised value of the work of the children was Rs. 1121-9-9, after deducting the cost of Rabindranath Tagore materials. During 1941-42 the total earnings (deducting cost of materials) were Rs. 2640-4-6 including the yarn spun, cloth woven out of it and the garden produce. Cotton and its weaving cost Rs. 2000/- approximately. Seeds accounted for Rs. 124/6 in the total budget. It is evident that the earning of the children did not constitute even a small fraction of the total expenses on salary of the teachers of 27 Basic Schools. In conclusion, we have the pleasure to quote here portions of Rabindranath Tagore’s message to the New Education Fellowship Conference on 29 December 1937 at the Senate House, Calcutta. Another stream of inspiration ever flowing towards us comes from the heart mother Nature where she is generous in her gift of light and sky ... material utility, rather than development of personality is the end of education ... we may be sure that the scheme is actually worked out by him (Mahatma), we shall discover in it one more testimony to the genius of the practical sage whose deeds surpass his words.

8 08 Champaran : Report sent by Champaran Mahatma Gandhi From Bettiah to Chief Secretary, Bihar and Orissa on 13 May 1917

In accordance with the given viz., that the Vakeel friends suggestion made by who have been assisting me would Hon’ble Mr. Maude1 I beg be withdrawn. I must confess that to submit herewith the this request has hurt me deeply. It has been made ever since my preliminary conclusions arrival here. I have been told, i.e., which I have arrived at as after the withdrawal of the order of a result of the inquiry removal from the District, that my being made by me into the presence was harmless enough and agrarian condition of the that my bonafides were raiyats of Champaran. unquestioned but that the presence of the Vakeel friends was likely to At the outset I would like to create ‘a dangerous situation.’ I state that it was not possible for venture to submit that if I may be me to give the assurance which Mr. trusted to conduct myself decorously Maude would have liked me to have

1. Hon’ble Mr. W. Maude, Member and Vice President of the Executive Council, Bihar and Orissa. 9 09 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

their statements taken after careful cross examination. Several villages have been visited and many judgements of courts studied. And the inquiry is in my opinion capable of sustaining the following conclusions. Factories or concerns in the

Cutting Indigo into Cakes District of Champaran may be divided into two classes— I may be equally trusted to choose (1) Those that have never had helpers of the same type as myself. indigo plantations and (2) those I consider it a privilege to have the that have. association in the difficult task (1) The concerns which have before me, of these able, earnest never grown indigo have exacted and honourable men. It seems to abwabs known by various local me that for me to abandon them is names equal in amount at least to to abandon my work. It must be a the rents paid by the raiyats. This point of honour with me not to exaction although it has been held dispense with their help until to be illegal has not altogether anything unworthy is proved stopped. against them to my satisfaction. I (2) The indigo-growing factories do not share the fear that either my have grown indigo either under the presence or that of my friends can Tinkathia system or Khuski. The create ‘a dangerous situation.’ The former has been most prevalent and danger, if any exists, must lie in has caused the greatest hardship. the causes that have brought about The type has varied with the progress strained relations between the of time. Starting with indigo it has planters and the raiyats. And if the taken in its sweep all kinds of crops. causes were removed, there never need be any fear of a ‘dangerous situation’ arising in Champaran so far as the raiyats are concerned. Coming to the immediate purpose of this representation I beg to state that nearly four thousand raiyats have been examined and 10 Group of Indigo beaters 10 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

It may now be defined as an enhancement according to the obligation presumed to attach to the survey report has in the case of raiyat's holding whereby the raiyat 5955 tenancies amounted to Rs. has to grow a crop on 3/20 of the 31,062, the pre-enhancement figure holding at the will of the landlord for being Rs. 53,865. The total number a stated consideration. There appears of tenancies affected is much larger. to be no legal warrant for it. The The raiyats claim that these sattas raiyats have always fought against it were taken from them under and have only yielded to force. They coercion. It is inconceivable that the have not received adequate raiyats would agree to an enormous consideration for the services. perpetual increase in their rents When, however, owing to the against freedom from liability to introduction of synthetic indigo the grow indigo for a temporary period, price of the local product fell, the which freedom they were planters desired to cancel the indigo strenuously fighting to secure and sattas. They therefore devised a hourly expecting. means of saddling the losses upon the Where tawan has not been raiyats. In lease-hold lands they exacted, the factories have forced made the raiyats pay Tawan i.e. the raiyats to grow oats, sugarcane, damages, to the extent of Rs. 100/- or such other crops under the per bigha in consideration of their Tinkathia system. waiving their right to indigo Under the Tinkathia system the cultivation. This, the raiyats claim raiyat has been obliged to give his was done under coercion. Where the best land for the landlord’s crops; in raiyats could not find cash, hand- some cases the land in front of his notes and mortgage bonds were house has been so used; he has made for payment in installments been obliged to give his best time bearing interest at 12 per cent per and energy also to it so that very annum. In these, the balance due has little time has been left to him for not been described as Tawan, i.e., growing his own crops—his means damages, but it has been fictitiously of livelihood. treated as an advance to the raiyat Cart-hire sattas have been for some purpose of his own. forcibly taken from the raiyats for In makarrari lands the damage supplying carts to the factories on has taken the shape of sharah-beshi hire insufficient even to cover the sattas meaning enhancement of rent actual outlay. in lieu of indigo cultivation. The Inadequate wages have been 11 11 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

paid to the raiyats whose labour has been impressed and even boys of tender age have been made to work against their will. Ploughs of the raiyats have been impressed and detained by the factories for days together for ploughing factory lands for a trifling consideration and at a time when 'Luggie' (measuring lands for cultivation they have required them for cultivating their own lands. Some factories have for the Dasturi has been taken by the collection of such hides opened notoriously ill-paid factory amlas hides godowns. (officers) out of the wages received by Illegal fines—often of heavy the labourers often amounting to a amounts—have been imposed by the fifth of their daily wage, and also out factories upon raiyats who have of the hire paid for carts and ploughs. proved unbending. In some villages the Chamars Among the other (according to (shoemakers) have been forced to the evidence before me) methods give up to the factories the hides of adopted to bend the raiyats to their dead cattle belonging to the raiyats. will, the planters have impounded Against the carcases the Chamars the raiyats’ cattle, posted peons on used to supply the raiyats with their houses, withdrawn from them shoes and leather straps for ploughs barbers’, Dhobis’ (washermen) and their women used to render carpenters’, and smiths’ services, services to the latter’s families at have prevented the use of village child-birth. Now they have ceased to wells and pasture lands by render these valuable services. ploughing up the pathways and lands just in front of or behind their homesteads, have brought or promoted civil suits, or criminal complaints against them, and resorted to actual physical force and wrongful confinements. The planters have successfully used the institutions of the country to enforce their will against the 12 12 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

raiyats and have not minds and superior hesitated to supplement position have reduced it them by taking the law to an exact science, so in their own hands. The that the raiyats would result has been that the not only have been raiyats have shown an unable to raise their abject helplessness, such heads above water but as I have not witnessed would have sunk deeper in any part of India still had not the where I have travelled. Mahatma Gandhi Government granted They are members of at Champaran in 1917 some protection. But that District Boards and Assessors under protection has been meagre and the Chaukidari Act and keepers of provokingly slow and has often pounds. Their position as such has come too late to be appreciated by been felt by the raiyats. The roads the raiyats. which the latter pay for at the rate It is true that the Government of half an anna per rupee of rent await the Settlement Officer’s paid by them are hardly available Report on some of the matters to them. Their carts and bullocks covered by this representation. It is which perhaps most need the roads submitted that when the raiyats are are rarely allowed to make use of groaning under the weight of them. That this is not peculiar to oppression, such as I have described Champaran does not in any way above, an inquiry by the Settlement mitigate the grievance. Officer is a cumbersome method. I am aware that there are With him the grievances mentioned concerns which form exceptions to herein are but an item in an the rule laid down but as a general extensive settlement operation. Nor charge the statements made above does his inquiry cover all the points are capable of proof. raised above. Moreover grievances I am aware, too, that there are have been set forth herein which some Indian Zamindars who are are not likely to be disputed. And open to the charges made above. they are so serious as to require Relief is sought for in their cases as immediate relief. in those of the planters. Whilst That Tawan and Sharah-beshi there can be no doubt that the sattas and abwabs have been latter have inherited a vicious exacted cannot be questioned. I system, they with their trained hope it will not be argued that the 13 13 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

raiyats can be fully sell their services protected as to these wherever they choose by recourse to law. It and that they are not is submitted that bound to grow indigo, where there is sugarcane or any other wholesale exaction, crop unless they wish courts are not to do so and unless it sufficient protection for is profitable for them. the raiyats and the The Bettiah Raj leases administrative given to the factories protection of the Sircar should not be renewed as the supreme until the wrongs are landlord is an absolute remedied and should, necessity. when renewed, The wrongs are properly safeguard the

twofold. There are (Sitting L to R) Rajendra Prasad and raiyats’ rights. wrongs which are Anugrah Narayan Sinha, with Ramnavmi As to Dasturi, it is Prasad and Shambhusaran Varma accomplished facts and (Standing L to R) during Mahatma clear that better paid wrongs which continue. Gandhi's 1917 Champaran Satyagraha and educated men The continuing wrongs need to be should substitute the present stopped at once and a small inquiry holders of responsible officers and may be made as to past wrongs, that no countenance should be given such as, damages and abwabs to the diminution in raiyats’ wages already taken and Sharah-beshi by illegal exaction of Dasturi. I feel payments already made. The raiyats sure that the planters are quite should be told by proclamation and capable of dealing with the evil notices distributed broad-cast among although it is in their language ‘as them that they are not only not old as the Himalayas.’ bound to pay abwabs, Tawan and The raiyats being secured in Sharah-beshi charges but that they their freedom, it would be no longer ought not to pay, them, that the necessary to investigate the Sircar will protect them if any question of the inadequacy or attempt is made to enforce payment otherwise of the consideration in thereof. They should further be the indigo sattas and cart-hire informed that they are not bound to sattas, and the wages. The raiyats render any personal service to their by common agreement should be landlords and that they arc free to advised to finish indigo or other 14 14 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

crops for the current year. But hope that they as Englishmen born thenceforth whether it is indigo or to enjoy the fullest personal liberty any other crop, it should be only and freedom will not fail to rise to under a system of absolute freewill. their status and will not be It will be observed that I have grudging the raiyats the same burdened this statement with as little measure of liberty and freedom. argument as possible. But if it is the I am sending copies to the desire of the Government that I Commissioner of the Tirhut should prove any of my conclusions I Division, the Collector of shall be pleased to tender the proofs Champaran, the Subdivisional on which they arc based. officer of Bettiah, the Manager of In conclusion I would like to the Bettiah “Raj, the Secretaries state that I have no desire to hurt respectively of the Bihar Planters’ the planters’ feelings. I have Association and the District received every courtesy from them. Planters’ Association. I am Believing as I do that the raiyats circulating them also among those are labouring under a grievous leaders of public opinion in the wrong from which they ought to be country who have kept themselves freed immediately, I have dealt, as in touch with the work being done calmly as is possible for me to do by my colleagues and myself. so, with the system which the planters are working. I have (Report sent by Mahatma Gandhi from Bettiah to the Chief Secretary, Bihar and entered upon my mission in the Orissa, on the 13th May, 1917).

Gandhiji in Champaran 15 15 Asian Relations and Gandhi

Nirmal Chandra Sinha Late Founder Director, Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, Gangtok Former Professor of International Relations, Department of History, University of Calcutta

A major plank, if Today “continents’’ like not the central “races’’, “languages’’ and plank, of India’s “religions” are reckoned foreign relations as terms of classical geography. The globe for fifteen years today is split into 1947-1962 was continents or regions Asianism or Asian according to availability Nationalism. This or control of material still holds the resources or according to admiration of different ecological characteristics political parties, in different or their social reflexes; these continents or regions are not and degrees, as viable. This cannot be integrated masses and attitude of admiration flows necessarily change their dimensions out of an academic thesis that through dynamism of time. So foreign India in the historic past has relations today are determined by been the moral and identity of interest or community of intellectual leader of Asia and spirit and not by hypothetical thus, in the logic of history, consanguinity. East-West, Asia- Europe or Christian-Pagan are today India shall have the antiquated concepts. Secondly, leadership, or share, say with through two thousand years of China in the leadership, of an recorded history Asia has never Asian risorgimento. featured as an entity and certainly The writer is engaged in a much less than ever Europe has been refutation of what may be described an entity. Lastly, India has not as Continental Nationalism in the figured in Asian history in the past middle of the twentieth century. as a political unit. India’s greatness

