Confluence of Cosmology, Massive Neutrinos, Elementary Particles, and Gravitation Confluence of Cosmology, Massive Neutrinos, Elementary Particles, and Gravitation

Edited by Behram N. Kursunoglu Global Foundation, Inc. Coral Gables, Florida Stephan L. Mintz Florida International University Miami, Florida and Arnold Perlmutter University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida

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Visit Kluwer Online at: http://www.kluweronline.com and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com PREFACE

Just before the preliminary program of Orbis Scientiae 1998 went to press the news in physics was suddenly dominated by the discovery that neutrinos are, after all, massive particles. This was predicted by some physicists including Dr. Behram Kusunoglu, who had a paper published on this subject in 1976 in the Physical Review. Massive neutrinos do not necessarily simplify the physics of elementary particles but they do give elementary particle physics a new direction.

If the dark matter content of the universe turns out to consist of neutrinos, the fact that they are massive should make an impact on cosmology. Some of the papers in this volume have attempted to provide answers to these questions. We have a long way to go before we find the real reasons for nature’s creation of neutrinos. Another neutrino-related event was the passing of their discoverer, Fredrick Reines:

The trustees of the Global Foundation, members of the Orbis Scientiae 1998, dedicate this conference to Fredrick Reines of the University of California at Irvine. The late Professor Reines was a loyal and active member of these series of conferences on the frontiers of physics and cosmology since 1964. He also sewed as one of the trustees of the Global Foundation for the past three years. Professor Reines discovered the most elusive particle, the neutrino, in 1954. We are proud to say that we recognized the importance of this discovery by awarding him the J. Robert Oppenheimer memorial Prize 15 years before the Nobel Foundation’s recognition of him in 1995. We shall all miss Fred. We extend our condolences to all the members of his family: his wife Sylvia Reines, his son and daughter, and four grandchildren.

This conference was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. The Trustees and the Chairman of the Global Foundation wish to extend a special thanks to Edward Bacinich of Alpha Omega Research Foundation for his generous support of this conference.

BehramN. Kursunoglu Stephan L. Mintz Arnold Perlmutter

V ABOUT THE GLOBAL FOUNDATION,INC.

The Global Foundation, Inc. was established in 1977 and utilizes the world’s most important resource . . . people. The Foundation consists of senior men and women in science and learning; outstanding achievers and entrepreneurs from industry, governments, and international organizations; and promising, enthusiastic young people. These people form a unique and distinguished interdisciplinary entity, and the Foundation is dedicated to assembling all the resources necessary for them to work together. The distinguished senior members of the Foundation convey their expertise and accumulated experience, knowledge, and wisdom to the younger membership on important global issues and frontier problems in science.

Our work is a common effort, employing the ideas of creative thinkers with a wide range of experiences and viewpoints.

GLOBAL FOUNDATION BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Behram N. Kursunoglu, Global Foundation, Inc., Chairman of the Board, Coral Gables

M. Jean Couture, Former Secretary of Energy of France, Paris

Manfred Eigen*, Max-Planck-Institut, Göttingen

Willis E. Lamb, Jr.*, University of Arizona

Louis Néel*, Université de Gronoble, France

Frederick Reines*, University of California at Irvine

Glenn T. Seaborg*, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Henry King Stanford, President Emeritus, Universities of Miami and Georgia

*Nobel Laureate

vi GLOBAL FOUNDATION’S RECENT CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Making the Market Right for the Efficient Use of Energy Edited by: Behram N. Kursunoglu Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 1992

Unified Symmetry in the Small and in the Large Edited by: Behram N. Kursunoglu and Arnold Perlmutter Nova Science Publishers, Inc., NewYork, 1993

Unified Symmetry in the Small and in the Large -1 Edited by: Behram N. Kursunoglu, Stephan Mintz and Arnold Perlmutter Plenum Press, 1994.

Unified Symmetry in the Small and in the Large - 2 Edited by: Behram N. Kursunoglu, Stephan Mintz and Arnold Perlmutter PlenumPress, 1995.

Global Energy Demand in Transition: The New Role of Electricity Edited by: Behram N. Kursunoglu, Stephan Mintz and Arnold Perlmutter PlenumPress, 1996.

Economics and Politics of Energy Edited by: Behram N. Kursunoglu, Stephan Mintz and Arnold Perlmutter Plenum Press, 1996.

