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Fernandina Filibuster Fiasco: Birth of the 1895 Cuban War of Independence

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Fernandina Filibuster Fiasco: Birth of the 1895 Cuban War of Independence Fernandina Filibuster Fiasco: Birth of the 1895 Cuban War of Independence by Antonio Rafael de la Cova n early January 1895, Cuban exile leaderJose Marti completed preparations in the United States and the Caribbean to ignite I a revolt against Spanish colonial despotism in his homeland. Three vessels were chartered in New York and Boston to retrieve hundreds of weapons from a warehouse in Fernandina Beach, Florida, and board contingents of Cuban revolutionaries in Key West, the Dominican Republic, and Costa Rica to disembark on the island in conjunction with nationwide internal uprisings. During the previous forty-five years, Cuban patriots had been launching dozens of similar military filibuster expeditions from the United States, which the federal government moved to sup­ press for violating the Neutrality Act. The Fernandina affuir ran into trouble when New York's World revealed parts of the conspir­ acy and the local collector ofcustoms reacted by taking legal steps to seize the weapons, have the sailing charters revoked, and detain Marti and his cohorts for questioning. These events, known as the Fernandina Plan, have never been fully analyzed. Historians, including Marti's biographers, have generally relied on his scant correspondence on the project, the sketchy version in his newspaper Patna, and the brief and some­ times confused accounts written by two participants decades later. A perpetuation of myths and errors has existed for over a century. In 1920, Willis Fletcher Johnson inaccurately wrote in his four-vol- Antonio Rafael de la Cow is Assistant Professor of Latin American Studies at Rose­ Hulman Institute of Technology. [16] FERNANDINA FILIBUSTER FIASCO 17 ume The History of Cuba that Marti had "purchased and equipped three vessels, the Amadis, the Baracoa and the Lagonda, only to suf­ fer the mortification and very heavy loss of having them seized by the American authorities for violation of the neutrality law." Two decades later, the encyclopedia Cuba en la mano erroneously stated that Marti and the expeditionaries were arrested by the United States Government. In 1982, Nydia Sarabia ofthe Centro de Estudios Martianos in Havana mistakenly blamed the Pinkerton Detective Agency for the expedition's failure and repeated the falsehood that "The port of Fernandina was a swarm of federal agents, of policemen, [and] spies." In 1995, Cuban exile and writer Carlos Alberto Montaner alleged that "the United States Navy had detained in the port ofFernandina the three steamers loaded with weapons." The truth is that only two of the expeditionary vessels arrived in the sleepy little town, and there were no military ships in the area, except a disabled revenue cutter one hundred miles away in Savannah.l This article analyzes previously unknown details of the covert expedition preparations and ascertains the causes of the fiasco. It describes the whistle-blowing role of informants and the yellow press, the blunders and indiscretions of Cuban rebels, the legal steps taken by federal authorities, Spain's diplomatic reaction, and the indefatigable efforts of two Americans-Fernandina entrepre­ neur Nathaniel Barnett Borden and New York attorney Horacio Rubens-to redeem the Fernandina Plan. This work is based on previously neglected materials in the National Archives (including documents from the United States Departments of State, Justice, and Treasury), the Bureau of Customs, contemporary newspapers from New York, Jacksonville, Savannah, and Charleston, and the Nathaniel Barnett Borden Papers in the Amelia Island Museum of History. The first four filibuster expeditions to Cuba from the United States were organized by General Narciso Lopez between 1849 and 1. Enrique Collazo, Cuba lnrhpendiente (Santiago de Cuba, 1981), 46-49; Horatio S. Rubens, Liberty: The Story of Cuba (New Yor~ 1932), 70-74; "Los Tres Vapores," Patria (New York), 19 January 1895, 1; Willis Fletcher Johnson, The History of Cuba, 4 vols. (New York, 1920),4: 15; Cuba en la Mann: Enciclopedia Popular llustrada (Havana, Cuba, 1940), 630; Nydia Sarabia, "El plan de Fernandina y los espias del diablo," Anuario del Centro de EstwUos Martianns (May 1982): 200-209; Carlos Alberto Montaner, "Del Marti rebelde at antiyan­ qui," El Nuevo Herald (Miami), 21 May 1995, 22. 