Reprinted from : The Indian Year Book of International Affairs, 1968 16 16 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

in the past was entirely in moral and intellectual realms like that of ancient Greece or Iran. India’s moral or intellectual hegemony was contained in the east by the Confucian civilization and what hindered intra-Asian relations in the east was the encounter

between Indic Buddhist and Gandhiji addressing in Asian Relation Sinic Confucian civilizations. Conference in Delhi, 1947 The scholars who, in 1950s, spoke of the “spiritual and cultural much material about his opinion of unity of non-Islamic Asia’’ or of the the foreign policy which was in the “prolonged contact between India and offing. We have however an insight China” or of India and China having into his mind from an event of March “two thousand miles of common 1947, his participation in the Asian frontiers for two thousand years” Relations Conference in Delhi. ignored and distorted hard facts of II geography as well as history. The objectives and expectations of the While engaged in collecting data Asian Relations Conference need no about Greater India in the past and detailing here. Two extracts from the their bearing on independent India’s speeches of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru foreign relations today, it is are relevant. The broadcast Nehru appropriate to notice Mahatma made (on September 7, 1946) as Gandhi’s views on the matter. The Prime Minister of undivided India transfer of power to Indian hands and seven months prior to the Asian was effective from August 15, 1946. Relations Conference concluded with The two Dominions, India and these words : “We are of Asia and the Pakistan, came into existence a year peoples of Asia are nearer and closer later. Gandhi was assassinated on to us than others. India is so situated January 30, 1948. The short period that she is the pivot of Western, that he was alive after British Southern and South-East Asia. In the withdrawal was first devoted to past her culture flowed to all these opposing the partition of the Indian countries and they came to her in sub-continent and next to healing the many ways. Those contacts are being wounds of partition. We have not renewed and the future is bound to 17 17 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

see a closer union.... China that enough the conference of Asian unity mighty country with a mighty past, was sitting under the lengthening our neighbour, has been our friend shadows of partition of the host through the ages and that friendship country itself in a matter of months. will endure and grow.” “In this (Asian In spite of good notice Gandhi Relations) Conference” he said on could not be in Delhi on the day March 23, 1947, ‘‘and in this work (March 23, 1947) the Asian Relations there are no leaders and no followers. Conference began its session. In fact All countries of Asia have to meet he was so busy “with the tragic together on an equal basis in a pilgrimage of his to solace the common task and endeavour. It is bleeding hearts of sufferers in Bengal fitting that India should play her part and Bihar’’, as Srimati Sarojini Naidu in this new phase of Asian put it, that he regretted his inability development. Apart from the fact that to participate in the Conference. In India herself is emerging into his address Nehru referred to the freedom and independence, she is the absence of Gandhi : “We miss him at natural centre and focal point of the the Conference and yet I hope that he many forces at work in Asia....’’ may visit us before our labours end. Proceedings of the Asian Relations He is engrossed in the service of the Conference, (New Delhi : 1948) and common man in India, and even this the several publications about the Conference could not drag him away Conference (e.g. Nag : Discovery of from it”. This hope was fulfilled when Asia, Calcutta 1957) leave no doubt the Conference dragged on for more that the common endeavour was for than ten days. Gandhi had to be in material progress with cultural Delhi towards the end of the month affinities or contacts as convenient (March 31) as he was eager to apprise tools for diplomacy. Paradoxically the newly arrived Viceroy of his own views about the communal Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru at Asian Relation Conference situation and its political solution. His interest was in the destiny of India and he suffered no obsession about the destiny of Asia. On April 1 he attended the Asian Relations Conference but postponed his speech to the next day. (Tendulkar : Mahatma, Vol. VII, ch. on Message of Asia). On 18 18 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

this day (April 1) he made some not India’s mission. I am free to cryptic comments in answer to confess that I will feel very sorry if questions. He accounted for his India having won independence presence at the Conference thus : “I through essentially and was obliged to say at that time that I predominantly non-violent means, was very sorry and would not be able was going to use that independence to come. When Lord Mountbatten, the for the suppression of other parts of new Viceroy, invited me to meet him, the world. Europeans had exploited however, I could not say ‘No’. It would different races inhabiting this vast have been foreign to my nature to do continent called Asia. so”. For the organizers of the “And it will be a sorry thing if we Conference Gandhi’s address on April go away from this conference without 2 was truly the most unexpected a fixed determination that Asia shall event. As an Indologist wrote (Nag, live, and live as free as every other op.cit, p. 7), “the least expected and western nation. I just wanted to say the most desired Mahatmaji suddenly that the conferences like the present decided to greet the delegates should meet regularly, and if you ask personally and to deliver his profound me where, India is the place’’. message’’. A Christian admirer of The India he wanted to be the Gandhi significantly recalled (H. C. host to such gatherings was the Mookerjee’s introduction in Nag, India of his dreams and not the op.cit) later that Gandhi “introduced anachronism or seat of political himself as the Coolie Barrister”. “His power like Delhi. So in his address profound message’’ did not contain a (April 2) Gandhi advised the word about Asian risorgimento as delegates from the different Asian under•stood by the enthusiasts of countries “to see India at its best’’, Asianism. There was nothing in his “to see the Indian villages’’ and “to address to admonish the non-Asiatic scratch below the dung heap’’. “I world that Asia was on the march or have travelled from one end of India that Asia would soon punish the to the other, and I have seen the oppressors of yesterday. In fact on the miserable specimens of humanity previous day (April 1) he had said: with the lustreless eyes. They are “All Asian representative have India. In these humble cottages, in come together. Is it in order to wage the midst of these dung heaps, are a war against Europe, against to be found humble bhangis, in America, or against the non-Asiatics? whom you find the concentrated I say, most emphatically, ‘No’. This is essence of wisdom’’. He was 19 19 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

speaking of our ancient tradition of be loved by the West itself.” “simple living and high thinking’’ ‘‘The West is today pining for and at the same time his soul was wisdom. It is despairing of a crying for the rights of the multiplication of the atom bombs, downtrodden, the Bhangi or the because the multiplication of atom Coolie. When he said “I was a Coolie bombs means utter destruction, not lawyer” he was reminding the Coolie merely of the West, but of the whole nations of their true past : glorious world, as if the prophecy of the Bible and inglorious. He spoke of the wise is going to be fulfilled and there is men of Asia—Buddha, Zoroaster, to be, heaven forbid, a deluge. It is Jesus and Muhammad—and asked up to you to tell the world of its the Coolie nations to preach and wickedness and sin. That is the practise the wisdom of Asia. heritage your teachers and my “What I want you to understand teachers have left us.” is the message of Asia. It is not to The foreign delegates might have be learnt through western spectacles admitted “the message of Gandhi as or by imitating the atom bomb. If the message of India” as Sarojini you want to give a message to the Naidu desired in her thanks-giving. West, it must be the message of love The Indian organizers possibly felt and the message of truth. I do not the address as too Indian or native want merely to capture your heart.” in form. Gandhi on the other hand “In this age of democracy, in this confessed to “feeling humiliated” at age of awakening of the poorest of the sight of the un-native and the poor, you can re-deliver this incongruous manners of the Indian message with the greatest emphasis. delegates. You will complete the conquest of It may not be fair to dismiss the West, not through vengeance, Gandhi as a visionary or a religious because you have been exploited, but personality and hence not responsive with real understanding. I am to the call of Asianism. Gandhi died sanguine, if all of you put your nine months after this Conference hearts together—not merely the and we have no other evidence of heads—to understand the secret of Gandhi’s opinion on the Asianism in the message these wise men of the vogue while the country was split on East have left to us, and if we really religious and sectarian grounds. We become worthy of that great have however good data for the two message, the conquest of the West decades preceeding this Asian will be completed. This conquest will Conference. 20 20 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

III Presidium. The Indian and Chinese Right from the opening years of this delegates made a joint declaration century scholars of Calcutta and about ancient and intimate Madras have been working on Indian association between the two countries cultural and commercial expansion in and their common sufferings under the Indian Ocean as well as in the British imperialism. As an eminent highlands of Asia. Towards the scholar of Indian foreign relations middle of the third decade when remarks, “The Brussels Congress Tagore with some foremost scholars greatly influenced him and through made a systematic tour of South East him the Indian National Congress. It Asia and China, the story of Greater strengthened Indian interest in India caught the imagination of the matters already receiving attention intellectuals in the Indian National and helped to create new interests Congress. Jawaharlal Nehru was and new ways of looking at the making his first visits to Tagore and world”. The story of the Brussels Visva-Bharati at the time. Greater Congress is found in Nehru : India or Indian Asia thus made a not Autobiography chapter XIII and unnatural impact on the minds of Report of the Forty Second Indian freedom fighters belonging to all National Congress, Madras 1927 political parties. When the Indian (Madras 1928); Bimla Prasad : The National Congress raised objection to Origins of Indian Foreign Policy employment of Indian soldiers and (Calcutta 1962) gives a short account Indian revenues for British wars in and reproduces Nehru’s report other Asian (and African) countries, submitted to the Indian National the intellectuals and freedom fighters Congress. Despite a few shocks of these countries reciprocated Indian Nehru returned from Brussels with sentiments about ancient and live his enthusiasm undiminished and links between the subject or part- reported to the Indian National subject countries. Asianism was thus Congress and Gandhi accordingly. emerging as anti-colonialism. Gandhi’s comment on this Brussels In February 1927 an affair is found in his letter to Nehru International Congress against on May 25, 1927, recorded in Nehru : Imperialism was held at Brussels. A Bunch of Old Letters (Bombay, Nehru attended this as a 1958) : representative of the Indian National “I read most carefully your public Congress, delivered an address on the report as also your private first day and was a member of the confidential report about the doings 21 21 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

of the Oppressed Nations’ Conference. Brussels affair in his An I myself do not expect much from this Autobiography published in April league, if only because its free 1936. Two casual remarks expose the activity depends upon the goodwill of conflicting interests and ideologies the very powers that are partners in among the representatives and the exploition of the oppressed advocates of different oppressed nations, and I feel that the members peoples. “Many months later Einstein of the European nations that joined resigned as he disagreed with the the league will not be able to sustain pro-Arab policy of the League in the the last heat. For, they will not be Arab-Jewish quarrels in Palestine”. able to accommodate themselves to (First Edition : Bodley Head, p. 163) what they would consider to be an While this was an anticipation of the injury to their self-interest. On our events in the Middle East decades side there is danger of our people later, a staggering admission was again looking to external forces and that the Indian representative was at external aid for salvation instead of home with the Anglo-Americans. “It seeking to achieve it by evolving was curious how, in our League internal strength. But this is mere Against Imperialism Committee meetings, I would usually be on the side of the Anglo-American members on petty matters of argument. There was a certain similarity in our outlook in regard to method at least. We would both object to declamatory and long-winded resolutions, which resembled manifestos. We preferred something simpler and shorter, but the Continental tradition was against this. There was often difference of academic opinion. I am not at all opinion between the Communist carefully following European events. elements and the non-Communists.” You are on the spot and you may see (Ibid) an altruistic improvement in the Inspite of the memories of atmosphere there which I miss differences between Arab and Jewish altogether.” or Communist and non-Communist Nehru admitted later the among the assemblage of oppressed incongruities or misgivings about nations and subject peoples, Nehru 22 22 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

continued his hope for joint had the material support of Germany endeavour among oppressed Asians and Italy and the moral support of and the presence of the Chinese orthodox and conservative elements delegation at Brussels remained an in the Asian countries. Thus on the abiding image in his mind. Gandhi on eve of the Second World War, East the other hand never expected “an and West were as much mixed up as altruistic improvement in the Nationalism and Imperialism. The atmosphere.” International Date Line on the Pacific became as meaningless in human IV geography as the Urals or Gandhiji’s lack of faith in growth of Dardanelles. altruism among fellow Asians or The relevant dates of the Second subject peoples proved prophetic in World War are these : UK and France the following decade. The Far Eastern against Germany in September 1939; theatre brought in different Western Italy against UK and France in 1940 nations in support of different summer; Russia against Germany Eastern nations. Japan, the first and Italy in June 1941; Japan with Asian country to question effectively Axis Powers (Germany & Italy) the military and industrial against Allied Powers (US, UK, superiority of the West was pushing China & France but not Russia) in out the Western colonial powers from December 1941; Russia with Allied the Pacific and was the object of Powers (including China) against admiration of coloured peoples in Japan in August 1945. Japan takes Asia and elsewhere. KMT China, over S. E. Asia in 1942 and threatens though talking in the Mandarin eastern India in summer. The US and language of Celestial Kingdom, was the UK abrogate extra-territorial frankly a protectorate of the United rights in China in January 1943; the States; American and British extra- UK continues extra-territorial rights territorial rights were in full in Tibet and Sinkiang obviously both operation (till 1943). When Japan being not parts of China. launched aggression over the The Indian National Congress in mainland of China and the long the years 1936-39 under Jawaharlal drawn Sino-Japanese War flared up, Nehru’s leadership had categorically China had the material support of the expressed itself against the Axis US and the UK and the moral Powers for their aggression and support of liberal elements all over imperialistic designs in Abyssinia, the world. Japan on the other hand Spain, China and Czechoslovakia. 23 23 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

Besides, Nehru individually was an were caught in a debate between admirer of China and China’s past India’s freedom and freedom for all and cherished Sun Yat Sen’s memory. mankind. In Asian perspective it was Details of war events in India may be a choice between India’s freedom and read in Bimla Prasad : op.cit. while China’s freedom; Japan was in Nehru’s sentiments may be read in Peking as the UK was in New Delhi. his own words in An Autobiography After having declared Non-Violent and A Bunch of Old Letters. Non-Cooperation against the British Subhas Chandra Bose, later government in India and the Allied known as Netaji, on the other hand, war efforts in India, the Indian represented the pro- National Congress Japanese elements found itself ranged among freedom fighters against non-colonial in India. He was countries like the USSR expelled from the and China. On the Indian National expectation of effective Congress in 1940 after transfer of power from an open encounter with British hands, Gandhi on the score of progressive leaders like Non-Violence as Jawaharlal Nehru and strategy. In January Maulana Abul Kalam Subhas Chandra Bose 1941 while under Azad had called for a house-arrest Bose absconded from reversal of attitude in early 1942. On Calcutta, reached Germany through the failure of negotiations with the Afghanistan, and in 1942 was in British government (Cripps Mission) Malaya Peninsula just then the Congress reverted to its earlier conquered by Japan from the British views on the issue of immediate grant Empire. It was the same year (1942) of freedom to India. Meanwhile when the Indian National Congress Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek had under Gandhi’s leadership demanded visited India, met Gandhi and Nehru immediate transfer of power with and had appealed to India for joining promise of collaboration with Allied the war in the interest of China. The Powers. On British failure to concede fact of Netaji Bose organising an army the demand, Gandhi launched the of liberation under Japan’s auspices Quit India Movement. On the eve of was also known in India at the time. that fateful decision, the Indian The letters which Gandhi addressed to National Congress and all parties different countries and different 24 24 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

