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Notes on the Natural History of the Sabellariid Polychaete Phragmatopoma Californica

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Notes on the Natural History of the Sabellariid Polychaete Phragmatopoma Californica University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1964 Notes on the natural history of the Sabellariid polychaete Phragmatopoma californica Dean Ernest Griffin University of the Pacific Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Griffin, Dean Ernest. (1964). Notes on the natural history of the Sabellariid polychaete Phragmatopoma californica. University of the Pacific, Thesis. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/1560 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. '.•: . -~. .' . ' • . , .. , , ... { ~ ·r , ; ·. ., ..... ! ! NO'l'ES ON THE NATURA.I, HISTORY Olt" THE SAl3gLLARIID POI;y"CHAErE fliJ!AGM!\~OPp~. OALIFORNICA A Thesis Presented to tho Faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences University of the Pacific • t fl'ff ...... In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Dean Ernest Griffin F'e bruary, 1964 This thesis, written and submitted by . Dean Ernest Griffin is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. Department Chairman or Dean: , Dr. Joel W. Hedgpeth Thesis Committee: TABLE OF CONTgNTS Page 1N1~0DUOTION • • • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • l METHODS AND MATERIALS • • • • • • . ' . ' . 4 FIEtD OBSERVATIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 Location of the f1.eld station • • • • • • • • 7 Geology. o:t. the .field stat ion • . ' ••••• • • 7 Distribution of. PhPS.f£11atopome.. oalifo:rr.lioa , • 8 Quadrats •• , •• • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • 9 Associated fauna • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13 li:XPBRirJrl'~NTAL OBSERVATIONS • • • • 0 • • • • • • 0 • • 17 Observations and experimantat~on on the worm tubes ••• . ., . .. • • • 17 Determine. t ion of population density. • • • • • 21 LABORATORY OBSF~VATIONS , , • , • • • , , , , , • • , 24 External anatomy • • • • • • , • • • • • • • • 24 Opercular disk and stalk • • , • • , , , • • 24 ·Thorax • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 Abdomen, , , • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27 Ca.u.da. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27 Observations of feeding and the anatomy of the digestive system • , • • , , ••• , • o • , 27 Observat:l.ons of feeding , • , • • • , • • 28 Digestive system • • • o • • • • • • • • • 29 Reproduction • • • • • • , , • • • • • • • • •• 11 DISCUSSION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38 SUMMARY • • • • • . ' .. 44 BIBLIOGRAPHY • • . ~ . 47 111 LIST OF FIGtJR~~S Page 1. Profile of the field station • • • .. • • • • .5 2. Reoonstruot·:ton of al tared tube masses • • • • 2.0 3. Detertninat1on of population density • • • • • 23 4. External matomy of f.hrasmatoRoma, ea.lifornioa 25 .. 5. Internal anatomy of ~hramrnatoioma oalifornica 26 6. Photomicrograph of cross section taken through tentacles • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31 7. Photomicrogx-aph of cross section taken through mouth showing typhlosole • • • • •••• • 31 a. Photomicrograph of cross section showing convolutions of the esophagus • • • • • • • 32 9. Photomicrograph of cross section taken tlwough esophagus anterior to stomach • • • • • • • 32 10. Photomtcx-og:raph of cross section taken through the stomach. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34 11. Photomicrograph of cross section taken thx-ough the a bdoroen • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34 12. Photomicrograph of croas section taken through 35 the cauda • • • • • ~ . •· . • • • • • 13. Populat1.on density of Sabella media • • • • • 40 . ,. ....... iv l)&l'k; santa Ct-u:&, Oalif'<:if:"l'li~, o.tr.(t oan find l~u~ge mtUUleJS ot wotnu tubas oont:r~ruoted of SlliU'ld. T.h.eo~t tube ma.sauls of't&n cover ax-eaa ot saVEU'al squa1~e feet. ~N'le tubes a~e us\Utll.y straight and paclted together in lal'l'(l$ ulaseef.i. 'l'he individual tu.bee a:re about o.ne ...fotu:•tb. of an inch 1n diameter and may be up to two and one•hali' feet l.onB• 'l'he wo:t'm l'$SponsiblEJ ·' toJ? these mf.uHtEHl or 1rab£ut ~.a a small polychaete •.~;hr;u£ft!.~tor>o-. cal u·urn1oa • ........ !f::t Ia 11 ..., .Pbf.asnw,.ll,..C!.£D~€1 .tte.lit!P,P.,io~, 1s one or the two !'(:)p:resentativos :tn tbe family saballaxa:U.da& found along the of!lntl'al Pl.l.cif'ic CtUAst. Th~ other spGc:tes is Sabellaria _.,r:t. 1 ,.,.,Ill' !,.enumt~X:.~U..l!• wbich is oft~rl :found with .f~t"~~o~om!• Both VWl'ms oonotl'uct thei:r tubes with small grains of sand eentented togetho:r by mucus. 1.fh& family S$bellax-11dae belongs to the t<»ol:vehaeta S$denta~1a. Vf>'I!'Y l:tttl<' wo:rk has beer); done on ..