Neutrino Mass, Dark Matter, Gravitational Waves, Condensation of Atoms and Monopoles, Light Cone Quantization Edited by: Behram N. Kursunoglu, Stephan Mintz and Arnold Perlmutter Plenum Press, 1996.

Technology for the Global Economic, Environmental Survival and Prosperity Edited by: Behram N. Kursunoglu, Stephan Mintz and Arnold Perlmutter Plenum Press, 1997.

25th Coral Gables Conference on High Energy Physics and Cosmology Edited by: Behram N. Kursunoglu, Stephan Mintz and Arnold Perlmutter Plenum Press, 1997.

vii Environmentand Nuclear Energy Edited by: Behram N. Kursunoglu, Stephan Mintz and Arnold Perlmutter Plenum Press, 1998.

Preparing the Ground for Renewal of Nuclear Power Edited by: Behram N. Kursunoglu, Stephan Mintz and Arnold Perlmutter Plenum Press, 1999.

Confluence of Cosmology, Massive Neutrinos, Elementary Particles, and Gravitation Edited by: Behram N. Kursunoglu, Stephan Mintz and Arnold Perlmutter Plenum Press, 1999.

CONTRIBUTING CO-SPONSORS OF THE GLOBAL FOUNDATION CONFERENCES

National Science Foundation Alpha Omega Research Foundation, Palm Beach, Florida

viii Gl bal Foundation, Inc. A Nonprofit Organization for Global Issues Requiring Global Solutions, and• for Problems on the Frontiers of Science

Center for Theoretical Studies P.O. Box 249055 Coral Gables, Florida 33124-9055 Phone: 305-669-9411 Board of Trustees Fax: 305-669-9464 Behram N. Kursunoglu e-mail: [email protected] Chairman Website:http://www.gate.net/~kursungf Coral Gables, Florida Jean Couture Paris, France Manfred Eigen* Göttingen, Germany INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Willis E. Lamb* On Tucson, Arizona ORBIS SCIENTIAE 1998 Louis Neel* Meudon, France Glenn T. Seaborg* Berkeley, California CONFLUENCE OF COSMOLOGY, MASSIVE Henry King Stanford NEUTRINOS, ELEMENTARY PARTICLES, & Americus, Georgia GRAVITATION *Nobel Laureate (27th Conference on High Energy Physics and Cosmology Since 1964)

December 17 - 21, 1998 Lago Mar Resort Fort Lauderdale, Florida Dedication: The trustees of the Global Foundation, members of the 27th Orbis Scientiae 1998, dedicate this conference to Fredrick Reines of the University of California at Irvine. The late Professor Fredrick Reines has been a loyal and active member of these series of conferences on the frontiers of physics since 1964. He has also served as one of the trustees of the Global Foundation for the past three years. Professor Reines discovered the most elusive particle the neutrino, in 1954. We are proud to say that we recognized the importance of this discovery very early by awarding him the J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial prize 15 years before the Nobel Foundations' recognition of him in 1995. We shall all miss Fred. We extend our condolences to all the members of his family: his wife, Sylvia Reines, his son and daughter, and his four grandchildren.

Sponsored by: Conference Hotel: GLOBAL FOUNDATION, INC. P. O. Box 249055 Lago Mar Resort Coral Cables, Florida 33124-9055 1700 South Ocean Lane Phone: (305) 669-9411 Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33316 Fax: (305) 669-9464 Reservations:1-800-255-5246 E-mail:[email protected] (954)523-6511 Website: http://www.gate.net/~kursungf Fax: (954) 524-6627 The special group rate: $115/night One Bedroom Suite

ix BOARD OF TRUSTEES

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

X ORBIS SCIENTIAE 1998 PROGRAM

FRIDAY, December 18, 1998 LAKEVIEW ROOM

8:00 AM - Noon REGISTRATION

1:30 PM SESSION I: MASSIVE NEUTRINOS AND SOLAR NEUTRINO PROBLEM Moderators: HYWEL WHITE, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Dissertators: JOHN BAHCALL, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton "Solar Model" ALFRED K. MANN, University of Pennsylvania "Evidence for Neutrino Mass and Mixing", JORDAN GOODMAN, University of Maryland "Search For Neutrino Mass with Super-KAMIOKAMDE" KEVIN LESKO, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory "Sudbury Neutrino Observatory" Annotators: ALAN KOSTELECKY, Indiana University Session Organizer: HYWEL WHITE