persons form an illuminating and the Kashi Vishvanath temple and the edifying testimony to India’s Juma Masjid and even St. Paul’s with aspirations for India as well as Asia as my life, but would not take a single for man in any continent. These letters life for their defence. That is my are recorded in Gandhiji’s fundamental difference with the Correspondence with the Government British people. My sympathy is there (Ahmedabad : Navajivan 1945/1957) with them nevertheless. Let there be and The Selected Works of Mahatma no mistake on the part of Gandhi (Ahmedabad : Navajivan Englishmen, Congressmen, or others 1968), Vol. V, Press statements and whom my voice reaches, as to where other remarks are found in Bose : my sympathy lies. It is not because I Selections from Gandhi (Ahmedabad : love the British nation and hate the Navajivan 1968) and Tendulkar : German. I do not think that the Mahatma (Delhi : Publications Germans as a nation are any worse Division 1960-62). than the English, or the Italians are any worse. we are all tarred with the V same brush; we are all members of For one thing Gandhi did not evince the vast human family. I decline to any racial (pro-German or anti- draw any distinctions. I cannot claim British) or regional (pro-Asian or any superiority for Indians. We have anti-European) sentiments in the same virtues and the same vices. appreciation of the stakes of the war. Humanity is not divided into Towards the end of September 1940 watertight compartments so that we he was corresponding with the cannot go from one to another. They British Viceroy (Lord Linlithgow) and may occupy one thousand rooms, but with the British journalists in India they are all related to one another. I on the question of the British rights would not say, ‘India should be all in and wrongs vis a vis the Axis Powers all, let the whole world perish’. That (Tendulkar, Vol. V, pages 337-340). In is not my message. India should be a statement on September 29, Gandhi all in all, consistently with the well said : “I do not want England to be being of other nations of the world. I defeated or humiliated. It hurts me to can keep India intact and its freedom find St. Paul’s Cathedral damaged. It also intact only if I have goodwill hurts me as much as I would be hurt towards the whole of the human if I heard that the Kashi Vishvanath family and not merely for the human temple or the Juma Masjid was family which inhabits this little spot damaged. I would like to defend both of the earth called India. It is big 25 25 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

enough compared to other smaller followed. Wang (Chung-hui, nations, but what is (India in the Secretary-General of the Chinese wide world or in the universe” (Bose: Supreme National Defence Council) Selection, No. 509). came to luncheon and he and I and Chiang Kai-shek visited India in Alec (Cadogan) had a talk afterwards. February 1942 and while meeting We had to be firm about Tibet. The Gandhi in Calcutta on February 18 Chinese wanted us to recognize their for four hours argued for India old claims upon Tibet.” (The Eden collaborating in war efforts for the Memoirs : The Reckoning, London sake of China even if that helped the 1965, p 425). British. Gandhi reported to Sardar The Quit India movement was Patel : “He came and went without launched on August 9. In the creating any impression, but fun was preceeding months Gandhi addressed had by all. I would not say that I several letters to the British, learnt anything, and there was Chinese, Japanese and American nothing that we could teach him. All peoples to explain India’s demand that he had to say was this : Be as it that the British should quit India may, help the British. They are better before India could join the Allied than others and they will now become cause. In his letter of May 11 to still better” (Tendulkar Vol. VI, page EVERY BRITON Gandhi wrote: “I 62). Nehru however was more patient ask every Briton to support me in my with Chiang Kai-shek and expected appeal to the British at this very hour the same attitude from Gandhi. On to retire from every Asiatic and March 4, Gandhi wrote to Nehru “I African possession and at least from saw Chiang Kai-shek’s statement .... India. That step is essential for the The subject has become stale’’. (A safety of the world and for the Bunch of Old Letters No. 333). destruction of Nazism and Fascism. A similar reaction to the Chinese In this I include Japan’s ‘ism’ also. It obsession with their own interest is is a good copy of the two. Acceptance on record in Earl of Avon’s memoirs. of my appeal will confound all the At a summit in Cairo on November military plans of all the Axis Powers 26, 1943 President Roosevelt, Prime and even of the military advisers of Minister Winston Churchill and Great Britain”. “Great Britain has to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek with win the war. Need she do so at India’s their respective staffs met to discuss expense? Should she do so?” (Selected common problems and joint efforts. Works, V, No. 81). “French and Greek problems In his letter of June 14 to Chiang 26 26 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

Kai-shek, Gandhi wrote: “I have thus “To make it perfectly clear that felt greatly attracted towards your we want to prevent in every way great country and, in common with Japanese aggression, I would my countrymen, our sympathy has personally agree that the Allied gone out to you in your terrible Powers might, under treaty with us, struggle. Our mutual friend, keep their armed forces in India and Jawaharlal Nehru, whose love of use the country as a base fer China is only excelled, if at all by his operations against the threatened love of his own country, has kept us Japanese attack” (Ibid, No. 82). in intimate touch with the In his letter of July 18 to EVERY developments of the Chinese JAPANESE Gandhi wrote : “Every struggle”. since I was a lad of eighteen studying “Because of this feeling I have in London over fifty years ago, I towards China and my earnest desire learnt, through the writings of the that our two great countries should late Sir Edwin Arnold, to prize the come closer to one another and co- many excellent qualities of your operate to their mutual advantage, I nation. I was thrilled when in South am anxious to explain to you that my Africa I learnt of your brilliant victory appeal to the British power to over Russian arms. After my return withdraw from India is not meant in to India from South Africa in 1915, I any shape or form to weaken India’s came in close touch with Japanese defence against the Japanese or monks who lived as members of our embarrass you in your struggle. India Ashram from time to time. One of must not submit to any aggressor or them became a valuable member of invader and must resist him. I would the Ashram in Sevagram, and his not be guilty of purchasing the application to duty, his dignified freedom of my country at the cost of bearing, his unfailing devotion to your country’s freedom. That problem daily worship, affability, does not arise before me as I am clear unruffledness under varying that India cannot gain her freedom in circumstances, and his natural smile this way, and a Japanese domination which was positive evidence of his of either India or China would be inner peace had endeared him to all equally injurious to the other country of us. And now that owing to your and to world peace. That domination declaration of war against Great must therefore be prevented and I Britain he has been taken away from should like India to play her natural us, we miss him as a dear co-worker. and rightful part in this.” He has left behind him as a memory 27 27 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

his daily prayer and his little drum, and then only can there be irresistible to the accompaniment of which we opposition of Japanese aggression. It open our morning and evening is of immense value to the Allied prayers”. cause if it is also of equal value to “It was a worthy ambition of India. The Congress has anticipated yours to take equal rank with the and provided for every possible Great Powers of the world. Your difficulty in the way of recognition. I aggression against China and your want you to look upon the immediate alliance with the Axis Powers was recognition of India’s independence as surely an unwarranted excess of that a war measure of first class ambition.” magnitude” (Ibid, No. 84). ‘‘Even if you win it will not prove Now these letters were released that you were in the right, it will only to the press and published in the prove that your power of destruction Harijan. That was the surest and was greater. This applies obviously to shortest way to reach the addressees the Allies too, unless they perform during the uncertainties and now the just and righteous act of exigencies of war. The UK and the freeing India as an earnest and US did not care to ‘censor or stop promise of similarly freeing all other publication as these Allies were subject peoples in Asian and Africa” interested in the final and total effect (Ibid, No. 83). of the joint endeavour and not in any In his letter of August 3 to temporary or local interest. China, AMERICAN FRIENDS, Gandhi however, insisted that Gandhi’s letter wrote: “You have made common should not be put for publication. cause with Great Britain. You cannot Chiang Kai-shek through the Chinese therefore disown responsibility for Commissioner in India pressed Nehru anything that her representatives do to prevail upon Gandhi accordingly. in India. You will do a grievous wrong Gandhi did so at great inconvenience to the Allied cause, if you do not sift to his weekly schedule of publication the truth from the chaff whilst there (A Bunch of Old Letters No. 347). is yet time. Just think of it. Is there It remains an uncomfortable fact anything wrong in the Congress that while the Western powers could demanding unconditional recognition stand the nuisance of Gandhi’s of India’s independence? It is being opinion, an Eastern power and an said, ‘But this is not the time’. We Asian neighbour could not. In 1942 say, ‘ This is the psychological summer, people in Calcutta and moment for that recognition. For then Eastern India had found that the 28 28 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

Chinese army officers were not contemplation will surely have the different from the British and sympathy and moral support of the American officers, and even felt that entire Chinese people and will, I the swagger of Asian junker was fervently hope, be crowned with the more irritating than of his European success it merits through the counterpart. People in Calcutta, acquisition of what is rightfully and Manipur or Kohima thus would not incontrovertibly yours—freedom and expect worse from Netaji and his independence of India” (Letter from Japanese associates. For freedom S. H. Shen to Nehru on June 16. A fighters in India were to choose Bunch of Old Letters, No. 345). The between Gandhi and Netaji. With Generalissimo, Chiang Kai-shek, knowledge of such feelings in India, however, found the letter offensive Chiang Kai-shek and his and telegraphed Shen to press Nehru Commissioner in New Delhi had to for advising Gandhi to withold its exercise total censorship on Gandhi. publication (Ibid, No. 347). On July 8 The letter published three years later when the Quit India movement was was however not the evil as one finds in the offing Chiang Kai-shek now. telegraphed Nehru thus, “Personally The letter, written and dated I am of the opinion that in view of the June 14, to Chiang Kai-shek, was recent reverses sustained by the sent to the Chinese Commissioner United Nations ... the Congress would duly in advance of release to the do well to exercise maximum press. Even the Chinese forbearance, to refrain from drastic Commissioner in his own reading had action and to demonstrate its “come to the conclusion that whoever abstention from hampering any reads it with an open and military campaign ...” (Ibid, No. 349). unprejudiced mind cannot fail either to be convinced by his irrefutable VI vindication for immediate freedom The Second World War was in fact a and independence for India or to moral crisis in Indo-British relations. appreciate his well-meaninged “To do or not do” was the conundrum determination to abstain from for either party. Could the British anything that might be injurious to refuse to hand over power to India China or encourage in any way inter arma? Could India refuse a Japanese aggression in India or moral responsibility to aid the Allied China. Faithfully and conscientiously Powers or not? When Gandhi executed, the movement you have in demanded that the British should 29 29 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

“perform the just and righteous act of Europe may be recalled in his own freeing India “he merely urged for an words : “We are all tarred with the Act of Truth. British statesmen like same brush; we are all members of Stafford Cripps while rejecting the vast human family. I decline to Gandhi’s demand felt committed to draw any distinctions. I cannot claim an Act of Faith. The crisis involved any superiority for Indians. We have was expressed on either side in the the same virtues and the same vices. language of ancient Asia, Sanskrit or Humanity is not divided into water- Hebrew, and not in terms of Asianism tight compartments so that we cannot or Europeanism. go from one to another. They may Gandhi did not deny that his love occupy one thousand rooms, but they for his own country was not excelled are all related to one another. I would by his love for any other country. Nor not say, ‘India should be all in all, let did he see any merits in Asianism, the whole world perish.’ That is not No Asian country evinced fellow my message. India should be all in felling for a neighbour. Tagore in all, consistently with the wellbeing of 1938 had outspokenly accused Japan other nations of the world. I can keep of aggression in China and concluded India intact and its freedom also his letters to Yone Noguchi thus, intact only if I have goodwill towards “Wishing your people not success but the whole of the human family and remorse.” Yet he did cherish till his not merely for the human family death (August 1941) his admiration which inhabits this little spot of the for freedom-fighters like Netaji earth called India. It is big enough already known to be in active contact compared to other smaller nations, with Axis Powers. Asianism was in but what is India in the wide world or fact an early casualty of the War. in the universe” (Bose : Selections, Russia gave full support to Chinese No. 509). resistance against Japanese For Gandhi there were two aggression in North China and yet issues; how far Non-Violence could be was not at war with Japan till accommodated or relaxed if India was summer 1945. China on the other to join the War and whether India’s hand while struggling to throw out freedom was to have priority. Asia or Japan made all efforts, though Asian neighbours did not enter into fruitlessly, to re-annex Tibet. his calculation as such thought would Gandhi’s reaction to the moral crisis have obscured the real issues facing facing India and Britain or Asia and India and the world.

30 30 SWARAJ : Utopia or Realistic Goal? Tapan Kumar Chattopadhyay

Swaraj means self- powers, but the exercise of these governance or self-rule. In powers is to be subject to the superintendence of public opinion. colonial India the term also Gandhi opined that the village meant India’s independence communities should be organized in from foreign rule. Gandhi terms of ‘expanding circles’: villages used ‘swaraj’ and ‘home rule’ >talukas >districts >provinces, each as synonyms. The concept of governed by representatives elected by its constituent units. Gandhi was swaraj, as developed by against direct elections to the Gandhi, lays emphasis upon central legislative assembly self-governance through (parliament) because he feared that community building. The elections on such a large scale tend focus is on political to be divisive and encourage corruption. The central government decentralization. Adopting should have enough power to hold swaraj means establishing a the provinces (with all their system where real power constituent units) together but it resides directly in the hands must not dominate them. Thus of the people. Gandhi had conceived of a decentralized polity based on direct Gandhi wanted, for independent democracy and self-rule or swaraj. India, a sarvodaya polity based on Gandhi’s model of swaraj based the principles of swadeshi and on direct democracy was almost swaraj. Such a polity, he argued, entirely discarded by the post- should comprise autonomous local independence national government self-governing communities. The which adopted the Eurocentric basic unit of such a polity should be model of development. However, the village panchayat, consisting of influenced by Gandhi’s ideas, many five persons annually elected by the social workers have been doing villagers. Each panchayat is to have constructive work at the grassroots legislative, executive and judicial level with the object of attaining 31 31 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