€lU?*lfa~.!?~O!f cal ii'orn:toa. Ua!ltmw.n (1944) p!'apar-~d a mc.>:nograph on th$ sabella~iids~ including an aoaount ot mo~phology• larval characters, aud d.iatrUmtion of .f.!t~~to_E~~~.· Okuda (1938) review@d the sabellariids of Japan. Asp$Qts .of the morpholog:Y of st\bellatt11tia have 'b(~tan studied by Quatr~.fages (lH48) and t~ieyer (lt387, lBaa). Dales (195'2) has pu\'llished of' eaoh larval stage of £~Jatl~·vt.~ol2o~ $!!.A~t~r;?,Ag.!• Studies of thG .formation of l'olyohaeta tub$3 have largely been ms.de em the serpulids tar.J.d lar•eer sab&ll:lds. J~nson (1948) has studied the to~mation ot serpulid tubes. 1nd1.v1dua1. ~fhis CH\>ruli tion has not be~n observed in .!l1r.~~n.:~.9l!~· Uaneo:n haP.~ also deao1"ibod a numbe:r ot anatom1oaJ. structures found to contain mtlOUth Smn.e ot these st1•uotures are \:uuui :tn tubo cwnstrt.lct:Lon. Unfortunately, tht& meat ior·ut prepared tor thi" t'Gport were unsatisfactory- i~ot• eJUitu1nation t>f th(tHJ@ st~uoturtH'J • Headley (l9f.)6a 1 1956b) has stud:htd tube forins.t1on in f.Jerpul ids • Since tb.~ oalo~emls tmbes of se~pu11ds are ft,~lll$d :bt E~ .me.nn~r quit$ d:tt•t•ert:~nt from sab~lla.r11d. tubes, data pertaining to the e.ott.\41.\l tube constr-uction will not be considered 1n this V$port. Headl$y doe5• howe'\Tiiitt'~ p:t'@fU~l'lt useful staining methods tor the detection of xnuous, ue1n~~ Soutbga:b& 's mu.o:t.oarmina o, Mayev•a meobaomatein. Tile 1n1ie1':relat1ontth1p of tbe ciroulato:r.•y sytJtem. ,. and food transport 1n th~ aerpul:tds bas beet1 investigated by HaruJon (1948, l950a, lB50b) • In $e:rpulids as wall as in sabellido the alimemtara cantal is surrounded by a bt)anoh of the oil•cmla.tory aystem CEtlleC'l the gu:b s irms. l$lood im t.Wopelled auter1o1"ly· into 4Ut enla1~g~d dot•eal vessel by ant1p$t-1Btalt1o fnovements of the gut muscles which nu:~y swvound th.$ sinus o:r both the gut ancl sinus. Hanson believes tb.at sucn movGmenta. would 1nt$rftu»>e witb food t~anaport and concludes that the food bol:L ave transported by m~ans ot ·cilia aa well as "other mechtl.nisms" • 1~() observations of tllis nQtura have baen m.ade on :Pb.t:,a&rr.f&~.~E<?!~• . Ve"C'f littler work has bee:n done on the ntttural h1stovy ot local aa'bell~~Ari:Lds • It .is th$:ttefore the I)u:rposo '· of this :papet- to lii~es(!Jnt data p.,rtaining to the. nattl:ttal '· history of the sa'bellur11d Xlolyohaete, :Ptu-ae:.oEo~ g,!,l.~,t.orp.1;<u·~· Suoh data will. include notes of thtl reproduction, feeding, tube 'buildillg hab1to, and. llUHA'Oeiatad biota ot' this polychaete ~UJ w0ll as a dtls.eription of 1t£f digestive aystem. A small cove, whose walls were cmv<a:red with wox-m tubes, was chosen tor i'ield o'bs~rvat:tons. A set.. ies o:f: reference points was established on the wall of this cove. The most shox-ewa.:rd point ~t which the wo:rma were found was xttax-kEtd •• I". ~;1~1:tlar m.arld.ngs wa:re n1r:u:1e at t iva !'oot ir1tel?Vals towax~ds the ac~a, the lamt of whieh lX, is located near the mouth of ·the cove • iJ;1h1a rate:t:enoe synterll and the d1st:r1bu• tion of worm tubes on the oova ~'lall :ts illut¥trtltEH'l in Figul?e 1. Field observations we1.. e aided by the establishment of three quadrats. Tb.e quadrats were located at refal'"enoe points I, II, and :u::r:. Observations of the struotu~e and oonstruot:ton of tht-3 worm tubes \¥ere U'l£Hle • ~{'XP$:V1mental work on the worn1 tub6'ls cons is ted mostly of reruoving the bood ... l ike struc turea f'oun~i at the tube openings and rotating large blocks ot ' 0 worm t~ibes 180 • At each of the t1va foot 1ntel4vals the b.ot">d-1 :tke structures were removed t'rcnn a thirt:r•E.~iX square inch portion of the population. Th.e ~U'f':rounding worm tubes were unal tared and the:t!'eb':f aervtHi QS controls. Tho reeon• atruotion o:f: the altered tubes Wfi.'ta ·then observed and recorded. Large hlooks ot worm tubes. about one foot in diameter, W$re X~otaJu~d lB0° and wir¢ld 'back to the sn~bstrate from which the;v we:v@ removed. Again, the sut•!*ounding, untal tared tubes served ns controls. J:t WGts fow:'ld necessary to usa one ... hal:t Figure I Profile of the field station showing the distribution of Phragmatopoma californica ~ v VI VI V ~ "' " 'il "' ~ "' "J ® 6). o£~t@f~~~i~]j! ·~- Sea Substrate ~,;::··;;;;;::;-;i•fW\t:?~<;) ·'t'''L r, ;,; xee i;. <si~~ .. 'ctii'T c''\'t\}) ;·~: r:: ;;;~, ...· :.·· .. L\o:; ; /';'<·; :: \1\ w w w ~ \IJ~~~ w I I Feet from \Y 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Sand to top of tube mass· Inches 39 42 46 45 45 40 43 20+46 52 Sand ·to bottom of . 1ube mass ·Inches 31 24 36 24 17 !5 !8 17+34 16 Substrate surface Long horizontal crevices Smooth, uniform surface Surface irregular conditions 6 :tncn mesh wire nailed completely Ql'i'ourul the block to ke&p 1 t from washirJ.g away.· ~>mall olutl1J)S of vwx•m 'f.aibea we~e .
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