3:00 PM COFFEE BREAK

3:15 PM SESSION I: CONTINUES 3:45 PM SESSION II : GRAVITATION Moderators: BEHRAM N.KURSUNOGLU, Global Foundation Inc. SYDNEY MESHKOV, California Institute of Technology

Dissertators: BEHRAM N.KURSUNOGLU "Gravitating Massive Neutrino Multiplicity" EDWARD TELLER, University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ''The Mass of the Neutrino"presented by Behram N. Kursunoglu ROBIN STEBBINS, University of Colorado "LlSA--SpaceBased Interferometer" DAVID REITZE, University of Florida, Gainesville "Current Status of LIGO" Annotators: SYDNEY MESHKOV Session Organizer: SYDNEY MESHKOV

5:45 PM Orbis Scientiae adjourns for the day

6:00-7:00 PM - Welcoming Cocktails - Courtesy of Lago Mar Resort ,FOUNTAINVIEW LOBBY

SATURDAY, December 19, 1998 8:30 AM SESSION III: MASSIVE NEUTRINOS AND IMPACT ON COSMOLOGY Moderators: SYDNEY MESHKOV Dissertators: NIKOLAOS IRGES "Quark Hierarchies and Neutrino Mixing" RICHARD WOODARD, University of Florida, Gainesville

xi "Quantum Gravitational Inflation" KERRY WHISNANT, Iowa State University "Three-neutrino vacuum oscillation solutions to the Solar and Atmospheric Anomalies" Annotators: STEPHAN MINTZ, Florida International University Session Organizer: PIERRE RAMOND

10:00AM COFFEE BREAK

10:15 AM SESSION IV: RECENT PROGRESS ON OLD AND NEW IDEAS I Moderators: PAUL FRAMPTON, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill FREDRIK ZACHARIASEN, CALTECH Dissertators: SHELDON L.GLASHOW, Harvard University " More about neutrinos" PAUL H. FRAMPTON, "Orbifold Field Theory" ROMAN JACKIW, Massachusetts Institute of Technology "Lorentz Invariance Violation in Electromagnetism" ALAN KOSTELECKY, Indiana University "Tests of Lorentz and CPT Symmetries"

Annotators: PASQUALE SODANO, University of Perugia, Italy Session Organizer: ALAN KOSTELECKY 12:30 PM Orbis Scientiae Adjourns for the Day

7:30-10:30 PM - Conference Banquet, PALM GARDEN ROOM Courtesy of Maria and Edward Bacinich

SUNDAY, December 20, 1998 8:30 AM SESSION V: PROTON SPIN CONTENT Moderator: WOLFGANG LORENZON, University of Michigan Dissertators: XIANGDONG JI , University of Maryland "How Does QCD Build The Proton Spin" BRAD FILIPPONE, California Institute of Technology "Spin Structure Measurements With Lepton Beams" JOEL MOSS, Los Alamos National Laboratory "RHIC Spin Physics"

Annotators: RICHARD ARNOWIT Session Organizer: WOLFGANG LORENZON 10:30 AM COFFEE BREAK 10:45 AM SESSION VI: STRINGS Moderator: LOUISE DOLAN, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Dissertators: CHIARA NAPPI, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J "Quantized Membranes" FREYDOON MANSOURI, University of Cincinnati "Super Non-Abelian Stokes Theorem and Superstrings"

xii LOUISE DOLAN "Gauged Supergravities and Superstring Theory" IGOR KLEBANOV, Princeton University "From Threebranes to Large N Gauge Theories" Annotators: PRAN NATH Session Organizer: LOUISE DOLAN 12:45 PM LUNCH BREAK 1:30 PM SESSION VII: SPIN AND STATISTICS Moderators: O.W. GREENBERG, University of Maryland

Dissertators: MICHAEL V. BERRY, University of Bristol, UK "Quantum indistinguishability" JON MAGNE LEINAAS, University of Oslo "Spin and Statistics in 2 Dimensions" O.W.GREENBERG "Bounds on violations of statistics" Annotators: PAUL FRAMPTON Session Organizer: O.W.GREENBERG 3:00 PM COFFEE BREAK

3:15 PM SESSION VIII: MASSIVE NEUTRINOS' IMPLICATIONS FOR ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS Moderators: STEPHAN MINTZ , Florida International University Dissertators: INA SARCEVIC, University of Arizona "Can Oscillations be Detected with A Neutrino Telescope ?"