swadeshi and swaraj even if at the our rule. We will be able to take micro level. At the macro level two decisions concerning our village, our major non-violent movements with town and our community. The laws the aim of social, economic and made in the Parliament and the political transformation (namely, the legislative assemblies will also be Bhoodan movement led by Vinoba made with our consent and Bhave and the Total Revolution participation/ (p. xxi) movement of Jayaprakash Narayan) The polity in India, asserts were based on the ideas of swaraj. Kejriwal, is marked by corruption, In contemporary India it is nepotism and injustice. The the Aam Admi Party corporate houses, both (founded in late 2012 and foreign and indigenous, elected to power in the exert a tremendous Union Territory of Delhi) influence on the which publicly claims policymakers of our that its aim is to country. ‘Our mines are empower the people by being disposed of for a actualizing Gandhi’s pittance to these basic ideas of swaraj. industrial houses. For Prompted by an urge to example, companies that explain their position on acquire iron ore mines pay this issue, Arvind Kejriwal, the government a royalty of a the present Chief Minister of Delhi, mere Rs. 27 per ton. These wrote his book Swaraj (Noida : companies then sell this same iron Harper Collins, 2012) even before ore in the market at the rate of Rs. he was elected to power. To 6000 per ton (the cost of mining Kejriwal, ‘Our fight for and cleaning the ore is about Rs. independence was not only for 300 per ton). Isn’t this way of liberation from the British. It was directly looting the country’s also for swaraj; for self-rule. There resources? (p. 6) was a dream that in independent ‘We have no control over the India the people will rule... The natural resources of our country. British went away but their system Natural resources, such as water, has remained in place...There is no forests, land and minerals are being sight of swaraj/ (pp. xx - xxi) To taken away from us and being Kejriwal, swaraj means direct given to companies’ (p. 19). Thus democracy: ‘Swaraj means self-rule; the people have no control over 32 32 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

government policies. This, Kejriwal application should be made to the argues, is a negation of democracy. panchayat secretary of the affected True democracy, he asserts, is villages. The panchayat secretary direct democracy, i.e. direct will then put up the proposal before participation of the people in policy- the gram sabha where the people making apparatuses. Direct will decide whether they are willing participation of the people could to give their land or not, and if have been ensured through the they do, on what conditions. The panchayati raj system. But, actually gram sabha should also have direct the system operates in such a way ownership of all forests and water that it merely provides bodies within its geographical area. opportunities to officials and How will decisions be taken politicians to make money rather under the system of swaraj? than empowering the people. Today, According to Kejriwal the pradhans the panchyats, instead of facilitating (mukhiyas or sarpanches) of all the self-administration, act merely as villages of a block will form a block agencies for implementing the panchayat. They will elect a block schemes proposed by the Central president from amongst themselves. and state governments. Gram Similarly, all block presidents sabhas, i.e. the entire village together should constitute the community sitting together to take district panchayat and one of them decisions on various issues, are very will be elected president. Thus the rare. Even if a meeting is convened, pradhan or sarpanch of a village very few people turn up because panchayat can work as a mediator they know that the gram sabha has between the gram sabha and the no effective power. Kejriwal argues block panchayat. In this way the that the law should be changed in gram sabha can control what such a way that the gram sabha happens at the block level. will have the power to issue orders Similarly, the block panchayat to any official of the district or the presidents can work as mediators block and summon him/her to its between the block panchayats and meetings. Again, suitable the district panchayat. Kejriwal modifications should be made in the asserts: The practice of election of existing laws so that if a company members to mid- and district-level wishes to set up a plant or if a panchayats should be completely state government or Central stopped. Only members of government wants to acquire land, panchayats at the lower level 33 33 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

should be nominated members of the policy. And the same would the higher panchayats and only apply to rescind any policy or then will the gram sabha be able to scheme/ (p. 119) control the high[er]-level panchayat (iv) Self-rule should be through its representatives.’ (p. 132) established not only in the villages Kejriwal makes a good number but also in the towns. In the towns of suggestions for establishing the basic units will be the mohalla swaraj or self-rule. The most sabhas which, just like the gram important ones are : sabhas, will have the authority to (i) All decisions are to be taken take all decisions at the grassroots by the gram sabha. The sarpanch or level and should have power enough pradhan has to implement these to control the higher- level bodies. decisions. The gram sabha should All this is then Arvind have the power to recall or remove Kejriwal’s understanding of self-rule a corrupt or inefficient sarpanch. or swaraj, which he wants to (ii) Most of the funds given to establish. But, can he do so? the panchayats by the Central and Bickerings and acrimonious state governments should be untied, infighting have already done a great i.e. not tied to any particular damage to the popular democratic scheme. The gram sabhas should image of Kejriwal’s Aam Admi decide how the money is to be Party. The manner in which two spent. important members of the Party (iii) The people should have a were expelled points to the absence/ right to make new laws and lack of internal democracy in the policies. ‘If 5 per cent or more of Party. Swaraj or self-rule the gram sabhas put forth a theoretically represents true proposal to frame a law or policy, democracy. So, unless authoritarian the state government should send a tendencies within the Party are copy of the proposal to the rest of done away with and internal the gram sabhas. If 50 per cent of democracy restored, swaraj (in the all existing gram sabhas accept the true sense of the term) can never proposal, the state government will be brought about by Kejriwal and have to pass that law or implement his Party.

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áy!ò Ù[˛°ñ •z ≠ 70 ܲˆÏ°ç !fiê˛∆ê˛ ÙyˆÏÜ≈˛ê˛ñ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yñ 4 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ñ 1933

˛õ%çl#Î˚ Ù•ydyç#ñ xy!Ù xy¢y ܲ!Ó˚ xyÓ˚yÙÓyà ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ñ ܲÙ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ñ ܲÌy xy˛õlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– 9 lˆÏ˲¡∫Ó˚ 1933 §yˆÏ° xy!Ù ˆç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚yÙÓyà ÎyeyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ÈüüüȈÎáyˆÏl xy!Ù ÎyÓy Ùyey xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚ •ÓÈüüüÈxy˛õlyÓ˚ §ˆÏD §y«˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛Ùï˛ Ó%ˆÏV˛ ˆlÓñ ~Ùl •zFSÈy xyÙyÓ˚ !SÈ°– Ó›ï˛ xy˛õ!l Îál 10 ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá !ò!Õ‘ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ Ùyoyç ÎyˆÏÓlñ ï˛ál xy§ylˆÏ§yˆÏ° ˆê˛∆ˆÏl xy˛õlyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~•z !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y Ó°ˆÏÓyñ ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y ÓƒÓfliy §ï˛#¢ÓyÓ% !fliÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰló !ܲv ~ál xy!Ù çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚°yÙ ˆÎ xy˛õlyÓ˚ ˙ ˛õˆÏÌ xy§yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z xy!Ù ~ál !fliÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ 15 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ xy!Ù xyÓ˚yÙÓyà !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓy ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ òÊ˛y ˆçˆÏ° ÎyÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyÓ˚yÙÓyà §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ xy˛õlyˆÏܲ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓy– xy˛õ!l çyˆÏll xyÓ˚yÙÓyà •Û° ‡à!° ˆç°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù•Ü%˛Ùyñ ÎyÓ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l 350 Óà≈Ùy•z°ñ ˆ°yܲ§Çáƒy ≤ÃyÎ˚ §yˆÏí˛¸ ˛õÑyã˛ °«˛ñ ~Ó˚y SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ §yï˛ˆÏ¢y @˝ÃyˆÏÙ– 1930 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓ˚yÙÓyˆÏà ˆÜ˛Ùl xyˆÏ®y°l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚î !lˆÏã˛ !ò!FSÈ– å1ä 1930ÈüÈ31 §yˆÏ° ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ x!ôÓy§#Ó˚ •zí˛z!lÎ˚l ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ê˛ƒy: Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã!§ 350 çl ~Ó˚ çlƒ ˆòy£Ï# §yÓƒhflÏ •Î˚– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆll ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲#!ï˛ ≤Ãò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãã˛[˛ òÙlÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ã˛y°yl– !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÌ≈ •l– •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ §!¶˛ ˆây!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z x§•ˆÏÎyà xyˆÏ®y°l ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– å2ä §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyˆÏ˛õy§ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ê˛yˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– 15!ê˛ lï%˛l ˛õyë˛¢y°y ˆáy°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ áy!òÓ˚ ܲyçG xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ á%Ó Îb ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï 35 35 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

@˝ÃyÙ=!°Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ù#«˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ §y•zˆÏÜœ˛yfiê˛y•z° ΈÏsf Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆSÈˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ ã˛y°yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ç!ÙòyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚# ˆàyÙhflÏyˆÏòÓ˚ !l˛õ#í˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yáyˆÏê˛y xyˆÏ®y°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§áyˆÏl Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y•z çÎ˚°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈÈüüüÈç!ÙòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ lƒy΃ òy!Ó=!° ˆÙˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ 1931 §yˆÏ° xyˆÏ˛õyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ ÙyˆÏ§ xyÓ˚yÙÓyˆÏàÓ˚ ç!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyç ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛Ù òyˆÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ Ù®yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ç!Ó˚˛õ Óy!•l# ~ˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸yÎ˚ @˝ÃyÙÓy§#Ó˚y xyï˛!B˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ܲyÓ˚îñ ˆ§ˆÏê˛°ˆÏÙrê˛ ÙyˆÏl•z Óyí˛¸!ï˛ ˆÓyV˛y– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xy!Ùl ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y çl§yôyÓ˚îˆÏܲ ˆÓyܲy Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒyÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ ê˛yܲy ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ˲#!ï˛≤Ãò xÓfliyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ¢!_´ §Ç•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ 350!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ~•z ˆÓxy•z!l xÌ≈ xyòyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ– !ܲv xlƒylƒ @˝ÃyÙ=!°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ˆÏê˛°ˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ °%ë˛ ã˛ˆÏ°!SÈ°– Îál ~•z§Ó ܲyç •!FSÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆ§ˆÏê˛°ˆÏÙrê˛ Úáyly˛õ%Ó˚#Û ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSȈÏSÈ ï˛ál•z áÓÓ˚ ~ˆÏ°y çG•Ó˚°y°ç# ~ÓÇ áyl xyÓò%° àÊ˛Ê˛yÓ˚ áylˆÏܲ ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xy˛õ!l ˆày°ˆÏê˛!Ó° ˜Óë˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ x!•Ç§ xy•zl xÙylƒ xyˆÏ®y°l ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ω˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– å3ä 1932ÈüÈ33ÈüÈ~ xy•zl xÙylƒ xyˆÏ®y°l xyÓyÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏ°ñ xyÙÓ˚y §Ó≈ ≤ÃÌÙ Îy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ ï˛y •Û° ˆ§ˆÏê˛°ˆÏÙrê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲyç ÓÎ˚Ü˛ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– •zí˛z!lÎ˚l ê˛ƒy܉˛§ ˆòGÎ˚y Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ܲyçG ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD •yˆÏï˛ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˆ§ˆÏê˛°ˆÏÙrê˛ ÓÎ˚ܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ•z !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹T §#ÙyÓk˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆ§çlƒ Óƒy˛õܲ G ˲Î˚ÇܲÓ˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xÓ§Ó˚≤ÃyÆ ˛õyë˛yl ˜§!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ°!°ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ñ °%ë˛ xfliyÓÓ˚ §¡õ!_ ÓyˆÏçÎ˚yÆ Ü˛Ó˚yñ ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ã˛°!SÈ°ó !ܲv §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˲Î˚ylܲ xfl∫!hflψÏï˛ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ñ çl§yôyÓ˚î ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– 1932 §yˆÏ° ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ @˝ÃyÙ ~•z ܲyˆÏç §!e´Î˚ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy !SÈ° 250– ~Ó˚y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y SÈ Ùy§ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏê˛°ˆÏÙrê˛ ÓÎ˚ܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •Û° áyçly Ó¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ °í˛¸y•z– §¡õ!_ ˆe´yܲ ܲÓ˚y •Û°– í˛zͲõ#í˛¸l ã˛°ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲ° ~ÓÇ •yçyÓ˚ñ •yçyÓ˚ ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Û°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 1932 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÓ˚yÙÓyà Ù•Ü%˛ÙyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §yçy •Û° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy !SÈ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyê˛ˆÏ¢y– 1933 §yˆÏ° 26 çyl%Î˚y!Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y !òÓ§ í˛zò‰Îy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧˆÏÓ xyÓ˚yÙÓyà Ù•Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ çl§yôyÓ˚î xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ˲yˆÏÓ §yí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ çyÎ˚àyˆÏï˛ ˛õ%!°§ °y!ë˛ ã˛yç≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ~Ùl !ܲ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ ˆ¢y˲yÎye#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÓòlàO ÌylyˆÏï˛ =!° ã˛y°yˆÏly •Î˚– Îï˛ !òl ˆÎˆÏï˛ °yà° ï˛ï˛•z xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲï˛y Î!òG ܲÙ!SÈ° !ܲv ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸•z ã˛°!SÈ°– 1933 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ àî xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ §Çáƒy 200 ˆÌˆÏܲ 50ÈüÈ~ ˆlˆÏÙ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ°– 8 ˆÙ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñÈüüüȈΠ!òl ˆÌˆÏܲ xy˛õlyÓ˚ xl¢ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyˆÏ®y°l fli!àï˛ Ó˚yáy •Î˚ÈüüüÈò![˛ï˛ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ §Çáƒy !SÈ° 950– ˆÓ!¢ ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ ÙyÓ˚ˆÏôyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏ° òyGÈüüüÈ~ê˛y•z !SÈ° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ l#!ï˛– xyˆÏ®y°l fli!àï˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚G ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 çlˆÏܲ ò[˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ 31 ç%°y•z ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ò[˛yK˛y ≤ÃyƈÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy !SÈ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ 980– xyˆÏ®y°l fli!àï˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ •ë˛yÍ•z Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ly Ó¶˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ç!D ܲyçܲÙ≈ Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– x!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ËÑ˛yê˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ˛õ%ly x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ §ï˛ƒy@˝Ã• xyÓ˚Ω˛ •Û°ñ !ܲv ~áˆÏly 5!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ áyçly ӈ϶˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ®y°l ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆ§ˆÏê˛°ˆÏÙrê˛ Ó¶˛ñ ç!ÙÓ˚ áyçly ˆòGÎ˚yG Ó¶˛– ~=!° §Ó•z •ˆÏFSÈ !Ó˛õ%° §ÇáƒyÎ˚– ~•z§Ó @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 50 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ~áˆÏly xyˆÏ®y°l ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ 36 36 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ~•z§Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy 500ÈüÈÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢– ~•z ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ SÈyí˛¸yñ Óƒ!_´àï˛ §ï˛ƒy@˝Ã•#Ó˚y áyçly Ó¶˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 20!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Óƒ!_´àï˛ §ï˛ƒy@˝Ã•#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙˆÏï˛•z 200ÈüÈÓ˚ Ü˛Ù •ˆÏÓ lyñ ~•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óƒ!_´àï˛ §ï˛ƒy@˝Ã•#Ó˚y ˲#£Ïî˲yˆÏÓ !lÎ≈y!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ˆe´yˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– 1933ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyàˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ lÜ%˛[˛y @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ 4!ê˛ Óy!í˛¸ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏçÎ˚yÆ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆçˆÏ° ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ò,ì˛¸!l¤˛y ~ÓÇ xÓfliy˛õߨ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îÙ)°Ü˛ ¢y!hflÏ ˆòÓyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 5 xyàfiê˛ 1933 ˆÌˆÏܲ 12 lˆÏ˲¡∫Ó˚ 1933 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ 59 çl Óƒ!_´àï˛ §ï˛ƒy@˝Ã•#Ó˚ xï%˛°ƒ ˆây£Ï ò[˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 8 çl Ü,˛£Ïܲ Ó˚Ùî#ñ xyˆÏÓ˚y 11 çl ~álG xyÓ˚yÙÓyà §yÓ ˆçˆÏ° !Óã˛yÓ˚yô#l– Óƒ!_´àï˛ §ï˛ƒy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˛õ%!°§ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚yê˛y!Ó˚ §y•zˆÏÜœ˛yfiê˛y•z° ˆÙ!§l ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ~!ê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y 25 Ùy§ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˙ Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚yê˛y!Ó˚ ˆÙ!§l ˛õ%!°§ 1932ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~!≤Èϰ ÓyˆÏçÎ˚yÆ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ%ly ܲl‰Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚ˆÏ™ xy˛õlyÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ ˆSÈˆÏ˛õ çl§yôyÓ˚îˆÏܲ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ùƒy!çˆÏfiê˛∆ê˛ˆÏܲ ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆly!ê˛¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ çylˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚– xy!Ù çylˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˛õ%!°§ xy§yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˙ !ÓÓ,!ï˛Ó˚ 15ñ000 ܲ!˛õ !Ó!° ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Óƒ!_´àï˛ §ï˛ƒy@˝Ã• xyˆÏ®y°l !l¡¨!°!áï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– åÜ˛ä •zí˛z!lÎ˚l ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ê˛ƒy: Ó¶˛ •zï˛ƒy!òÈüüüÈ≤ÃyÎ˚ 700 xy•zl xÙylƒÜ˛yÓ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– åáä ˆÎ§Ó âÓ˚ÈüÈÓy!í˛¸ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§=!°ˆÏï˛ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ •yÙ°y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– Óí˛¸ ˆí˛yDˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈y°Î˚ Ú§yàÓ˚ Ü%˛ê˛#Ó˚Û ~ál §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏçÎ˚yÆ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%!°§ Ìyly Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– åàä ò%!ê˛ xyÊ˛ày!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏl !˛õˆÏܲ!ê˛Ç ܲÓ˚y– åâä ܲyÓ≈l ܲ!˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !°ˆÏá Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– å.ä xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ @˝ÃyÙ «˛!ï˛@˝Ãfli •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§•z§Ó @˝ÃyˆÏÙ !Ó!¢‹T ܲÙ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ê˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ≤çˆÏD ~ ܲÌy çylyˆÏly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ àï˛ 1933 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÊ˛Ó€&Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓ˚yÙÓyà Ù•Ü%˛ÙyˆÏï˛ çl!lÓ˚y˛õ_y xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ xyly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xÓ¢ƒ ˙ ˆÊ˛Ó€&Î˚y!Ó˚ 1933 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z xy•zl ˆÙ!òl#˛õ%Ó˚ ˆç°yÓ˚ ï˛Ù°%ܲñ ÜÑ˛y!Ì ~ÓÇ §òÓ˚ Ù•Ü%˛ÙyˆÏï˛G ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ x!˲Îyl Îál ã˛°!SÈ°ÈüüüÈÎál xyˆÏ®y°l fli!àï˛ Ó˚yáy •Î˚!lñ xyÓ˚yÙÓyà §ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò lyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Çàë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ §•Ü˛Ù#≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyÓ˚ ˆçˆÏ° ˆòáy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!Ù çylˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ ˆÎ ~•z ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ =Æ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ܲÙ#≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly áyÓ˚y˛õ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!lÈüüüÈxÓ¢ƒ ~•z ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l SÈy˛õyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y •Ûï˛ñ ~=!° !Óï˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lÎ˚ñ ï˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y ˆáy°yá%!°Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z– =Æ Ü˛yÎ≈y°Î˚!ê˛ñ xÓ¢ƒ §ï˛ƒy@˝ÃxˆÏ•Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏñ @˝ÃyÙ#îñ ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚=!°ˆÏܲ xÌ≈ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçG ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛y– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲçl =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ܲÙ#≈ˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ !ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l xï%˛°ƒã˛Ó˚î ˆây£Ï– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆç° •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l !•ç°# ˆflõ¢y° ˆçˆÏ° ܲlê˛∆yܲˆÏê˛í‰˛ @’aƒyu˛§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ê˛í˛zÓyÓ˚ !ܲí˛zˆÏ°!§ˆÏ§ Ë%˛àˆÏSÈl– xyÙyÓ˚ ˲Î˚ •Î˚ñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y |!l¢ Ùy§ ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚yÙÓyˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˲Î˚B˛Ó˚ ÙƒyˆÏ°!Ó˚Î˚y@˝ÃhflÏ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆày˛õˆÏl ~ܲy!òe´ˆÏÙ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z ˆÓ˚yà •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 37 37 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