18 FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY 1851 with hundreds ofAmerican volunteers. The Cuban populace refused to. join Lopez, who was captured in Pinar del Rio and gar­ roted in 1851. United States authorities dispersed two of the expe­ ditions and put Lopez and his staff on trial in New Orleans, dis­ missing the charges after three consecutive hung juries. During the Ten Years' War (1868-1878), twenty-two filibuster expeditions (using a total of fifteen vessels) were organized by Cuban expatri­ ates in the United States. While many were successful, some ves­ sels were confiscated by the federal government for violating the Neutrality Act. In 1872, the Spanish Navy captured the gunrunner Virginius, executing Captain Joseph Fry, thirty-six crewmen, and the four Cuban rebel leaders accompanying them. Between 1879 and 1894, a number of other filibuster expeditions led by Calixto Garcia, Ramon Leocadio Bonachea, and the Sartorious brothers ended in failure. Marti took lessons from these previous experi­ ences to implement his invasion plan.2 In 1892, the thirty-nine-year-old Marti organized the Cuban Revolutionary Party (PRC) in America to liberate Cuba. The PRC regrouped many leading veterans of the Ten Years' War, including renown generals Maximo GOmez and Antonio Maceo, and estab­ lished representative clubs in Cuban exile communities through­ out the United States and the Caribbean basin. Their stated goal was a "just and necessary war" to liberate Cuba. PRC clubs raised funds to finance the stages of the Fernandina Plan: chartering ves­ sels in the United States under assumed names and false pretens­ es; bribing captains and crews with one thousand dollars to divert course; and if unsuccessful in their bribes, hijacking the ships to Cuba. One ship, with Marti, Jose Maria Rodriguez, and Enrique Collazo, would retrieve General Gomez and three hundred men from the Dominican Republic, and land on Camagiiey province. A steamer with Patricio Corona would pick up the Maceo brothers, Flor Crombet, and two hundred men in Costa Rica and take them to Oriente province. The third vessel, carrying Serafin Sanchez 2. Herminio Portell Vila, Narciso Lopez y su cpoca (Havana, Cuba, 1930-1958); Robert Granville Caldwell, The Lopez Expeditions to Cuba 1848-1851 (Princeton, NJ., 1915); Vidal Morales y Morales. lniciadores y prime:ros martires de La revolu­ ciOn cubana, Vol. 2 (Havana, Cuba, 1931); Charles H. Brown, Agents ofManifest Destiny: The Lives and Times of the Filibusters (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980); Richard H. Bradford, The Vitginius Affair (Boulder, Colo., 1980); Robert E. May, Maniftst Destiny's Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2002). FERNANDINA FILI8USTER FIASCO 19 and Carlos Roloff, would take 150 men, including some twenty-five or thirty cigar makers from Jacksonville and Tampa, from Key West, Florida, to Las Villas province.3 Martf first mentioned the Fernandina Plan in a September 2, 1894, letter to Serafin Sanchez: "I am preparing the vessels and the weapons." Three weeks later, he wrote to Antonio Maceo and Maximo GOmez that at the end of October "our entry will be com­ bined with all of the uprisings inside." Marti then sailed to Jacksonville on October 8 and traveled with Julio Sanguily and G. Dominguez by train to Fernandina.4 Fernandina is located thirty-five miles northeast of Jacksonville, on the northwest shore of Amelia Island, Florida's northeasternmost barrier island. The town, built in 1857 as the eastern terminus of the Florida Railroad, featured wharves along the Amelia River. The waterway was thirty feet deep around the docks, five-eighths of a mile wide, and four miles from the ocean. On the northern shore of the island, the St. Marys River empties into the mile-wide Cumberland Sound and demarcates Georgia. When Marti and his companions stepped off the train, Fernandina's unpaved streets were lined with abundant tropical foliage and numerous large Victorian frame houses for some of its two thousand inhabitants.1\ The Cubans met with conspirator Nathaniel Barnett Borden, "one of the most prominent businessmen" in Fernandina, noted for "his straight-forwardness." He was vice consul for Spain, 3. The PRC organized 126 revolutionary clubs in eighteen cities by November 1894, including sixty-two in Key West, fifteen in Tampa, six in Ocala, and one each in Gainesville, St. Augustine, and Jacksonville. Outside Florida, there were eleven in New York City, seven in Mexico, six in Philadelphia and in Jamaica, three in New Orleans, and one each in Thomasville, Ga., Atlanta, Chicago, Brooklyn, Boston, Santo Domingo, and Panama; "Clubs Revolucionarios," Patria, 24 November 1894, 1; "Ready to Fight for Cuba," Savannah Morning News, 16 January 1895, 2; Ramon Cernuda, ed., La Gran Enciclopedia Martiana, 4: 108, 181-83, 189-98; Jose L. Franco, Antonio Maceo: Apuntes Para Uma HisWria de Su Vida, 3 vols. (Havana, Cuba, 1975), 3: 77; "Arms Consigned to Mr. Borden," (New York) Herald, 15 January 1895, 12. 4. Cernuda, La Gran Enciclopedia Martiana, 4: 76-77, 92-93, 104. 5. Federal Writers Project, Guide to Fernandina, Florida, Jacksonville Public Library, Jacksonville, Fla.; S.w. Paul to John G. Carlisle. 21 January 1895, RG 36, Customs Bureau, Special Agents Reports and Correspondence 1865-1915, S.W. Paul, Box 360, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; "Bagged by Baltzell," F1mida Times-Union, 13 January 1895, 1; "The Filibustering Fleet," Savannah Morning News, 15 January 1895, 1. 20 FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Uruguay, and Brazil. Borden never revealed his motivation for assisting the revolution­ aries, who lodged at the Florida House Inn on Third Street, where Marti had stayed during his previous visit in February 1893.
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