STEPHAN MINTZ, "High Energy Neutrino Reactions in Nuclei and Neutrino Backgrounds" RICHARD ARNOWITT, Texas A&M University "Neutrino Masses and Grand Unification" TONY GABRIEL, ORNL, Knoxville, TN "Neutrino Physics at the Spallation Neutron Source" Annotators: JORDAN GOODMAN Session Organizer: STEPHAN MINTZ

5:30 PM Conference Adjourns for the Day

MONDAY, December 21, 1998 8:30 AM SESSION IX: RECENT PROGRESS ON OLD AND NEW IDEAS II Moderator: DON LICHTENBERG, Indiana University

MONDAY, December 21, 1998

Dissertators: DON LICHTENBERG "Spin-Dependent Forces Between Quarks in Hadrons" PRAN NATH, Northeastern University

xiii "Super K Data and SUSY Grand Unification" MARTIN SAVAGE, University of Washington, Seattle "Perturbative Nuclear Physics"

Annotators: TONY GABRIEL Session Organizer: DON LICHTENBERG

10:15 AM COFFEE BREAK

10:30 AM SESSION X: RECENT PROGRESS ON OLD AND NEW IDEAS III Moderator: THOMAS CURTRIGHT, University of Miami

Dissertators THOMAS CURTRIGHT, " Duality and Wiger Functionals" DON COLLADAY, College of Wooster, Ohio "Breaking Lorentz Symmetry in Quantum Field Theory" KERRY WHISNANT "Are There Four or More Neutrinos?" Annotators: BEHRAM N. KURSUNOGLU Session Organizer: ALAN KOSTELECKY 12:30 Noon ORBIS SCIENTIAE 1998 ADJOURNS

xiv CONTENTS

SECTION I Neutrino Physics

On the Mass of the Neutrino ...... 3 Edward Teller

The Two Gravitating Massive Neutrino Pairs...... 5 Behram N. Kursunoglu

The Current Status of LIGO ...... 25 David H. Reitze, Qi-Ze Shu, David B. Tanner, Sanichiro Yoshida, and Guenakh Mitselmakher

Solar Neutrinos: An Overview ...... 37 J. N. Bahcall

Three-Neutrino Vacuum Oscillation Solutions to the Solar and Atmospheric Anomalies...... 53 Kerry Whisnant

Are There Four or More Neutrinos?...... 63 Kerry Whisnant

Neutrino Reactions in Nuclei and Neutrino Backgrounds ...... 71 S. L. Mintz and M. Pourkaviani

SECTION II Recent Progress on New and Old Ideas

Is the Cosmological Constant Non-Zero? ...... 85 Paul H. Frampton

Chern-Simons Violation of Lorentz and PTC Symmetries in Electrodynamics ...... 95 Roman Jackiw

Spin-Dependent Forces Between Quarks in Hadrons ...... 101 D. B. Lichtenberg

Super Kamiokande Data on Proton Lifetime and Supergravity Models ...... 111 Pran Nath and R. Arnowitt

xv Direct Detection of Dark Matter and Grand Unification...... 121 R. Arnowitt and Pran Nath

Breaking Lorentz Symmetry in Quantum Field Theory ...... 127 Don Colladay

SECTION III Spin and Statistics

Spin Structure with Lepton Beams...... 135 B.W. Filippone

Spin and Statistics for Quantum Hall Quasi-Particles ...... 149 Jon Magne Leinaas

On the Correspondence Between Strongly Coupled QED2 and QCD2 with Antiferromagnetic Spin Chains...... 163 F. Berruto, G. Grignani, and P. Sodano

Small Violations of Statistics ...... 173 O. W. Greenberg

SECTION IV Strings

Quantized Membranes...... 197 Chiara R. Nappi

Supersymmetric Wilson Loops and Super Non-Abelian Stokes Theorem ...... 207 Robert L. Karp and Freydoon Mansouri

3 4 TypeIIB StringTheoryon ADS3xS xT ...... 219 L. Dolan

From Threebranes to Large N Gauge Theories ...... 227 Igor R. Klebanov

Index ...... 245

xvi