xy˛õlyÓ˚ !ÓÓ,!ï˛!ê˛ xy!Ù xˆÏlܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ ~ÓÇ ~G Ó%ˆÏV˛!SÈ ˆÎ §ï˛ƒy@˝ÃˆÏ• ˆày˛õlï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl fliyl ˆl•z– !ܲv xy!Ù xy˛õlyˆÏܲ §y•§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ܲÌy•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ xï%˛°ƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ܲyç •Û°ñ òyÓ˚&î ≤ÈÏÓ˚yã˛ly §ˆÏ_¥G çl§yôyÓ˚îˆÏܲ x!•Ç§ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– xy!Ù ˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ~ê˛y xl%ôyÓl ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §ï˛ƒy@˝ÃˆÏ• ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG fliyl ˆl•z– !ܲv Îál xyˆÏ®y°lê˛y !lSÈܲ §ï˛ƒy@˝Ã• ly ˆÌˆÏܲ !l!fl;˛Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àî xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ ˆlÎ˚ ï˛álG !ܲ xy˛õ!l ò%•z ~ܲçl §!òFSÈy §¡õߨ !lË≈˛Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ Ü˛Ù#≈Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛ylG Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ =Æ §Çàë˛l xl%ˆÏÙyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓl ly⁄ ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ~ܲçl ܲÙ#≈ˆÏܲ !lÎ≈y!ï˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ òy!Î˚ˆÏc Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ê˛y §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ çyˆÏl– ~ál xyÙÓ˚y ˆày˛õl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ Óç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆÜ˛ylG §Çàë˛lG ~ál xyÓ˚ ˆl•z– !ܲv ܲÙ#≈Ó˚y ~ܲ ~ܲê˛y òˆÏ° ˲yà •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §Ù@˝Ã Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xy˛õlyˆÏܲ çyly°yÙ– xyÙyÓ˚ §•Ü˛Ù#≈Ó˚y ~ÓÇ xy!Ù á%Ó•z Ü,˛ï˛K˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓy Î!ò xy˛õ!l xl%@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°Ó˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ å1ä xyÓ˚yÙÓyˆÏàÓ˚ xy•zl xÙylƒÜ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆÜ˛ylG Ó˚ܲˆÏÙ §Çàë˛l àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y •ˆÏÓ !ܲ ly⁄ å2ä ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ xy•zl xÙylƒÜ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ò° ˆÓшÏô ܲyç ܲÓ˚y !ܲ Ë%˛°⁄ å3ä ÓySÈyÈüÈÓySÈy @˝ÃyˆÏÙ àî xyˆÏ®y°l àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y !ܲ ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Î%!_´§Dï˛⁄ å4ä ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xy˛õlyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚yÙÓyˆÏà áyçly fli!àï˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ Ó°y •Î˚!l– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çyÎ˚àyˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ï˛!Ó˚¢ ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y áyçly xyòyÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG ˆÜ˛yÌyG ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl xyòyÎ˚ ˛õÑyã˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ Ùye– Óï≈˛Ùyl xÓfliyˆÏï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°l ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y !ܲ !ÓK˛çˆÏly!ã˛ï˛ ܲyç •ˆÏÓ⁄ ~áyˆÏl ~ܲê˛y ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ~•z áyçly Ó¶˛ xyˆÏ®y°l !ܲv ˆ◊î# §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚!l– ≤ÃîyÙ §•ÈüüüÈ xy˛õlyÓ˚ xl%àï˛ñ ≤ÃÊ%˛Õ‘ã˛w ˆ§l

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1950ÈüÈ60ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲylÛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ày¶˛#Óyò# Ùy!ê≈˛l °%ÌyÓ˚ Úxy!ʀ˛Ü˛ylÈüÈxyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲylÛ Ó°yˆÏܲ !Ü˛Ç ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘Stride ò›Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ xyÙyÓ˚ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl Towards Freedom’ xÓ°¡∫lñ xôƒy˛õܲ §%ò¢≈l ˛õ%hflψÏܲ ˆ°ˆÏálñ ܲy˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ§•z ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ lyÙ ‘‘Christ furnished ‘Raising up a Prophet : the spirit and The African-American motivation while Encounter with Gandhi' Gandhi furnished (OUP, 1993)– the method.’’ ày¶˛#Ó˚ !ܲv ày¶˛#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÙˆÏly˲!D ÙˆÏôƒ á,‹Tñ Ó%k˛ G ≤çˆÏDÓ˚G ~ܲê˛y ˛õê˛Ë)˛!Ùܲy xyˆÏSÈÈüüüȈ§ê˛yˆÏܲG ˆàyí˛¸yˆÏï˛•z ˜ã˛ï˛lƒˆÏܲ ~ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚GÎ˚yç lçÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ§!ê˛ •°ÈüüüÈày¶˛#Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˆï˛Ùl !ܲS%È x!˲lÓ lÎ˚ñ Ó‡ Ùl#£Ï# ï˛y xˆÏlܲ xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛£èyD ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv Ü,˛£èyD xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲylˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲylÓ˚yñÈüüüȈŸªï˛yD SÈyí˛¸y ò%!lÎ˚yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˆã˛yˆÏá ày¶˛# !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏï˛ xˆÏŸªï˛Ü˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ•z ÚÜ,˛£èyDÛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ܲyd xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏFSÈ– ~ˆÏܲ •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ܲˆÏÓ˚ Widest 1920ÈüÈ1947 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü,˛£èyD possible homogenisation Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ xy!ʀ˛Ü˛yl ˆã˛yˆÏá ày¶˛#ÈüüüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ˆÎ ܲˆÏ°y!lÎ˚y!°çˆÏÙÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ï˛y ˆÓyô•Î˚ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ 1900 !á€fiê˛yˆÏ∑ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ ç#Ój¢yˆÏï˛•z ï˛ÑyˆÏܲ ï˛ÑyÓ˚y ˛õƒylÈüÈxy!ʀ˛Ü˛ylñ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆlï˛y 1903 !á€fiê˛yˆÏ∑ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ò)Ó˚Óï˛#≈ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÙ)°Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏá!SȈϰl Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘The Souls of Black Folk’ ˆ§ê˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ë˛Ü˛ ~áyˆÏl•z ˛õ%hflψÏܲ ܲ# !°ˆÏá!SȈϰl ï˛y í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y Îyܲñ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y ܲÌy Ó°y ˲y°ñ ÎyÓ˚y xÓ!•ï˛ ll ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ‘‘The problem of the Indians can K˛yï˛yˆÏÌ≈– Î!òG ÙyÜ≈˛y§ àyˆÏË≈˛Ó˚ (Gurvey) never be simply a problem of ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ lyÙ !SÈ° •zí˛z!l˲y§≈y° !lˆÏ@˝Ãy autonomy in the British •zÙ‰≤Ã&˲ˆÏÙrê˛ xƒyˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢lñ (ANIA), !ܲv Commonwealth of nations. They Ü,˛£èyD xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲylÓ˚y ~ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ú!lˆÏ@˝Ãy must always stand as 39 39 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

representatives of the coloured xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲylˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%!_´ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ xyò¢≈ ÙˆÏl races— as the yellow and black ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ Î!òG ò%•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÓòÙˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !SÈ° peoples as well as the brown of the !˲ߨ– 1917 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ~ܲ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ !ï˛!l ‘the majority of mankind, and together Negro of the Western World’-ˆÜ˛ with the Negroes they must face the í˛zˆÏmy!ôï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ‘to follow the path of insistant problem of the assumption Swadesha’ åxÌ≈yÍ fl∫ˆÏò¢#ä– ~•z í˛z!_´ˆÏï˛ of the white peoples of Europe that ày¶˛#!çÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫Î˚Ω˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ◊k˛y they have a right to dominate the !lˆÏÓòl !SÈ°– ˆ§ ÓSȈÏÓ˚•z ˆÎ ò%ˆÏÓyÎ˚y !lí˛z •zÎ˚ˆÏÜ≈˛ world and especially so to organize ˆ§y¢ƒy!°fiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ §Ë˛yÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ it politically and industrially as to òy!Ó ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆ§Ü˛ÌyG fløï≈˛Óƒ– ~ §ÇÓyò make most men slaves and !Ù°ˆÏÓ Ü˛y˛õ%Ó˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Raising up a servants.’’ Prophet ˛õ%hflψÏܲ•z– ˆÎê˛y ~áyˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ °«˛ Ü,˛£èyDÈüÈxyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ˆÎ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ ï˛y •° ~Ó˚y ò%!lÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˲yÓ˚ï˛ xy@˝Ã• G ày¶˛#Ó®lyñ ~ˆÏï˛ !ܲv xˆÏŸªï˛yDˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲe ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lÎ≈yï˛Ü˛ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe fliyÎ˚# G xfliyÎ˚# ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆŸªï˛yDˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !lÎ≈y!ï˛ï˛ ÓLjϢyq$ï˛ Óy!§®yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §!e´Î˚ xˆÏŸªï˛yDˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úxy•zˆÏí˛l!ê˛!ê˛Û Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ê˛y ˆÜ˛Ó° 1917 ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈yÍ ~áyˆÏl Race §yˆÏ° °y°y °yç˛õÍ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ •z!u˛Î˚yl ˆ•yÙ SÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ Class-ˆÜ˛ñ Ó˚&° °#à xʉ˛ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy àë˛l ~ÓÇ •zÎ˚Ç Ë)˛ˆÏày°ˆÏܲG– •z!u˛Î˚y ˛õ!eܲy ≤Ãã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §#ÙyÓk˛ ò%!lÎ˚yÓ˚ xˆÏŸªï˛yDˆÏܲ ~ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lÎ˚– ày¶˛#Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒñ ÎÑyÓ˚y Ü,˛£èyD ˲yÓÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù í˛zòy•Ó˚î xÓ¢ƒ xˆÏÓ˚ܲê%˛ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl åÓy xy!ʀ˛Ü˛ylÈüÈ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyläÈüȈòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç•z ≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈày¶˛# ï˛y Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 1829 !á€fiê˛yˆÏ∑ ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆàyã˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ܲlyÌ ˆí˛!Ë˛í˛ GÎ˚yܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ‘appeal to the co- òy§ñ ˜§Î˚ò ˆ•yˆÏ§l ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ •!Ó˚òy§ citizens of the World’’ ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê≈˛l ˆí˛°y!lÓ˚ Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù– çyÙy•zܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ Óî≈yì˛ƒ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ‘Black’ (1959)ÈüÈ~ ~•z ÚxyˆÏÓòlÛ Ü,˛£èyD ˆlï˛y ÙyÜ≈˛y§ àyˆÏË≈˛ˆÏܲ ày¶˛#ÙˆÏsf ò#!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ ôÁ!lï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ò%ˆÏÓyÎ˚yÓ˚ lƒy¢ly° Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ àyˆÏË≈˛Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° •zí˛z!l˲y§≈y° xƒyˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢l xʉ˛ ܲy°yí≈˛ !˛õ˛õ‰°§‰ (NAACP) !lˆÏ@˝Ãy •zÙ≤Ã&˲ˆÏÙrê˛ ~ƒyˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢lÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ≤ÃÌÙ Ù•yÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z ~ܲyd •ÓyÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛yˆÏܲ å1914äÈüÈÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl Ùç%ÙòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §!e´Î˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy xÓ¢ƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ Ó˚*˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ !ܲv ˆ§áyˆÏlG ˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÎ≈– §D# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Óy ˲yÓyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ò%ˆÏÓyÎ˚y ~ܲy !SȈϰl ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§#Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ü,˛£èyD xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl ~ܲ lyñ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ§ˆÏe´ê˛yÓ˚# ˆçÙ§‰ GˆÏÎ˚°í‰˛l çl‰§l‰ Óy ˆÎyˆÏà xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ Ù%!_´ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î §ò§ƒ !•í˛zÓyê≈˛ ~•zã˛ •ƒy!Ó˚§l ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ˆÏܲ 1922 §yˆÏ° !lí˛z•zÎ˚ˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ ˆ˛õy£Ïî G ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y çl§Ë˛yÎ˚ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚l àyˆÏË≈˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y xyˆÏ®y°lˆÏܲ ≤ÃÌÙ Ù•yÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚•z •ƒy!Ó˚§l Ü,˛£èyD !lÙ!sfï˛ ày¶˛yÓyò# í˛yÉ !¢Ç ‘‘If the 40 40 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

40,00,00,000 Negroes of the World ÓÓ˚Ç ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !SÈшÏí˛¸ ~ˆÏܲ ~ܲê%˛ ÓòˆÏ° !lˆÏÎ˚ come together and join hands with Ú§Ó xˆÏÌ≈ ~ܲ •ˆÏ°Û ôˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ the 350,00,00,000 East Indians åxÌ≈yÍ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ Óã˛l ӈϰ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈˆÜ˛lly ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ñ GˆÏÎ˚fiê˛ •z!u˛Î˚yl lÎ˚ä of the ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ â)î≈l Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ flõô≈y same race, this great alliance of the ã˛ƒy˛õ!°lÜ,˛ï˛ ˆ@˝Ãê˛ !í˛Ü‰˛ˆÏê˛ê˛Ó˚ SÈ!ÓˆÏï˛•z ÓÓ˚Ç two people will be so strong, so all Ùylyl§•zú ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈñ xˆÏlܲ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛Ó˚y Îy ÙˆÏl powerful, that unless justice be done ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòlñ Ú˲y£ÏyÛ !ç!l§ê˛y ˆÙyˆÏê˛•z á%Ó §%!ÓôyÓ˚ to them, they can and will stop the lÎ˚ú world itself from turning on its axis, Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ àyˆÏË≈˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ày¶˛#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ for they are determined that they •!Ó˚òy§ Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ àyˆÏË≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl UNIA shall be free’’—~•z x˛õ)Ó≈ xyˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ~ܲy!ôܲ §Ë˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ í˛zFS¥Èy§ ˲Ó˚y í˛zk,˛!ï˛ Ó_,´ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛£èyD xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl åܲy˛õ%Ó˚ñ 2É20ä !lŸã˛Î˚ ~ál åÓy xyˆÏʀ˛yÈüÈxyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl ÙylˆÏ§ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° ly •ˆÏ° Ù,ò% àyˆÏË≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏl ày¶˛#Ó˚ §hs˝ÈüÈÙ)!ï≈˛!ê˛ •yˆÏ§ƒyˆÏoܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛l ly !ë˛Ü˛ (Sainty image) x!B˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Ù%!_´ §Ç@˝ÃyÙñ ˆ§ ˆòlñ ~ÓÇ Ùç%ÙòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ Ü˛# •ˆÏÓñ ò!«˛î xy!ʀ˛Ü˛yˆÏï˛ ày¶˛#Ó˚ åày¶˛#Óyò# •ˆÏ° ï˛ Úx!•Ç§Û •ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚G àyˆÏË≈˛Ó˚ ày¶˛#Ó˚ Óyôƒä– Ù%!_´°yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z Ùy•yˆÏdƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ◊k˛y !lˆÏÓòl x§Ω˛Ó §ÇáƒyÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ïñ ò%!lÎ˚yÓ˚ñ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ÚÚïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆò¢Óy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xMÈ˛ˆÏ° !fliï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z åxÌ≈yÍ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ä ≤Ã!ï˛ Ù%!_´ˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓ Ü˛# ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆ§áylܲyÓ˚ ˆŸªï˛Ü˛yÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆòˆÏÓÈüüüÈxÌ≈yÍ xyçܲy°Ü˛yÓ˚ Óî≈!ÓˆÏmˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ôÙ≈Î%k˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ‘governaility’ÈüÈÓ˚ ܲ# çlƒ (‘Crusade in South •ˆÏÓÈüüüȈ§•z§Ó ˆÜ˛yl !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ~ˆÏï˛ ˆl•zñ Africa against social injustice and ~ܲçl ôÙ≈=Ó˚&Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc !ӈϟªÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ xˆÏŸªï˛yD discrimination against his people in ~ܲe •ˆÏ°•z fl∫à≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!_´ V˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓñ that part of the World.’) ày¶˛#Ó˚ Óî≈lyÎ˚ ˲yÓáyly ~•z– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y !¢ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˲y£Ïy °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ò!«˛î xy!ʀ˛Ü˛yˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£èyDˆÏòÓ˚ ‘lynch’ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ áÓÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ ï˛yˆÏܲ á%Ó ~ܲê˛y Ú!í˛Ü˛lfiê˛∆yܲ¢lÛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ àyˆÏË≈˛ xy•yÓ˚ÈüÈ!loy ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ӈϰ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ lyÈüüüÈ‘two people will be so ˆ¢yly ÎyÎ˚– strong, so all powerful, that unless Ùç%ÙòyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty åÓ•z Asian- justice be done to them, they can Indians Contribution to America, and will stop the world itself from 1986, xyÓ˚ܲyl‰§yˆÏ§Ó˚ ày¶˛# •zl!fiê˛!ê˛í˛zê˛ xʉ˛ turning on its axis.’’ ~•z ܲÌyê˛yˆÏܲ !lŸã˛Î˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ä §ˆÏ_¥Gñ ‘Negro á%Ó ày¶˛#Óyò# lÓ˚Ù x!•Ç§yÓyã˛Ü˛ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏFSÈ lyú World’ ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ˆ°áy Óy !Ó!˲ߨ §Ë˛yˆÏï˛ 41 41 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

Ó_,´ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ àyˆÏË≈˛Ó˚ ày¶˛#Ó®ly ˆÓ!¢ !òl 1930 !á€fiê˛yˆÏ∑ ‘The Power of Non- ˆê˛ˆÏܲ!l– ܲyÓ˚îñ !Óí˛¸°yˆÏòÓ˚ Îï˛•z ày¶˛# Úx!SÈÛ ÓˆÏ° Violence’ lyˆÏÙ ˆÎ ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚&lñ àyˆÏË≈˛Ó˚ Ü,˛£èyD ܲƒy!˛õê˛y!°çˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛y ò%ˆÏÓyÎ˚y G Úe´y•z!§§‰Û ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyˆÏï˛ñ ܲyˆÏ°yˆÏòÓ˚ çy•yç# ˆÜ˛y¡õy!l ˆá°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ày¶˛# = á€#‹T §Ù#ܲÓ˚î!ê˛ˆÏܲ fliyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ë˛Ü˛ ày¶˛#ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ áy˛õ ï%˛ˆÏ°!SÈ°– §%ò¢≈l ܲy˛õ%Ó˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z áyÎ˚!lÈüüüÈ~ÓÇ àyˆÏË≈˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ËÑ˛yê˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~° ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ày¶˛# ôyÓ˚îy !lÙ≈yˆÏî §•yÎ˚ܲ ˆ°áy˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyˆÏï˛Gñ !eˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ xçflÀ l!çÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó•zˆÏï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ =Ó˚&c ˆ˛õˆÏ°l ò%ˆÏÓyÎ˚y (Dubois) ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !ï˛!l ˆÜ˛l ‘Raising Up a Prophet’ ˛õ!eܲy ‘Crisis’– !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛y ~§Ó !lò¢≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÓyV˛y ÎyˆÏÓú ò%ˆÏÓyÎ˚yG !SȈϰl ÎyˆÏܲ ˆÙyˆÏê˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ Ó°y ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó°y Óy‡°ƒñ ~áyˆÏl ‘Power’ ܲÌy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈRomantic Indophile åˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ Ê%˛ˆÏܲy (Foucault)ÈüÈÓ˚ xˆÏÌ≈ !lˆÏ° ã˛°ˆÏÓ ly– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏ≤Ã!Ùܲä ïÑ˛yÓ˚G ày¶˛# ôyÓ˚îy ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛lly ï˛y•ˆÏ° ‘nonviolence’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ !SÈ°ñÈüüüÈ~ܲçl !SȈϰl Ó§hs˝Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ‘power’ ¢∑!ê˛ Óí˛¸ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ Ó˚yÎ˚– !ï˛!l New York American ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ï˛ál ‘violence’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÇK˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ lyly ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ày¶˛#Ó˚ ‘Saintliness’ ~ÓÇ ‘religious ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÓ– xyˆÏà•z Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ grounding’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛l lyly Ú˲y£ÏyÛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y á%Ó !lV≈˛Pyê˛ lÎ˚– ˆ°áy˛õˆÏeñ ày¶˛#Ó˚ ‘Christian Sentiment’ ~•z§Ó Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ xß∫#«˛y ò%ˆÏÓyÎ˚yˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ü,˛£èyD xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲylˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ ày¶˛#˲ˆÏ_´ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ !ï˛!l ày¶˛#ˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y ôyÓ˚îy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ‘Living Maker of Miracles’ ӈϰ Ó®ly §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ÎyˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏ°l ˆàyê˛y !eˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô ày¶˛#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §Ü˛° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚Ó˚ ‘Unconditional 1929 !á€fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ç%°y•z ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ Úe´y•z!§§Û Obedience’ xyˆÏSÈ– ày¶˛#Ó˚ ~•z á€#‹TÈüÈ•zˆÏÙç ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl !lˆÏ@˝ÃyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §,!‹TÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ˆÜ˛yˆÏÎ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆlï˛y !Ó˚ã˛yí≈˛ ˆ@˝Ãà‰ Óy Ù•ydy ày¶˛#Ó˚ Óyî# SÈy˛õy •°ÈüüüÈ ‘Let not the Ü,˛£èyD •z!ï˛•y§ !¢!«˛Ü˛y í»˛$!§°y çl‰!ç ‡fiê˛l 12 million Negroes be ashamed of (Drusilla Dunjee Houston)ÈüüüÈ~шÏòÓ˚G the fact that they are the !ӈϢ£Ï ÚxÓòylÛ !SÈ°– í»˛$!§°y Ú!¢Ü˛yˆÏày Grandchildren of slaves. There is !í˛ˆÏÊ˛lí˛yÓ˚Û lyÙܲ ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ Úòƒ !°ê˛°Ùƒyl ày¶˛#Û dishonour in connection with the lyÙܲ ~ܲ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ ӈϰl ˆÎñ Ú˙ little bare, past. Let us realise that the future brown skeleton of a man, not is with those who would be truthful, professing christ, but living his pure and loving. For, as the old teachings, is the most powerful wise men have said, truth ever is, single individual in the universe.’ untruth never was. Love alone binds §%ò¢≈l ܲy˛õ%Ó˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ 55 ˛õ,¤˛yÎ˚ í˛zk,˛!ï˛!ê˛ and truth and love accrue only to !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !Ó˚ã˛yí≈˛ ˆ@˝Ãà‰ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ the truly humble.’ ày¶˛#Óyò# x!•Ç§y !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ K˛ylyç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ e´#ï˛òy§ ÓLjϢ çß√ •ˆÏ°G Ü%˛Z˛yˆÏÓyô ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ 42 42 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ x§¡øylçlܲ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%ˆÏÓyÎ˚yÓ˚•z §Çfliy lƒy¢ly° xƒyˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢l Ê˛Ó˚‰ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï lÎ˚ÈüüüÈòy§ ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#Ó˚yñ ~•z xyŸªy§ ~ál xƒyí˛Ë˛yl‰§ ˆ§rê˛ xÊ˛ ܲy°yí≈˛ !˛õ˛õ‰° ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏï˛ƒñ ˆ≤ÈÏÙ å¢e&ˆÏܲGä ~ÓÇ !ÓlˆÏÎ˚ !fliï˛ (NAACP)ÈüÈÓ˚ ~ܲ !Ó!¢‹T ܲÙ#≈ í˛z•z!°Î˚Ù ÌyܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ ˆÎ e´y•z!§§ ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y !˛õˆÏܲl‰§‰ (Pickans) G xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyˆÏï˛ SÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ xlƒeG SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ° ˆ§•z §ÇÓyò x!•Ç§yl#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ §ˆÏ®• §%ò¢≈l ܲy˛õ%Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ 39 ˛õ,¤˛yˆÏï˛– ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ày¶˛#Ó˚ ˛ṏÏܲ Ü,˛£èyD xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ ~ܲÌy ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ë%˛° •ˆÏÓ ˛õÌ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ‘Shallow ˆÎ Úày¶˛# l#!ï˛Û G ˛õsiyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚*˛õ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly analogies’ÈüüüÈ !˲!_ܲ ӈϰ ÓƒD ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛ÑyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚!l– •zÉ Ê€˛yÇܲ°#l New York Amsterdom News ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ˆÊ€˛!çÎ˚yÓ˚ (E. F. Frazer) ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ lyÙܲ ~ܲ Ü,˛£èyD §Ùyç!ÓK˛yl#ñ å10É2É1932ä– ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !Î!l •yGÎ˚yí≈˛ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛y˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xôƒy˛õly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ !ï˛!l Óœƒyܲ 58 ˛õ,¤˛yˆÏï˛– ày¶˛#Ó˚ §Ω˛Óï˛ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲylˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫y!ôܲyÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ï˛#Ӏ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ày¶˛#Ó˚ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° 1931 !á€fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ x!•Ç§l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yˆÏܲ 12•z ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ú!˛õê‰˛§‰Óyà≈ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §ˆÏ®• ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Ü%˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚Û ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ çç≈ ÷•z°yÓ˚ !ï˛!l !Î÷Ó˚ ‘unrestrained (Schuyler)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ denunciation of the ˆÌˆÏܲñ ÎyˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l ày¶˛#Ó˚ injustice and hypocrisy ܲÙ≈˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏܲ ӈϰlñ So of his day and his mythical and absurd, refusal to make any !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚Ü˛ê˛ truce with wrong- xyˆÏ®y°lˆÏܲ– !lÓ˚#ŸªÓ˚Óy!òï˛y ly doers’ÈüüüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚G !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚G !ï˛!l ӈϰl ˆVÑ˛yܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰl ‘Where ‘‘Whenever a big leader love has appeared of such dubious begins talking about ‘God’ taking a value, as in south, we take our hand, he is either insincere or stand under the banner. Fiat ignorant.’’ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ Ú¢y!hs˝Ó˚ Justitia, ruat Amar’’ÈüüüÈxÌ≈yÍ xyˆÏà lƒyÎ˚ °!°ï˛Óyî#Ûñ ÚÓƒÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚•y§ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ã˛y•zñ ï˛ál ˆ≤ÃÙôyÓ˚y xy˛õ!l•z í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛ ˆ¢ylyˆÏÓÈüüüÈày¶˛# §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ë˛Ü˛ ~•z ~ܲ•z ܲÌy •ˆÏÓ– e´y•z!§§ ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ày¶˛# §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ӈϰ!SȈϰl ܲ!ï˛˛õÎ˚ çyÙ≈yl Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#ñ ÎÑyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê%˛ Óyòyl%Óyò •Î˚ñ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!l ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xôƒy˛õܲ ~Óyê≈˛ (EbertÈüüüÈçß√ 1937ñ fiê%˛ê˛àyí≈˛ä ӈϰlÈüüüÈ‘‘it would be better for the Ú!•ê˛°yÓ˚ˆÏܲG ˆ≤ÃÙÙˆÏsf §yçyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ÈÛüüüÈ~•z Negro’s soul to be seared with hate !ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛!l ӈϰl than dwarfed by selfabasement’’.– ‘‘Gandhi’s appeal to the Jews. 43 43 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

Czechs and Poles to resist the !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z x˲#∞y•z ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ùy!ê≈˛l °%ÌyÓ˚ !ܲÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ Hitler regime with non-violent xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlG ÓçyÎ˚ !SÈ°– measures was without effect as ~ܲê˛y ܲÌy ~áyˆÏl ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ Gandhi had no actual understanding •ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ!lÎ≈y!ï˛ï˛ÛÓ˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ú˙ for the differences between the Ù•yÙylÓ xyˆÏ§Û ӈϰ í˛zˆÏm!°ï˛ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ Î%!_´ British Colonial rule and the !òˆÏÎ˚ •Î˚ï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ !ܲv totalitarian forms of Government.’’ ~ ÙˆÏlyÓ,!_ x◊ˆÏk˛Î˚ lÎ˚ñ ˆÎÙl x◊ˆÏk˛Î˚ lÎ˚ (Mahatma Gandhi As Germans see ˆàyÓ˚«˛˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ G xflõ,¢ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Him, Editor : Heimu Rau, Bombay, ày¶˛#ˆÏܲ ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚ xy§ˆÏl Ó§yÓyÓ˚ xyÜ%˛!ï˛– !ܲv 1976, p. 17) ÷•zlyÓ˚Ó˚yG ~•z ܲÌy•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ê˛y §•zò xyÙ#l ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Subaltern ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ñ ày¶˛# !Ӏ!ê˛¢ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Studies III-Ó˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ñ ˆ§•z xyÜ%˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ Óî≈!ÓˆÏm£Ï# xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl ˆŸªï˛Ü˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˲y!.ˆÏÎ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ §%ˆÏÎyà !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ÈüüüÈ~ÓÇ ÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏ@˝Ãy åˆÎÙl xy˛õyê≈˛ •y•zí˛ xyوϰ ò!«˛î ~álG ã˛y°y!ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §%!Óôyçlܲ ày¶˛#Ù)!ï≈˛ !lÙ≈yî xy!ʀ˛Ü˛yˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£èyDäÈüüüÈ~•z xÓfliy=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚y §%ˆÏÎyà !lˆÏFSÈÈüüüÈï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !lŸã˛Î˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ly ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §Ó≈e•z ÚˆÏÙˆÏÓ˚SÈ Ü˛°§#Ó˚ x◊ˆÏk˛Î˚– xyÓ˚ ~ܲÌy ï˛ lçÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ܲylyñ ï˛y ӈϰ !ܲ ˆ≤ÃÙ ˆòÓ lyÛÈüüüȈàˆÏÎ˚ xy!ʀ˛Ü˛ylÈüÈxyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲylÓ˚y ày¶˛#Ó˚ Úxflõ,¢ƒ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏFSÈl– xyˆÏ®y°lÛ ~ÓÇ !•®%ÈüÈÙ%§°Ùyl §¡±#!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ï˛Ó% Ó°ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓñ ò%ˆÏÓyÎ˚yÓ˚ ÚˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛!§çÙÛ xyˆÏ®y°lÈüüüÈ~•z ò%•z x!Ó§ÇÓy!òï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §òÌ≈ܲ åܲy˛õ%Ó˚ !lˆÏç•z ܲÌyê˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈläÈüÈ~ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !lˆÏÓ¢ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl Ü,˛£èyD ÙˆÏç!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ày¶˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– á€#ˆÏ‹TÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚y!ÓË≈˛yÓ•z ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ú≤ÈÏÊ˛ê˛Û

Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ≠ •z!ï˛•y§ xl%§¶˛yl 11ñ ˛õ,É 512ñ 587ÈüÈ592

44 44 flø,!ï˛Ü˛Ìy xÙ,ï˛°y° ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚* å§y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ày¶˛# fløyÓ˚ܲ §Ç@˝Ã•y°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛òyl#hs˝l !ܲí˛zˆÏÓ˚ê˛Ó˚ ◊# !«˛ï˛#¢ã˛w òy§=Æä

1964 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 9•z Ùyã≈˛ ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá ÓyÓ˚yܲ˛õ%Ó˚ ày¶˛# fløyÓ˚ܲ §Ç@˝Ã•y°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ!°Ü˛yï˛y!fliï˛ ◊# xÙ,ï˛°y° ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ày¶˛#ç# §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !ܲS%È flø,!ï˛ Ü˛Ìy Ó°ˆÏï˛ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ !ï˛!l ӈϰlÈüüüÈ Ù•ydy ày¶˛#ç#Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ò%Ó≈yÓ˚ ôÙ≈– !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô !lflõ!_ G !ÓÓyò !lÓ˚§ˆÏlÓ˚ x˛õ)Ó≈ fliy!˛õï˛ 1920 §yˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!•Ç§ ò«˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl !ï˛!l ~•z x!•Ç§yÓ˚ myÓ˚y– x§•ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ÓÓyò ܲÓ˚y ˆÎï˛ !ܲv !ÓˆÏ˲ò §,!‹T ܲÓ˚y ˆÎï˛ ly– x!•Ç§yӈϰ ˆÜ˛yl !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ˆÏܲG !ï˛!l fl∫ӈϢ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ùy!Æ •Î˚ 1947 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !Ó˲yà xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!•Ç§y !SÈ° x!ï˛ à˲#Ó˚ G !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ– •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !l!Óí˛¸ ˜lÜ˛ê˛ƒ Óƒy˛õܲ– !•ÇflÀ !Ó£ÏôÓ˚ §y˛õG ï˛yÓ˚ xyGï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ G !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ ˆfl¨• °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˆ§Ô˲yàƒ xyÙyÓ˚ !SÈ° ly– ˆ§Óy@˝ÃyÙ xy◊ˆÏÙ ˆàyáˆÏÓ˚y §yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õoÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– ày¶˛#ç#Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°yÙ !çK˛y§% !SÈ°– !ï˛!l ܲáˆÏly ï˛y ÙyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !òˆÏï˛l ly– !lÎ˚Ù !SÈ° §ï˛ƒy@˝Ã•#Ó˚ xyÜ%˛°ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ñ ï,˛!ÆG ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ §y˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚ çDˆÏ° ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y– ~ܲ!òl §¶˛ƒyÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y xˆÏlܲ– !ï˛!l !SȈϰl xï˛w §ï˛ƒyl%§¶˛yÎ˚#– ò¢ Ê%˛ê˛ °¡∫y ˆàyáˆÏÓ˚y xy!Ù G x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ xy◊Ù Ó¶%˛ §ï˛ƒ•z !SÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˲àÓyl ~ÓÇ §ï˛ƒÓ˚*˛õ# !وϰ ôˆÏÓ˚ áÑyã˛yÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚°yÙ– !ܲv Ó˚yï˛!ÓôyÎ˚ ï˛ál•z ˲àÓyˆÏlÓ˚ §¶˛yl•z !SÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÓ€ï˛– !ï˛!l çDˆÏ° ly ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ÓyàyˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !ò°yÙ– ˛õÓ˚!òl çDˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ áÑyã˛y§• §y˛õ!ê˛ ày¶˛#ç#ˆÏܲ ˆòáyÓyÓ˚ !môy•#l !ã˛ˆÏ_ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎ §ï˛ƒÓ˚*˛õ# çlƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü%˛!ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°yÙ– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˲àÓyl §Ó≈eñ §Ó≈ç#ˆÏÓñ §òy §Ù˲yˆÏÓ !ÓòƒÙyl !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ï˛y ˆçˆÏl !lˆÏ°l– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z !ÓŸªy§•z !SÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝yñ ܲÙ≈ ˆË˛ˆÏ§ xy§ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲ° ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤ß¿– ÚÚôÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD G ¢!_´Ó˚ ¢yŸªï˛ §yÓ°#° í˛zͧ– §ˆÏD•z ˆÓã˛yÓ˚#ˆÏܲ çDˆÏ° ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ly !òˆÏÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚yï˛ ç#Ó ˆ§ÓyÓ˚ myÓ˚y §ï˛ƒˆÏ˛õy°!∏˛ Óy ˲àÓÍ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ áÑyã˛yÎ˚ xyÓk˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆ˛õˆÏ° ˆã˛‹Ty•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !ï˛!l xyç#Ól– ܲÙ≈ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !SȈϰl ˆÜ˛yˆÏaˆÏܲ⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y §Ó° ӈϰ Î!ò ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ò%Ó≈ˆÏ°Ó˚ xly§_´– !l/ï˛Æñ !lflÒyÙ Ü˛Ù≈§yôl•z !SÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyò¢≈ fl∫yô#lï˛y •Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÎ ≤ÃÓ° !Ӏ!ê˛¢ ï˛y•z xyç#Ól í˛z_y° ܲÙ≈§Ù%ˆÏo Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚G ï˛yÓ˚ ˆSÈÑyÎ˚y çy!ï˛ñ ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y @˝Ãy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏSÈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ °yˆÏà!l– x!•Ç§y xÌ≈yÍ !ÓŸªˆÏ≤ÃÙ !SÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ Î%!_´ ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲ⁄ ˆÎ

* ≤Ãáƒyï˛ fl∫yô#lï˛y §Ç@˝ÃyÙ# ~ÓÇ Ù•ydy ày¶˛#Ó˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ â!l¤˛ §•ˆÏÎyà#– !ï˛!l ày¶˛#ç#Ó˚ â!l¤˛ xyd#Î˚y xy˲y ày¶˛#Ó˚ åày¶˛#ç#Ó˚ ºyï%˛‹õ%e lyÓ˚ylòy§ ày¶˛#Ó˚ ˛õ%e ܲyl% ày¶˛#Ó˚ flf#ä !˛õï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° !ï˛!l =çÓ˚yˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ÓÓ˚Ùï˛# xy◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲçl xy◊ÙÓy§# !•§yˆÏÓ Î%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– 45 45 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏܲ ÙÎ≈yòy ˆòÎ˚ly ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ fl∫#Î˚ !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛G ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ï˛Ùƒ fl∫yô#lï˛y òy!ÓÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ !ܲ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ÎyG !SÈ° ly– ~ܲòy Ó!Ó˚¢yˆÏ°Ó˚ §%ˆÏÓ˚wlyÌ §Ó˚ˆÏá° lyÙܲ ~ál•z ~ˆÏܲ çDˆÏ° ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ~§– ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚G ~ܲ !Ó≤’Ó# ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛yí˛¸lyÎ˚ x!fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ày¶˛#ç#Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛yÎ˚ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ly– ˆ•yܲly ˆ§ !lÜ˛ê˛ xy◊Î˚≤ÃyÌ#≈ •ˆÏ°l– ày¶˛#ç# ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§Óy@˝ÃyÙ «%˛oyï˛!˛õ«%˛oñ !•ÇflÀyò!˛õ !•ÇflÀÛÛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– xÓyܲ xy◊ˆÏÙ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !òˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ ï˛òyl#hs˝l ˲y•z§Ó˚Î˚ˆÏܲ !ÓfløˆÏÎ˚ G x˛õ)Ó≈ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~°yÙ ò%çˆÏl !°ˆÏáñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ lçÓ˚Ù%_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– !ܲv ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü%˛ê˛#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒy !SÈ° ly §%ˆÏÓ˚wlyÌ xy◊ˆÏÙ x¢y!hs˝Ó˚ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ °yà°– ày¶˛#ç#Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ xy§ï˛ly ~ÓÇ ày¶˛#ç#ˆÏܲ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ày¶˛#ç#ˆÏܲ §Ó çyly°yÙ ~ÓÇ §%ˆÏÓ˚°wlÿÏܲ xlƒe ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ùyôyl Óyï˛°yˆÏï˛ •ï˛ ly– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xl%ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚°yÙ– ày¶˛#ç# í˛z_Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy ˆï˛y !SÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§yôlyÓ˚ ≤Ãôylï˛Ù xD– !òˆÏ°lñ ÚÚ§%ˆÏÓ˚wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ §Ó Ó˚Ü˛Ù xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ó˚*˛õ ò%Ó˚&• G =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ §Ù§ƒy !lˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒhflÏ Ìyܲy §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛y Î!ò ly ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏ_G ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy◊Ù ~ÓÇ xy◊ÙÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ «%˛oyï˛!˛õ«%˛o xlƒe ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ Ó°Ó– !ܲv §%ˆÏÓ˚wlÿÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛G !ï˛!l lçÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛l– ˆÜ˛ !ܲ ˆáˆÏ°y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó ly– ܲyÓ˚î ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl•z ÎyˆÏÓ ly ˆáˆÏ°yñ ˆÜ˛ !ܲ ܲÓ˚° ly ܲÓ˚° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆáÑyç !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ fliyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲv xyÙyÓ˚ xy◊Ù Ó˚yáˆÏï˛l– ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ Óƒyï˛#ï˛ §%ˆÏÓ˚wlyˆÏÌÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ fliyl ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly•z–ÛÛ ~•z ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl!ܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §yÆy!•Ü˛ !SȈϰl ày¶˛#ç#– ˆÙÔl !òӈϧG !ï˛!l Ó˚&à#Ó˚ ¢Îƒy˛õyˆÏŸª≈ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏï˛l ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ÓÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ xy!Ù §ï˛ƒˆÏ≤ÃÙ# ~ÓÇ §ygs˝ly G í˛zͧy• !òˆÏï˛l ˆÙÔl Ùô%Ó˚ •y!§ Ó£Ï≈ˆÏî– ˆò¢ˆÏ§Óܲ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õñ ÓyhflÏÓ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ùï˛ G xy◊ˆÏÙ Ü%˛Z˛ Ó˚&à# !SȈϰl– !lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ày¶˛#ç# ï˛yÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !§k˛yhs˝ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˆÙˆÏl !lˆÏï˛ !lÜ˛ê˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛l ~Ùl!ܲ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyG ˛õy!Ó˚ ly•zñ §ÙÌ≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly•z ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– xyÙyÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ˆSȈϰˆÏܲ ˲y° •zLjÏÓ˚!ç ˆ¢áyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!•Ç§ x§•ˆÏÎyà– ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò çlƒ !ï˛!l à,•!¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏï˛l ~ÓÇ çy!lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ !Ó˲yà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚ Ë%˛° §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛l– lyly =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ñ !ÓˆÏ˲ò ~Ùl!ܲ !ï˛_´ï˛yÓ˚G §,!‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ~ï˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ Ü˛yç !ï˛!l ˆÎÓ˚*˛õ !ÓˆÏFSÈò âˆÏê˛!l ܲáˆÏly– Ó!MÈ˛ï˛ ••zly•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆfl¨ˆÏ•– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !l¤˛y G ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ï˛y ˲yÓˆÏï˛G !ÓfløÎ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îy ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°yÙ ï˛y §Ó ˛õy•z!l ÓˆÏê˛ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ˆÓyô •Î˚– !ï˛!l x!•Ç§y◊Î˚# !SȈϰl ӈϰ Îy•y !•Ç§yÎ˚ Îy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ ˆ§ }î x˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yôƒñ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y xlhs˝–

46 46 DIRECTOR-SECRETARY’S REPORT on the Programmes and Activities at Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, Barrackpore from 1st March, 2017 to 16th May, 2017

1. Organization of Panel Discussion on Relevance of Gandhian Thought in Emerging Trends of Modern Journalism at Press Club, Kolkata (21/ 03/2017) : A Panel Discussion on the theme ‘Relevance of Gandhian Thought in Emerging Trends of Modern Journalism’ at Press Club, Kolkata by the Sangrahalaya on March 21, 2017, 2 pm onwards. The discussion was chaired by Shri Narayan Basu, Chairman, Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, Barrackpore while the Welcome Address was delivered by Shri Pratik Ghosh, Director-Secretary of the Sangrahalaya. The eminent speakers in the discussion included Padmashree Barun Majumder (Senior Journalist, All India Radio), Shri Sukharanjan Sengupta (Former Correspondent, Ananda Bazar Patrika) and Shri Snehasis Sur, (Chief Reporter, DD-News, Kolkata). The speakers gave their valuable views on the theme enlightening on Gandhiji’s opinion of Journalism. They emphasized that Gandhiji held the view that successful journalism involved the media to reach out to every

47 47 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

section of the population and presenting the happenings all around in the form of wholesome news and not sensational presentation and that he held the view that Swaraj or total

independence can only be achieved when the common people can fearlessly voice their opinion in public. The speakers further stressed that in the present day when media was mostly bent on presenting sensational news, Gandhiji’s views of Journalism have become more and more relevant. The discussion was attended and covered by a number of representatives of media both print as well as different television channels and the programme has received wide publicity.

2. Commemoration of the Centenary of Champaran Sarvagraha and Inauguration of the Newly Renovated Portion of the Galleries of Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalava, Barrackpore (18/04/2017) : The Champaran Satyagraha that took place in 1917, in Champaran district of Bihar, was the first Satyagraha Movement initiated by Gandhiji, after his return from South Africa to India, against the atrocities of 48 48 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

British indigo planters on the Indians. The Centenary of the Champaran Satyagraha falls this year 2017 in April. Further the renovation of the first phase of work of the two galleries of the Sangrahalaya has been completed with new modes of display combined with audio- visual aids. In order to commemorate the Centenary of the Champaran Satyagraha

as well as celebrate the inauguration of the newly renovated portion of the galleries a programme was organized by the Sangrahalaya at its premises on April 18, 2017. The distinguished guests at the programme included Professor Pradip Bhattacharya, Honourable Member of Parliament, Government of India, Professor Rabiranjan Chattopadhyay, Former Minister, Department of 49 49 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

Science and Technology, Government of West Bengal. Sardar Amjad Ali, Former Member of Parliament, Government of India, Smt. Antara Acharya, District Magistrate, 24 Parganas North, Shri Pijush Kanti Goswami, Sub Divisional Officer, Barrackpore Sub Division and the officials of Creative Museum Designs (a unit of National Council of Science Museums and entrusted with the job of the renovation). A newly developed exhibition on Satyagraha Movements by Gandhiji was inaugurated by the District Magistrate whereas the newly renovated portion of the galleries was inaugurated by Professor Pradip Bhattacharya. All the distinguished guests put forward their valuable words on the occasion. Shri Narayan Basu, Chairman of the Sangrahalaya, presided over the entire programme and also delivered the Welcome Address. The programme witnessed a huge footfall both from local people as well as guests from far and near.

3. Celebration of 156th Birthday of Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore (09/ 05/2017) : The 156th Birthday of Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore was celebrated in a unique and befitting manner on May 9, 2017 at the premises of the Sangrahalaya. On the occasion of the 50 50 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

celebration two competitions, one of essay and another of Rabindra Sangeet had been arranged for the students of the local schools aged between 10 and 18. There were two groups for each of the two competitions. The group ‘A’ consisted of competitors belonging to the age group 10 to 14 years while the ‘B’ group consisted of competitors aged above 14 up to 18 years. The topic for essay for the ‘A’ group was ‘Amar Rabindranath’ (Rabindranath in my eyes) whereas the topic for the ‘B’ group was ‘Bartaman Sanskritite Rabindracharchar Prasangikata’ (The relevance of the study of Rabindranath in modern culture). For the Rabindra Sangeet competition the contestants of group ‘A’ had been asked to sing any Rabindra Sangeet from the songs pertaining to motherland and patriotism (Swadesh Parjayer Gaan) and the contestants of group ‘B’ were given the topic (Prakriti Parjayer Gaan) or Tagore songs on nature. A cultural programme had been arranged in the evening where the Information and Cultural Officer of Barrackpore subdivision Shri Pallab Pal was the Special Guest. Here the Docu-feature based on the life and works of Tagore prepared by the Sangrahalaya was shown to the audience (comprising mainly of the competitors and their guardians). Later Smt. Krishna Dutta recited a Tagore 51 51 Vol. 12, No. 1 Gandhi News˘ày¶˛# §ÇÓyò ~!≤ðÈüÈç%l 2017

poem and she was accompanied by Shri Hiralal Mishra in violin. Smt. Bulbul Sarkar rendered Tagore songs. Finally at the end of the programme the winners of the essay and Rabindra Sangeet competition were awarded prizes. Shri Pallab

Pal gave away the prizes. The judge for the essay competition was Shri Subrata Mukhopadhyay, a reputed litterateur whereas the Rabindra Sangeet competition was judged by Smt. Arpita Mukherjee, a well known singer of Rabindra Sangeet and Shri Bibhas Chakraborty. Quite a few reputed schools of the neighbouring areas such as Barrackpore Girls’ School, Manmathanath High School. Barrackpore, Manmathanath Girls’ High School, Barrackpore, Sewli Balika Vidyalaya, Barrackpore, Nawabgunj Balika Vidyalaya, Nawabgunj. Ichapore etc. participated in the programme. The entire programme was a unique experience for the audience as it was different from the stereotype celebration of the birthday of Tagore.

52 52 4. Training for Hand Batik (04/02/2017 to 15/ 05/2017) : The training for hand batik organized from February 04, 2017 by the Sangrahalaya, as part of its programme for financial capacity building for the local ladies was successfully completed on May 15, 2017. The participants of the training have been taught to make handkerchiefs, table cloths and wall hangings. They will be awarded certificates.

5. Mobile Exhibition : n At Khairamari High School, Domkol, Murshidabad (16/03/2017) As a part of its Mobile Exhibition and daylong programme the Sangrahalaya visited Khairamari High School, Domkol, Murshidabad on March 16, 2017. The mobile exhibition set Alokchitre Teen Mahajibon (three great personalities in photographs- Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) in roll- up standee, was mounted at the school premises for the students as well as the staff of the school.

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After this, the documentary titled Role of Barrackpore in the Freedom Movement of India was shown to the students. Finally, the students of the school participated in an audio-visual spot quiz, consisting of twenty (20) questions on the life and works of Mahatma Gandhi, which was conducted by the Sangrahalaya. Prizes were awarded to the winners of the quiz at the end of the programme. The programme was highly appreciated both by the students as well as the staff of the school and received a lot of positive response.

n The Sangrahalaya visited Bagbagan. B.M. High School at Gosaba in the district of 24 Parganas South on May 4, 2017. The mobile exhibition set Alokchitre Teen Mahajibon (three great personalities in 54 54 photographs-Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) in roll-up standee was mounted at the school premises. After this the documentary titled Role of Barrackpore in the Freedom Movement of India was shown to the students, which was followed by the audio-visual quiz consisting of twenty (20) questions on life and activities of Mahatma Gandhi. The documentary prepared by the institution Juktibadi Sanskritik Samsthha, Canning, titled Snakes of Sunderban was presented by the Sangrahalaya in the second half of the programme in the section

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called Desher Kathha Dasher Kathha for highlighting the environmental aspect of nature. Nearly three hundred and fifty (350) students and the staff of the school participated in the programme which received an extremely positive response.

6. Special Visits : Prabrajika Aseshprana Mataji secretary of Sri Sarada Math, Dakshineswar visited the Sangrahalaya on the occasion of the commemoration of the Centenary of Champaran Satyagraha on April 18, 2017. On seeing the museum collection and display she commented, “Good attempt.”

7. Eminent Speakers at Programmes : Quite a few distinguished speakers spoke at the Sangrahalaya at the programme commemorating the Centenary of Champaran Satyagraha. They were as follows : i. Professor Pradip Bhattacharya, Honourable Member of Parliament, Government of India. ii. Sardar Amjad Ali, Former Member of Parliament, Government of India. iii. Professor Rabiranjan Chattopadhyay, Former Minister, Department of Science and Technology.

8. Total number of visitors who visited Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, Barrackpore during the period March 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 (excluding the participants of various programmes)-1548

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